TY - CONF A1 - Weise, Matthias T1 - Characterization of Surface Topometry and Determination of Layer Thickness by Scanning White Light Interference Microscopy N2 - 3D coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) is an optical, non-contact and rapide measurement technique using a defined bandwidth of white light at normal incidence. Based on this operational principle, white light interference microscopy (WLIM) provides three-dimensional surface topometry data up to a resolution of 0.4 μm lateral and 0.1 nm vertical. Three operating modi, i.e. surface, films and advanced films, enable measurements of step heights, roughness, wear volume, cone angle, surface pattern and layer thickness of transparent coatings. The determination of layer thickness by WLIM requires the knowledge of optical constants, i.e.the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k. For technical surfaces, data base values - if available at all - have to be determined or validated by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). From this oblique incidence technique both optical constants and layer thickness can be derived based on a model for at least semi-transparent coatings. For different layer thicknesses, a comparison is made between WLIM and SE. Measurement uncertainty is discussed for both topometric features and layer thickness for different use cases. Traceability to SI system is ensured by certified standards (PTB/NIST) within a DAkkS DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018 accredited lab. T2 - 17th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering (PSE) CY - Erfurt, Germany DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Rroughness and step heights KW - Lateral surface pattern KW - Layer thickness of transparent coatings KW - Scanning white light interferometry KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Denkler, Tilman T1 - EA-HHC - Analysis of the operation of accreditation bodies - Results of the 2nd round N2 - In 2019 the German federal institute Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) conducted a benchmarking to compare the operations of European accreditation bodies and to identify best practices, with the aim of improving key processes in accreditation. Ten European accreditation bodies attended the comparison, four of which had already taken part in the pilot phase of the benchmarking project, which was conducted in 2017 by the German accreditation body Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH (DAkkS) and the BAM. The study, designed to examine and compare the operation of accreditation bodies in Europe, used a management tool called Process Maturity Benchmarking Tool, which was especially elaborated and validated for this purpose in the pilot phase, in order to determine the values of indicators, thus enabling a comparison of the accreditation bodies despite different operational processes and organizational forms. The management tool is based on the analysis of selected processes with high relevance for the operation of accreditation bodies. The processes are derived from a process map designed for accreditation bodies in a universally applicable way. The indicators used to characterize the processes come from two sources: The first source relates to data already available from internal databases, reports, financial audits, and others. The second source is derived from the self-evaluation of process maturity performed by the accreditation bodies. The criteria for evaluating process maturities were designed by applying the criteria of the EFQM excellence model 2013 of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) to the processes identified in the process map. The results of the analysis were presented to and discussed with representatives of the ten accreditation bodies at a Results-Workshop that took place at BAM on 21/22 January 2020. In this presentation a wrap-up of the results was given to the HHC of EA T2 - Tagung des HHC (horizontal harmonization committee) der EA (European co-operation for accreditation) (virtuelles Meeting per MS-Teams, ca. 55 Teilnehmer) CY - Online meeting DA - 15.09.2020 KW - Accreditation KW - Benchmarking PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51251 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klöckner, P. A1 - Seiwert, B. A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Reemtsma, T. A1 - Wagner, S. T1 - Characterization of tire and road wear particles from road runoffindicates highly dynamic particle properties N2 - Tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) are heteroagglomerates of tire rubber and other particles deposited on the road surface and one of the main contributors to non-exhaust emissions of automobile traffic. In this study, samples from road environments were analyzed for their TRWP contents and concentra- tions of eight organic tire constituents. TRWP concentrations were determined by quantifying Zn in the density fraction < 1.9 g/cm ³and by thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) and the concentrations ranged from 3.7 to 480 mg TRWP/g. Strong and statistically signif- icant correlations with TRWPs were found for 2-hydroxybenzothiazole and 2-aminobenzothiazole, indi- cating that these substances may be suitable markers of TRWPs. The mass distribution of TRWPs in road dust suggests that the main mass fraction formed on roads consists of coarse particles ( > 100 μm). Data for a sedimentation basin indicate that the fine fraction ( < 50 μm) is preferentially transported by road runoffinto receiving waters. The size distribution and density data of TRWP gathered by three different quantitation approaches also suggest that aging of TRWPs leads to changes in their particle density. An improved understanding of the dynamics of TRWP properties is essential to assess the distribution and dissipation of this contaminant of emerging concern in the environment. KW - Tire Wear KW - Density separation KW - Microplastic KW - Urban PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116262 VL - 185 SP - 116262 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51256 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Roland T1 - Non-invasive cancer detection using volatile biomarkers: Is urine superior to breath? N2 - In recent years numerous reports have highlighted the options of chemical breath analysis with regard to noninvasive cancer detection. Certain volatile organic compounds (VOC) supposedly present in higher amounts or in characteristic patterns have been suggested as potential biomarkers. However, so far no clinical application based on a specific set of compounds appears to exist. Numerous reports on the capability of sniffer dogs and sensor arrays or electronic noses to distinguish breath of cancer patients and healthy controls supports the concept of genuine cancer-related volatile profiles. However, the actual compounds responsible for the scent are completely unknown and there is no correlation with the potential biomarkers suggested on basis of chemical trace analysis. It is outlined that specific features connected with the VOC analysis in breath – namely small concentrations of volatiles, interfering background concentrations, considerable sampling effort and sample instability, impracticability regarding routine application - stand in the way of substantial progress. The underlying chemicalanalytical challenge can only be met considering the severe susceptibility of VOC determination to these adverse conditions. Therefore, the attention is drawn to the needs for appropriate quality assurance/quality control as the most important feature for the reliable quantification of volatiles present in trace concentration. Consequently, the advantages of urine as an alternative matrix for volatile biomarker search in the context of diagnosing lung and other cancers are outlined with specific focus on quality assurance and practicability in clinical chemistry. The headspace over urine samples as the VOC source allows adapting gas chromatographical procedures well-established in water analysis. Foremost, the selection of urine over breath as non-invasive matrix should provide considerably more resilience to adverse effects during sampling and analysis. The most important advantage of urine over breath is seen in the option to partition, dispense, mix, spike, store, and thus to dispatch taylor-made urine samples on demand for quality control measures. Although it is still open at this point if cancer diagnosis supported by non-invasively sampled VOC profiles will ultimately reach clinical application the advantages of urine over breath should significantly facilitate urgently required steps beyond the current proof-of-concept stage and towards standardisation. KW - VOC KW - Breath KW - Urine KW - Lung cancer KW - Volatile organic compounds PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110060 VL - 143 SP - 110060 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51066 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sennikov, P. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Kornev, R. A1 - Nazarov, V. A1 - Polyakov, V. A1 - Shkrunin, V. T1 - Hydrogen Reduction of MoF6 and Molybdenum Carbide Formation in RF Inductively Coupled Low‑Pressure Discharge: Experiment and Equilibrium Thermodynamics Consideration N2 - The physical plasma parameters, temperature and electron number density, are studied in the RF-IC (RF inductively coupled) discharge at a reduced pressure of 3 Torr in mixtures of MoF6 with Ar, H2 and CH4. The emission spectra of mixtures are investigated. It is shown that in the presence of argon, the concentration of free electrons in plasma and dissociation rate of MoF6 increase. A main role of molecular hydrogen is the generation of atomic hydrogen that binds atomic fuorine and leads to the formation of gaseous and solid products. Exhaust gas mixtures exiting the reactor are analyzed by mass spectrometry. It is shown that for all cases, the conversion of MoF6 into reaction products is close to 100%. A thermodynamic analysis of the equilibrium composition of MoF6 systems with Ar, H2 and CH4 was carried out and the obtained results are in good agreement with experimentally observed composition of the solid and gas phases. Analysis of solid deposits from mixture MoF6/H2/Ar revealed the presence of molybdenum powder and large amount of amorphous MoFx. The deposit obtained from mixtures with methane, MoF6/H2/Ar/CH4, contained crystalline molybdenum carbide, Mo3C2. KW - Molybdenum carbide KW - RF ICP discharge KW - Reduction of MoF6 KW - Thermodynamic KW - Molybdenum PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-020-10138-3 SN - 0272-4324 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 673 EP - 690 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51569 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Puthiyaveettil, N. A1 - Thomas, K. R. A1 - Myrach, Philipp A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Rajagopal, P. A1 - Balasubramaniamam, K. T1 - Defect detection in steel bars up to 600 °C using laser line thermography N2 - Crack detection in steel bars at high surface temperatures is a critical problem in any manufacturing industry. Surface breaking cracks are the major problems during the billet casting. Many NDT techniques are proven its capability in crack detection at room temperature. Here, we are demonstrating the possibility of exposure of cracks using laser line thermography at higher surface temperatures (up to 600 °C). A continuous-wave (CW) laser is used to excite the sample kept at higher surface temperatures. The temperature distribution over the sample due to the laser line scanning is captured using a temperature calibrated infrared (IR) thermal camera. The response of the sample temperature in crack detection is investigated using a validated FE model. The impact of the oxide layer in crack detection is investigated by using two types of samples; one without any oxide layer and the second is with the oxide layer. The influence of laser power in the detection of defects at high temperatures is studied. 3D numerical models were developed for the cases; when the sample is with oxide layer and without any oxide layer for a better understanding of physics. The surface temperature rise due to laser heating is higher for the scaled sample compared to the no-scale sample. The presence of the oxide layer above the parent metal will reduce the reflectivity of the surface. Lower reflectivity will lead to increased absorption of incident energy so that the surface temperature rise will be higher than the surface with no scale. Thermal contrast linearly depends on laser power, which means higher laser power will increase the defect detectability even at a higher surface temperature. KW - Laser thermography KW - High temperature KW - Modeling KW - Surface cracks KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2020.103565 SN - 1350-4495 VL - 111 SP - 103565 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Fischer, Daniel T1 - MISTRAL-Müller-Matrix-basierte Identifizierung von Inhomogenitäten und strukturellen Anomalien N2 - Mit abbildender Ellipsometrie (imaging ellipsometry: IE) können Nanometer-Beschichtungen/ Degradationen visualisiert und bezüglich Brechungsindex n, Extinktionskoeffizient k und Schichtdicke d charakterisiert werden. Materialseitig werden lokal Homogenität und Isotropie innerhalb eines/mehrerer Bildpunkte (field of analysis: FOA) und messtechnisch global die Ebenheit der Proben bezüglich aller Bildpunkte des Messfeldes vorausgesetzt. Für die Müller-Matrix-basierte abbildende Ellipsometrie (MM-IE), die den optischen Response anisotroper Materialien in jedem Bildpunkt über die bis zu 16 Müller-Matrix-Elemente erfasst, ist dies von besonderer Relevanz. Reale Substrate sind aber oft nicht eben, können lokal Noppen/Mulden (im FOA) aufweisen oder sind global konvex/ konkav im möglichen Messfeld (field of view: FOV) gekrümmt. Diese lokalen/globalen strukturellen Anomalien des Substrats werden schon für die IE messtechnisch/modellseitig oft nicht beherrscht und sind für die MM-IE in der Wirkung auf die MM-Elemente unbekannt. Diese Defizite sollen messtechnisch bzw. modellmäßig behoben und somit die Messung lokal/global gekrümmter Oberflächen ermöglicht werden (MM-CSIE, CS curved surface). KW - Abbildende Ellipsometrie (IE) KW - Müller-Matrix Ellipsometrie (MM-IE) KW - Gekrümmte Oberflächen KW - Schichtdicke KW - Optische Konstanten PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-51574 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Ritzer, Tobias A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Nondestructive determination of moisture damage in layered building floors N2 - In this ongoing research project, we study the influence of moisture damage on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in different floor constructions. For this purpose, a measurement setup with interchangeable layers is developed to vary the screed material (cement or anhydrite) and insulation material (glass wool, perlite, expanded and extruded polystyrene), as well as the respective layer thickness. The evaluation of the 2 GHz common-offset radar measurements is focused on the extraction of distinctive signal features that can be used to classify the underlying case of damage without any further information about the hidden materials or layer thicknesses. In the collected dataset, we analyze the horizontal distribution of A-scan features in corresponding B-scans to detect water in the insulation layer. Furthermore, possible combinations of these features are investigated with the use of multivariate data analysis and machine learning (logistic regression) in order to evaluate the mutual dependencies. In this study, the combination of an amplitude- and frequency-based feature achieved an accuracy of 93.2 % and performed best to detect a damage in floor insulations. T2 - 18th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 14.07.2020 KW - Radar KW - Feuchte KW - Moisture KW - Building floors PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1190/gpr2020-045.1 SN - 2159-6832 SP - 164 EP - 167 AN - OPUS4-51575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gaal, Mate T1 - Luftultraschall N2 - Dieser Vortrag bietet eine Einführung zur luftgekoppelten Ultraschallprüfung. Es werden die theoretischen Grundlagen erläutert und Beispiele für Anwendungen in der Praxis gegeben. T2 - Schulung Ultraschallprüfung Stufe 3 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Luftgekoppelte Ultraschallprüfung KW - Luftankopplung KW - Ultraschallwandler PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51578 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weber, K. T1 - Diagenetic stability of Ca, Mg, Zn and Sr isotopes in teeth N2 - Stable isotope ratios and trace element concentrations of fossil bones and teeth are important geochemical proxies for the reconstruction of diet and past environment in archaeology and palaeontology. However, since diagenesis can significantly alter in vivo incorporated isotope signatures and elemental compositions, it is important to understand alteration processes. Here, we present the results of in vitro alteration experiments of dental tissues from a modern African elephant molar in aqueous solutions at 30 °C and 90 °C for 4 to 63 days each. Dental cubes with ≈3 mm edge length, comprising both enamel and dentin, were placed into 2 ml of an acidic (HNO3) aqueous solution (pH ≈1) enriched with different isotopes (25Mg, 44Ca, 67Zn, 86Sr). Element and isotope distribution profiles across the different dental cubes were measured with LA-(MC-)ICP-MS and EMPA, while potential changes of the bioapatite crystal structure were characterised by Raman spectroscopy. Isotope ratios measured by LA-(MC-)ICP-MS revealed an alteration of the outer ≈200-300 μm of the enamel in all experiments. Dentin was fully altered after one week (at 90 °C) and the tracer solution started to penetrate through the dentin even into the innermost enamel. However, the central part of the enamel remained unaltered. The Raman spectra suggest a strong recrystallization in the dentin and in the outer ≈40 μm of the enamel and a partial demineralisation of the outer rim of the cubes. Our results indicate that independent of time, temperature or low initial pH, enamel apatite shows a high resistance against the experimental alteration in structure and isotopic composition, in contrast to dentin apatite. T2 - Goldschmidt Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 21.06.2020 KW - Isotope ratio KW - Diagenesis KW - Alteration KW - Bio-apatite PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51499 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Pramann, A. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Lee, K.-S. A1 - Yim, Y.-H. A1 - Malinovskiy, D. A1 - Hill, S. A1 - Dunn, P. A1 - Goenaga-Infante, H. A1 - Ren, T. A1 - Wang, J. A1 - Vocke jr., R. D. A1 - Rabb, S: A. A1 - Narukawa, T. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Mester, Z. A1 - Meija, J. A1 - Aref'ev, D. G. A1 - Marchin, V. A1 - Sharin, A. G. A1 - Bulanov, A. D. A1 - Potapov, A. M. A1 - Otopkova, P. A. A1 - Kessel, R. T1 - The comparability of the determination of the molar mass of silicon highly enriched in 28Si: results of the CCQM-P160 interlaboratory comparison and additional external measurements N2 - An international comparison study on the accurate determination of the molar mass M(Si) of silicon artificially enriched in 28Si (x(28Si) > 0.9999 mol mol−1) has been completed. The measurements were part of the high level CCQM-P160 pilot study assessing the ability of National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) to make such measurements at the lowest possible levels of measurement uncertainty and to identify possible difficulties when measuring this kind of sample. This study supports the molar mass measurements critical to disseminating the silicon route to realizing the new definitions for the kilogram and the mole. Measurements were also made by one external research institute and an external company. The different institutes were free to choose their experimental (mass spectrometric) set-ups and equipment, thereby enabling also the comparison of different techniques. The investigated material was a chemically pure, polycrystalline silicon material. The subsequent modified single crystalline secondary product of this material was intended for the production of silicon which was used for two additional spheres in the context of the redetermination of the Avogadro constant NA, required for the revision of the International System of Units (SI) via fundamental constants which came into force from May 2019. The CCQM pilot study was organized by Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). Aqueous silicon solutions were shipped to all participating institutions. The data analysis as well as the uncertainty modelling and calculation of the results was predefined. The participants were provided with an uncertainty budget as a GUM Workbench® file as well as a free software license for the duration of the comparison. The agreement of the values of the molar mass (M(Si) = 27.976 942 577 g mol−1) was excellent with ten out of 11 results reported within the range of relative uncertainty of 1 × 10−8 required for the revision of the SI. KW - Absolute isotope ratio KW - Molar mass KW - Avogadro constant KW - Revision of the SI PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/abbdbf VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - 065028 PB - IOP Science CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-51500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -