TY - CONF A1 - Dmitriev, A.I. A1 - Österle, Werner T1 - Sliding simulations with variable amounts of copper and graphite mixed with magnetite N2 - Copper is one of the most important components in brake pads and its amount can reach up to 14%. In spite of a number of positive features copper usage in brake pad formulations has recently become the subject of considerable discussions, primarily due to concerns about potential risks related to environmental impacts of copper particles. So, for developing new pad formulations with possible replacements of copper content, it is very important to understand the functionality of copper additions to brake friction materials. In the paper theoretical investigation of the role of copper as a pad ingredient was carried out on the basis of modelling by the method of movable cellular automata (MCA). Our previous studies show that copper as a constituent of the tribofilm formed during braking provides smooth sliding by forming a granular layer of mechanically mixed materials from the friction layers. In the present study the concentration of copper particles in a Fe3O4-matrix was varied systematically in the range 5.5-28 vol. % and compared to mixtures with the same amount of graphite nanoparticles. The sliding simulations were performed while assuming material properties at 500°C in order to assess the beneficial role of copper during severe braking conditions corresponding to fading cycles during dynamometer testing. T2 - EuroBrake 2016 CY - Milano, Italy DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Movable cellular automata KW - Copper KW - Sliding simulation KW - Third body KW - Tribofilm PY - 2016 UR - www.eurobrake.net VL - EB2016-SVM-054 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - FISITA AN - OPUS4-37938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dmitriev, A.I. A1 - Nikonov, A.Y. A1 - Österle, Werner T1 - Multiscale modeling of low friction sliding behavior of a hybrid epoxy-matrix nanocomposite N2 - The method of movable cellular automata (MCA) and method of molecular dynamics (MD) were applied to simulate the friction and sliding behavior of model-tribofilms formed from a nanocomposite consisting of an epoxy matrix, 10 vol % micron-sized carbon fibers and 5 vol. % silica nanoparticles. Whereas MCA considered the tribofilm as an agglomerate of silica nanoparticles released from the composite and mixed with graphite particles, MD simulated the sliding behavior of an amorphous silica layer supported by stiff crystalline substrates on both sides. The MCA model provided reasonable quantitative results which corroborate experimental findings at moderate stressing conditions. The very low coefficient of friction observed experimentally under severe stressing conditions was not explained by this model. This could be attributed to the lack of mechanical data at the high temperature expected under these conditions. Although based on a simpler assumption of the tribofilm composition, MD-modelling could be easily applied to the expected high flash temperature and was able to predict friction reduction and smooth sliding under these conditions. T2 - 21st European Conference on Fracture ECF21 CY - Catania, Italy DA - 20.06.2016 KW - Silica nanoparticle KW - Hybrid composite KW - Tribofilm KW - Molecular dynamics KW - Movable cellular automata PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-379402 VL - 2 SP - 2347 EP - 2354 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-37940 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhao, F. A1 - Li, G. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Wang, T. A1 - Wang, Q. T1 - Tribological investigations of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites under oil lubrication conditions N2 - The tribological performance of short glass fibers (SGF),solid lubricants and silica nanoparticles filled epoxy (EP) composites was investigated under oil lubrication conditions. It is demonstrated that the addition of SGF greatly reduces the friction and wear of EP. However, further addition of solid lubricants and silica nanoparticles does not change obviously the friction and wear. It is identified that the high tribological performance of SGF reinforced EP is related to the high load carrying capacity and abrasion resistance of SGF. The nanostructure of the tribofilm was comprehensively characterized. It is deemed that the tribofilm plays an important role in the tribological performance by avoiding the direct rubbing of the sliding pairs exposed to boundary and mixed lubrication conditions. KW - Reinforced epoxy composites KW - Short glass fiber KW - Oil lubrication KW - Tribofilm PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.07.002 SN - 0301-679X VL - 103 SP - 208 EP - 217 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-38145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dmitriev, A. I. A1 - Österle, Werner T1 - Modelling the sliding behaviour of tribofilms forming during automotive braking: impact of loading parameters and property range of constituents N2 - The impact of pressure, sliding velocity and property variation of constituents on the sliding behaviour of a model tribofilm was studied with the method of movable cellular automata (MCA). Whereas a clear pressure dependency of the coefficient of friction (COF) was always observed and could be correlated with the structure formation in terms of varying thickness of a mechanically mixed layer, the impact of the other parameters was either negligible or rather weak. Only if a brittle-to-ductile Transition of the oxide-based tribofilm was assumed, a significant decrease in the COF level was predicted. Temperature-dependent property changes can be neglected during MCA modelling, unless this transition takes place. For magnetite-based tribofilms, the transition temperature is beyond 800 °C, i.e. a temperature leading to fading effects during braking anyway. Thus, it could be concluded that, except for very severe braking conditions, sliding simulations with the MCA method yield meaningful results without considering temperature-dependent mechanical properties. KW - Tribofilm KW - Sliding behaviour KW - Friction KW - Movable cellular automata KW - Mechanically mixed layer PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0274-z SN - 1023-8883 SN - 1573-2711 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 337 EP - 351 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-38548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Burbank, John T1 - Reactive Boundary Layers in Metallic Rolling Contacts N2 - In order to meet the goal of reducing CO2 emissions, automotive industry places significant importance on downsizing components to achieve greater efficiency through lower weight and reduced friction. As friction reductions are associated with energy efficiency and wear protection with resource conservation, ever greater attention has been given to adamantine carbon- based coatings and high-alloyed steels. Such applications are, however, associated with high production costs and energy expenditures, as well as many technical difficulties. Therefore a key issue in meeting the goals of friction reduction, wear protection and development of comprehensive lightweight strategies is whether or not the functional profiles of state-of-the art alloys can be enhanced by affordable solutions. The running-in phase of mechanical systems is inevitable and, from a tribological standpoint, critical for the lifetime of such systems, though receives little attention and is poorly understood. The growth of micro-cracks accelerates premature material failure and wear during this phase of heightened friction. With this in mind, the ultimate goal of this current work is to transfer the running-in phase into the final step of the mechanical finishing process through the targeted pre-conditioning of novel, high toughness steel bearings without thermo-chemical treatments and compare these to conventional, case-hardened steels. Two mechanisms were investigated: a. Cold work hardening and b. Chemical tribofilm formation. Steels that showed a tendency toward work hardening and tribofilm formation in previous testing were chosen for this investigation. Thorough characterization of the chosen Steels was carried out before any pre-conditioning techniques were applied. The widely used 20MnCr5, seen as a reference gear steel, underwent case-hardening and subsequent deep freezing treatments in an attempt to yield discrete sample groups with respect to residual austenite. This allowed for a more thorough investigation into the effects of residual austenite on the properties of this material. The high-performance alternative steels, 36NiCrMoV1-5-7 (hot working steel) and 45SiCrMo6 (spring steel), were heat treated as recommended by their respective manufacturers, and were not case-hardened. The selection of materials with and materials without case-hardening allows for an investigation into whether or not case-hardening is even necessary to deliver acceptable friction behaviour and wear performance. Elemental analyses were conducted by multiple methods to ensure accurate results. Residual Austenite contents of the steels and the depth profiles of residual stresses were determined by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), for 20MnCr5 ranging from approximately 6 – 14 vol.%, and under 2 vol.% for the alternative alloys. Hardness profiles were taken from the testing surfaces into the material core. The carburization of 20MnCr5 led to higher hardness and the greater concentration of carbon in the carburization zone more representative of a hardened SAE E52100, or 100Cr6/102Cr6, than of a non-case-hardened 20MnCr5. Residual stresses from machining and case-hardening were measured directly at the sample surface. The high-performance Steels fulfilled manufacturer expectations in terms of elemental content, with hardness values between 50 – 55 HRC and strongly martensitic microstructure character. With characterization of the chosen materials complete, the materials could then be subjected to pre-conditioning. The first pre-conditioning method involved targeted generation of cold work hardening as induced boundary layers to protect the contact zone against wear. Work hardening was identified both by variations in residual stress profiles, i.e. the introduction of beneficial compressive residual stresses, and hardness increases in the contact zone, providing enhanced wear resistance. Parameters for work hardening were further optimized to reduce damage to the surface substrates of the treated materials. The second pre-conditioning method involved the targeted generation of chemically reactive tribolayers (tribofilms) on twin disk testing rigs. The lubrication strategies were based on: a. CaCO3, which is predominant in engine oils, and b. MoDTC, which is commonly used in engine and gear oils. The films generated in pre-conditioning were analyzed by SEM-EDX with Element-Mapping, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS to elucidate their molecular composition and concentration on the sample surfaces. The combination of these methods of analysis gave a clear indication that 104 cycles were sufficient to generate stable and lasting tribofilms. CaO and CaCO3 were the main components of the tribofilm from the first lubricant package, while MoS2, MoO2 and MoO3 were the main components from the second lubricant package. Finally, slip-rolling endurance testing (T = +120 °C, 107 cycles, approximately 19 days in a factory fill engine oil) was carried out on all materials. It was shown that both pre-conditioning methods could achieve significant reductions in friction and wear during testing at up to and including P0Mean =1.94 GPa (P0Max = 2.91 GPa, FN = 2,000 N). Ultimately, this research showed that: 1. non-case-hardened high-performance steels offer competitive wear performance and better friction behaviour than the case-hardened 20MnCr5. 2. pre-conditioning led to COF reductions to under 7/10 and wear coefficient reductions to an astonishing 1/10 of the original values for the untreated steels under mixed/boundary lubrication. 3. the observed improvements to friction behaviour and wear performance are indicative of a technically simple, cost- and energy-efficient pre-conditioning strategy that may prove N2 - Die Automobilindustrie legt im Hinblick auf das Ziel der CO2-Emissionsreduktionen viel Wert auf die Erhöhung des Wirkungsgrades von mechanischen Komponenten durch Leichtbau. Eine Reduzierung der Reibung wirkt sich direkt auf die Energieeffizienz aus, währenddessen eine Verschleißminderung zu Materialeinsparungen führt. Aus diesen Gründen genießen diamantartige, kohlenstoffbasierte Beschichtungen und hochlegierten Stähle derzeit große Aufmerksamkeit. Deren Herstellung ist allerdings sowohl mit einem hohen Energie- und Kostenaufwand verbunden, als auch technisch sehr anspruchsvoll. Zur Erreichung der Ziele der Reibungsminderung, des Verschleißschutzes und der Entwicklung umfassender Leichtbaustrategien ist es daher von großer Bedeutung, ob sich das Leistungsprofil neuartiger Legierungen durch kostengünstigere Lösungen verbessern lässt. Obwohl der mechanische Einlauf aus tribologischer Sicht entscheidend für die Lebensdauer mechanischer Systeme ist, genießt er wenig Aufmerksamkeit und ist bis heute nur begrenzt verstanden. So kann die Ausbreitung von Mikrorissen während dieser Phase der erhöhten Reibung zum vorzeitigen Materialversagen führen. In diesem Sinne war es das oberste Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit, den Einlauf in die mechanische Endbearbeitung vorzuverlegen. Neuartige Stähle wurden dabei ohne kostenintensive, thermochemische Behandlungen gezielt vorkonditioniert und ihre so verbesserten Eigenschaften mit denen von gängigen Einsatzstählen verglichen. Zu den untersuchten Vorkonditionierungsmechanismen gehören die Erzeugung von: a. Kaltverfestigungen und b. chemischen Tribofilmen. Stähle, die in Vorversuchen eine Zuneigung zur Kaltverfestigung und Tribofilmentstehung, wurden für diese Forschungsarbeit ausgewählt. Die ausgewählten Stähle urden vor jeglicher Vorkonditionierung einer gründlichen, metallurgischen Charakterisierung unterzogen. Der Referenzgetriebestahl 20MnCr5 wurde einsatzgehärtet und in getrennten Gruppen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen tiefgekühlt, um Proben in verschiedenen Nuancen des Restaustenitgehaltes zu erhalten. Damit ließ sich der Einfluss des Restaustenits auf die Materialeigenschaften genauer untersuchen. Die Hochleistungsstähle, 36NiCrMoV1-5-7 (Warmarbeitsstahl) und 45SiCrMo6 (Federstahl), wurden nach den Vorschriften der jeweiligen Hersteller wärmebehandelt, und wurden nicht einsatzgehärtet. Die Auswahl an Stählen, mit und ohne Einsatzhärtung, lässt eine Untersuchung darüber zu, ob eine Einsatzhärtung überhaupt notwendig ist, um gutes Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten zu erzielen. Elementanalysen wurden mittels mehrerer Methoden zur Gewährleistung der bestmöglichen Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse durchgeführt. Die Restaustenitgehalte der Stähle und Eigenspannungstiefenprofile wurden an einem Röntgendiffraktometer ermittelt. Die Restaustenitgehalte des 20MnCr5 lagen zwischen 6 – 14 Vol.-% und die Restaustenitgehalte der Alternativstähle lagen unter 2 Vol.-%. Härtetiefenprofile wurden auch ermittelt. Die Aufkohlung des 20MnCr5 führte zu einer Steigerung der Härte und der Kohlenstoffkonzentration im Randbereich, sodass dieser Bereich des Stahls eher einem gehärteten SAE 52100, oder 100Cr6/102Cr6, als einem nicht einsatzgehärtetem 20MnCr5 entsprach. Eigenspannungen, die durch die mechanische Endbearbeitung entstanden, wurden direkt unter der Oberfläche detektiert. Die Hochleistungsstähle erfüllten mit Härtewerten zwischen 50 – 55 HRC und ihrem ausgeprägt martensitischen Charakter die Herstellervorgaben. Nach dem Abschluss der metallurgischen Charakterisierung wurden die Stähle vorkonditioniert. Zur ersten Vorkonditionierungsmethode gehörte die Erzeugung gezielter Kaltverfestigungen an Zweischeibenprüfständen in der Form von induzierten Grenzschichten, die die Randschicht gegen Verschleiß schützen. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Vorkonditionierung wurde anhand der Zunahme der vorteilhaften Druckeigenspannungen und der Steigerung der Oberflächenhärte nachgewiesen. Beide Eigenschaften verleihen den Stählen eine erhöhte Verschleißbeständigkeit. In einem weiteren Schritt wurden die Vorkonditionierungsparameter zur Erzeugung von Kaltverfestigung optimiert, um die evtl. Deformierung der Substratoberflächen abzumildern. In einer alternativen, zweiten Vorkonditionierung wurden zwei verschiedene Schmierstoffkonzepte implementiert, um an den Zweischeibenprüfständen chemisch reaktive Triboschichten (Tribofilme) zu generieren. Die Schmierstoffkonzepte basierten auf: a. CaCO3, was überwiegend in Motorenölen eingesetzt wird und b. MoDTC, was häufig in Motoren- und Getriebeölen eingesetzt wird. Die durch die Vorkonditionierung erzeugten Tribofilme wurden mittels REM-EDX mit Element- Mapping, Raman-Spektroskopie und XPS analysiert, um ihre molekulare Zusammensetzung und Oberflächenkonzentration zu ermitteln. Der Tribofilm aus dem ersten Schmiermittel bestand hauptsächlich aus CaO und CaCO3 und der Tribofilm aus dem zweiten Schmiermittel bestand hauptsächlich aus MoS2, MoO2 und MoO3. Aus diesen Analysen wurde ersichtlich, dass 104 Laufzyklen zur Generierung stabiler und beständiger Tribofilme vollkommen ausreichend sind. Anschließend wurden alle Stähle in Dauerwälzversuchen (T = +120 °C, 107 Zyklen, etwa 19 Tage in einem Erstbefüllungsmotorenöl) in ihrem Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass durch vorkonditionierte Kaltverfestigungen oder durch vorkonditionierte Tribofilme die Reibung und der Verschleiß in Wälzkontakten bei Dauerwälzen bis P0Mean =1,94 GPa (P0Max = 2,91 GPa, FN = 2.000 N) signifikant erniedrigt werden können. Im Endeffekt wurde in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass: 1. nicht einsatzgehärtete Hochleistungsstähle konkurrenzfähig zu dem einsatzgehärteten 20MnCr5 sind. 2. die Vorkonditionierungen zu einer Senkung des Reibungskoeffizienten bis auf 7/10 und zu einer Senkung des Verschleißkoeffizienten bis auf 1/10 der Koeffizienten der nicht vorkonditionierten Stähle unter Misch-/Grenzreibungsbedingungen führten. 3. die Verbesserungen des Reibungs- und Verschleißverhaltens auf eine technisch einfache, energie- und kosteneffiziente Vorkonditionierungsstrategie weisen, die noch bestehende thermochemische Behandlungen ersetzen könnte. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 143 KW - Work hardening KW - Steel KW - Friction KW - Wear KW - Tribofilm PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-354507 SN - 978-3-9817502-5-6 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 143 SP - 1 EP - 133 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-35450 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dmitriev, A. I. A1 - Österle, Werner ED - Österle, Werner ED - Zhang, G. T1 - The role of solid lubricants for brake friction materials N2 - This review article comprises of three parts. Firstly, reports of brake manufacturers on the beneficial impact of solid lubricants for pad formulations are surveyed. Secondly, since tribofilms were identified to play a crucial role in friction stabilization and wear reduction, the knowledge about tribofilm structures formed during automotive braking was reviewed comprehensively. Finally, a model for simulating the sliding behavior of tribofilms is suggested and a review on modelling efforts with different model structures related to real tribofilms will be presented. Although the variety of friction composites involved in commercial brake systems is very broad, striking similarities were observed in respect to tribofilm nanostructures. Thus a generalization of the tribofilm nanostructure is suggested and prerequisites for smooth sliding performance and minimal wear rates have been identified. A minimum of 13 vol.% of soft inclusions embedded in an iron oxide based tribofilm is crucial for obtaining the desired properties. As long as the solid lubricants or their reaction products are softer than magnetite, the main constituent of the tribofilm, the model predicts smooth sliding and a minimum of wear. KW - Solid lubricant KW - Friction KW - Automotive braking KW - Tribofilm KW - Sliding simulation KW - MCA-modeling PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-355973 UR - www.mdpi.com/journal/lubricants SN - 2075-4442 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 26 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-35597 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Dmitriev, A. I. A1 - Wetzel, B. A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Jim, B.C. T1 - The role of carbon fibers and silica nanoparticles on friction and wear reduction of an advanced polymer matrix composite N2 - Excellent tribological properties of an advanced polymer matrix composite were obtained by a combination of micro- and nano-sized fillers. Surface features and the nanostructure of tribofilms were characterized by advanced microscopic techniques, and correlated with the macroscopic behavior in terms of wear rate and friction evolution. A model based on movable cellular automata was applied for obtaining a better understanding of the sliding behavior of the nanostructured tribofilms. The failure of the conventional composite without silica nanoparticles could be attributed to severe oxidational wear after degradation of an initially formed polymer transfer film. The hybrid composite preserves its antiwear and antifriction properties because flash temperatures at micron-sized carbon fibers, lead to polymer degradation and subsequent release of nanoparticles. It has been shown that the released particles are mixed with other wear products and form stable films at the disc surface thus preventing further severe oxidational wear. Furthermore, the released wear product also is embedding carbon fibers at the composite surface thus preventing fiber fragmentation and subsequent third body abrasion. With nanoscale modelling we were able to show that low friction and wear can be expected if the nanostructured silica films contain at least 10 vol.% of a soft ingredient. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Silica nanoparticles KW - Hybrid composite KW - Tribological properties KW - Tribofilm KW - Sliding simulation PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.175 SN - 0264-1275 VL - 93 SP - 474 EP - 484 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-35598 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wäsche, Rolf A1 - Jayachandran, Ashok Raj A1 - Brandt, Guido A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Tamura, T. A1 - Nakase, T. T1 - Tribofilm formation of a-C:H coatings under influence of temperature in boundary lubricated oscillating sliding against alumina and silicon nitride N2 - Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist der Einfluss von Temperatur und Gegenkörperwerkstoff auf die Bildung von Tribofilmen auf a-C:H Beschichtungen. Dies wurde mit einer Kugel-Ebene Anordnung im geschmierten Kontakt untersucht. KW - a-C:H KW - Temperature KW - Tribofilm KW - Lubricated sliding KW - Alumina KW - Silicon nitride PY - 2018 SN - 0724-3472 VL - 65 IS - 5 SP - 28 EP - 37 PB - expert Verlag CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-46034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wäsche, Rolf A1 - Ehrke, Roman A1 - Kramer, Renee A1 - Brandt, Guido T1 - Influence of temperature on tribological behaviour of DLC coatings under lubricated conditions up to 250°C N2 - The lecture deals with both friction and wear processes in ceramic - a-C:H Systems. T2 - AsiaTrib 2018 CY - Kuching, Malaysia DA - 16.09.2018 KW - Temperature KW - Lubricated sliding KW - Tribofilm PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46036 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brandt, Guido T1 - Wear behaviour of zirconia in hot steam N2 - Self-mated magnesia stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ceramic sliding couples have been investigated at 100 N load (P0max= 1324 MPa) in oscillating sliding conditions in different humidity conditions in air and in hot steam. Temperatures have been varied up to 400 °C and pressures up to 6 bars. The results show that the wear behavior of MgO-ZrO2 under high Hertzian contact pressures is strongly dependent on temperature and is similar for both dry oscillating and oscillating in hot steam. However, although the evolution in wear rates on temperature is similar and the wear rates of MgO-ZrO2 plunged above 300 °C in hot steam and air by nearly three orders of magnitude, SEM micrographs revealed in hot steam at 400 °C smooth wear tracks. In contrast, hot steam enhanced the tribochemistry of self-mated alumina couples and reduced wear rates. Hot steam decreased the coefficients of friction of MgO-ZrO2 with increasing temperature, but not the wear rates. T2 - 22nd International Conference on Wear of Materials CY - Miami, Florida, USA DA - 14.04.2019 KW - Hot steam KW - Zirconia KW - Friction KW - Wear KW - Tribofilm KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -