TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Field exposure study under sheltered and open exposure conditions at different test sites in Germany: First‐year corrosion rate and atmospheric corrosivity N2 - The corrosivity of atmospheres in Europe has changed significantly in recent decades. For the Federal Republic of Germany, no current values for the corrosion rate based on 1‐year atmospheric exposure of standard specimens can be found in the scientific literature after 2000. This paper presents results from a field exposure study in the Berlin metropolitan area and Helgoland in 2016. Based on standard specimens, values for the corrosion rate and the corresponding atmospheric corrosivity category are determined for open exposure and indirect weathering in a ventilated enclosure as sheltering after 1 year of exposure. The results prove that determined corrosivity categories are material‐specific. Sheltered exposure is a typical atmospheric situation for many building components. It allows statements on the effect of the concentration of airborne substances on the corrosivity beyond the normative requirements. KW - Atmospheric corrosion KW - Corrosivity category KW - ISO 9223 KW - Mass loss KW - Atmosphärische Korrosion PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565099 SN - 0947-5117 (print) SN - 1521-4176 (online) SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-56509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Grabowski, Sven A1 - Sahrhage, H. A1 - Lampke, T. T1 - Electrochemical corrosion investigations on binary and ternary zinc alloy coatings using gel electrolytes N2 - Novel agar-based test electrolytes are used to perform electrochemical corrosion investigations on ZnFe and ZnNi binary as well as ZnFeMo ternary zinc coatings. The objectives of the electrochemical investigations include the characterization of the corrosion behavior, the description of the protective effect of the coatings as well as the investigation of the layer formation and degradation under artificial aging. ZnFe and ZnFeMo coatings are applied with varying iron content as well as an additional passivation layer, respectively, to study the effect on corrosion resistance. The results show that the protective effect of the coatings is not negatively influenced by different iron contents or the addition of molybdenum. Additional passivation of the ZnFe-containing coatings by means of a passivating agent leads to a significant improvement in the protective effect. Artificial aging leads to slight degradation of the additional passivation layer whereas coatings without post-treatment enhance their protective effect by the formation of corrosion product layers. KW - Binary zinc alloys KW - Ternary zinc alloys KW - Corrosion testing KW - Gel electrolytes KW - Corrosion PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543013 SN - 1438-1656 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-54301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Kohl, Anka T1 - Short-term exposure tests of ɣ-Al2O3 Sol-gel coating on X20Cr13 in artificial geothermal waters with different pH N2 - The suitability of an Al2O3 coating for corrosion protection on X20Cr13 was evaluated in various artificial geothermal brines, focusing on the influence of different pH (4, 6 and 8) and their chemical compositions on the coating properties. All experiments were performed in the laboratory using autoclaves at 150 ◦C and 1 MPa in deaerated condition for 1 and 7 days. Results showed that the pH of geothermal waters is the most detrimental factor in the transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 and its protective abilities. Delaminations were found in the Coating exposed to geothermal brines with pH 4. FTIR spectra indicated a transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 to boehmite AlOOH after exposure to pH 4 and 6, and bayerite Al(OH)3 was formed after exposure to pH 8. Different Crystal structures of the hydrated Al2O3 also contribute to the stability of the coatings, observed by the SEM- EDX of the surface and cross-section of coatings. This study indicated that ɣ-Al2O3 sol-gel coating presents a promising aspect of corrosion protection in geothermal environment with a neutral pH. KW - Al2O3 KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Martensitic steel PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102193 SN - 0375-6505 VL - 96 SP - 102193 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-52931 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kauss, Norman A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Michael, O. A1 - Schymura, M. A1 - Rosemann, P. T1 - Application limits and sensitisation behaviour of the manganese- and nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steel P2000 (X13CrMnMoN18-14-3) N2 - Nickel‐free high‐nitrogen‐alloyed stainless steels like the P2000 (X13CrMnMoN18‐14‐3) were developed to enhance the strength and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels like 304 and 316 while keeping the typical high ductility. The mechanical and corrosive properties of P2000 were investigated and compared with 304 and 316 to highlight the application opportunities of this new alloy. The microstructure of the solution‐annealed condition was characterised by electron backscatter diffraction and the mechanical properties were studied by uniaxial tensile tests, Charpy impact tests and hardness measurements. The passivation behaviour was analysed using the electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation, whereas the pitting corrosion resistance was compared by pitting potentials and pitting temperatures. However, secondary thermal influences or suboptimal heat treatment can impair the corrosion resistance due to the precipitation of secondary phases and the resulting sensitisation. Thermodynamic calculations and artificial ageing treatment in the range of 500–900°C for up to 100 h were used to determine critical time–temperature parameters for sensitisation. The microstructure of the various aged states was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and compared with the degrading corrosion resistance characterised by the KorroPad method. KW - Austenitic stainless steel KW - Electrochemical methods KW - High‐nitrogen steel KW - Mechanical properties KW - Corrosion resistance PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527925 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 1656 EP - 1667 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-52792 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Valet, Svenja A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Babutzka, Martin T1 - Determination of the corrosion product layer resistance on zinc and electrolytically galvanized steel samples by using gel electrolytes N2 - Although zinc and zinc coatings have been widely used for corrosion protection for decades new zinc coatings are constantly being developed. Characterizing the corrosion protectiveness of these new coatings, however, should not be underestimated. While exposure tests are time intensive, cyclic tests can only be used for a very limited field of application. Thus, electrochemical measurements provide both an efficient and an effective alternative. Conventional aqueous bulk electrolytes influence the surface layers of a tested zinc coating and are therefore not reliable. Gel electrolytes, however, have evolved over the last few years, are minimally invasive and provide reliable results. This work describes experiments with gel electrolytes made of agar. Unlike previous work, it proposes a composition of gel electrolyte for minimally invasive description of the protective power of naturally formed oxide layers on zinc and zinc coatings. Therefore, as a first part, the gel electrolyte made of agar is verified as a method for zinc and zinc-coated samples. Afterwards, this paper introduces the corrosion product layer resistance RL as a promising parameter to evaluate the protective power of zinc coatings. Results are verified with EIS and FTIR measurements. An example on a representative zinc coating demonstrates the practical application. KW - Gel electrolytes KW - Agar KW - Zinc coatings KW - Atmospheric exposure KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-526053 SN - 0013-4686 VL - 385 SP - 138191 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52605 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Zunkel, Astrid A1 - Klein, Ulrich A1 - Schlischka, Jörg A1 - Klinger, Christian T1 - Materialuntersuchungen an einem explodierten Umlaufkühler N2 - Ein Umlaufkühler ist im Betrieb explodiert. Splitter des zerborstenen Gehäuses aus Kunststoff wurden mit dem Kühlwasser in die Umgebung geschleudert, am Betriebsort entstand Personenschaden. Bei Funktionsprüfungen am beschädigten Gerät traten unerwartet - aber reproduzierbar - Knalleffekte bei Berührung der Außenoberfläche der Kupfer-Kühlschlange auf. Ein möglicher Mechanismus konnte im Labor durch Synthese von Kupferazid auf Kupferproben und Auslösung vergleichbarer Knalleffekte nachgestellt werden. Damit ist die Plausibilität des beschriebenen Schadensereignisses mit diesem oder einem ähnlich reagierenden Stoff belegt. Ein eindeutiger Nachweis darüber, dass bei dem aufgetretenen Schadensfall dieselbe chemische Reaktion stattgefunden hat, war nicht möglich, da die Belag-Überreste aus dem explodierten Kühlgerät für eine Analyse nicht mehr in ausreichender Menge verfügbar gewesen sind. KW - Kupferazid KW - Umlaufkühler KW - Explosion KW - Gutachten KW - Schadensanalyse KW - Materialuntersuchung PY - 2022 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 12 IS - 7/8 SP - 15 EP - 21 PB - VDI Fachmedien CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-55570 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Leonhard, H. T1 - Schnell und einfach: Test auf Korrosionsgefahr N2 - Bei Unvollständigkeit oder Beschädigung der schützenden Passivschicht auf nichtrostenden Stahloberflächen ist es nicht weit bis zur Korrosion an Rohrsystemen oder Behältern. Schadensereignisse und Produktionsausfälle sind unausweichlich. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht PY - 2018 SN - 1860-1901 IS - 1 SP - 20 EP - 21 PB - Verlag moderne Industrie GmbH CY - Landsberg AN - OPUS4-44755 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Leonhard, H. T1 - Tatort Stahl: Fehlstellen auf der Spur N2 - Rohrleitungssysteme und Behälter aus nichtrostendem Stahl sind mit einer Passivschicht vor Korrosion geschützt. Kritisch wird es, wenn diese Schicht unvollständig oder beschädigt ist. Ein Schnelltest soll Fehlstellen innerhalb von nur 15 Minuten überführen - auch ohne Spezialwissen. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht PY - 2018 SN - 1614-7200 VL - 2018 IS - 4 SP - 66 EP - 68 PB - Publish Industry Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-44756 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Galvanische Korrosion - Grundlagen berücksichtigen und richtig einschätzen N2 - Bei der Planung und Gestaltung von Konstruktionen spielt der Korrosionsschutz und eine korrosionsschutzgerechte Bauweise eine zentrale Rolle. In einigen Fällen jedoch kann es durch bestimmte Randbedingungen und Eigenschaftsanforderungen an Komponenten und Bauteilen zur Ausbildung von galvanischer Korrosion durch Korrosionselemente kommen. Eine sehr häufig auftretende Form der galvanischen Korrosion ist die Bimetallkorrosion, bei der das Korrosionselement durch die Kombination verschiedener metallener Werkstoffe gebildet wird. Unter bestimmten Einsatzbe¬dingun¬gen kann ein solches Korrosionselement zu einem signifikant erhöhten Korrosionsabtrag führen und damit die technische Sicherheit gefährden. Trotz dem Vorhandensein solcher Korrosionselemente (z.B. Mischbauweise bei Konstruktionen) lässt sich das Risiko für galvanische Korrosion durch entsprechende Planung und konstruktive Gestaltung aber auch minimieren. Die Grundlagen der galvanischen Korrosion und Einflussgrößen vor allem auf die Bimetallkorrosion werden dargestellt und deren praktische Bedeutung anhand von Beispielen verdeutlicht. T2 - 12. Praxistag Korrosionsschutz CY - Bochum, Germany DA - 27.06.2018 KW - Korrosion KW - Bimetallkorrosion KW - Belüftungselement KW - Konzentrationselement KW - Aktiv-Passiv-Element PY - 2018 SN - 2191-9798 VL - 06 SP - 46 EP - 54 PB - Vulkan-Verlag CY - Essen AN - OPUS4-45327 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Leonhard, H. T1 - Schnelltest für nichtrostende Stähle N2 - Rohrsysteme und Behälter aus nichtrostendem Stahl sind prinzipiell vor Korrosion geschützt. Ist die Passivschicht auf der Stahloberfläche jedoch beschädigt, geht dieser Schutz verloren. Das KorroPad-Verfahren ist ein Schnelltest zur Überprüfung der Passivschicht. Die Anwendung ist einfach und dauert nur 15 Minuten. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht PY - 2018 SN - 0170-6993 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 40 EP - 41 PB - verlag moderne industrie GmbH CY - Landsberg am Lech AN - OPUS4-45039 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Leonhard, H. T1 - Korrosionsgefahr schnell aufdecken: Zerstörungsfreier Oberflächentest für nichtrostende Stähle N2 - Eine Passivschicht schützt die Oberflächen nichtrostender Stähle vor Korrosion. Ist diese unvollständig ausgebildet oder beschädigt, sind Anlagenkomponenten in Gefahr, durch Materialauflösung zerstört zu werden. KorroPads geben schnell Aufschluss über den Zustand der Passivschicht. In nur 15 Minuten liegt ein valides Prüfergebnis vor. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht PY - 2018 SN - 1869-0149 VL - 2018 IS - 1 SP - 14 EP - 14 PB - KCI GmbH CY - Kleve AN - OPUS4-44482 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kauss, N. A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Halle, T. T1 - Age-hardening behaviour, microstructure and corrosion resistance of the copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 N2 - The copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 (X5CrNiCuNb16-4) is used in different areas due to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength and corrosion resistance can be adjusted by the heat treatment, which is of importance for the application of this alloy. The mechanical properties (strength and hardness) are attributed to the dispersive precipitation of the copper rich ε–Phase. The additional precipitation of chromium carbides can reduce the corrosion resistance. Different ageing states were produced to investigate the precipitation behaviour with various methods. Furthermore, the influence of cold-rolling on the precipitation behaviour was studied in comparison to a solution annealed state without deformation. The microstructure was studied by SEM and the variations of hardness and magnetic proportion were characterised. The electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) was used to determine the corrosion resistance and detect chromium depletion in all heattreated states. The results show that a work hardening accelerates the precipitation rate, while ageing at 600 °C reduces the corrosion resistance due to chromium depletion. T2 - WTK2018 CY - Chemnitz DA - 14.03.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosion testing KW - EPR KW - Heat treatment KW - Stainless steel PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-452482 SN - 1757-899X SN - 1757-8981 VL - 373 SP - Article 012020, 1 EP - 9 PB - Institute of Physics CY - London AN - OPUS4-45248 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Leonhard, H. T1 - Werkstoffe sicher auswählen - Korrosionsschnelltest für nichtrostende Stähle N2 - Die Oberflächen nichtrostender Stähle sind durch eine Passivschicht geschützt. Ist diese beschädigt oder unvollständig ausgebildet, sind Anlagenkomponenten in Gefahr, durch Korrosionsangriffe zerstört zu werden. KorroPads liefern ein valides Prüfergebnis zum Zustand der Passivschicht. Der Schnelltest dauert nur 15 min. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht PY - 2018 UR - https://kem.industrie.de/werkstoffe-verfahren/oberflaechentechnik/tuev-sued-korrosionsschnelltest-fuer-nichtrostende-staehle/ SN - 1612-7226 VL - 55 IS - 06 SP - 78 EP - 79 PB - Konradin-Verlag Robert Kohlhammer CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen AN - OPUS4-45250 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Leonhard, H. T1 - Fehlstellen schnell finden - Oberflächentest auf Korrosionsgefahr N2 - Die Passivschicht von Anlagenkomponenten aus nichtrostendem Stahl Ist nicht nur durch den rauen Industriealltag gefährdet. Bereits im Neuzustand können Schäden entstehen, etwa durch Schleifvorgänge oder ungenügende Entfernung von Anlauffarben nach dem Schweissen. TIJV Süd Chemie Service beteiligte sich an der Prüfung eines von der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelten Schnelltests. KorroPads liefern in 15 Minuten eine valide Aussage zur Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Passivschicht. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht PY - 2018 SN - 1664-6770 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 59 EP - 61 PB - SIGWERB GmbH CY - Zug AN - OPUS4-45256 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Leonhard, H. T1 - Die Farbe bringt es an den Tag N2 - Anlagenbauteile aus nichtrostendem Stahl sind durch eine Passivschicht auf der Oberfläche vor Korrosion geschützt. Ist diese beschädigt oder unvollständig ausgebildet, geht der Schutz verloren. Produktionsausfälle und hohe Investitionen für Instandsetzungen können die Folge sein. Das KorroPad-Verfahren ist ein Schnelltest zur Qualitätskontrolle der Passivschicht. Er nimmt nur 15 Minuten in Anspruch. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht PY - 2018 SN - 0936-6962 VL - 57 IS - 7 SP - 44 EP - 46 PB - WEKA BUSINESS MEDIEN GmbH CY - Darmstadt AN - OPUS4-45625 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lee, Jun-Seob A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Aging of passive film on UNS N08031 in a Green-Death solution N2 - Aging of passive film formed on UNS N08031 was investigated as a function of passivation time in Green-Death solution at 40°C. The specimen surface was in a stable passive state in the solution. The passive current density increased with an increase in the passivation potential. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Mott–Schottky (M–S) analyses revealed that a more defective n-type semiconductive passive film formed as the potential increased while the film became stable as the defects in the film decreased at potential lower than 1.0 VSSE. The increase of the applied potential and the polarisation time are likely reasons for the change in passive film stability. KW - Iron–chromium–nickel alloy KW - Passivity KW - Green-Death solution KW - Flue gas desulphurisation facilities KW - Alloy 31 KW - Semiconductive layer PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/1478422X.2018.1459077 SN - 1743-2782 SN - 1478-422X VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 302 EP - 308 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-44923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Korrosionsschutz in Theorie und Praxis N2 - Trotz teilweise nicht exakter Formulierungen und Terminologie bietet dieses Buch der angesprochenen Leserschaft einen umfassenden Einstieg in die Korrosionsthematik. Die am Ende jedes Kapitels aufgeführte Literatur liefert Beispiele zum vertiefenden Studium. Erwähnenswert ist auf jeden Fall die haptisch interessante Einbandgestaltung, die die Neugierde auf dieses Buch fördert. KW - Korrosion KW - Korrosionsschutz KW - Elektrochemie PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002maco.201870035 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 3 PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-44925 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Leonhard, H. T1 - Keine Panik bei der Passivschicht - Schnelltest auf Korrosionsgefahr an nichtrostenden Stählen N2 - Anlagenkomponenten aus nichtrostendem Stahl sind durch eine Passivschicht auf der Oberfläche vor Korrosion geschützt. Ist diese schadhaft oder unvollständig ausgebildet, geht der Schutz verloren. Korropad bietet eine Möglichkeit, dies zu überprüfen. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Schnelltest, der in nur 15 min ein valides Prüfergebnis liefert. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht PY - 2018 UR - https://quality-engineering.industrie.de/branchen/metall-und-maschinenbau/keine-panik-bei-der-passivschicht/ SN - 1436-2457 VL - 2018 IS - 02 SP - 76 EP - 77 PB - Konradin-Verlag Robert Kohlhammer GmbH CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen AN - OPUS4-45174 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Leonhard, H. T1 - More certainty in corrosion prevention N2 - Protective passive coatings of stainless-steel piping systems and tanks in chemical plants are at risk – and not only from the harsh conditions prevalent during production operations. Even in new systems, defects can be caused by grinding or by incomplete removal of temper colours after welding. TÜV SÜD Chemie Service participated in the assessment of a rapid test for corrosion developed by the German Institute for Materials Research and Testing (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, BAM). In only 15 minutes, KorroPads deliver valid information about the condition of passive coatings on material surfaces. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht PY - 2018 UR - http://digital.processingmagazine.com/July2018#&pageSet=11 SN - 0896-8659 VL - 31 IS - 07 SP - 20 EP - 21 PB - Endeavor Business Media CY - Birmingham, Alabama AN - OPUS4-45722 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Balzer, M. A1 - Fenker, M. A1 - Kappl, H. T1 - Corrosion protection mechanisms of TiMgN hard coatings on steel N2 - Hard coated steel components are used in a wide application range, mostly for protective, wear resistant and decorative purposes. Despite of these coatings being regarded as relatively dense, there is always a high risk of localized corrosion when a coated low alloyed steel component encounters a surrounding high humidity atmosphere or even an aqueous medium. An approach to enhance the corrosion properties is the addition of magnesium to physical vapor deposited hard coatings, like TiN. It has been found that there is a remarkable increase in corrosion resistance in dependence of magnesium content of the TiMgN coating and its surface properties. In this work the authors will explain the underlying corrosion protection mechanisms by means of electrochemical and analytical studies. The positive impact of magnesium in the coating relates on its preferred dissolution vs. steel. This causes the potential to shift to more negative direction with respect to the steel substrate and additionally leads to a temporarily passivation of the steel due to alkalization of the surrounding electrolyte by formation of magnesium hydroxide. T2 - 20. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 14.03.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Titanium nitride KW - PVD hard coating KW - magnesium PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-457117 SN - 1757-8981 VL - 373 IS - 1 SP - 012009, 1 EP - 10 PB - IOP Publishing Ltd AN - OPUS4-45711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balzer, M. A1 - Fenker, M. A1 - Kappl, H. A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Heiss, A. A1 - Richter, A. T1 - Corrosion protection of steel substrates by magnetron sputtered TiMgN hard coatings: Structure, mechanical properties and growth defect related salt spray test results N2 - Hard and wear resistant coatings deposited by PVD techniques have been characterized for decades for their capabilities to protect steel substrates from corrosion. In the present work the effect of Mg incorporated into TiN coatings is described in terms of the corrosion behavior as well as the mechanical and structural properties. TiN and TiMgN films with Mg contents between 10 and 35 at.% were deposited onto mirror polished 100Cr6 (1.3505) steel samples with 2.5 and 5 μm thickness by using DC magnetron sputtering. The corrosion protection capabilities of the coatings were characterized by neutral salt spray (NSS) test, considering the amounts and sizes of growth defects inherent in each coated sample as determined by a recently developed optical scan method (Large Area High Resolution mapping). The defect data were statistically analyzed for improved interpretation of NSS test results. Chosen growth defects were additionally analyzed by focused ion beam technique. Furthermore the coating composition and morphology, the hardness and the tribological behavior were characterized. Polished steel samples coated with 2.5 μm TiMgN containing about 35 at.% Mg were in the plane free of corrosion after 24 h in a NSS test. TiMgN with 10 or 20 at.% Mg only provided a slightly improved corrosion protection in relation to pure TiN coatings, which was limited to certain types of growth defects. The highest Mg containing coatings exhibited a decreased hardness down to 1200 or 1800 HV depending on type of deposition (HV 1200: Ti- and Mg-target with rotating substrate holder, 1800: Mg-plugged Ti-target with static substrate holder), but also showed a strongly improved wear resistance against Al2O3 related to pure TiN. By analyzing the NSS test results it was found that the corrosion behavior of the coated samples did not only depend strongly on the Mg content, but also on the sample individual defect concentrations. Therefore this subject is extensively discussed. KW - Physical vapour deposition (PVD) KW - Corrosion KW - Growth defects KW - Pinholes KW - Magnesium KW - TiMgN PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.05.037 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 349 IS - 9 SP - 82 EP - 92 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-45712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Aristia, Gabriela T1 - Geothermie aus dem Vulkan – sicher und wirtschaftlich N2 - Indonesien gilt aufgrund seiner vielen Vulkane als einer der Hotspots für Geothermie. Doch Salz und Hitze setzen den Geothermie‐Anlagen zu und gefährden ihre Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ein Team an der BAM hat günstigen, lokal verfügbaren Baustahl jetzt so beschichtet, dass ein nachhaltiger und sicherer Betrieb der Geothermie‐Kraftwerke möglich ist ‐ auch unter Extrembedingungen. Das BAM‐Team will das Beschichtungssystem nun den Anwendern in Indonesien zur Verfügung stellen, damit es unter Realbedingungen in einem Geothermie‐Kraftwerk getestet werden kann. Der Schutz vor Korrosion ist mitentscheidend, weil sie die Lebensdauer dieser Kraftwerke bestimmt. Unsere Arbeit könnte die Effizienz der Energieproduktion mit Geothermie wesentlich verbessern. KW - Geothermie KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070086 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51074 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Investigation of the influence of iron‐containing abrasives on the corrosion behaviour of the aluminium alloy AlSi1.2Mg0.4 N2 - The corrosion resistance of aluminium surfaces is closely linked to the surfacecstate after a grinding process. For years, iron‐containing abrasive materials were suspected to lead to increased corrosion susceptibility after processing of aluminium surfaces. To prove a possible correlation between the iron content of an abrasive and the corrosion behaviour of aluminium components, scientific investigations and experimentally practical corrosion tests are necessary. For the current investigation, specimens of a technical Al‐Si alloy from the same batch were used. The test specimens were mechanically ground with various resin‐bonded model abrasives containing different iron contents. The performed corrosion tests did not reveal a negative influence of the different iron‐containing abrasives on the corrosion behaviour of the Al–Si alloy. However, the most sensitive measuring method (electrochemical noise) showed differences in the surface activity depending on the type of abrasive. KW - Aluminium KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion testing KW - Grinding PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506762 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 1667 EP - 1679 PB - Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm A1 - Kamaraj, A. T1 - Susceptibility of 304 Stainless Steel to Crevice Corrosion in Electrochemically Active Fluids N2 - The susceptibility of Type 304 stainless steel (SS) to crevice corrosion upon contacting with electrochemically active fluids was investigated using exposure tests and stepwise potentiostatic polarization. Crevice materials made of 304 SS and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) were focused on in this study. The combined influence of oxidant and chloride concentration on crevice corrosion was examined in detail in the two types of crevice combinations (304 SS-to-PEEK and 304 SS-to-304 SS). The 304 SS specimens were strongly susceptible to crevice corrosion when coupled with 304 SS. Even at a low concentration of 5 mg/L free chlorine and 150 mg/L chloride, which is below nominal dilutions in beverage industries, the examined specimens underwent crevice corrosion in both crevices. The effect of water composition on crevice corrosion was also studied, indicating high susceptibility of 304 SS to crevice corrosion in low pH (pH ≤ 5) solutions. The corroded surface morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive x-ray, and confocal. KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Disinfectants KW - Stainless steel PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5006/3324 SN - 0010-9312 VL - 76 IS - 4 SP - 424 EP - 435 PB - Nace International CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-50652 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Hlavacek, Petr A1 - Mietz, Jürgen T1 - Chloride‐induced steel corrosion in alkali‐activated fly ash mortar: Increased propensity for corrosion initiation at defects N2 - Chloride contents at the steel–mortar interface that initiate steel corrosion were determined for carbon steel in alkali‐activated fly ash mortar for three different exposure conditions: exposure to 1 M NaCl solution; leaching in deionized water and then exposure to 1 M NaCl solution; and leaching in deionized water, aging in air at 20°C and natural CO2 concentration, and then exposure to 1 M NaCl solution. For comparison, a Portland cement mortar, exposed to 1 M NaCl solution, was studied. The median values of the corrosion‐initiating chloride contents (average over the full length of the rebar) in the alkali‐activated fly ash mortar varied between 0.35 and 1.05 wt% Cl with respect to binder, consistently lower than what was obtained for the Portland cement mortar, but with no clear trend regarding the exposure conditions. For most of the alkali‐activated fly ash mortar specimens, preferential corrosion at the connection between the working electrode and the external measurement setup was observed, while preferential corrosion did not occur for the Portland cement mortar. Scanning electron microscopy and auxiliary experiments in synthetic solutions indicated that this behavior was caused by inhomogeneities at the steel–mortar interface in the alkali‐activated mortar, likely due to its peculiar rheological properties in the fresh state. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Steel corrosion KW - Critical chloride content KW - Steel-concrete interface PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507268 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 749 EP - 758 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-50726 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Munasir, A1 - Triwikantoro, A1 - Zainuri, M. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Darminto, T1 - Mechanical Strength and Corrosion Rate of Aluminium Composites (Al/SiO2): Nanoparticle Silica (NPS) as Reinforcement N2 - The fabrication and characteristics of amorphous silica reinforced Al matrix composites are studied in this paper. The major starting materials were commercial Al powder and extracted nanoparticle SiO2 (NPS) powder from Indonesian silica sands. Two different active solutions,namely N-butanol and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), were introduced during synthesis. Characterisations in terms of physical, mechanical, microstructural and corrosion rate examinations were also employed. Introducing the SiO2 nanoparticles into the Al matrix has decreased the density and increased the porosity of the composites. The addition of N-butanol into Al/SiO2(Al/SiO2(B)) led to broader and lower X-ray diffraction profiles than the addition of TMAH (Al/SiO2(T)). From the microstructural analysis, we found that the SiO2 particles enter and agglomerate into the opening gap of the Al sheets. Furthermore, yield strength, ultimate compression strength and modulus of elasticity tended to reduce the addition of SiO2. The corrosion rate of Al/SiO2(T) was lower than that of Al/SiO2(B) composites. KW - Aluminium KW - Silica KW - Al/SiO2 composite KW - Mechanical strength KW - Corrosion rate PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-487185 SN - 1675-3402 SN - 2180-4230 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 81 EP - 97 PB - USM Press CY - Pulau Pinang, Malaysia AN - OPUS4-48718 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beck, Joana T1 - Review: Fitz's Atlas™of coating surveys N2 - Fitz's Atlas of coating surveys is designed as loose‐leave binder with a resistant cover that not only provides the possibility of updating the Atlas easily but also makes it practicable for on‐site use. This binder is well structured by sheet dividers with tabs for each of the 16 chapters. All in all, this atlas supports the surveyor by giving practicable hints and advice, lists and pictures to prepare and conduct investigations and write surveys. KW - Coating KW - Survey KW - Protection PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201970084 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 70 IS - 8 SP - 1508 PB - Wiley VCH-Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-48720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Munasir, A1 - Triwikantoro, A1 - Zainuri, M. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Darminto, T1 - Corrosion Polarization Behavior of Al-SiO2 Composites in 1M NaCl and Related Microstructural Analysis N2 - The composites combining aluminum and silica nanoparticles with the addition of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (Al-SiO2(T)) and butanol (Al-SiO2(B)) as mixing media have been successfully fabricated. Corrosion behavior of Al-SiO2 composites before and after exposure in 1M NaCl solution was examined using potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel curve analysis). The study was also equipped with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations. Before exposure, Al-SiO2(T) exhibited the best corrosion resistance. Performance improvement was indicated by Al-SiO2(B) up to 10 times better than Al-SiO2(T) after exposure. The increased SiO2 content did not significantly enhance the corrosion resistance of the composites. The Al-SiO2 composites with 5% SiO2 content showed very high corrosion resistance (as the optimum composition). Furthermore, pitting corrosion was observed in the Al-SiO2 composites, indicated by the formation of corrosion products at grain boundaries. The product was affected by the presence of SiO2 in the Al matrix and the NaCl environment at 90 °C (approach to synthetic geothermal media: Na+, Cl, H+, OH-). Our study revealed the presence of γ-Al2O3, γ-Al(OH)3, and Al(OH)2Cl as the dominant corrosion products. KW - Al-Composite KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion rate KW - SiO2 Nanoparticle KW - Tafel Plot PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2019.32.07a.11 SN - 1025-2495 SN - 1735-9244 VL - 7 IS - 32 SP - 982 EP - 990 PB - Materials and Energy Research Center AN - OPUS4-48742 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Faes, W. A1 - Lecompte, S. A1 - van Bael, J. A1 - Salenbien, R. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bellemans, I. A1 - Cools, P. A1 - de Geyter, N. A1 - Morent, R. A1 - Verbeken, K. A1 - de Paepe, M. T1 - Corrosion behaviour of different steel types in artificial geothermal fluids N2 - Geothermal energy is an interesting alternative to polluting fossil energy sources. Therefore, in Belgium, two wells have been drilled for a deep geothermal power plant. However, the environment to which the installations are exposed is challenging. The geothermal brine has 165 g/l total dissolved solids (of which 90% are sodium and chlorine) and the production temperature can be up to 130 °C. To assess their suitability to be used in a geothermal power plant, the corrosivity of the artificial brine to three common construction materials was investigated with exposure and electrochemical tests. The metals under consideration are a low-alloyed carbon steel (S235JR), an austenitic stainless steel (UNS S31603) and a duplex stainless steel (UNS S31803). The carbon steel, that was found to corrode uniformly, could be considered as a constructional material if a sufficient wall thickness is chosen. The austenitic stainless steel and the duplex stainless steel demonstrate very low uniform corrosion rates. They are however susceptible to pitting and crevice corrosion. To guarantee safe operation of the geothermal power plant, the susceptibility of the alloys to stress corrosion cracking should be tested and in situ experiments should be performed. KW - Geothermal energy KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon steel KW - Stainless steel PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.05.018 SN - 0375-6505 VL - 82 IS - 11 SP - 182 EP - 189 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-48759 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kauss, Norman A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Halle, T. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - Detection of sensitisation on aged lean duplex stainless steel with different electrochemical methods N2 - Ageing at 600 °C (from 0.1 h up to 20 h) leads to the formation of precipitations at the ferrite-ferrite (α/α) and ferrite-austenite (α/γ) grain boundaries of the lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) X2CrNiN22-2. This leads to sensitisation due to chromium depletion and decreased pitting corrosion resistance proven by the results of various electrochemical methods (DL-EPR and determination of CPT, Epit). These results were compared with the KorroPad method, which uses an agar-based gel-electrolyte for the detection of stainless steel surfaces prone to pitting corrosion. However, the standard configuration of the KorroPad showed no differentiation for the various ageing conditions. Therefore, modified versions of the KorroPad with two, five and ten times higher NaCl and potassium ferrocyanide III (K3[Fe(CN)6]) concentrations were successfully used to visualise the behaviour detected by DL-EPR, Epit and CPT. Therefore, the KorroPad method can also detect a microstructure related reduction of pitting corrosion resistance, which can drastically reduce the experimental effort to generate sensitisation diagrams for stainless steels. KW - Lean duplex KW - Stainless steel KW - Sensitisation KW - Polarisation KW - Critical pitting temperature KW - Pitting corrosion KW - KorroPad KW - Ageing treatment PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.081 SN - 0013-4686 SN - 1873-3859 VL - 317 SP - 17 EP - 24 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-48374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Science, Technology and Applications of Metals in Additive Manufacturing N2 - Often 3D‐printing and additive manufacturing are mentioned as the 3rd industrial revolution. In this conjunction this book provides a brief overview on additively manufactured metal pieces. This book fulfills its intension to serve as an educational guide, providing a holistic picture encompassing science, technology and applications for the real‐life use of Metal Additive Manufacturing. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Corrosion KW - Material properties PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070114 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 1929 EP - 1930 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Introduction to Materials for Advanced Energy Systems N2 - Since materials play an important role when designing and servicing industrial facilities. Also, for energy systems there is no way around. Selection of appropriate materials is an essential aspect for successful application and reliable service life. Future engineers must be made aware on the importance of this fact. So, they may prevail in techno‐economic discussions. The book fulfills its intension of providing to students in science and engineering a comprehensive understanding of different energy processes and what role materials play in this conjunction. Also, it gives interested engineers and scientists an insight in this matter. After being introduced the user should dig deeper in the existing detailed knowledge available for materials selection within these special conditions to assure a reliable operation of the energy production facility. KW - Energy systems KW - Materials PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201970114 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 70 IS - 11 SP - 2140 EP - 2141 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-49719 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stoljarova, A. A1 - Regenspurg, S. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Mathiesen, T. A1 - Braüner Nielsen, J. T1 - Effect of lead and copper containing brine on steel materials for geothermal applications – A corrosion study N2 - Geothermal brines often contain high amounts of lead and copper ions that can precipitate as native Cu and Pb as consequence of galvanic corrosion when brines react with carbon steel materials. This contribution evaluates which materials could overcome the problem of galvanic corrosion at geothermal environment. The behavior of these materials in water containing high chloride concentration (> 100 g/L NaCl) as well as various amounts of dissolved bCl2 and/or CuCl2 was characterized by electrochemical and exposure measurements. Both methods reveal carbon steel suffers corrosion susceptibility, accompanied by Cu◦ and/or Pb◦ precipitation on the surface. Electrochemical measurements on stainless steels result in significant difference in corrosion and repassivation potentials (Ecorr = -189 mV, Erep = 70 mV), indicating a good corrosion resistance. KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.102024 SN - 0375-6505 VL - 91 SP - NIL_75 EP - NIL_85 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51976 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Mietz, Jürgen T1 - Long-term corrosion behaviour of stainless steels in marine atmosphere N2 - Nine different stainless steel alloys were exposed for 5 years under marine environment and their corrosion behaviour was compared and assessed. The investigation of four different surface finishes for all alloys tested further enabled to consider industry-specific features of the surface finish for the material comparison. The results of the exposure tests yield conclusions regarding the influence of alloy composition, surface finish and exposure duration under marine environment. The three duplex stainless steels revealed excellent corrosion resistance even in case of crevices during the 5 years of exposure under the given exposure conditions. Also the molybdenum-alloyed ferritic steel 1.4521 showed good corrosion resistance comparable to the classical austenitic materials 1.4301 and 1.4404. KW - Corrosion KW - Free weathering KW - Marine atmosphere KW - Stainless steels PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709636 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 20 EP - 28 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-43625 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Kauss, N. T1 - Visualisierung werkstoffbedingter Lochkorrosionsanfälligkeit durch die KorroPad-Prüfung N2 - Mit der KorroPad-Prüfung können lochkorrosionsanfällige Oberflächen einfach, schnell und kostengünstig nachgewiesen werden. Das KorroPad ist damit für Hersteller, Verarbeiter, Anwender und Forscher eine interessante Alternative zu zeitintensiven Auslagerungsversuchen und elektrochemischen Untersuchungsmethoden, die normalerweise bei der Charakterisierung nichtrostender Stähle zur Anwendung kommen. Mit der KorroPad-Prüfung können aber auch werkstoff und gefügebedingte Einflussfaktoren sichtbar gemacht werden, die Lochkorrosionsanfälligkeit verursachen. Um dies zu veranschaulichen, wird die Nachweisgrenze des KorroPads an Referenzlegierungen mit abgestuftem Chromgehalt aufgezeigt. Darauf aufbauend wird dargestellt, wie die Sensibilisierung nichtrostender Stähle durch Chromverarmung mit einer gezielten Verschärfung der KorroPad-Prüfung nachgewiesen werden kann. KW - Korrosion KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - KorroPad KW - Passivschicht KW - Lochkorrosion KW - EPR KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2018 UR - https://www.wotech-technical-media.de/womag/autoren/Rosemann_Paul.php U6 - https://doi.org/10.7395/2018/Rosemann1 IS - 7-8 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - WOMAG AN - OPUS4-45688 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Kauss, N. T1 - Visualisierung werkstoffbedingter Lochkorrosionsanfälligkeit durch die KorroPad-Prüfung N2 - Mit der KorroPad-Prüfung können lochkorrosionsanfällige Oberflächen einfach, schnell und kostengünstig nachgewiesen werden. Das KorroPad ist damit für Hersteller, Verarbeiter, Anwender und Forscher eine interessante Alternative zu zeitintensiven Auslagerungsversuchen und elektrochemischen Untersuchungsmethoden, die normalerweise bei der Charakterisierung nichtrostender Stähle zur Anwendung kommen. Mit der KorroPad-Prüfung können aber auch werkstoff- und gefügebedingte Einflussfaktoren sichtbar gemacht werden, die Lochkorrosionsanfälligkeit verursachen. Um dies zu veranschaulichen, wird die Nachweisgrenze des Korro-Pads an Referenzlegierungen mit abgestuftem Chromgehalt aufgezeigt. Darauf aufbauend wird dargestellt, wie die Sensibilisierung nichtrostender Stähle durch Chromverarmung mit einer gezielten Verschärfung der KorroPad-Prüfung nachgewiesen werden kann. KW - Korrosion KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - KorroPad KW - Korrosionsschnelltest KW - Passivschicht KW - EPR KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2018 SN - 2195-5905 IS - 7-8 SP - 18 EP - 20 PB - WOMAG CY - Waldshut-Tiengen AN - OPUS4-45689 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lee, Jun-Seob A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Passivity of alloy 31 in green-death solution N2 - The passivation behavior of alloy 31 was investigated as a function of passivation potential in a green-death solution at 40 °C. The alloy 31 surface is in a stable passive state during cyclic potentiodynamic polarization. In potentiostatic polarization of alloy 31, passive current density increases with an increase in the passivation potential. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott–Schottky (M–S) analysis showed that a more defective n-type semiconductive passive film forms as the potential increases. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that passive film consists of mainly chromium and minor iron and nickel oxides. The increase of the applied potential is considered to be a reason for the change in passive film stability. KW - Passive film KW - Steel KW - Alloy 31 KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709996 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 69 IS - 9 SP - 1218 EP - 1226 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-45938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - Influence of austenitizing and tempering on the corrosion behavior and sensitization of martensitic stainless steel X50CrMoV15 N2 - Electrochemical tests, hardness measurements, and microstructure analysis are performed to study the influence of austenitizing, quenching, and tempering parameters on the corrosion resistance of the martensitic stainless steel grade X50CrMoV15 (1.4116). Different heat treatment states were studied using an adapted EPR-Test to evaluate the chromium distribution and depletion caused by the formation and dissolution of chromium rich carbides. The EPR results were correlated with pitting corrosion behavior, demonstrating the strong effect of heat treatment parameters on the susceptibility of martensitic stainless steels to corrosion phenomena. KW - Martensitic stainless steel KW - Electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation KW - Heat treatment KW - Pitting corrosion PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201810170 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 1338 EP - 1349 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-46138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ogle, K. A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm A1 - Zhou, P. T1 - Interactions between elemental components during the dealloying of Cu-Zn alloys N2 - The elemental dissolution of Cu-Zn alloys was investigated as a function of Zn content ranging from 0 to 45 wt%. Atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry (AESEC) was utilized to directly monitor Cu2+ and Zn2+ release and oxide growth as function of time during potentiodynamic experiments. It was determined that Cu dissolution undergoes a simultaneous mechanism of Cu2O formation and Cu2+ release. The addition of Zn in Cu-Zn alloy does not measurably change the dissolution mechanism of Cu2+ and the rate of aqueous Cu2+ was only dependent on the potential. Zn dissolution was however blocked by the formation of a Cu(0) film which shifted the Zn dissolution in the anodic direction. KW - Copper KW - Brass KW - Dealloying KW - Drinking water PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.181 SN - 0013-4686 VL - 293 IS - Januar SP - 290 EP - 298 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-46269 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Reinemann, Steffi A1 - Rother, D. T1 - Forschungsprojekt zum Korrosionsverhalten von Edelstählen - BAM und VSM mit neuen Erkenntnissen N2 - Wie kann man verhindern, dass Edelstahl korrodiert? Und welchen Einfluss haben Kornarten und Körnungen von Schleifmitteln auf das Korrosionsverhalten? Diesen Fragen ist die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) mit Unterstützung der VSM AG zwei Jahre lang auf den Grund gegangen. Heute wurden im VSM Technical Center am Hauptsitz von VSM in Hannover die Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Die zentralen Erkenntnisse: Kornarten und Zusätze im Schleifmittel haben keinen Einfluss auf die Korrosion. Aber: Je feiner die Oberfläche geschliffen ist, desto besser ist der Korrosionsschutz. Dabei ist das Einhalten der Schleiffolge besonders wichtig. KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosion KW - Schleifen KW - Korund PY - 2019 SN - 1430-0036 VL - 766 IS - 2 SP - 30 EP - 31 PB - Verlag Focus Rostfrei GmbH CY - Xanten AN - OPUS4-47607 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langklotz, U. A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - The combination of minimally invasive electrochemical investigations and FTIR‐spectroscopy to analyze atmospheric corrosion product layers on zinc N2 - The present work describes the combination of electrochemical investigations by using a gel‐type electrolyte with Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy to investigate partially extremely thin corrosion product films on titanium‐zinc. The gel pad method enables the determination of corrosion relevant parameters such as the potential and the linear polarization resistance without altering the corrosion product layers, which are extremely prone to re‐dissolution when freshly formed. Complementary infrared spectroscopy enables the determination of main compounds of even very thin surface layers of few tenth of nanometers with a certain lateral resolution. It was found that zinc forms mostly zinc carboxy‐hydroxides such as hydrozincite, under various exposure conditions. The protective properties of these hydrozincite layers depend on the structure of the corrosion product film rather than on its thickness. In mid‐term exposure tests, shallow corrosion pits were found even in the absence of corrosive agents such as chloride. KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Gelartige Elektolyte KW - Zinc coatings KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - FT-IR PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201810696 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 70 IS - 7 SP - 1314 EP - 1325 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-47728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinemann, Steffi A1 - Rosemann, P. A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Influence of grinding parameters on the corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steel N2 - Samples of the austenitic stainless steel grade X5CrNi18‐10 (1.4301, AISI 304) were ground industrially with various grinding parameters to study their influence on corrosion resistance. The ability of the mechanically ground surfaces to form a stable passive layer was evaluated by KorroPad test and a modified electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation test based on a single loop (EPR‐SL). Furthermore, the surfaces were characterized by surface analytical methods. The main influence was determined regarding abrasive belt type. Surfaces mechanically ground with granulate abrasive belts constantly had a lower corrosion resistance than surfaces ground with single‐coated grain. The granulate abrasive belts generated more sensitized surface areas and left formations of welded sample material on the mechanically ground surfaces. A post‐treatment with a nonwoven abrasive proved to be an effective finishing process by which the surface defects and sensitized material got removed and the surfaces regained the expected corrosion resistance. KW - Abrasive belt KW - Austenitic stainless steel KW - Electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation KW - Grinding KW - KorroPad KW - Surface KW - Corrosion PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201910874 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 70 IS - 10 SP - 1776 EP - 1787 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-47871 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rütters, H. A1 - Fischer, S. A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Maßmann, J. A1 - Ostertag-Henning, C. A1 - Wolf, J. L. A1 - Pumpa, M. A1 - Lubenau, U. A1 - Knauer, S. A1 - Jaeger, P. A1 - Neumann, A. A1 - Svensson, K. A1 - Pöllmann, H. A1 - Lempp, C. A1 - Menezes, F. F. A1 - Hagemann, B. T1 - Towards defining reasonable minimum composition thresholds – Impacts of variable CO2 stream compositions on transport, injection and storage N2 - To set up recommendations on how to define “reasonable minimum composition thresholds” for CO2 streams to access CO2 pipeline networks, we investigated potential impacts of CO2 streams with different and temporally variable compositions and mass flow rates along the CCS chain. All investigations were based on a generic “CCS cluster scenario” in which CO2 streams captured from a spatial cluster of eleven emitters (seven fossil-fired power plants, two cement plants, one refinery and one steel mill) are collected in a regional pipeline network. The resulting CO2 stream (19.78 Mio t impure CO2 per year) is transported in a trunk line (onshore and offshore) and injected into five generic replicate storage structures (Buntsandstein saline aquifers) offshore. Experimental investigations and modeling of selected impacts revealed beneficial as well as adverse impacts of different impurities and their combinations. Overall, no fundamental technical obstacles for transporting, injecting and storing CO2 streams of the considered variable compositions and mass flow rates were observed. We recommend to define minimum composition thresholds for each specific CCS project through limiting i) the overall CO2 content, ii) maximum contents of relevant impurities or elements, iii) acceptable variability of concentrations of critical impurities, and defining impurity combinations to be avoided. KW - Impurities KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - Whole-chain CCS scenario KW - Recommendations PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543004 SN - 1750-5836 VL - 114 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-54300 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Study of Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coatings on X20Cr13 in Artificial North German Basin Geothermal Water at 150 °C N2 - Al2O3 has been widely used as a coating in industrial applications due to its excellent chemical and thermal resistance. Considering high temperatures and aggressive mediums exist in geothermal systems, Al2O3 can be a potential coating candidate to protect steels in geothermal applications. In this study, γ-Al2O3 was used as a coating on martensitic steels by applying AlOOH sol followed by a heat treatment at 600 °C. To evaluate the coating application process, one-, two-, and three-layer coatings were tested in the artificial North German Basin (NGB), containing 166 g/L Cl−, at 150 °C and 1 MPa for 168 h. To reveal the stability of the Al2O3 coating in NGB solution, three-layer coatings were used in exposure tests for 24, 168, 672, and 1296 h, followed by surface and cross-section characterization. SEM images show that the Al2O3 coating was stable up to 1296 h of exposure, where the outer layer mostly transformed into boehmite AlOOH with needle-like crystals dominating the surface. Closer analysis of cross-sections showed that the interface between each layer was affected in long-term exposure tests, which caused local delamination after 168 h of exposure. In separate experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed at 150 °C to evaluate the changes of coatings within the first 24 h. Results showed that the most significant decrease in the impedance is within 6 h, which can be associated with the electrolyte penetration through the coating, followed by the formation of AlOOH. Here, results of both short-term EIS measurements (up to 24 h) and long-term exposure tests (up to 1296 h) are discussed. KW - Al2O3 KW - Geothermal KW - Martensitic steels KW - Behmite KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525551 SN - 2079-6412 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 526 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, R. A1 - Féron, D. A1 - Mills, D. A1 - Ritter, S. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - de Graeve, I. A1 - Dugstad, A. A1 - Grassini, S. A1 - Hack, T. A1 - Halama, M. A1 - Han, E.-H. A1 - Harder, T. A1 - Hinds, G. A1 - Kittel, J. A1 - Krieg, R. A1 - Leygraf, C. A1 - Martinelli, L. A1 - Mol, A. A1 - Neff, D. A1 - Nilsson, J.-O. A1 - Odnevall, I. A1 - Paterson, S. A1 - Paul, S. A1 - Prošek, T. A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Revilla, R. I. A1 - Ropital, F. A1 - Schweigart, H. A1 - Szala, E. A1 - Terryn, H. A1 - Tidblad, J. A1 - Virtanen, S. A1 - Volovitch, P. A1 - Watkinson, D. A1 - Wilms, M. A1 - Winning, G. A1 - Zheludkevich, M. T1 - Corrosion challenges towards a sustainable society N2 - A global transition towards more sustainable, affordable and reliable energy systems is being stimulated by the Paris Agreement and the United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This poses a challenge for the corrosion industry, as building climate‐resilient energy systems and infrastructures brings with it a long‐term direction, so as a result the long‐term behaviour of structural materials (mainly metals and alloys) becomes a major prospect. With this in mind “Corrosion Challenges Towards a Sustainable Society” presents a series of cases showing the importance of corrosion protection of metals and alloys in the development of energy production to further understand the science of corrosion, and bring the need for research and the consequences of corrosion into public and political focus. This includes emphasis on the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions, on the lifetime of infrastructures, implants, cultural heritage artefacts, and a variety of other topics. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion costs KW - Corrosion protection KW - Preventive strategies PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-554801 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 73 IS - 11 SP - 1730 EP - 1751 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-55480 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzig, A. A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Menneken, M. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Early Stage of Corrosion Formation on Pipeline Steel X70 Under Oxyfuel Atmosphere at Low Temperature N2 - The early stage of corrosion formation on X70 pipeline steel under oxyfuel atmosphere was investigated by applying a simulated gas mixture (CO2 containing 6700 ppmv O2, 100 ppmv NO2, 70 ppmv SO2 and 50 ppmv H2O) for 15 h at 278 K and ambient pressure. Short-term tests (6 h) revealed that the corrosion starts as local spots related to grinding marks progressing by time and moisture until a closed layer was formed. Acid droplets (pH 1.5), generated in the gas atmosphere, containing a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3, were identified as corrosion starters. After 15 h of exposure, corrosion products were mainly X-ray amorphous and only partially crystalline. In-situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) results showed that the crystalline fractions consist primarily of water-bearing iron sulfates. Applying Raman spectroscopy, water-bearing iron nitrates were detected as subordinated phases. Supplementary long-term tests exhibited a significant increase in the crystalline fraction and formation of additional water-bearing iron sulfates. All phases of the corrosion layer were intergrown in a nanocrystalline network. In addition, numerous globular structures have been detected above the corrosion layer, which were identified as hydrated iron sulphate and hematite. As a type of corrosion, shallow pit formation was identified, and the corrosion rate was about 0.1 mma−1. In addition to in-situ EDXRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and interferometry were used to chemically and microstructurally analyze the corrosion products. KW - Corrosion KW - CCUS KW - In-situ ED-XRD KW - CO2 pipeline transport KW - Oxyfuel KW - Carbon steel KW - Impurities PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506303 SN - 2227-9717 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 421-1 EP - 421-19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50630 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Electrochemical deposition of polyaniline on carbon steel for corrosion study in geothermal solution N2 - Polyaniline has been widely developed for many applications, e.g. sensor, supercapacitor components, electrochromic devices, and anticorrosion pigments. Although the addition of polyaniline pigment in organic coatings has been an alternative for corrosion protection in industrial applications, the protection mechanism is still not fully understood. Herein in this study, as a part of the development of polyaniline/silicon dioxide coating for geothermal application, polyaniline has been deposited electrochemically on carbon steel surface in oxalic acid medium and tested in geothermal solution to understand the contribution of polyaniline to the corrosion protection of a polyaniline-based composite in the geothermal system. To observe the surface/interface reaction between the electrolyte and electrode surface during the electrochemical polymerization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied after each cycle. For corrosion study in the geothermal application, an artificial geothermal solution was used with the composition of 1,500 mg/l Cl⁻, 20 mg/l SO₄²⁻, 15 mg/l HCO₃⁻, 200 mg/l Ca²⁺, 250 mg/l K⁺, and 600 mg/l Na⁺, and pH 4 to simulate a geothermal brine found in Sibayak, Indonesia. An electrochemical measurement was performed by monitoring the open circuit potential over seven days, with the interruption by EIS every 22 hours. The experiments were performed at room temperature and 150 °C (1 MPa) in an oxygen-free environment. Impedance spectra showed a reduction of the total impedance value of approximately 10 times for specimens measured at 150 °C compared to the specimens measured at room temperature, suggesting a less stable layer at high temperature. KW - Corrosion KW - Electrochemical deposition KW - Polyaniline PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.966.107 SN - 1662-9752 VL - 966 SP - 107 EP - 115 PB - Trans Tech Publications Ltd CY - Zürich AN - OPUS4-48776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Buggisch, E. A1 - Schiller, Bernadette Nicole A1 - Beck, M. T1 - Corrosion Study on Wellbore Materials for the CO2 Injection Process N2 - For reliability and safety issues of injection wells, corrosion resistance of materials used needs to be determined. Herein, representative low-cost materials, including carbon steel X70/1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225, were embedded in mortar to mimic the realistic casing-mortar interface. Two types of cement were investigated: (1) Dyckerhoff Variodur commercial Portland cement, representing a highly acidic resistant cement and (2) Wollastonite, which can react with CO2 and become stable under a CO2 stream due to the carbonation process. Exposure tests were performed under 10 MPa and at 333 K in artificial aquifer fluid for up to 20 weeks, revealing crevice corrosion and uniform corrosion instead of expected pitting corrosion. To clarify the role of cement, simulated pore water was made by dispersing cement powder in aquifer fluid and used as a solution to expose steels. Surface analysis, accompanied by element mapping on exposed specimens and their crosssections, was carried out to trace the chloride intrusion and corrosion process that followed. KW - Carbon capture storage KW - CCS KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon steel KW - Aquifer fluid KW - Cement KW - Casing KW - Pitting PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519774 SN - 2227-9717 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 115 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51977 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - On the corrosion mechanism of CO2 transport pipeline steel caused by condensate: Synergistic effects of NO2 and SO2 N2 - To study the effects of condensed acid liquid, hereafter referred to as condensate, on the CO2 transport pipeline steels, gas mixtures containing a varying concentration of H2O, O2, NO2, and SO2, were proposed and resulted in the condensate containing H2SO4 and HNO3 with the pH ranging from 0.5 to 2.5. By exposing the pipeline steel to the synthetic condensate with different concentration of acidic components, the corrosion kinetic is significantly changed. Reaction kinetic was studied using electrochemical methods coupled with water analysis and compared with surface analysis (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD)) of corroded coupons. The results showed that, although the condensation of NO2 in the form of HNO3 causes faster general corrosion rate, it is the condensation of SO2 in the form of H2SO4 or the combination of SO2 and NO2 that may cause much more severe problems in the form of localized and pitting corrosions. The resulting corrosion forms were depended on the chemical nature of acids and their concentration at the same investigated pH. The effects of changing CO2 flow rate and renewing condensate on pitting corrosion were further studied. KW - Carbon capture, utilization and storage technology KW - CCUS KW - Corrosion KW - Condensate KW - Electrochemical characterisation KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Impurities KW - Carbon steel PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-473685 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/3/364 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 364, 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-47368 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Knauer, S A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Jaeger, P T1 - Contact angle and corrosion of a Water – CO2 system on X70 and S41500 at 278 K and pressures up to 20 MPa N2 - Interfacial properties related to wettability and corrosion in CO2 transport pipelines are experimentally determined by the sessile and the pendant drop methods. The contact angle of a water drop in a compressed CO2 atmosphere is analyzed on an X70 pipeline carbon steel and compared to that on a martensitic steel S41500 to elucidate the effect of corrosion process on active wetting behaviour. The measurements are performed with liquid CO2 at 278 K and pressures ranging from 5 to 20 MPa. The results show that the contact angle (CA) increases with pressure from 132 ° to 143 ° for S41500 and from 117 ° to 137 ° for X70 and decreases with drop age by 20 ° to 24 ° regardless of the pressure and of the fact that corrosion only occurs on X70, which is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, element mapping and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) analysis. At higher pressure, the contact angles on both materials converge. Further, related properties like density and interfacial tension were determined. CO2 - saturated water has a higher density than pure water: At 5 MPa saturated water reaches a density of 1017 kg⋅m^(-3) and at 20 MPa 1026 kg⋅m^(-3) compared to pure water with a density of 1002 kg⋅m^(-3) and 1009 kg⋅m^(-3), respectively. In this pressure range the IFT drops from 33 mN⋅m^(-1)at 5 MPa to 23 mN⋅m^(-1) at 20 MPa. KW - Carbon capture KW - Utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology KW - Contact angle KW - Wetting KW - Corrosion KW - Condensate KW - Impurities KW - Carbon steel PY - 2019 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750583618309472?dgcid=author U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.06.021 SN - 1750-5836 SN - 1878-0148 VL - 89 SP - 33 EP - 39 PB - Elsevier, ScienceDirect AN - OPUS4-48601 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Knauer, S A1 - Jaeger, P A1 - Kratzig, Andreas A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Droplet corrosion of CO2 transport pipeline steels in simulated oxyfuel flue gas N2 - The research focus of this study was set on the corrosion process of condensate as droplets on the surface of carbon steels (X52, X70) martensitic steel UNS S41500, and super austenite UNS N08031 in CO2 atmosphere with impurities at 278 K (to simulate the offshore transportation condition in a buried pipeline). The possibility of dew/droplet formation on the steel surface and wetting behavior of corresponding materials were evaluated by contact angle measurement in dense CO2 at 278 K. To observe the effect of impurities (SO2 and O2) on droplet corrosion process, exposure tests were carried out in the mixed atmosphere with a drop, 1 ‑ 10 µL in volume, of CO2 saturated ultra-pure water on steel surface. Comparable exposure tests were carried out with the same gas mixture and the same volume of water, as vapor, to observe the droplet formation and the corrosion process that follows. Effects of surface roughness on the droplet formation and its corrosion process were further studied and showed no significant role upon long time exposure. The results from droplet experiments were compared to those from the bulk electrolyte for the further recommendation on the quality control of gas stream along with the use of carbon steels as transport pipelines in CCS - Carbon Capture and Storage system. KW - CCUS, supercritical/dense phase CO2, carbon steels, martensitic steel, superaustenite steel, droplet corrosion PY - 2018 UR - http://corrosionjournal.com/doi/abs/10.5006/2927 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5006/2927 SN - 0010-9312 SN - 1938-159X VL - 74 IS - 12 SP - 1406 EP - 1420 PB - NACE International CY - Houston, Texas, USA AN - OPUS4-46903 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Meist, M. A1 - Michael, O. A1 - Babutzka, M. A1 - Valet, Svenja A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Electrochemical characterization of surfaces of galvanized steels under different exposure conditions using gel electrolytes N2 - The corrosion behavior of galvanized steels and zinc components under atmospheric exposure depends mostly on the corrosion product‐based cover layer formation under the prevailing conditions. The use of agar‐based gel electrolytes makes it possible to use electrochemical methods to obtain a characteristic value from these cover layers that describe their current and future protective capacity. It is shown here that different states of galvanized steel can be distinguished very well under laboratory conditions and that this method is also suitable for use under practical conditions. Based on the characteristic values and assuming future time of wetness, it is very easy to draw up a forecast for the future corrosion rate, which provides plausible values. KW - Materials Chemistry KW - Metals and Alloys KW - Surfaces, Coatings and Films KW - Mechanical Engineering KW - Mechanics of Materials KW - Environmental Chemistry KW - Corrosion KW - Znc PY - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599234 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-59923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -