TY - JOUR A1 - Hesse, R. A1 - Denecke, R. A1 - Radnik, Jörg T1 - Testing and validating the improved estimation of the spectrometer-transmission function with UNIFIT 2022 N2 - Recent developments of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using excitation energies different from the usual lab-sources Mg Kα and Al Kα, thus covering larger and different kinetic energy ranges, require more flexible approaches for determining the transmission function than the well-established ones using reference spectra. Therefore, the approach using quantified peak areas (QPA) was refined allowing a more precise estimation of the transmission function. This refinement was tested by comparing the results obtained with the new version with former calculations. Furthermore, the obtained transmission function was validated by comparing the results with a transmission function using the reference spectrum of polyethylene. Additionally, an ionic liquid was used as reference for estimating the transmission function at the energy resolved HE-SGM beamline at BESSY II. Comparison between the measured and stoichiometric composition shows that a transmission function was determined, which allows a reasonable quantification. KW - XPS KW - Quantification KW - Software UNIFIT 2022 KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - Transmission function IERF PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-551671 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7131 SN - 0142-2421 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-55167 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Auger electron spectroscopy N2 - An introduction in the application of Auger Electron Spectroscopy to surface chemical analysis of nanoparticles is given. Auger Electron Spectroscopy is a mature method in the field of surface chemical analysis. The chapter addresses the physical basis of the method, the principal design of recent instruments together with modes of operation and options for the presentation of spectra, as well as different approaches for qualitative (including identification of chemical species) and quantitative surface analysis of elements. An application paragraph on surface chemical analysis of nanoparticles by AES or SAM introduces the different measurement approaches and sample preparation strategies applied by analysts. The analysis of nanoparticle ensembles, the so-called selected point analysis where a narrow primary electron beam is centered on an individual nanoparticle, and chemical mapping of individual nanoparticles (or a line scan across) are addressed. Existing literature is reviewed and informative case studies presented. Limitations and pitfalls in the application of AES in surface chemical analysis of nanoparticles are also addressed. KW - Auger Electron Spectroscopy KW - Surface chemical analysis KW - Imaging surface chemical analysis KW - Nanoparticles KW - Nanotechnology PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00020-1 SP - 373 EP - 395 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50119 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mast, J. A1 - Verleysen, E. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Kaegi, R. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Characterization of nanomaterials by transmission electron microscopy - Measurement procedures N2 - In this chapter, approaches are proposed for the descriptive and quantitative characterization of nano-objects with nanometer resolution. Measurements are based on the analysis of the characteristics of 2D projections of individual particles visualized on transmission electron micrographs. Incorporation of spectroscopic methods (EDS and EELS) for elemental analysis of nano-objects is recommended to identify subpopulations of nano-objects in mixtures based on their chemical composition. The focus lies on the determination of physicochemical properties which are essential in a legislatory and regulatory context to define the material as a nanomaterial (NM), and to assess its safety and toxicological potential, using widely accessible equipment. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Sample preparation KW - Image analysis KW - Transmission electron microscopy PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00004-3 SP - 29 EP - 48 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50121 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) N2 - As one of the widely used analytical methods for the analysis of elemental composition of solid matter, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) has recently gained significant importance regarding its application to the chemical analysis of nanoparticles, especially in conjunction with the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the use of the transmission operation mode of SEM (STEM-in-SEM). This development was mainly driven by the technological progress with highly sensitive EDS detectors, such that individual nanoparticles can be quickly inspected with EDS at a SEM. Qualitative information on elemental composition with about 10 nm spatial resolution can be achieved complementary to the high-resolution information of the sample surface morphology within the same scanned area as provided by the electron microscope. Representative examples with successful EDS analysis on nanoparticles are presented, but also limitations of the method are described. KW - EDS KW - EPMA KW - X-rays KW - SEM/EDS PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00021-3 SP - 397 EP - 417 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-49991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Clifford, C. A1 - Stintz, M. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Fujimoto, T. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - International standards in nanotechnologies N2 - This chapter provides an overview of what standards are, why they are important, and how they are developed. There is a focus on the work of standards committees relevant to nanotechnology measurement and characterization with tables detailing the standards that are currently available for a large number of different techniques, materials, and applications at the nanoscale. KW - Standards KW - Nanotechnology KW - Reproducibility KW - ISO KW - CEN KW - VAMAS PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00026-2 SP - 511 EP - 525 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50165 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Shard, A. G. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Conclusions and perspectives N2 - This chapter briefly summarizes the methods selected within this book for the characterization of nanoparticles with regard to commonly accessible properties: nanoparticle size and size distribution, shape, surface area, surface charge, aggregation state, structure, chemical composition, surface chemistry, and nanoparticle number concentration. Current progress of measurement and analysis, as far as possible according to standard operation procedures, has been the focus of this work. A number of new and less commonly used methods have not been covered, and we outline some of these in this chapter. Future challenges such as automated measurement and analysis, read-across approaches for the prediction of properties, knowledge of measurement uncertainties, the need for certified reference materials, and the necessity to complement measurements methods to obtain more reliable results are covered, and the unmet measurement requirements for real-world nanoparticles are described. KW - Physicochemical characterization KW - Standard operation procedures KW - Data correlation KW - Method development KW - Trends PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00006-7 SP - 527 EP - 534 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50167 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shard, A. G. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Introduction N2 - The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive collection of analytical methods that are commonly used to measure nanoparticles, providing information on one, or more, property of importance. The chapters provide up-to-date information and guidance on the use of these techniques, detailing the manner in which they may be reliably employed. Within this chapter, we detail the rationale and context of the whole book, which is driven by the observation of a low level of reproducibility in nanoparticle research. The aim of the book is to encourage awareness of both the strengths and weaknesses of the various methods used to measure nanoparticles and raise awareness of the range of methods that are available. The editors of the book have, for many years, been engaged in European projects and standardization activities concerned with nanoparticle analysis and have identified authors who are experts in the various methods included within the book. This has produced a book that can be used as a definitive guide to current best practice in nanoparticle measurement. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Size distribution KW - Shape KW - Chemistry KW - Coating KW - Concentration KW - Standards KW - Charge KW - Characterisation PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00001-8 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50166 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Quantitative Microstructural Analysis - VAMAS TWA 37 & Liaison with ISO/TC 202 Microbeam Analysis N2 - The progress in activities on Microbeam Analysis under VAMAS/TWA 37 is reviewed. Particularly the liaison with the new projects within the ISO technical committee TC 202 is presented and discussed with respect to the identification and launching corresponding VAMAS projects. The ongoing project "FIB sample processing for TEM" is presented in detail. T2 - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) 48th Steering Committee Meeting CY - New Delhi, India DA - 9.10.2023 KW - TEM KW - FIB KW - EBSD KW - Sample preparation KW - VAMAS KW - Standardisation KW - Interlaboratory comparisons PY - 2023 UR - https://www.nplindia.org/index.php/amcsnzt_2023/ AN - OPUS4-58538 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gibson, N. A1 - Kuchenbecker, Petra A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Rauscher, H. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A.G. T1 - Volume-specific surface area by gas adsorption analysis with the BET method N2 - This chapter first gives an introduction to the concepts of SSA and volume-specific surface area (VSSA) and an outline of the BET method. It continues with a discussion of the relationship between particle size, shape, and the VSSA, followed by an overview of instrumentation, experimental methods, and standards. Finally, sections on the use of the VSSA as a tool to identify nanomaterials and non-nanomaterials and its role in a regulatory context provide some insight on the importance of VSSA in the current Regulation of nanomaterials. KW - Nanomaterials KW - Volume specific surface area PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00017-1 SP - 265 EP - 293 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-49572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Chen, Y. A1 - Nickl, Philip A1 - Guday, G. A1 - Qiao, H. A1 - Achasi, K. A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Böttcher, C. A1 - Chen, W. A1 - Adeli, M. A1 - Haag, R. T1 - Self-degrading graphene sheets for tumor therapy N2 - Low biodegradability of graphene derivatives and related health risks are the main limiting factors for their in vivo biomedical applications. Here, we present the synthesis of enzyme-functionalized graphene sheets with self-degrading properties under physiological conditions and their applications in Tumor therapy. The synergistic enzyme cascade glucose oxidase and myeloperoxidase are covalently conjugated to the surface of graphene sheets and two-dimensional (2D) platforms are obtained that can produce sodium hypochlorite from glucose. The enzyme-functionalized graphene sheets with up to 289 nm average size are degraded into small pieces (≤40 nm) by incubation under physiological conditions for 24 h. Biodegradable graphene sheets are further loaded with doxorubicin and their ability for Tumor therapy is evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The laser-triggered release of doxorubicin in combination with the enzymatic activity of the functionalized graphene sheets results in a synergistic antitumor activity. Taking advantage of their neutrophil-like activity, fast biodegradability, high photo- and chemotherapeutic effects, the novel two-dimensional nanoplatforms can be used for tumor therapeutic applications. KW - Graphene KW - Self-degrading KW - Thumor therapy KW - XPS KW - NEXAFS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr02159h SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - The Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50978 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -