TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Progress in non-destructive testing and monitoring of concrete N2 - The presentation will give an overview on non-destructive testing techniques being developed at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany (BAM). This includes ultrasonic methods, ground penetration radar, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), infrared thermography, pile testing, sensor technology and building scanner. A focus of the talk will be ultrasonic methods, which are well established in various aspects of concrete testing. They are used for imaging the interior geometry of constructions, estimation of concrete strength or monitoring lab investigations. However, so far the detection of distributed damages, especially in an early stage, has been almost impossible. The arrival of new technologies as embedded transducers and sensitive data processing techniques adopted from seismology has opened new field of work. Recent research has been focused to detect changes in concrete elements induced by stress, temperature, moisture or chemical attacks by permanent monitoring. Techniques as Coda Wave Interferometry can resolve changes in ultrasonic velocity in the order of 1*10-5. In addition, many researchers believe that the investigation of nonlinear effects can be used to characterize damages. The presentation will give a wrap up of ultrasonic techniques currently used in practice. This will include echo based methods as multi-channel/multi-offset imaging of structural elements using commercial and prototype devices. Imaging methods as SAFT and RTM will be shortly discussed. The focus will be on the emerging techniques used for monitoring. New types of sensors will be presented as well as the devices used in laboratory and field applications. Insight will be given on the various influence factors on ultrasonic signals and various ways of feature extraction and data processing. The results of lab experiments will be shown to demonstrate the detection of various kind of damages from mechanical load, ASR, corrosion to fatigue. The experiences with our first installations in real constructions (bridges, tunnel) will also be presented. T2 - CIE Research Seminar, University of Western Sydney, New South Wales CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 15.12.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Imaging PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38732 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Plasma fundamentals and diagnostics N2 - Short 4-hour course on plasma physics and plasma diagnostics T2 - January 8-13, Winter Plasma Conference CY - Tucson, USA DA - 08.01.2016 KW - PLasma physics KW - Plasma diagnostics PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Modeling chemical reactions in laser induced plasmas N2 - Under the assumption of local thermal equilibrium, a numerical algorithm is proposed to find the equation of state for laser-induced plasmas (LIPs) in which chemical reactions are permitted in addition to ionization processes. The Coulomb interaction in plasma is accounted for by the Debye–Hückel method. The algorithm is used to calculate the equation of state for LIPs containing carbon, silicon, calcium, chlorine, nitrogen, and argon. The equilibrium reaction constants are calculated using the latest experimental and ab initio data of spectroscopic constants for the molecules N2, C2, Si2, CN, Cl2, SiN, SiC, CaCl, CaCl2 and their positive and (if existed) negative ions. The algorithm is incorporated into a fluid dynamic numerical model based on the Navier–Stokes equations describing an expansion of LIP plumes into an ambient gas. The dynamics of LIP plumes obtained by the ablation of SiC, CaCl2, solid silicon, or solid carbon in an ambient gas containing N2 and Ar is simulated to study formation of molecules and molecular ions. A particular attention is paid to formation of anions Cl−, Cl2−, Si2−, C2−, CN−, and SiN− in LIPs. T2 - Winter Plasma Conference, January 8-13 2016 CY - Tucson, USA DA - 08.01.2016 KW - Plasma KW - Plasma modeling PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nöller, Renate T1 - Mit Zinnoberrot markiert-Pigmentanalyse zur Zuordnung von Manuskripten der Seidenstraße N2 - Zinnober (HgS) ist neben Eisenoxiden (Fe2O3 oder FeOOH) das am häufigsten verwendete mineralische Rotpigment. Die relativ seltenen Vorkommen in der Natur wurden schon in der Vorgeschichte abgebaut und in Gräbern und auf Felsmalerei als rote Farbe verwendet. In Asien spielt Zinnoberrot als Schreibtusche eine wichtige Rolle. Besonders zur Zeit des Buddhismus findet sich das Rot verstärkt auch auf Wandmalerei und Statuen. Schon früh beherrschte man die synthetische Herstellung und Optimierung des Pigments mit Zusatzstoffen, so dass von einer regional unterschiedlichen Verarbeitung auszugehen ist. Auf Grund seiner physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften (gute Eindringtiefe, konservierende Wirkung) wurde das leuchtend rote Farbpigment auch als Handelsware genutzt. Die Pigmentanalyse gibt Auskunft über - kulturelle Vorkommen, die Nutzung von Zinnober als Rotpigment in einem bestimmten Kontext. - natürliche Vorkommen, die Herkunft des Minerals entsprechend der regionalen Bildungsbedingungen. - Werkstätten, die Herstellung als Farbpigment mit unterschiedlichen Techniken. Vorgestellt werden rote Tinten und Tuschen auf Schriftstücken der Seidenstraßenkulturen mit Zinnober als charakteristisch für eine bestimmte Tradition in der Verwendung und möglicher Indikator für kulturellen Austausch. Die in unterschiedlichen Schriften und Sprachen erhaltenen Manuskriptfragmente gelangten Anfang des letzten Jahrhunderts von der Oasenstadt Turfan nach Berlin, wo sie entziffert und kulturhistorisch erforscht werden. Die chemische Zusammensetzung ihrer Rottöne wird differenziert und in Rückkopplung mit der historischen Klassifikation der untersuchten Objekte verglichen. Eine solche Identifizierung von Farbtypen kann zur Einordnung von Kulturobjekten fragwürdiger Herkunft herangezogen werden. T2 - Konservierungswissenschaft im Dialog 2016, Öffentliche Vortragsreihe des Rathgen-Forschungslabors CY - Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Germany DA - 2016 KW - Zinnoberrot KW - Pigmentanalyse KW - Manuskripte KW - Seidenstraßenkultur PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-44796 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lehmann, Jens T1 - Potentialfeldmessung - Korrosionsprüfung von Stahlbetonbauwerken N2 - Durch das alkalische Porenwassermilieu ist Stahl im Beton vor Korrosion geschützt. Unter un-günstigen Umgebungsbedingungen (Karbonatisierung, Chlorideintrag) kann die passive Deck-schicht auf der Stahloberfläche zerstört werden. Im weiteren Verlauf können sich korrosionsbe-dingte Folgeschäden, wie Risse und Abplatzungen am Bauwerk ergeben. Um notwendige Sanie-rungsmaßnahmen sind frühzeitige und weitgehend zerstörungsfrei ermittelte Informationen über das aktuelle Korrosionsverhalten der Stahlbewehrung von großer Bedeutung. Die Potentialfeld-messung ist ein etabliertes und weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Beurteilung des Korrosionszu-standes der Bewehrung in Stahlbetonbauwerken. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens können Bereiche aktiv korrodierender Bewehrung zerstörungsfrei lokalisiert werden. In der Regel kommt diese Messmethode bei der Detektion chloridinduzierter Korrosion zum Einsatz. T2 - Fachtagung Prüfen von Beton CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.10.2016 KW - Stahlbeton KW - Spannbeton KW - Korrosion KW - Zertörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37711 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Traub, Heike T1 - Studying cellular uptake and processing of nanoparticles by LA-ICP-MS N2 - In recent years, elemental imaging of biological samples using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is gaining in importance. Latest improvements regarding spatial resolution (down to 1 µm) and washout time make LA-ICP-MS particularly interesting for single cell analysis. Many current nanomaterials can serve as contrast agents in cellular or tissue imaging, drug delivery vehicles or therapeutics, whereas others can cause toxic effects. In order to evaluate nano-bio interactions, the number of nanoparticles (NPs) inside cells as well as their localisation within cellular substructures is of particular interest. LA-ICP-MS was used to study the NP pathway from uptake, via intracellular processing up to cell division. Fibroblast cells were incubated with different metallic NPs under varying experimental conditions. For LA analysis the cells were fixed with formaldehyde and dried. Our results show that LA-ICP-MS is able to localise NP aggregates within cellular substructures. The NPs accumulate in the perinuclear region in the course of intracellular processing, e.g. multivesicular fusion and endosomal maturation, but do not enter the nucleus [1, 2]. A strong dependence of NP uptake on concentration and incubation time was found. Additionally, the number of NPs internalized by individual cells was determined and variations within the cell population became visible. A new laser ablation system providing a short washout time (50 ms) together with small spot sizes (< 4 µm) and high repetition rates allows high spatial resolution applications. First results of cell imaging will be shown. The findings demonstrate the potential of LA-ICP-MS enabling insight into NP uptake and intracellular distribution dependent on experimental parameters. T2 - 8th Nordic Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY - Loen, Norway DA - 05.06.2016 KW - Imaging KW - LA-ICP-MS KW - Cell KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - van de Kreeke, Johannes T1 - EPTIS presentation for CNAS and RMPT workshop, Beijing 2016 N2 - Introduction to EPTIS for Chinese and regional audience T2 - RMPT workshop 2016 CY - Beijing, China DA - 20.09.2016 KW - EPTIS KW - Ringversuche KW - Proficiency testing KW - PT KW - ILC PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - IDMS Training N2 - Based on its proven records especially in reference material certification, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) is considered as one of the most powerful and most accurate methods for determining amounts of substance. Contrary to other calibration approaches, IDMS does not directly suffer from long-time changes or drifts in instrument sensitivity. Moreover, provided isotopic exchange between the sample and spike is ensured, losses of analyte do not affect the analytical result. Both advantages are based on the fact that IDMS only requires isotope ratio measurements and isotope ratios are largely unaffected by instrumental drift, setup or by matrix, unless an isobaric interference is present. The Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM), the world's highest institution for metrology in chemistry, considers IDMS as the most important “Primary Method of Measurement” for amount determination. The total combined uncertainty, according to ISO and EURACHEM guidelines, can easily be calculated via the IDMS equations. Applying it correctly, IDMS has the potential to be a primary method of measurement yielding SI traceable values in the most direct way with combined uncertainties significantly smaller than obtainable by other methods. In general it can be stated that IDMS is the most important reference method for elemental and elemental species analysis, offering highest accuracy and precision or smallest measurement uncertainties, when properly applied. Thus IDMS represents by far the best suited reference method for RM characterisation. Due to its universal applicability IDMS offers sufficient potential to follow future needs in analytical chemistry as well as in the RM sector. This presentation will demonstrate the basic principle of IDMS and will show its Pros and Cons as well as its pitfalls. Possible sources of errors and bias are mentioned and correction models will be discussed. Notice will be given to metrological aspects such as traceability and uncertainty. Differences in the application of thermal ionization mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are discussed as well as differences between different types of mass spectrometers. This will be illustrated by practical examples from various fields. T2 - Workshop and practical training on isotope dilution mass spectrometry CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.02.2016 KW - Isotope dilution mass spectrometry KW - Primary method of measurement KW - Certification PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-40029 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Behavior of Ultra-Thin POLYMER Films investigated by Nanosized Relaxation Spectroscopy N2 - The glass transition behavior of ultra-thin polymer films is discussed in detail. Further nanosized relxation spectroscopy is introduced in the form of AC chip calorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy employing nanostructured electrodes. These methods arre applied to ultra-thin films. T2 - Soft Matter Seminar Jülich CY - Jülich, Germany DA - 15.12.2016 KW - Ultra-thin polymer films PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38714 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krause, Martin T1 - LAUS – Large Aperture Ultraschall N2 - Prinzip und erste Anwendungsbeispiele eines neu entwickelten Ultraschall-Arrays für die bildgebende Echomessung an sehr dicken Betonbauteilen T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - Ultraschall-Echo KW - Beton KW - Ultraschall-Array KW - Abbildungsverfahren PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38855 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Anja T1 - WP3 (A 3.3.5 / 3.3.6) electron spectroscopy of core/shell nanoparticles N2 - The presentation summarizes the progress of activity 3.3.5 and 3.3.6 of the Innanopart project. These activities focus on the investigation of different core@shell nanoparticles using synchrotron-radiation-XPS and AES. T2 - Innanopart 18 Months Meeting (EMPIR) CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 31.10.2016 KW - XPS KW - Synchrotron KW - Depth-Profiling KW - AES KW - Core@Shell Nanoparticles PY - 2016 N1 - Geburtsname von Müller, Anja: Hermanns, A. - Birth name of Müller, Anja: Hermanns, A. AN - OPUS4-38792 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane T1 - A round robin test of flash thermography – detectability and quantification of artificial and natural defects in CFRP and metal structures N2 - Within the scope of a DIN INS project, a flash thermography round robin test that evaluates reliability, comparability, and efficiency of different testing situations was organized. The results give information about the detectability of defects, e.g. depending on their size and depth, the evaluation methods and the materials used. Besides, the influences of equipment and parameters used by the participants on the results were analysed. All of the quantitative results as well as the feedback given by the participants will be presented in a DIN committee in order to contribute to a flash thermography standard. T2 - Conference QIRT 2016 CY - Gdansk, Poland DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Active thermography KW - Round robin test KW - CFRP KW - Metal KW - Flash excitation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Neutron and dielectric spectroscopy - taking advantage of the strengths of each technique in confinement studies: Vibrational and molecular dynamics of nanoconfined liquid crystals N2 - The effect of a nanometre confinement on the molecular dynamics of liquid crystals was studied by broadband dielectric and neutron spectroscopy. As confining host the molecular sieve Al-MCM-41 (Si/Al=60) with a mean pore diameter of 3 nm was selected. As guest the liquid crystals 8CB and E7 were chosen where the latter does not crystallize but undergoes a glass transition forming a nematic glass. Dielectric spectroscopy shows that for the confined systems one relaxation process is observed. Ist characteristic relaxation time is much lower compared to that of the bulk. No signature of the Phase transition characteristics of the bulk liquid crystal is detected. The temperature dependence of the relaxation time of this relaxation process has to be described by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation and thus shows similarities to glassy dynamics. The vibrational density of states measured by neutron spectroscopy (IN6, ILL; TOFTOF, MLZ) Shows excess contributions with respect to the Debye density of states (boson peak). For the confined systems the low frequency contributions of the boson peak are suppressed, an effect which is also found for conventional glass forming systems. In addition elastic scans were carried out at the backscattering spectrometer (BS) IN10 at ILL. Such measurements provide an overview about the temperature dependence of the microscopic dynamics. Assuming a Gaussian form for the elastically scattered intensities the effective mean square displacement was calculated. For the nanoconfined samples the mean square displacement is strongly reduced in comparison to the bulk. Also these measurements show the signature of a glass Transition indicated by a change in the temperature dependence of the mean square displacement. For confined E7 the extracted glass transition temperature is shifted by more than 20 K to higher temperatures. Broadband inelastic neutron scattering was carried out by combining time-of-flight (IN6, ILL; TOFTOF, MLZ) and backscattering (IN10, ILL; SPHERES, MLZ) experiments in the time domain. The time dependence of the incoherent intermediate scattering function Sinc(q,t) shows two Relaxation processes which were quantitatively analyzed by fitting the KWW function to the data. The process at shorter times shows a close similarity the methyl group rotation found for polymeric systems. The process at longer times was assigned to glassy dynamics. The obtained data are compared in detail in their temperature dependence to the dielectric results. T2 - Deutsche Neutronenstreutagung 2016 CY - Kiel, Germany DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Neutron scattering KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37516 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Cheng-Chieh T1 - Ersatzmodell von komplexen geometrischen Strukturen für FEA N2 - Der Grad der Finite-Elemente-Diskretisierung wird vom Verhältnis der Details zur Objektgröße bestimmt. Die Diskretisierung eines großen Objektes mit vielen kleinen Details führt zu einer hohen Anzahl an Elementen bzw. Knotenpunkten. Die Berechnung solcher Körper erfordern nicht nur sehr hohe Rechenzeit, sondern was die Berechnung unmöglich macht, ist der sehr hohe Speicherbedarf. Mit Hilfe eines Ersatzkörpers wird dieses Problem umgangen. T2 - VDI/VDE-GMA Fachausschuss 2.12 "Strukturanalyse und -überwachung in der Bautechnik im Fachbereich Prozessmesstechnik und Strukturanalyse" CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 08.09.2016 KW - Ausgleichungsrechnung KW - Inverse Analysis KW - Finite-Elemente-Method PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37522 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Cheng-Chieh T1 - Approximate model for geometrical complex structures N2 - Many engineering structures are made of composite materials or metal foam. To simulate the deformational behaviour of these structures often requires a high number of discretisation elements. This in turn yields a very large system of linear equations that are extremely time and memory consuming or practically impossible to solve. It is therefore desirable to find an approach to overcome this obstacle. T2 - 33rd Danubia- Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Portorož, Slovenia DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Inverse analysis KW - Finite element method KW - Least-squares adjustment PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37524 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie T1 - Long-Term measurement of vertical displacements at the outer concrete bridges of the Berlin Main Station N2 - The Berlin Main Station was built between 2000 and 2006. At the occasion of the 10th anniversary after the Berlin Main Station was officially opened to train traffic, a view back on eight years of monitoring was given. For the period of the construction with different load cases, the monitoring system was required by the Railway Authorities (Eisenbahnbundesam, EBA) to survey differential vertical displacements between neighbouring supports of the glas roof and the partially prestressed middle bridges. 128 sensors were installed.The data was published in the Internet with access restricted to the BAM scientists and the owner of the station, the German Railways DB AG. T2 - 33rd Danubia- Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Portorož, Slovenia DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Strain measurements KW - Monitoring KW - Differential displacements KW - Berlin Main Station KW - Hydraulic levelling system KW - Laser-based displacement measuring system PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gaal, Mate T1 - Airborne ultrasonic systems for one-sided inspection using thermoacoustic transmitters N2 - Airborne ultrasonic inspection is performed in through transmission, where the test piece (e.g. adhesive joint or polymer-based composite plate) is placed between the transmitter and the receiver. However, many structures with difficult shapes allow only one-sided inspection. The strong reflection of the signal from the surface overshadows the signals from the inside, so that broadband pulses are required. Thermoacoustic transmission, where the thermal energy of an electrically heated electrode is transformed into the acoustic energy of an ultrasonic wave, opens the possibility to excite broadband pulses and thus to inspect objects with one-sided access. We present various thermoacoustic transducers consisting of an electrically conductive film on a solid substrate. The first type of transducer is a transmitter with an indium-tin-oxide electrode on a glass substrate combined with a laser Doppler vibrometer as a receiver. The second type of transducer combines thermoacoustic transmission and piezoelectric reception, having a titanium electrode as a transmitter deposited onto charged cellular polypropylene serving as a piezoelectric receiver. Using a focusing thermoacoustic transmitter and a separate cellular polypropylene receiver, a through-transmission inspection of a 4 mm thick CFRP test piece with inserts as small as 1 mm was performed. The same emitter and a laser vibrometer as a receiver were used for a one-sided inspection of a Plexiglas block with a cross hole at 15 mm depth. A twin probe consisting of a thermoacoustic transmitter on a cellular polypropylene receiver was applied to a profile measurement on a step wedge with flat bottom holes. The smallest detected diameter of a flat bottom hole was 1 mm. Sound pressure level above 140dB was achieved with each of these transmitters. Thermoacoustic transmitters enable a step towards one-sided air-coupled ultrasonic inspection. T2 - IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium CY - Tours, France DA - 18.9.2016 KW - Airborne KW - Air-coupled KW - Ferroelectret KW - Thermoacoustic KW - Ultrasonic transducer PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37621 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Griepentrog, Michael T1 - Kratzbeständigkeit Prüfmethoden und deren Bewertung N2 - Der Vortrag widmet sich der Kratzbeständigkeit-Prüfmethoden und deren Bewertung und beschreibt Begriffe/Definitionen, Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Kratzbeständigkeit, Mess- und Prüfverfahren – allgemein (Anwendbarkeit, Messunsicherheit, Validierung), Mess- und Prüfverfahren – speziell die Erzeugung, Prüfverfahren von Einzel- und Vielfach-Kratzern, die Charakterisierung von Verkratzungen und eine zusammenfassende Bewertung im Einzelnen T2 - SKZ-Seminare für die Kunststoff-Branche: Modifikation der Kratz- und Abriebbeständigkeit CY - Peine, Germany DA - 19.04.2016 KW - Kratzfestigkeit KW - Haftfestigkeit KW - Ritztest KW - Instrumentierte Eindringprüfung KW - Normung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37598 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Westphal, Anja T1 - Altbekannter Watts-Elektrolyt, junge Hightech-Anwendung: Ni- und NiFe-Schichten als magnetostriktive Aktorschicht auf faseroptischen Sensoren N2 - Durch den Einsatz von eingebetteten faseroptischen Sensoren können Bauteile überwacht und frühzeitig Informationen über Materialveränderungen gewonnen werden. Um die Zuverlässigkeit eines solchen Sensors gewährleisten zu können, ist es wichtig, die korrekte Funktion des Sensors im Verbund mit einer Werkstoff-Matrix on-line und in-situ überwachen zu können. Im Rahmen des DFG-Projekts FAMOS² (FAser-basierter Magneto-Optischer SchichtSensor) wurde ein selbstdiagnose-fähiger Schichtsensor entwickelt, welcher mit Hilfe einer magnetostriktiven Aktorschicht validiert werden kann. Durch eine Kombination aus PVD (physical vapour deposition) und ECD (electro-chemical deposition) wird die Aktorschicht auf faseroptischen Sensoren haftfest abgeschieden. Ein äußeres Magnetfeldes dehnt die Aktorschicht und damit auch die Faser reversibel. Diese Dehnung führt zu einer Verschiebung der Bragg-Wellenlänge, welche direkt mit der Stärke des zu messenden Magnetfeldes korreliert. Ein etwa 100 Nanometer dünnes PVD-Schichtsystem aus Chrom und Kupfer dient zunächst als Haftvermittler zwischen Glasfaser und ECD-Schicht. Um eine rotationssymmetrische Schichtabscheidung zu erhalten, erfolgt während der PVD-Beschichtung eine Rotation der Faser. In einem klassischen Watts-Elektrolyten wird dann im zweiten Schritt die eigentliche etwa 30 Mikrometer dicke ECD-Aktorschicht auf die PVD-Schicht abgeschieden. Reine Ni-Schichten werden mit NiFe-Legierungen verglichen. Die Geometrie der Faser stellt für die Herstellung und Charakterisierung der Schichten auf der einen Seite eine besondere Herausforderung dar, bietet aber zugleich auch neue experimentelle Möglichkeiten. So kann ggf. die Entstehung von Spannungen in der Schicht während der ECD-Abscheidung in-situ verfolgt werden, indem die Wellenlängenverschiebung aufgrund der Dehnung des Bragg-Gitters optisch gemessen wird. Die Anpassung der Beschichtungsverfahren an die Fasergeometrie sowie die Charakterisierung und die Eigenschaften der ECD-Schicht werden diskutiert. Insbesondere wird auf den Elastizitätsmodul der Aktorschicht eingegangen, wobei Werte aus der Nanoindentation und dem 2-Punkt-Biegeversuch mit der beschichteten Faser als Biegebalken verglichen werden. T2 - ZVO-Oberflächentage CY - Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany DA - 21.09.2016 KW - Selbstdiagnosefähiger FBG-Sensor KW - ECD/PVD-Kombinations-Schichtsystem KW - Magnetostriktive Ni- und NiFe-Schicht KW - Nanoindentation KW - 2-Punkt-Biegeversuch PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37505 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grauel, Bettina T1 - Nd-sensitized tri-doped UCNP systems N2 - This presentation gives a short overview of the PhD student's research topics and interests, within the scope of the 2016 UPCON Spring School. T2 - UPCON 2016 Spring School CY - Breslau, Poland DA - 25.05.2016 KW - UCNP KW - Nd-sensitizer PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37223 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Frenzel, Florian T1 - Spectroscopic study of plasmon enhanced upconversion nanoparticles N2 - The presentation gave an overview of the topic, the aims and the task allocation of the M-ERA.NET founded project named “Nanohype”. In this project four research teams working hand in hand on computational modeling, synthesis and experimental validation to design novel metal-shelled Upconversion-NP combining plasmonic interactions. As Ph.D. student at the BAM I am responsible for the optical characterization (measurements of lifetimes, Quantum Yields and PL emissions ) of these promising novel systems. T2 - SpringSchool, UpCon2016 CY - Wrocław (Breslau), Polen DA - 25.05.2016 KW - Field Enhancement KW - Upconversion KW - Core-Shell KW - FRET KW - Plasmonic PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37225 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stockmann, Jörg M. T1 - Visualization of low-contrast surface modifications: thin films, printed pattern, laser-induced changes, imperfections, impurities, and degradation N2 - Industrial quality control (QC) nowadays requires the visualization of surface modifications from the macro-scopic to the microscopic or even nanoscopic scale. This is a prerequisite to the evaluation of functionality and reliability, the detection of defects and their separation of artefacts. The diversity of applications ranges from low-E glazings and solar panels, micro- and optoelectronics, micro- and smart devices to sensor-on-chip and lab-on-chip systems [1]. Optical microcopy (light, confocal laser scanning, white light interference) as established QC-tool is operated at normal incidence, i.e. p- and s-polarization are undistinguishable. Either light-intensity in terms of grey scale and colour or intensity-correlated effects of phase shifts are used. In case of ellipsometry, operated at oblique incidence, p- and s-polarization matter, and amplitude ratios and phase shifts upon reflection are measured. Hence, information content must be much higher. The visualization of surface modifications may be very challenging for coating/substrate systems of either al-most identical optical constants, e.g. transparent films on substrates of the same material, or minor film thick-ness, substance quantity and affected area, e.g. ultra-thin or island films. Ellipsometry gives access to the con-trast of intensity (I), amplitude ratio (Ψ), and phase shift (Δ) with nanometer-scaled vertical and micrometer-scaled lateral sensitivity, one is able to identify tiny changes within an unmodified surface. As both mapping ellipsometry (ME) and imaging ellipsometry (IE) are operated in the optical far-field, surface inspection is also possible on the macroscopic scale. Near the Brewster-angle of the bare, undamaged, clean, and fresh substrate, the contrast to add-on and sub-off features is superior. Fig. 1 shows three examples of ellipsometric imaging, i.e. a thin SnO:Ni film on SiO2/Si (Fig. 1a), a dried stain of an anti-body solution on cyclo-olefin-polymer (COP) shown in Fig. 1b, and a polyimide film residue on SiO2/Si (Fig. 1c). For all of these examples, ellipsometry provides much better contrast between substrate and surface modification than optical microscopy, sometimes primarily caused by the oblique incidence (Figs. 1a and 1c), in other cases related to the phase sensitivity of ellipsometry (Fig. 1b). Other examples are laser surface modifications and the corrosion of glass. In these cases, optical microscopy and IE yield to similar results, how-ever only ellipsometry gives access to modelling. Further investigated coating/substrate systems are 100Cr6 steel, native oxide on silicon, borosilicate glass, and the polymer polycarbonate with deposited films of graphene and ta-C:H, printed and dried pattern of liquids such as water, cleaning agents, and dissolved silicone. Besides imaging ellipsometry, referenced spectral ellipsometry (RSE) has been applied, combining the advantages of both optical microscopy (fast measurement) and ellipsometry (high sensitivity to tiny modifications). T2 - International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (ICSE-7) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.06.2016 KW - Ellipsometry KW - Thin films KW - Impurities KW - Degradation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37068 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert T1 - ICP-MS with Sector Field Devices N2 - This lecture is an introduction to ICP-MS with a double focusing magnetic sector mass analyzer. It offers fundamental background, a thorough discussion of analytical features, and state of the art information on applications. Different types of double focusing instruments also are considered. Specific topics include fundamental aspects of ICP-MS (physical properties of a double focusing instrument, operational characteristics in comparison with quadrupole instruments); analytical characteristics (spectral and non-spectral interferences, figures of merit in low and high resolution modes, blanks and memory effects, HPLC and GC interfaces), and applications (industrial including ultra-pure reagents and alloys, environmental, geological, and biomedical materials). T2 - Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY - Tucson, Arizona, USA DA - 10.01.2016 KW - High-resolution ICP-MS KW - Figures of merit KW - Interfaces KW - Applications KW - Ultra-trace analysis PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37148 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weller, Andreas T1 - Induced polarization and pore radius - a discussion N2 - Permeability estimation from spectral induced polarization (SIP) measurements is based on a fundamental premise that the characteristic relaxation time (t) is related to the effective hydraulic radius (reff) controlling fluid flow. The approach requires a reliable estimate of the diffusion coefficient of the ions in the electrical double layer. Others have assumed a value for the diffusion coefficient, or postulated different values for clay versus clay-free rocks. We examine the link between t and reff for an extensive database of sandstone sampleswhere mercury porosimetry data confirm that reff is reliably determined from a modification of the Hagen-Poiseuille equation assuming that the electrical tortuosity is equal to the hydraulic tortuosity. Our database does not support the existence of 1 or 2 distinct representative diffusion coefficients but instead demonstrates strong evidence for 6 orders of magnitude of variation in an apparent diffusion coefficient that is well correlated with both reff and the specific surface area per unit pore volume (Spor). Two scenarios can explain our findings: (1) the length-scale defined by t is not equal to reff and is likely much longer due to the control of pore surface roughness; (2) the range of diffusion coefficients is large and likely determined by the relative proportions of the different minerals (e.g. silica, clays) making up the rock. In either case, the estimation of reff (and hence permeability) is inherently uncertain from SIP relaxation time. T2 - IP Workshop 2016 CY - Aarhus, Denmark DA - 06.06.2016 KW - pore radius KW - mercury intrusion capillary pressure KW - spectral induced polarization KW - relaxation time PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37116 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation and experimental results of manual UT-testing of hollow wheel set axles during the education of operators N2 - The reliability of wheel set axle testing is of high importance because small discontinuities caused during manufacturing or rock fall impacts during operation might cause growing cracks during the operation load cycles. While most of the axles are tested by automated UT-systems today, the basic education of railway NDT operators is still manual testing providing the basic understanding and skills for the operators. In Germany it is a common rule that NDT operators in the railway branch need to refresh their knowledge and skills every five years including a refresh examination. The testing results from these exercises and from a parallel round robin test have been sampled at the DGZfP Railway Education Centre in Wittenberge for a period of about 5 years. The results of the operators written in test record sheets were compared with the “true” test crack or notch position in the axles used for examination. In this way the testing results could be categorized into “hits” and “misses” and the “hits” were further evaluated due to correct position and adequate amplitude height. Considering some thousand indications documented by the operators during the refresh examination and comparing transition bow, shaft and seat it was a highlight to see that the operators reach their best detection rate in the transition bow of the wheel axle set while this is often the most difficult part concerning the UT-echoes. Fortunately this is due to their raised awareness in the transition bow region because this is the most dangerous region with respect to fracture mechanics. For two selected axles the experimental set up of 45° and 70° inward and outward UT-testing were also simulated showing clearly the difficulties of the UT-echoes detection of some specific test defects. T2 - XXII Saint-Petersburg Conference on Ultrasonic Testing of Metals and Advanced Materials (UTM 2016) CY - St. Petersburg, Russia DA - 24.05.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Manual testing KW - NDT reliability KW - Fault tree analysis KW - Education of NDT personnel PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Boehm, Rainer T1 - What is the benefit of the total focussing method and full matrix capture for ultrasonic imaging using the phased array technique N2 - In the last two decades automated ultrasonic inspection devices took over a lot of applications that prior have been carried out using manual inspection with the evaluation of A-scans only. In parallel phased array systems have been developed and brought to the market which offer detailed and fast control over the sound field. When applying automated inspection phased array systems for UT measurements imaging of the recorded data in combination with the probe positioning data is used for the evaluation of inspections. B-Scan, C-Scan and S-Scan images are typically used with this setup. For more sophisticated applications with linear arrays echo tomography and syntethic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) are well known methods and often applied for high resolution image reconstruction. Since channel count of phased array systems is constantly rising, matrix arrays with up to 256 elements entered the market. Signal processing in the matrix domain became 3D. Since some years the Total Focusing Method (TFM) is an additional imaging tool for these type of application. It is based on the Full Matrix Capture (FMC) using the elements of phased array probes as separate transmitters and receivers. In this contribution we discuss the common ground of SAFT and TFM as well as the differences between these imaging tools. The combined use of automated inspection, matrix arrays and signal processing for high resolution measurements is a challenging task where a very long parameter list has to be taken into account. Under which conditions which elements of the full matrix should be taken for the reconstruction for best results? Based on examples taken from measured and simulated echo signals it will be shown how image resolution can be optimized in dependence of different parameters like the distance between transmitters and receivers and their directivity patterns, the depth of echo source and the specimen geometry. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Ultrasonic imaging KW - Phased array KW - Total focussing method KW - Full matrix capture PY - 2016 UR - https://www.wcndt2016.com/programme AN - OPUS4-37051 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Götschel, S. T1 - Ray tracing boudary value problems: simulation and SAFT reconstruction for ultrasonic testing N2 - The application of advanced imaging techniques for the ultrasonic inspection of inhomogeneous anisotropic materials like austenitic and dissimilar welds requires information about acoustic wave propagation through the material, in particular travel times between two points in the material. Forward ray tracing is a popular approach to determine traveling paths and arrival times but is ill suited for inverse problems since a large number of rays have to be computed in order to arrive at prescribed end points. In this contribution we discuss boundary value problems for acoustic rays, where the ray path between two given points is determined by solving the eikonal equation. The implementation of such a two point boundary value ray tracer for sound field simulations through an austenitic weld is described and its efficiency as well as the obtained results are compared to those of a forward ray tracer. The results are validated by comparison with experimental results and commercially available UT simulation tools. As an application, we discuss an implementation of the method for SAFT (Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique) reconstruction. The ray tracer calculates the required travel time through the anisotropic columnar grain structure of the austenitic weld. There, the formulation of ray tracing as a boundary value problem allows a straightforward derivation of the ray path from a given transducer position to any pixel in the reconstruction area and reduces the computational cost considerably. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - SAFT KW - Ray tracing KW - Simulation PY - 2016 UR - www.ndt.net/?id=19437 UR - https://www.wcndt2016.com/portals/wcndt/bb/Fr1H4.pdf AN - OPUS4-37052 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heckel, Thomas T1 - Neue Konzepte für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung und die Zustandsüberwachung von Eisenbahnradsätzen mit Ultraschall N2 - Die regelmäßige Überprüfung von Eisenbahnradsatzwellen auf betriebsbedingte Schädigungen ist ein fester Bestandteil des Instandhaltungskonzeptes von Eisenbahnfahrzeugen. Insbesondere bei hohen Achslasten und hohen Rotationsgeschwindigkeiten ist eine detaillierte regelmäßige Prüfung notwendig. In den letzten Jahren wurden für diese Prüfaufgabe mechanisierte Ultraschallprüfsysteme entwickelt, erfolgreich eingeführt und etabliert. Für eine Weiterentwicklung dieser Technologie stehen die Themen Erhöhung der Auflösung, Reduzierung von Oberflächen- und Störeinflüssen, Verkürzung von Prüfzeiten, Verbesserung der POD, Verlängerung von Inspektionsintervallen, Vereinfachung der Auswertung und die Möglichkeit der Durchführung von Analyseprüfungen im Vordergrund. Es werden Ansätze und neue Konzepte zur Lösung dieser Herausforderungen vorgestellt. T2 - 9. Fachtagung Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Eisenbahnwesen CY - Wittenberge, Germany DA - 15.03.2016 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Eisenbahn KW - Radsatzwelle KW - Ultraschall KW - POD PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37006 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heckel, Thomas T1 - Increasing the sensitivity of ultrasonic phased array wheel set axle inspection by using signal processing N2 - Der einwandfreie Zustand der Radsätze von Schienenfahrzeugen ist von größter Bedeutung für den sicheren Betrieb. Die Radsatzwellen werden durch eine große Zahl von Lastwechseln individuell unterschiedlich beansprucht. Dabei spielen viele Einflüsse wie äußere statische und dynamische Lasten, innere Lasten aufgrund von Unwuchten und inneren Spannungen und Umweltbedingungen entscheidende Rollen. Eine regelmäßige Prüfung ist daher obligatorisch. BTD entwickelt im Rahmen eines MNPQ-Projektes in Kooperation mit der BAM eine Phased Array Technik zur automatisierten Prüfung von Radsatzwellen im eingebauten Zustand. Die schwierigen Ankoppelbedingungen aufgrund der begrenzten Zugänglichkeit, der komplexen Geometrie sowie Farbschichten und Schmutz auf der Radsatzwelle stellen hierbei große Herausforderungen dar. Zu deren Bewältigung werden neben optimierten Prüfköpfen, einer in die Wasservorlaufstrecke integrierten akustischen Linse und einer speziellen Ankoppeltechnik auch Signalverarbeitungsalgorithmen eingesetzt. Die Darstellung der Signalverarbeitung ist der Schwerpunkt dieses Beitrages. Mit Hilfe von Messdatensätzen präparierter Testwellen werden verschiedene Algorithmen erprobt und hinsichtlich der Stabilität, dem Verhalten bezüglich der Ankoppelschwankungen und veränderter Wellengeometrien und der Fähigkeit zur automatischen Unterscheidung von Fehler- und Formanzeigen bewertet. Letztlich wird die beste Lösung im entwickelten Prüfsystem eingesetzt. T2 - 19th WCNDT - World Conference on Non Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Phased array KW - Wheelset KW - Railway KW - Signal processing PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37008 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altenburg, Simon T1 - Thermografische Schichtdickenbestimmung von Oberflächenschutzsystemen für Beton N2 - Im Bauwesen werden Polymerbeschichtungen häufig eingesetzt um einerseits ein bestimmtes Aussehens zu schaffen oder andererseits das Bauteil vor Alterung, Verschleiß oder Schädigung zu schützen. Bei praktisch allen Arbeitszielen ist deren Wirkung von der eigens dafür definierten Schichtdicke der Polymerbeschichtung abhängig. Daher wird die Dicke der Beschichtung nach erfolgtem Schichtauftrag überprüft. Für den in diesem Zusammenhang anspruchsvollen mineralischen Untergrund Beton stehen bislang allerdings nur zerstörende Prüfverfahren zur Verfügung. Aus diesem Grund soll im Rahmen des Projektes in Kollaboration mit der IBOS GmbH ein auf aktiver Thermografie basierendes Verfahren sowie ein Gerät für den vor-Ort-Einsatz entwickelt werden, mit dessen Hilfe eine zerstörungsfreie Schichtdickenbestimmung möglich ist. Der Vortrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Schichtdickenbestimmung mit Hilfe aktiver Thermografie und erläutert die speziellen Herausforderungen an die Thermografie für die in diesem Projekt zu charakterisierenden Polymerwerkstoffe. Zudem wird auf die Anforderungen an die zu entwickelnde Methode, den aktuellen Stand der Entwicklung sowie auf erste Ergebnisse des Projektes eingegangen. T2 - Abteilungsseminar der Abteilung 8 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 02.05.2016 KW - Thermografie KW - Analytisches Modell KW - Oberflächenschutzsystem KW - Beton KW - Teiltransparenz KW - Dickenbestimmung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36991 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hübert, Thomas T1 - Gas sensors for technical safety and process control N2 - The presentation gives an overview on sensor principles and materials. Examples for sensor application in technical safety and process control were presented and the contribution of BAM in sensor testing, validation and standadization are discussed. T2 - Vortrag in der Abteilung Physik des ITS (Institute Technology Surabaya) CY - Surabaya, Indonesia DA - 29-08-2016 KW - Gas sensor KW - Safety KW - Process control PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37358 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fischer, Daniel T1 - Ellipsometric characterization of metal doped SnOx thin films for SPREE-based gas sensors N2 - Gas sensors are an important tool in various areas for example in industrial process control as well as Gas sensors are an important tool in various areas for example in industrial process control as well as safety applications or in research. A useful gas detector should be selective, precise, stable and cost-effective. In the present research a surface based gas detection technique is investigated using the SPR effect with ellipsometric readout. This technique is called surface plasmon resonance enhanced ellipsometry (SPREE). The sensor consists of a gold layer (40 nm) top-coated with a doped metal-oxide (M:SnOₓ, 5 nm). The coating is added by magnetron sputtering with doped targets with different doping concentrations. It could be shown that, without the top-coating, these type of sensors can detect various gases, e.g. CO, H2, O2, O3, He, N2, with sensitivities down to the ppm range (in air). The goal of the present study is to characterize the additional coating materials in dependence of the coating conditions. With the help of the doped-metal oxide, the sensitivity increases dramatically by a factor of 100. Additionally, a selectivity for specific gases is observed which depends on the doping conditions of the coating. Changing the properties of the plasma coating process and the doping metal gives access to a variety of different layers and enables us to find the best conditions. T2 - Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften ISAS e.V. - Kolloqium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.05.2016 KW - Ellipsometry KW - SPR effect KW - SnOx KW - Gas sensors PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bierstedt, Andreas T1 - Development and characterization of an airborne laser-spark ion source for ambient desorption / ionization mass spectrometry N2 - A novel direct sampling ionization scheme for ambient mass spectrometry is presented. Desorption and ionization is achieved by a quasi-continuous laser induced plasma in air. Since there are no solid or liquid electrodes involved the ion source does not suffer from chemical interferences or fatigue originating from erosive burning or from electrode consumption. A laser plasma was ignited under ambient conditions in front of a modified TOF MS atmospheric pressure interface, using a high repetition rate DPSS laser operating at 532 nm and 26 kHz and an aspherical lens with a focal length of 8 mm. Emission spectroscopy (40-1100 nm) and time resolved studies on specific plasma parameters revealed insight into the physical and chemical plasma properties. Plasma ignition can be performed in rare gases and under ambient conditions. The hot plasma zone was kept at a certain distance from the sample region. Thus, effective collisional cooling seemed to prevent thermal fragmentation. Every single spark generates a shockwave, providing new reactive species, which expands concentrically from the hot region. Under ambient conditions primary charge carriers (ions and electrons) as well as VUV radiation initialize reaction cascades equivalent to other ambient ionization methods, such as DART or DBD. Mass spectra of polar/nonpolar hydrocarbons, sugars, pharmaceuticals and natural biomolecules in food were observed. Comprehensive emission spectroscopic measurements and time resolved electron current studies revealed insight into some plasma properties, such as the emitted high energetic radiation and the time evolution of the expanding plume. T2 - International Mass Spectrometry Conference 2016 CY - Toronto, ON, Canada DA - 20.08.2016 KW - laser-spark KW - laser-induced plasma KW - ambient mass spectrometry KW - emission spectroscopy PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37281 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schäferling, Michael T1 - Nanoprobes for sensing and imaging of intracellular pH based on polyethyleneimide-coated photon upconversion nanoparticles conjugated to a pH sensitive rhodamine dye N2 - Lanthanide-doped photon upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit many advantages compared to Stokes-shifted luminescent probes (organic dyes, quantum dots). Due to the upconversion process, the limitations of photobleaching, autofluorescence and low penetration depths in tissue shown by classical fluorescent probes are avoided. This makes UCNPs particularly useful for applications in complex biological samples. Sensing of intracellular pH is of particular interest in biomedical research since structure and function of biomolecules strongly depend on the concentration of protons in their environment. T2 - UPCON 2016 CY - Wroclaw, Poland DA - 23.05.2016 KW - upconversion KW - nanoprobes KW - chemical sensing PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37282 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pollakowski, B. T1 - Qualifying PDMS deposited on silicon wafer surfaces as calibration standard for organic matter by X-ray spectrometry and XPS N2 - Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)is one of the most appearing contamination of medical devices.Dedicated analysis of PDMS on surfaces necessary, but the lack of calibration samples provides a bottle neck. There is a demand for metrological tools ensuring traceable and reliable analysis of mass deposition and of the chemical species of contaminants. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and reference-free GIXRF can be used to qualify bench top instrumentation. Comparison of PES data and GIXRF data enable the establishment of a traceability chain. T2 - EXRS 2016, European Conference on X - ray Spectrometry CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 19.06.2016 KW - Silicone analysis KW - XPS KW - GIXRF PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stockmann, Jörg M. T1 - Conventional Single-Sample vs. Multiple-Sample Hardness Testing: Tensile Testing Machine vs. Centrifuge N2 - The paper addresses the “Conventional Single-Sample vs. Multiple-Sample Hardness Testing: Hardness Testing Machine vs. Centrifuge” and the follow points are discussed in more detail: Principle of the centrifuge test, components of the centrifuge test, indenter geometries, microscopic measurement of Brinell and Vickers indents, and hardness testing: conventional vs. centrifuge. T2 - LUM, International Workshop Dispersion Analysis & Materials Testing 2016 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.10.2016 KW - Hardness testing KW - Brinell KW - Vickers KW - Centrifuge technology PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37930 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Core-shell systems - different cases N2 - Coating, stabilization layers, functionalization of particles or simple contamination are common variants of a core-shell system. For smaller nanoparticles this is of major importance. A particle with 16 nm diameter and a usual surface layer of 2 nm will have the same volume for the core as for the shell. In this case the material of the particle doesn’t have a clear definition. It is a common case that a particle consists of four different layers: Core, shell, stabilization layer and contamination. The properties of the particles differ according to this structure. For example silver particles might have a different dissolution rate for pure particles and for particles which are grown on top of a core. Different solubility or defined other properties of materials is a common reason for producing core-shell systems. Gold cores are surrounded by silica to stabilize them or to get a defined distance between the cores. Silica might be surrounded by gold and the silica dissolved afterwards. This delivers hollow shells. Another important example for core-shell systems are quantum dots. A small core is surrounded by a different material for increasing the photoluminescence. Furthermore there a stabilization layer is needed. The smallest part of the final particles is the initial core. The photoluminescence is based on this core, but the shells contain much more material. Categorization should address this. Core-shell systems are not covered by most of the existing decision trees for grouping. They are either regarded as special case or a singular layer. This disqualifies core-shell systems for grouping within the common models. There might be a very easy way to avoid this problem and even to combine some of the different decision trees. Starting the decision tree with the solubility of the outer shell and subsequently addressing the inner layers will be a pragmatic approach to solve the problem. If there is no shell, the categorization can start with a tiered approach or with the proposed “stawman” chemical categorization. If a shell is covering the surface there is a need to check if the shell is stable. If it is stable, the particle can be categorized based on this shell. If it is soluble, the ions need to be addressed as in the classic case. Furthermore the shell might increase the uptake by the cells. If the ions and the uptake are not critical the categorization can continue with the next layer. With this not perfect but pragmatic approach, the surface layers can be addressed with very limited additional efforts. Most criteria are based on classically tabulated data. Including a rating system like the precautionary matrix approach might even address the fact that some parameters are not always Yes/No, e.g. solubility, ion toxicity and uptake. T2 - OECD Expert Meeting on Grouping and Read Across for the Hazard Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 13.04.2016 KW - OECD KW - Nanoparticles KW - Nanomaterials KW - Grouping KW - Nano PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Manuel T1 - Crystallisation of transition metal phosphonates - A mechanochemical approach N2 - Mechanochemistry is a convenient way to form metal phosphonates with neutral and/or monodeprotonated phosphonates, controlled by the stoichiometric. In situ investigation of reactions helps understanding mechanisms and formation of intermediates. The knowledge of intermediates helps to find metastable structures.The diffusion mechanism is most probable for the mechanochemical synthesis of metal phosphonates. T2 - Institutskolloquium CY - Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (HHU), Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 28.01.2016 KW - metal phosphonates KW - Mechanochemistry KW - mof PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35860 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fischer, Franziska T1 - Temperature dependent investigation of mechanochemical cocrystallisation N2 - Milling reactions often result in 100% yields of single products, making purifying procedures obsolete. Mech-anochemistry is also a sustainable and eco-friendly method. The ever increasing interest in this method is contrasted by a lack in mechanistic understanding of the mechanochemical reactivity and selectivity. Recent in situ investigations provided direct insight into formation pathways. However, the currently available theories do not predict temperature T as an influential factor. Here, we report the first determination of an activation energy for a mechanochemical reaction. In a temperature-dependent in situ study the cocrystallisation of ibuprofen and nicotinamide was investigated as a model system. These experiments provide a pivotal step towards a comprehensive understanding of milling reaction mechanisms. T2 - BCA Spring Meeting CY - Nottingham UK DA - 04.04.2016 KW - activation energy KW - cocrystal KW - mechanochemistry KW - milling KW - temperature PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35863 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Priebe, Nsesheye Susan T1 - Performance of rice husk ash as an alternative binder in a modified cementitious system N2 - The main objective of this project presentation was to evaluate the by-products of paddy farming (in Tanzania) into sustainable building materials optimised for construction of low-cost housing, and suitable to be adopted in rice-producing countries in Africa. In Tanzania, rice husks are seldom used as a fuel – if not burnt or dumped in landfills and there is lack of awareness or active research on optimising the by-product RHA in cement and concrete technology. Scientific research within this field of technology can advance development by obtaining suitable properties of the by-products that can provide an advantageous and alternative measure for their use as SCMs not only in its raw form i.e. husks for low-cost housing but also in its artificial form i.e. RHA as a high-tech as a substitute for cement in Africa. T2 - RICH Africa 1st Bilateral Workshop CY - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania DA - 04.04.2016 KW - Rice husk ash KW - Low-cost housing KW - Sub-Saharan Africa KW - Cement PY - 2016 N1 - Geburtsname von Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. - Birth name of Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. AN - OPUS4-41034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Denkler, Tilman T1 - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung - Welcome N2 - Vorstellung der BAM sowie der Abteilung S und eines TZ-Projekts mit Bezug zu Qualitätsinfrastruktur im Rahmen eines Gastvortrags im Rahmen der Veranstaltungsreihe Quality Infrastructure Management an der TU Berlin N2 - Presentation of the BAM as well as the Department S and a technical cooperation project related to quality infrastructure within the framework of a guest lecture within the the Quality Infrastructure Management lecture series at the TU Berlin. T2 - Guest lecture at Quality Infrastructure Management (6 ECTS) - WS 2016/2017 at TU Berlin, Fachgebiet Innovationsökonomie CY - TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany DA - 03.11.2016 KW - Quality infrastructure PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-41693 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Denkler, Tilman T1 - Vergleich der Arbeitsweise von Akkreditierungsstellen in Europa N2 - Project objective: The aim of this project is to develop a tool based on objective criteria and indicators which can be used to analyze the operations of accreditation bodies. The tool will be used to systematically assess several European accreditation bodies, enabling a comparative analysis to be made. By investigating current practices, the analysis will generate discussion amongst accreditation bodies on how to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operations. Methodology: The tool is based on parameters that enable comparison of various accreditation bodies, despite different operational processes and organizational forms. These parameters will be derived from operational processes with high relevance for accreditation bodies, and mapped to a universal process map which enables comparison between institutions. The processes will be characterized using data from internal databases, reports, financial audits etc., and will be supported by feedback from a qualitative self-evaluation of process maturity, carried out by the accreditation bodies themselves. The criteria for evaluating process maturity are based on those used in the excellence model of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), and are applied to the processes identified in the process map. The tool will be validated through application to various accreditation bodies in Europe. Project outline: The pilot phase of project comprises three stages. In the first stage the processes of accreditation bodies were systematically analyzed through the development of the process map. Nine processes of special relevance are identified and underpinned by indicators as described above. In the second step the tool was applied to the German accreditation body, DAkkS, in order to check and modify the indicators. The third stage will verify the transferability of the model by extending analysis to selected European accreditation bodies, again refining and optimizing the tool based on this analysis. Finally, after successful conduction of the pilot phase it is planned to extend the analysis to other European accreditation bodies interested in participation in 2018. N2 - Projektbeschreibung: Das übergeordnete Ziel des Projekts ist es, ein Werkzeug bereitzustellen, mit dem die Arbeitsweise von Akkreditierungsstellen auf objektiver Grundlage und kennzahlenbasiert analysiert werden kann. Durch Anwendung auf mehrere Akkreditierungsstellen soll zudem eine vergleichende Analyse verschiedener Akkreditierungsstellen ermöglicht werden, die zur Harmonisierung der Arbeitsweise der Akkreditierungsstellen in Europa beiträgt. Mit zunehmender Harmonisierung entsteht zusätzliches Vertrauen in das europäische Konformitätsbewertungssystem. Das Projekt umfasst vier Phasen. In der ersten Phase des Projekts werden die Tätigkeiten von Akkreditierungsstellen und ihre auf gesetzlichen und normativen Anforderungen beruhenden Verpflichtungen systematisch analysiert. Es wird eine mit Kennzahlen unterlegte Prozesslandschaft entwickelt, die ein Modell bildet, dem die implementierten Abläufe und eingesetzten Ressourcen der Akkreditierungsstelle zugeordnet werden können. In der zweiten Phase werden die Prozesse der Deutschen Akkreditierungsstelle DAkkS dem Modell zugeordnet. Dabei werden mit Hilfe der DAkkS internen Datenbank Kennzahlen und Indikatoren erhoben. Die Übertragbarkeit des so erstandenen Modells wird in einem dritten Schritt durch die Erweiterung auf weitere Akkreditierungsstellen im europäischen Raum untersucht. In der vierten Phase wird die Analyse auf weitere europäische Akkreditierungsstellen ausgeweitet. T2 - Kick-Off Veranstaltung bei der DAkkS (Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Accreditation KW - EFQM-excellence-model PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-41695 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Denkler, Tilman T1 - Vergleich der Arbeitsweise von Akkreditierungsstellen in Europa - Datenerhebung N2 - Project objective: The aim of this project is to develop a tool based on objective criteria and indicators which can be used to analyze the operations of accreditation bodies. The tool will be used to systematically assess several European accreditation bodies, enabling a comparative analysis to be made. By investigating current practices, the analysis will generate discussion amongst accreditation bodies on how to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operations. Methodology: The tool is based on parameters that enable comparison of various accreditation bodies, despite different operational processes and organizational forms. These parameters will be derived from operational processes with high relevance for accreditation bodies, and mapped to a universal process map which enables comparison between institutions. The processes will be characterized using data from internal databases, reports, financial audits etc., and will be supported by feedback from a qualitative self-evaluation of process maturity, carried out by the accreditation bodies themselves. The criteria for evaluating process maturity are based on those used in the excellence model of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), and are applied to the processes identified in the process map. The tool will be validated through application to various accreditation bodies in Europe. Project outline: The pilot phase of project comprises three stages. In the first stage the processes of accreditation bodies were systematically analyzed through the development of the process map. Nine processes of special relevance are identified and underpinned by indicators as described above. In the second step the tool was applied to the German accreditation body, DAkkS, in order to check and modify the indicators. The third stage will verify the transferability of the model by extending analysis to selected European accreditation bodies, again refining and optimizing the tool based on this analysis. Finally, after successful conduction of the pilot phase it is planned to extend the analysis to other European accreditation bodies interested in participation in 2018. N2 - Projektbeschreibung: Das übergeordnete Ziel des Projekts ist es, ein Werkzeug bereitzustellen, mit dem die Arbeitsweise von Akkreditierungsstellen auf objektiver Grundlage und kennzahlenbasiert analysiert werden kann. Durch Anwendung auf mehrere Akkreditierungsstellen soll zudem eine vergleichende Analyse verschiedener Akkreditierungsstellen ermöglicht werden, die zur Harmonisierung der Arbeitsweise der Akkreditierungsstellen in Europa beiträgt. Mit zunehmender Harmonisierung entsteht zusätzliches Vertrauen in das europäische Konformitätsbewertungssystem. Das Projekt umfasst vier Phasen. In der ersten Phase des Projekts werden die Tätigkeiten von Akkreditierungsstellen und ihre auf gesetzlichen und normativen Anforderungen beruhenden Verpflichtungen systematisch analysiert. Es wird eine mit Kennzahlen unterlegte Prozesslandschaft entwickelt, die ein Modell bildet, dem die implementierten Abläufe und eingesetzten Ressourcen der Akkreditierungsstelle zugeordnet werden können. In der zweiten Phase werden die Prozesse der Deutschen Akkreditierungsstelle DAkkS dem Modell zugeordnet. Dabei werden mit Hilfe der DAkkS internen Datenbank Kennzahlen und Indikatoren erhoben. Die Übertragbarkeit des so erstandenen Modells wird in einem dritten Schritt durch die Erweiterung auf weitere Akkreditierungsstellen im europäischen Raum untersucht. In der vierten Phase wird die Analyse auf weitere europäische Akkreditierungsstellen ausgeweitet. T2 - Vorstellung des Interviewleitfadens bei der DAkkS CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Accreditation KW - EFQM-excellence-model PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-41696 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Denkler, Tilman T1 - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung - Welcome N2 - Vorstellung der BAM, der Abteilung S und speziell der BAM-Zertifizierungsstelle im Rahmen eines Gastvortrags im Rahmen der Veranstaltungsreihe Strategic Standardisation an der TU Berlin, Fachgebiet Innovationsökonomie N2 - Presentation of the BAM as well as the Department S and a technical cooperation project related to quality infrastructure within the framework of a guest lecture within the the Quality Infrastructure Management lecture series at the TU Berlin. T2 - Guest lecture at Strategic Standardization - SoSe 2016 CY - TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany DA - 17.05.2016 KW - Product certification KW - BAM certification body PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-41697 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Quantitative simulation of back scatter X-ray imaging and comparison to experiments N2 - X-ray backscatter imaging is a well established NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. In difference to conventional transmission X-ray radiography, the X-ray backscatter imaging utilizes the scattered radiation caused by the Compton scattering effect. In order to achieve high backscatter intensities from a test object, it is necessary to optimize the backscatter system parameters namely the angle between source and slit camera, the slit collimator system, the shielding between source and scatter camera, and the type of detector. In addition, the scatter phenomena in to the investigated object need to be understood. In this contribution, we present a Monte Carlo model McRay which considers all relevant single and multiple interactions of photons and electrons. This model can be used to simulate back scatter techniques. It allows not only calculating the scatter image for a given experimental setup but also registering the spectrum of the detected scattered photons. Both aspects are important to understand the imaging process, to interpret the results, and to optimize the backscatter camera investigated here. Additionally experimental results will be presented and compared with simulations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Back-scatter techniques KW - Measurements KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Radiology KW - Simulation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36606 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Glas an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung N2 - Im Vortrag wird ein kurzer Überblick über die BAM und die Aktivitäten zum Werkstoff Glas gegeben. T2 - 4. Glashüttentag der Jungen DGG vom 29.09.2016 bis 30.09.2016 in Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.09.2016 KW - Glas PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38331 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Chemometric tools for LIBS analysis N2 - LIBS matures to a quantitative method for elemental analysis rather than a qualitative diagnostic tool. Numerous real world applications for bulk and microanalysis profit from instrumental and methodical advances in the last decade. Today, recording of numerous spectra from samples can be done with low experimental efforts and low cost per spectrum. Not surprisingly, LIBS data, with a high spectral resolution and a broad spectral range, become “big data” and can be utilized in different ways beyond elemental analysis. But, what is the generic or best approach for quantitative LIBS analysis? What techniques can be employed to gain new insights into data? Emergent information can arise through data fusion of LIBS data with other data, i.e. orthogonal spectroscopic or other information related to the sample. But are fused data better than data from a single method? This talk will provide an in-depth overview what chemometric tools can do for LIBS. For quantitative analysis, pre-processing tools are essential to improve precision, accuracy, and reproducibility but at the same time their application to data is still based on phenomenological criteria. Multivariate analysis seems to dominate LIBS, but are there drawbacks on using all information from spectra. For different data sets from real applications, the use of multivariate calibration and (un)supervised pattern recognition will be discussed in comparison with reference analytical methods and possible improvements through plasma diagnostics and modelling. T2 - 9th International Confrence on Laser-Indusced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) CY - Charmonix-Mont-Blanc, France DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Chemometrics KW - Analytical method KW - LIBS PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37534 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - Intelligent bridge: the durabasttest bridge equipped with RFID-based sensors N2 - The duraBASt area at the highway intersection “Köln-Ost” is a large test field for road testing. It includes the duraBASt test bridge which is ca. 66 m long and 14.25m broad. This bridge is part of the “road in the 21st century” project and is equipped with several sensors for structural health monitoring. This feasibility study is realised to construct intelligent bridges in the future. Quantities like temperature, strain, moisture, corrosion, etc. are measured by embedded sensors. In the presented work, the focus lays on passive RFID-based sensors. The communication and energy supply is realised by a mobile transmitter through the concrete cover. Hence, no cables or batteries are required. The sensors are design to withstand in the alkaline environment in concrete. Thus, moisture and corrosion are detectable for several decades. T2 - Structural Materials Technology 2016 CY - Portland, ME, USA DA - 29.08.2016 KW - RFID based sensors KW - SHM in civil engineering PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37466 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Zoёga, Andreas T1 - Lösung bautechnischer Fragestellungen mit der ZfPBau-Toolbox N2 - Darstellung verschiedener praxisrelevanter zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren im Bauwesen. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen und Zukunftsaufgaben CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39295 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - Moisture in screed: a non-destructive multi-sensor approach N2 - Eight different screed types are tested including two different sample heights of 35 and 70 mm. The moisture of the four cement based and four sulphate based screeds are monitored during hydration and evaporation. All samples are stored in a climatic chamber at 23° C and 50 % relative humidity. Embedded sensors like temperature arrays, humidity sensor arrays, and multi-ring electrodes are embedded in the samples to yield a detailed moisture evolution with high depth resolution. Furthermore, nuclear magnetic resonance is used to quantify the water content at different depths. This multi-sensor approach allows a comprehensive monitoring of the moisture and its gradient in the different screed samples. This yields a deeper insight into the hydration, moisture convection, and diffusion processes. T2 - EWSHM 2016 CY - Bilbao, Spain DA - 05.07.2016 KW - Moisture KW - Screed KW - Embedded sensors KW - Corresponding relative humidity KW - NMR PY - 2016 N1 - Geburtsname von Munsch, Sarah Mandy: Nagel, S. M. - Birth name of Munsch, Sarah Mandy: Nagel, S. M. AN - OPUS4-36840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - Moisture Measurements with RFID based Sensors in Screed and Concrete N2 - To quantify the moisture in concrete, RFID based humidity sensors are embedded. Passive high frequency, ultra-high frequency RFID tags as well as active Bluetooth sensors are tested. After concreting, all sensors measure the corresponding relative humidity to monitor the concrete moisture. Two case studies are performed, embedding in an existing construction, i.e. the duraBASt test bridge, and embedding in cement based mortar in the laboratory. As basis for robust and long-life sensors in alkaline concrete, different casing materials are tested. Furthermore, signal strength measurements and their sensitivity to different moisture levels are performed. T2 - EWSHM 2016 CY - Bilbao, Spain DA - 05.07.2016 KW - Moisture measurements KW - RFID based sensors KW - DuraBASt KW - Humidity sensors KW - Long-life sensor casing PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36834 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Moisture measurement methods N2 - Moisture can cause imperfect sealings, faulty roof constructions, cracks and other kind of damages. For measuring the moisture in construction materials like concrete and screed, there are destructive(direct) and non-destructive(indirect) methods, that can be used. This presentation gives an overview and a comparison of these methods. T2 - Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation in Civil Engineering and Surveying - Advanced Training 2016 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.07.2016 KW - Moisture KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37005 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weller, Andreas T1 - Induced polarization and pore radius – a discussion N2 - Permeability estimation from spectral induced polarization (SIP) measurements is based on a fundamental premise that the characteristic relaxation time (t) is related to the effective hydraulic radius (reff) controlling fluid flow. The approach requires a reliable estimate of the diffusion coefficient of the ions in the electrical double layer. Others have assumed a value for the diffusion coefficient, or postulated different values for clay versus clay-free rocks. We examine the link between t and reff for an extensive database of sandstone samples where mercury porosimetry data confirm that reff is reliably determined from a modification of the Hagen-Poiseuille equation assuming that the electrical tortuosity is equal to the hydraulic tortuosity. Our database does not support the existence of 1 or 2 distinct representative diffusion coefficients but instead demonstrates strong evidence for 6 orders of magnitude of variation in an apparent diffusion coefficient that is well correlated with both reff and the specific surface area per unit pore volume (Spor). Two scenarios can explain our findings: (1) the length-scale defined by t is not equal to reff and is likely much longer due to the control of pore surface roughness; (2) the range of diffusion coefficients is large and likely determined by the relative proportions of the different minerals (e.g. silica, clays) making up the rock. In either case, the estimation of reff (and hence permeability) is inherently uncertain from SIP relaxation time. T2 - IP Workshop 2016 CY - Aarhus, Denmark DA - 06.06.2016 KW - Pore radius KW - Mercury intrusion capillary pressure KW - Spectral induced polarization KW - Relaxation time PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Halisch, M. T1 - Quantification of rock structures with high resolution X-Ray μ-CT for laboratory SIP measurements N2 - Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) measurements are used in many different ways to characterize natural rocks and soils. Main foci of interest are the enhanced characterization of the causes of IP-effects in clastic rocks (especially sandstones), the interactions between the matrix-fluid-system and within the electrical double layers as well as the correlation with “classical” petrophysical parameters, such as specific surface area, permeability, mercury intrusion capillary pressure (MICP) and others. Nevertheless, for all of these investigations, knowledge of the inner structure of the sample material is essential in order to create reliable and validated models as well as to interpret and to assess the data most completely. Unfortunately, many of the methods used, to get access to the inner structure of rocks are destructive (e.g. MICP, thin sectioning, etc.) and the valuable sample is lost. In addition, data is either of volume integrated nature or only available for the 2D case and the usage of sister cores does not necessarily lead to reliable results. In this paper, the authors showcase the possibilities of non-destructive and three dimensional X-ray computed tomography and of enhanced image analysis capabilities for the quantification of rock structures at the pore scale. T2 - IP Workshop 2016 CY - Aarhus, Denmark DA - 06.06.2016 KW - SIP KW - μ-CT imaging KW - Rock structure KW - Digital image analysis KW - Pore geometry KW - Grain geometry PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37000 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Measuring screed moisture with EM methods – a comparison of capacitive Handheld and microwave resonator probes N2 - Measuring the moisture state of screeds is critical for floorers in order to prevent structural damages of bottom coverings. Typically destructive tests are carried out on small samples delivering only punctual information. We tested several non-destructive testing methods in terms of sensitivity in the critical low moisture range and observed substantially different drying behavior for the two tested cement based and calcium-sulphate based screed samples. Our findings are supported by moisture gradient measurements using the nuclear magnetic resonance technique. T2 - 11th Int. Conference on Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Water and Moist Substances CY - Florence, Italy DA - 23.05.2016 KW - resonance KW - moisture KW - screed KW - microwave KW - nuclear magnetic PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36945 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Measuring moisture in building material - an overview N2 - In Germany there is an existing built infrastructure worth about 50 trillion Euros. The expected lifetimes of individual structures are up to 100 years. Considerable costs (annually about 35 billion Euros, the trend continues upwards) are involved in order to maintain and rehabilitate both residential as well as transportation infrastructure buildings. Most damages we observe on our built infrastructure are moisture-induced processes. Consequently reliable moisture measurement tools a highly needed for meaningful building diagnosis investigations. The optimal moisture measuring technique would be non-destructive, fast, repeatable, reliable, independent of steel in the vicinity, the surface condition or possible salt loads of the material under test. Since this is unfortunately not the case for any non-destructive method, it is often very difficult to decide for users which method to use for the particular testing problem. The only standardized methods in Germany are the “direct” and destructive Darr- and the CM tests. Although they can be highly accurate (when handled with care during the sampling), they deliver only punctual information and cannot be used for monitoring. The other, non-destructive methods are based on the change in humidity-dependent physical material properties. The underlying physics, their particular advantages and disadvantages are discussed in this paper. T2 - Building Safety Symposium CY - Hong Kong, China DA - 22.04.2016 KW - Non-destructive methods KW - Moisture measuring KW - Electrical methods KW - Microwave PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Estrichfeuchteuntersuchungen mit geophysikalischen Methoden - ein Laborversuch N2 - Zur Bestimmung des Feuchtezustands und insbesondere der Belegereife von Estrichfußböden kommen in Deutschland zerstörende Prüfverfahren zum Einsatz, die eine punktuelle Probenahme erfordern. Hierbei ergeben sich immer wieder Fehlinterpretationen, da zum einen die Probenahme selbst zu einer Veränderung des Feuchtezustands führt und zum anderen, weil die Verfahren an sich mitunter ungenau sind (z.B. abhängig von der Estrichzusammensetzung). Zusammen mit vier Forschungsinstituten und dem Industriepartner Bosch wurden an der BAM zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren auf deren Tauglichkeit zur Estrichfeuchtemessung untersucht und mit den herkömmlichen zerstörenden Verfahren verglichen. Für diesen Versuch kamen verschiedene geophysikalische Verfahren zum Einsatz, darunter Nuklear Magnetische Resonanz (NMR), elektrische Widerstandsmessungen und Impulsradar (GPR). Es wurden neun verschiedene Estrichsorten hergestellt und während der Trocknungsphase bei Konstant-Normklima gelagert. Diese wurden sowohl zerstörend als auch zerstörungsfrei mit den o. g. Verfahren untersucht. Gleichzeitig wurden die Masseänderungen der Proben zur Bestimmung des integralen Feuchtehalts aufgezeichnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zum einen, dass das Abtrocknungsverhalten von zementgebundenen Estrichen grundsätzlich unterschiedlich von dem anhydritgebundener Estriche ist. Während sich bei ersteren zügig ein deutlicher Feuchtegradient über die Höhe der Proben einstellt, verläuft dieser bei der zweiten Probengruppe sehr flach. Dies lässt sich vor allem in den NMR Daten räumlich hochaufgelöst nachvollziehen - die Datenakquise erfolgte mit einer NMR MOUSE PM 25. Ein ähnliches Bild ergibt sich auch aus den elektrischen Widerstandsmessungen, die mittels sog. Multi-Ring-Elektroden (MRE) durchgeführt wurden. MRE bezeichnen als Vertikalprofil angeordnete Ringelektroden mit einem Abstand von ca. 1-2 mm, zwischen denen jeweils Zwei-Punkt Widerstandsmessungen durchgeführt werden. Bei sehr geringen Feuchtegehalten (z.T. auch um die Belegereife) waren mit dieser Methode jedoch wegen der zu hohen Übergangswiderstände nur bedingt Messungen möglich. Im Gegensatz zu NMR und MRE sind mit dem Radarverfahren (2 GHz Antenne) keine tiefenbezogenen Aussagen möglich. Jedoch lässt sich über eine Amplitudenauswertung von direkter und an der Rückwand reflektierter Welle teilweise eine Aussage über Restfeuchtigkeit im Volumen treffen. Ebenso zeigt die Laufzeitdifferenz der beiden Wellen eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Feuchtegehalt. T2 - DGG 2016 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 14.03.2016 KW - Nuklear magnetische Resonanz KW - Zerstörungsfreie Methoden KW - Estrichfeuchtemessung PY - 2016 N1 - Geburtsname von Munsch, Sarah Mandy: Nagel, S. M. - Birth name of Munsch, Sarah Mandy: Nagel, S. M. AN - OPUS4-37117 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Johann, Sergej T1 - RFID sensor systems embedded in concrete - requirements for long-term operation N2 - One of the more difficult tasks for structural health monitoring is the continuous evaluation of the stability and load capacity of the building materials. This knowledge can be won, e.g., by taking material samples at the examining place with the drawback of partly destroying the structure. To avoid this, modern sensor and communication technologies offer promising methods for non-destructive testing. To address the tasks for monitoring of concrete structures, in the presented study, different sensors were combined with RFID transponders and embedded in concrete components. T2 - 33rd Danubia- Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Portorož, Slovenia DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Concrete KW - Embedded KW - RFID sensors KW - Structure health monitoring PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Combining analytical and Monte Carlo modelling for industrial radiology N2 - Modelling becomes more and more important in modern NDE. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for education purposes. To describe the complete chain of RT, the model includes simulating all necessary properties of X- or Gamma-ray sources, the interaction of photons with material with special attention to scattered radiation, the detection process, and the complete geometrical RT setup handling arbitrary parts or constructions. Depending on the given inspection problem and the influencing factors that should be addressed by the simulation, an appropriate physical model has to be chosen to describe the underlying interaction mechanisms. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport such that transmission as well as scatter techniques can be modelled. In this contribution we focus on Monte Carlo simulation of scatter contribution within aRTist. Examples for RT/tomographic applications and back-scatter techniques are presented to demonstrate the usability of the presented simulation tool for a broad range of radiological applications. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Radiography KW - Simulation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - A fast general spectrum model for quantitative radiography simulation N2 - A model is presented that employs a unified approach for simulating the photon energy spectra for transmission and direct beam targets composed of arbitrary homogeneous materials. In order to achieve this, a detailed model of electron transport within the target is employed. The validity of the developed model is shown through comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations as well as measurements for a number of different configurations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Modelling KW - Radiography KW - Simulation KW - X-ray spectrum PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Back scatter X-ray imaging with twisted slit collimator – quantitative simulation and comparison to experiments N2 - X-ray backscatter imaging is a promising NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. In difference to conventional transmission X-ray radiography, the X-ray backscatter imaging utilizes the scattered radiation caused by the Compton scattering effect. In order to achieve high backscatter intensities from a test object, it is necessary to optimize the backscatter system parameters namely the angle between source and slit camera, the slit-collimator system, the shielding between the source and scatter camera, and the type of detector. Here a single-slit as well as a multi-slit camera are considered. For the multi-slit camera several twisted slits were parallel arranged in a metal block. This camera generates a set of similar projections per slit overlaying each other. Afterwards, the image is corrected based on a de-convolution algorithm to focus the overlaying projections into a single representation of the object. The scatter phenomena in the object under inspection are investigated. In this contribution, the Monte Carlo model McRay is discussed, which considers all relevant single and multiple interactions of photons and electrons. This model can be used to simulate back scatter techniques. Simulations are important to describe the imaging process, to interpret the results, and to optimize the backscatter camera investigated here. Experimental results will be presented and compared with simulations. T2 - 55th Annual British Conference of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Modeling KW - X-rays KW - Backscatter application KW - Synthetic aperture focusing PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Diagnostics and modeling of laser induced plasma in relation to current needs of spectrochemical analysis N2 - The short report on computer modeling and diagnostics of laser induced plasmas T2 - Winter Plasma Conference CY - Tucson, USA DA - 08.01.2016 KW - Plasma diagnostics KW - Laser induced plasma KW - LIBS KW - Plasma modeling PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herrmann, Antje Jutta T1 - Simple and fast metal staining procedures for identification and characterization of single cells via laser ablation ICP-MS N2 - Biological systems exhibit a very high complexity, because they consist of various cell populations showing heterogenic characteristics. Therefore the individual analysis of single cells is important to understand cellular processes as well as their function in a cell system. Especially investigation in the question about what is biological variability and what is a substantial difference between two cells of the same type (which might lead to dysfunction or disease) is of high interest. Today improved spatial and temporal resolution enable the use of laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for element microscopy of single cells. Next to the characterization of natural trace elements the introduction of artificial metal labels into cells is of high interest. Element labeling of cell compartments and/or proteins allows its simultaneous analysis and localization within a cell via element microscopy. Two fast and simple metal staining procedures of adherent cells for identification of single cells via LA-ICP-MS at sub micrometer resolution are presented. Two labeling reagents were selected which were already described in literature for applications around protein and cell analysis. An Iridium-intercalator is utilized to stain the cell nuclei whereas the whole cell is stained by maleimido-mono-amide-DOTA-complexes (mDOTA) loaded with lanthanide(III) isotope ions. The metal staining procedures allow the visualization of single cells by element microscopy independent of a superposition of analyte’s 2D element intensity profile with a prior taken bright field image of the sample. The applicability was shown on an actual question in nano-toxicology (the cellular uptake of nanoparticles). T2 - 25. ICP-MS Anwendertreffen CY - Siegen, Germany DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Metal staining procedures KW - Single cell analysis KW - Bioimaging PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37979 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Farbe auf Papier - Materialwissenschaftliche Aspekte des Buchdrucks N2 - Der Vortrag beschäftigt sich mit den materialwissenschaftlichen Aspekten des Buchdrucks. Hierbei geht es weniger um die Darstellung und Erklärung der unterschiedlichen Druckverfahren (Hochdruck, Tiefdruck, Flachdruck und Durchdruck), diese werden nur am Rande gestreift, um die Vielfalt der unterschiedlichen Drucktechniken darzulegen. Vielmehr beschäftigt sich der Vortrag mit den Materialien, d.h. Druckfarben, die sich dann tatsächlich auf dem Schriftträger analysieren lassen. Unterschiedliche Drucktechniken (und Effekte) erfordern unterschiedliche Materialzusammensetzungen - diese werden innerhalb des Vortrags diskutiert. T2 - Transformationen des Buchdrucks, Konferenz des Basisprojekts "Matter of Typography" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.06.2016 KW - Buchdruck KW - Material KW - Farbmittel PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36565 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - Imaging of Hydrogen in Steels with Neutrons N2 - Cold neutrons are predominantly scattered at hydrogen when penetrating hydrogen-charged samples, resulting in a high image contrast between hydrogen and e.g. iron. The used radiographic set-ups consist of a neutron source, state-of-the-art scintillator screens and digital cameras. This allows monitoring diffusive hydrogen fluxes two-dimensionally with 20s temporal resolution. Such hydrogen fluxes can be quantified by using standards with known hydrogen content and similar sample thickness. Neutron tomography generates three-dimensional models of the hydrogen distribution in steel. Such models gain new insight for damage analysis by showing the hydrogen accumulations around cracks and by enabling the hydrogen gas pressure estimation inside cracks. The capabilities and limitations, as well as perspectives of this method will be discussed and illustrated with help of selected examples. T2 - MS&T 2016 CY - Salt Lake City, Utah, USA DA - 23.10.2016 KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Neutron imaging KW - Neutron radiography KW - Neutron tomography PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38066 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - Real-time X-ray Radiography for Hot Crack Detection during Welding N2 - Fast digital radiography was used to observe the crack development during single pass bead-on-plate gas tungsten arc welding with a minifocus X-ray source and a digital detector array with 75-micrometer pixel size. The sample material were 5 mm thick AlMgSi plates. An acquisition rate of 12 frames per second and an exposure time of 40 ms per frame were used for real-time observation of the hot crack propagation during welding. The basic spatial resolution of the images is about 80 µm. A 3D laminographic reconstruction of the acquired 2D radiographic images gives access to the volumetric extent of the cracks in the welded sample. The parallel use of a high-speed camera during welding allows the real-time inspection of surface cracks. The development of surface cracks was compared with the crack’s distribution in the sample volume and these results were correlated to the used welding parameters. T2 - MS&T 2016 CY - Salt Lake City, Utah, USA DA - 23.10.2016 KW - X-ray radiography KW - Welding KW - Hot crack KW - X-ray imaging KW - Laminography PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38069 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altenburg, Simon T1 - Thickness determination of polymeric multilayer surface protection systems for concrete by means of pulse thermography N2 - So far, only destructive measurement techniques are available for thickness determination of polymer based surface protection systems for concrete surfaces. Pulse thermography appears to be well suited for non-destructive thickness evaluation in these systems. Here, we present first results of the development of a respective measurement and analysis procedure. Since surface protection systems consist of a number of layers, a model for the calculation of the surface temperature of a multi-layer structure on an infinite (concrete) substrate in pulse thermography setup was developed. It considers semitransparency of the upmost layer and thermal losses at the surface. It also supports the use of an arbitrary temporal shape of the heating pulse to properly describe the measurement conditions for different heat sources. First experimental results regarding the verification of the model are presented. Funding by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is gratefully acknowledged. T2 - QNDE 2016 CY - Atlanta, GA, USA DA - 17.07.2016 KW - Thermography KW - Analytical model KW - Surface protection KW - Concrete KW - Semitransparency KW - Thickness PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis: authentication or forgery detection? N2 - The lecture will discuss the sensitive issue of authentication of the objects of cultural heritage of immense cultural and monetary value if certified to be genuine. It will be made clear that material analysis alone, especially its non-destructive variety conducted by specialists in a single technique, can not prove that the object is genuine. The best material analysis can do, after all appropriate tests have been conducted, is to announce that nothing has been found that contradicts the assumption of genuineness. Moreover, the results of the natural analysis can never be used as the only justification of the authentication in the cases of composite objects such as manuscripts or epigraphs. A certification always requires the expertise of the specialist in the field (be it a historian, paleographer, epigrapher, etc.), whose judgment can be at the most supported by appropriate material analysis. The most effective approach for testing suspicious artifacts has been established by the forensic science. Here, not the authentication, but the determination of the forgery stands in the focus of the work. Investigation protocols developed within 150 years and constantly improved include a clear statement of the analysis purpose and the definition of plausibility criteria for the possible outcome. The younger sister of the forensics, archaeometry has to overcome additional obstacles such as the heterogeneity of historic material coupled with the scarcity of suitable reference material. Over the last two decades the popularity of archaeometric studies has increased enormously, with the industry-driven development of so-called non-destructive technologies (NDT) that do not require sampling. Further technological developments led to the appearance of NDT methods with extremely small interaction windows (µm range). Each of these methods has limitations that have to be carefully considered when planning the tests of a heterogeneous and often partially degraded historical material. This approach is inherently multi-instrumental, therefore archaeometric and forensic departments unite a number of specialists who work together defining the tasks and the methods involved for their successful completion. T2 - 2nd International Conference on Art & Archaeology CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 11.12.2016 KW - Archaeometry KW - Forgery KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39188 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Tinten und Tuschen – Die Schreib- und Zeichenmaterialien Adelbert Chamissos N2 - Im Nachlass Adelbert Chamissos, der in der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin aufbewahrt wird, finden sich einige Zeichnungen – Lineamente – deren Inhalt rätselhaft ist. So ist nicht klar, was diese Zeichnungen darstellen und in welchem Zusammenhang sie entstanden sind. Die wenigen Aufschriften lassen weder eine eindeutige Identifizierung noch Datierung zu. Erste naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen widmen sich der Entstehungsgeschichte dieser Zeichnungen, der verwendeten Materialien und dem Auffinden möglicher Referenzen, um die Objekte in das Werk Chamissos einzuordnen. T2 - Öffentlicher Workshop des Internationalen Kollegs für Kulturtechnikforschung und Medienphilosophie in Kooperation mit dem Goethe-und Schiller-Archiv Weimar, Konzeption: Hanns Zischler CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 11.11.2016 KW - Archäometrie KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse KW - Reflektographie KW - Autograph KW - Graphik PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38819 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Observations on writing materials of the DSS N2 - The experimental knowledge about the inks of antiquity and late antiquity rarely goes beyond their visual description. In rare cases, inks typology has been determined by means of microscopy and reflectography, i.e. using their physical and optical properties, respectively. Soot, plant, and iron gall inks form different typological classes of historical black writing materials. Soot ink is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water-soluble binding agent; plant-based ink consists of tannin solution; iron gall-ink presents a boundary case between soot and plant ink— a water soluble preliminary stage (similar to inks from the second group) oxidizes and evolves into a black, insoluble material (similar to the carbon pigments of the first group) when the writing is exposed to air. Each ink class has distinct properties that would readily permit their easy differentiation, if only these historical inks always belonged to just one of the classes above. In reality, inks may contain additives that obscure a clear picture. All the black inks of the DSS have been hitherto identified as soot inks. Yet some manuscripts, with 1QapGen ar among them, display ink corrosion that is incompatible with the pure soot ink. This type of corrosion commonly observed in medieval manuscripts written with iron gall inks, results from the catalytic action of metallic component in the ink. Early analysis of this ink conducted by Nir El and Broshi in 1996 found copper in the corrosive inks and attributed its presence to the use of bronze inkwells. Re-investigation of the 1QapGen ar ink suggests, however, that the ink composition, soot + copper, agrees well with the ink recipe recorded in the 1st century CE by Dioscorides. Similar inks have been already attested on contemporary Egyptian papyri. The first part of the paper is dedicated to the new results on the inks and corrosion pattern of the 1QapGen ar. In the second part of the presentation I will focus on the luxury scrolls, a distinct codicological type introduced by E. Tov. Our studies show that the preparation of the writing materials cannot supplement the list of codicological criteria offered by Tov. Therefore, one can divorce the writing material production from its inscription in contrast with the medieval scriptoria practices that included parchment production and copying of the manuscripts. T2 - Society of Biblical Literature (SBL) Annual Meeting 2016 CY - San Antonio, TX, USA DA - 19.11.2016 KW - Archaeometry KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Cultural heritage KW - Manuscripts PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39189 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Continuities in writing material from the Dead Sea scrolls to medieval hebrew manuscripts N2 - The international Qumran project coordinated at the BAM, Berlin, resulted in an integrated methodology for determining the original and acquired properties of the skin-based writing surfaces of the Dead Sea Scrolls. This methodology offers a powerful tool for addressing such questions as the provenance, sorting and comparison of manuscripts. In addition, we have developed specific protocols for on-site studies, which were successfully applied to the fragments from the Schøyen collection in Norway. Our studies show that the Dead Sea Scrolls writing surfaces can be divided roughly into three groups: leather, parchments of a light tint, and those of various shades of brown. The latter ones are invariably tanned, whereas the middle group is characterized by the presence of various inorganic salts. Some of the pale parchments, among them the Temple Scroll (11Q19), are remarkably similar to medieval European parchment. Therefore we have formulated the working theory that in the Judaea of the Hellenistic period two different parchment-making traditions existed side by side: an ‘eastern’ one (represented by the tanned parchments of Qumran, closely resembling Aramaic documents from the fifth century BC, and a ‘western’ one (represented by the untanned/lightly tanned ones similar to early Christian Greek parchments). This division has found support during our first pilot study of the Geniza fragments, in which Babylonian and Palestinian traditions seem to follow the “eastern” and “western” technologies, respectively. The evolution and socio-geographic distribution of writing inks in late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages build the second focus of the BAM group. We use X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) to determine the chemical composition of the inks and NIR-reflectography for their typology. Here the early appearance of the metal containing inks clearly belongs to the western tradition as opposed to the continuous use of soot inks in the East. T2 - The Texts of the Bible from the Dead Sea Scrolls to the Biblical Manuscripts of the Vienna Papyrus Collection CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 10.04.2016 KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Cultural heritage KW - Manuscripts PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39191 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material study of inks N2 - Our experimental knowledge about the inks of antiquity and late antiquity rarely goes beyond their visual description. In rare cases, inks typology has been determined by means of microscopy and reflectography, i.e. using their physical and optical properties, respectively. Soot, plant, and iron gall inks form different typological classes of historical black writing materials. Soot ink is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water-soluble binding agent; plant-based ink consists of tannin solution; iron gall-ink presents a boundary case between soot and plant ink— a water soluble preliminary stage (similar to inks from the second group) oxidizes and evolves into a black, insoluble material (similar to the carbon pigments of the first group) when the writing is exposed to air. Each ink class has distinct properties that would readily permit their easy differentiation, if only these historical inks always belonged to just one of the classes above. In reality, inks may contain additives that obscure a clear picture. Even crude observations suggest that the inks of antiquity differed greatly in their composition. We believe, that reconstructing the ink recipes with the help of advanced non-destructive analytical techniques could serve as a powerful accessory in the studies of ancient papyri. The proposed paper will present a short survey of the methods of material analysis and the challenges offered by ancient inks. (Two) examples of ink studies from the collections of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem and Egyptian Museum in Berlin will conclude the paper. T2 - 28th international congress of papyrology CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 01.08.2016 KW - Archaeometry KW - Writing inks KW - Cultural heritage KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39190 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Inspection and monitoring of massive concrete structures by innovative ultrasonic methods N2 - Presentation on recent progress in ultrasinic testing and monitoring of concrete for massive structures. First, a new instrument (LAUS) for ultrasonic echo testing of thicknesses up to 5 m is shown. A new method to provide better images of the concrete interior, Reverse Mitem Migration (RTM)is presented. Second, the use of embedded ultrasonic transducers and data processing methods borrowed from seismology to detect subtle changes in concrete are documented. T2 - NUCCON 2016 CY - Helsinki, Finland DA - 31.10.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Concrete KW - Imaging KW - Monitoring KW - Nuclear PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38181 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Progress in non-destructive testing and monitoring of concrete N2 - The presentation will give an overview on non-destructive testing techniques being developed at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany (BAM). This includes ultrasonic methods, ground penetration radar, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), infrared thermography, pile testing, sensor technology and building scanner. A focus of the talk will be ultrasonic methods, which are well established in various aspects of concrete testing. They are used for imaging the interior geometry of constructions, estimation of concrete strength or monitoring lab investigations. However, so far the detection of distributed damages, especially in an early stage, has been almost impossible. The arrival of new technologies as embedded transducers and sensitive data processing techniques adopted from seismology has opened new field of work. Recent research has been focused to detect changes in concrete elements induced by stress, temperature, moisture or chemical attacks by permanent monitoring. Techniques as Coda Wave Interferometry can resolve changes in ultrasonic velocity in the order of 1*10-5. In addition, many researchers believe that the investigation of nonlinear effects can be used to characterize damages. The presentation will give a wrap up of ultrasonic techniques currently used in practice. This will include echo based methods as multi-channel/multi-offset imaging of structural elements using commercial and prototype devices. Imaging methods as SAFT and RTM will be shortly discussed. The focus will be on the emerging techniques used for monitoring. New types of sensors will be presented as well as the devices used in laboratory and field applications. Insight will be given on the various influence factors on ultrasonic signals and various ways of feature extraction and data processing. The results of lab experiments will be shown to demonstrate the detection of various kind of damages from mechanical load, ASR, corrosion to fatigue. The experiences with our first installations in real constructions (bridges, tunnel) will also be presented. T2 - CIES Research Seminar, University of New South Wales CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 13.12.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Imaging PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38731 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - State-of-the-art of ultrasonic monitoring of concrete N2 - Ultrasonic methods are well established in various aspects of concrete testing. They are used for imaging the interior geometry of constructions, estimation of concrete strength or monitoring lab investigations. However, so far the detection of distributed damages, especially in an early stage, has been almost impossible. The arrival of new technologies as embedded transducers and sensitive data processing techniques adopted from seismology has opened new field of work. Recent research has been focused to detect changes in concrete elements induced by stress, temperature, moisture or chemical attacks by permanent monitoring. Techniques as Coda Wave Interferometry can resolve changes in ultrasonic velocity in the order of 1*10-5. In addition, many researchers believe that the investigation of nonlinear effects can be used to characterize damages. The workshop will give a wrap up of ultrasonic techniques currently used in practice. This will include echo based methods as multi-channel/multi-offset imaging of structural elements using commercial and prototype devices. Imaging methods as SAFT and RTM will be shortly discussed. The focus will be on the emerging techniques used for monitoring. New types of sensors will be presented as well as the devices used in laboratory and field applications. Insight will be given on the various influence factors on ultrasonic signals and various ways of feature extraction and data processing. The results of lab experiments will be shown to demonstrate the detection of various kind of damages from mechanical load, ASR, corrosion to fatigue. The experiences with or first installations in real constructions (bridges, tunnel) will also be presented. T2 - The 8th Australian Network of Structural Monitoring Annual Workshop CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 29.11.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Imaging PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Levee inspection - geophysics between science, standards, reliability and budgets N2 - Numerous case histories show evidence that geophysical methods are valuable tools for levee inspection and monitoring. National and international standards and recommendations recommend the use of geophysics for a variety of tasks. However, in some cases reported have been flaws missed or false indications given. Due to the larger variety in type, size and construction of levees and the even larger variety of potential tasks and targets the success of geophysical surveys still pretty much depends on the available budget and the experience and capabilities of the clients and contractors involved. It is strongly recommended that all relevant parties agree on the detailed objectives of the survey, required accuracy and reliability of the results and any follow up measures. For the most common tasks more research and practical work using techniques as POD (probability of detection), which are well established in other fields of non-destructive testing, would be of benefit. T2 - SAGEEP 2016 CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 20.03.2016 KW - Levee KW - Inspection KW - Geophysics PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Coda wave interferometry used for monitoring of concrete constructions N2 - Concrete is known to be a very useful, flexible and durable construction material. However, due to excess load, fatigue, chemical processes, freeze-thaw or reinforcement corrosion concrete may suffer from degradation. If detected too late, repair is difficult and expensive. The propagation of ultrasonic waves is influenced by changes in the properties and structure of the material, including, but not limited to, stress, temperature, moisture content and microcracking. Ultrasonic velocieties thus may serve as indicators for structural health. Traditional ultrasonic methods as transmission time of flight measurements are used since decades, but are not sensible enough to show subtle changes. Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI), originally developed in seismology to detect stress changes in the earth's crust uses the information in the late part of ultrasonic signals originating from multiple reflections and scattering. Since a few years it is used by several researchers for lab experiments on concrete. Meanwhile specialized sensors to be embedded in concrete have been developed. We have conducted several lab and a few field experiments, which will be reported here. The capabilities and limitations of CWI are summarized. T2 - Jahrestagung der DGG CY - Münster DA - 14.03.2016 KW - Coda wave interferometry KW - Concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Ultrasound PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35710 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert T1 - Bio- and immuno-imaging by use of laser ablation ICP-MS N2 - Imuno-histochemical staining (IHC) of cancer biomarker on tissue sections is one of the most important analytical techniques for cancer diagnosis although standardization and quality management is tedious and differ significantly from clinic to clinic. Combining established IHC staining strategies with modern quantitative methods would increase it`s potential. We used element mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a new ink-jet printed internal standardization approach in combination with IHC staining. The printing strategy was utilized to improve elemental image resolution and reproducibility of paraffin embedded breast cancer tissue sections in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) after conventional IHC staining as a model system to investigate the new capabilities of this technique. T2 - European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2016 CY - Tucson, Arizona, USA DA - 10.01.2016 KW - Laser Ablation KW - ICP-MS KW - Bio-Imaging PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36492 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Traub, Heike T1 - Studying cellular uptake and processing of nanoparticles by LA-ICP-MS N2 - In recent years, elemental imaging of biological samples using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is gaining in importance. Recent improvements regarding spatial resolution (down to 1 µm) and washout time make LA-ICP-MS particularly interesting for single cell analysis. Many current nanomaterials can serve as contrast agents in cellular or tissue imaging, drug delivery vehicles or therapeutics, whereas others can cause toxic effects. In order to evaluate nano-bio interactions, the number of nanoparticles (NPs) inside cells as well as their localisation within cellular substructures is of particular interest. LA-ICP-MS was used to study the NP pathway from uptake, via intracellular processing up to cell division. Fibroblast cells were incubated with different metallic NPs under varying experimental conditions. For LA analysis the cells were fixed with formaldehyde and dried. Our results show that LA-ICP-MS is able to localise NP aggregates within cellular substructures. The NPs accumulate in the perinuclear region in the course of intracellular processing, e.g. multivesicular fusion and endosomal maturation, but do not enter the nucleus [1, 2]. A strong dependence of NP uptake on concentration and incubation time was found. Additionally, the number of NPs internalized by individual cells was determined and variations within the cell population became visible. A new laser ablation system providing a short washout time (50 ms) together with small spot sizes (< 4 µm) and high repetition rates allows high spatial resolution applications. First results of cell imaging will be shown. The findings demonstrate the potential of LA-ICP-MS providing insight into NP uptake and intracellular distribution dependent on experimental parameters. T2 - 13th European Workshop on Laser Ablation CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 12.07.2016 KW - LA-ICP-MS KW - Nanoparticle KW - Bio-imaging KW - Cell PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert T1 - Bio- and immuno-imaging by use of laser ablation ICP-MS N2 - Imuno-histochemical staining (IHC) of cancer biomarker on tissue sections is one of the most important analytical techniques for cancer diagnosis although standardization and quality management is tedious and differ significantly from clinic to clinic. Combining established IHC staining strategies with modern quantitative methods would increase it`s potential. We used element mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a new ink-jet printed internal standardization approach in combination with IHC staining. The printing strategy was utilized to improve elemental image resolution and reproducibility of paraffin embedded breast cancer tissue sections in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) after conventional IHC staining as a model system to investigate the new capabilities of this technique. T2 - Ringvorlesung Analytik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.06.2016 KW - Laser ablation KW - Bio-imaging KW - Immuno-assays PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert T1 - Novel strategies for standardization and calibration in Laser Ablation ICP-MS N2 - Elemental imaging of biological samples (bio-imaging) using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) provides spatially resolved information on element distribution (qualitative and quantitative) in thin sections of biological samples. By rastering with a laser across the sample, a two-dimensional image of the elemental distribution can be reconstructed that shows the relative intensities of the respective elements. However the method is hampered by a lack of internal standards and quantification concepts, which will be discussed in this lecture in more detail. In liquid analysis the internal standard is used for drift correction and calibration and thus it is required that the standard should have similar physical and chemical properties similar to the analyte element during the pneumatic nebulization process, the transport, ionization and transmission into the ICP-MS. In laser ablation it should correct additionally for differences in the ablation process by laser instabilities or changes of sample properties to compensate variations or drift effects during the LA process. T2 - SALSA Lecture CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Standardization KW - Calibration KW - LA-ICP-MS PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37164 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Nachbestimmung von Pfahllängen am Beispiel von Masten. N2 - Im Rahmen der Lebensdauerverlängerung oder der Umnutzung von Bauwerken (z. B. Brücken, Bürogebäude oder Maste) müssen diese zum Teil neu bewertet werden. Dafür ist eine Nachrechnung für statische und dynamische Lastfälle erforderlich. Dies betrifft zum einen die Struktur selbst, die gegebenenfalls verstärkt werden muss. Aber auch die Gründung (oft Pfähle verschiedenster Typen) muss neu beurteilt werden. Nach mehreren Jahrzehnten sind jedoch für einige Bauwerke keine zuverlässigen Bestandsunterlagen verfügbar. Eine vollständige Freilegung der Pfähle verbietet sich aus Kostengründen sowie Verlust an Widerstand gegen Zug. Lediglich der Pfahlanschluss kann visuell begutachtet werden, um Pfahlzahl, -typ und Durchmesser zu bestimmen. Für die Bestimmung der Pfahllänge müssen zerstörungsfreie Verfahren eingesetzt werden. In einer Machbarkeitsstudie wurden von den Autoren teils im Blindversuch drei Verfahren evaluiert: die klassische Pfahlintegritätsprüfung nach der Hammerschlagmethode, eine mehrkanalige Variante hierzu und das Parallel-Seismik-Verfahren. Die ersten beiden Methoden lieferten an den untersuchten Pfählen nur in Einzelfällen verwertbare Ergebnisse. Die Parallel-Seismik-Methode lieferte auch im Blindversuch an Fundamenten, bei denen die Pfahllänge dem Eigentümer bekannt war, Ergebnisse mit einer Abweichung von max. 0,5 m. Diese Toleranz lässt sich bei der Standfestigkeitsbeurteilung berücksichtigen. Die Mehrkosten des Verfahrens (anders als bei den anderen Verfahren wird ein verrohrtes Bohrloch im Boden nahe dem Pfahl benötigt) halten sich in Grenzen, wenn man es in die geotechnische Untersuchung integriert. Daher wurde es inzwischen auch in der Praxis eingesetzt. Auch liegen die Gesamtkosten für die Untersuchung deutlich unter denen für eventuell notwendigen Ersatz – oder Verstärkungsmaßnahmen, die notwendig werden, wenn keine Daten zur Pfahllänge verfügbar sind. Der Vortrag erläutert die Ergebnisse der Machbarkeitsstudie, zeigt erste Praxisfälle und weist auf Möglichkeiten hin, das Parallel-Seismik Verfahren in Zukunft noch genauer und effizienter einzusetzen. T2 - Workshop Geophysikalische Untersuchungen an Bauwerken CY - Neustadt/W., Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Parallel-Seismik KW - Mast KW - Pfahl KW - Länge PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37720 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Nachbestimmung von Pfahllängen am Beispiel von Masten N2 - Im Rahmen der Lebensdauerverlängerung oder der Umnutzung von Bauwerken (z. B. Brücken, Bürogebäude oder Maste) müssen diese zum Teil neu bewertet werden. Dafür ist eine Nachrechnung für statische und dynamische Lastfälle erforderlich. Dies betrifft zum einen die Struktur selbst, die gegebenenfalls verstärkt werden muss. Aber auch die Gründung (oft Pfähle verschiedenster Typen) muss neu beurteilt werden. Nach mehreren Jahrzehnten sind jedoch für einige Bauwerke keine zuverlässigen Bestandsunterlagen verfügbar. Eine vollständige Freilegung der Pfähle verbietet sich aus Kostengründen sowie Verlust an Widerstand gegen Zug. Lediglich der Pfahlanschluss kann visuell begutachtet werden, um Pfahlzahl, -typ und Durchmesser zu bestimmen. Für die Bestimmung der Pfahllänge müssen zerstörungsfreie Verfahren eingesetzt werden. In einer Machbarkeitsstudie wurden von den Autoren teils im Blindversuch drei Verfahren evaluiert: die klassische Pfahlintegritätsprüfung nach der Hammerschlagmethode, eine mehrkanalige Variante hierzu und das Parallel-Seismik-Verfahren. Die ersten beiden Methoden lieferten an den untersuchten Pfählen nur in Einzelfällen verwertbare Ergebnisse. Die Parallel-Seismik-Methode lieferte auch im Blindversuch an Fundamenten, bei denen die Pfahllänge dem Eigentümer bekannt war, Ergebnisse mit einer Abweichung von max. 0,5 m. Diese Toleranz lässt sich bei der Standfestigkeitsbeurteilung berücksichtigen. Die Mehrkosten des Verfahrens (anders als bei den anderen Verfahren wird ein verrohrtes Bohrloch im Boden nahe dem Pfahl benötigt) halten sich in Grenzen, wenn man es in die geotechnische Untersuchung integriert. Daher wurde es inzwischen auch in der Praxis eingesetzt. Auch liegen die Gesamtkosten für die Untersuchung deutlich unter denen für eventuell notwendigen Ersatz – oder Verstärkungsmaßnahmen, die notwendig werden, wenn keine Daten zur Pfahllänge verfügbar sind. Der Vortrag erläutert die Ergebnisse der Machbarkeitsstudie, zeigt erste Praxisfälle und weist auf Möglichkeiten hin, das Parallel-Seismik Verfahren in Zukunft noch genauer und effizienter einzusetzen. T2 - Baugrundtagung 2016 CY - Bielefeld, Germany DA - 15.09.2016 KW - Mast KW - Pile KW - Pfahl KW - Länge KW - Parallel-Seismik KW - Integritätsprüfung KW - Tower KW - Length KW - Parallel-seismic KW - Integrity-testing PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37647 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Geophysik im Bauwesen - ein Überblick N2 - Überblick über den Einsatz verschiedener geophysikalischer Verfahren in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen T2 - Workshop Geophysikalische Untersuchungen an Bauwerken CY - Neustadt/W., Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Geophysik KW - ZfP KW - Bauwesen PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37719 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Thermal desoprtion analysis of hydrogen trapping in micro-alloyed high strength steels N2 - Hydrogen can cause unexpected material failure under consideration of stresses (external/internal) during manufacturing, processing or service of the materials. This failure is mostly based on a certain degradation of the mechanical properties. Thus, the correlation of hydrogen trapping vs. a respective microstructure is necessary for high strength steels. Thus, the scope of this work is the improvement of existing hydrogen trap models by verification of activation energies for hydrogen traps as well as the influence of the determination method. In this scope, the thermal desorption method is appropriate to distinguish between different hydrogen traps. Nevertheless, the specimen temperature has to be accounted very carefully in case of calculating the necessary trap energy. T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Meeting of commission II-A CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 29.02.2016 KW - Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) KW - Hydrogen trapping KW - High strength steels KW - Degradation KW - Heat treatment condition PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lehmann, Jens T1 - Potentialfeldmessung - Korrosionsprüfung von Stahlbetonbauwerken N2 - Durch das alkalische Porenwassermilieu ist Stahl im Beton vor Korrosion geschützt. Unter ungünstigen Umgebungsbedingungen (Karbonatisierung, Chlorideintrag) kann die passive Deckschicht auf der Stahloberfläche zerstört werden. Im weiteren Verlauf können sich korrosionsbedingte Folgeschäden, wie Risse und Abplatzungen am Bauwerk ergeben. Um notwendige Sanierungsmaßnahmen sind frühzeitige und weitgehend zerstörungsfrei ermittelte Informationen über das aktuelle Korrosionsverhalten der Stahlbewehrung von großer Bedeutung. Die Potentialfeldmessung ist ein etabliertes und weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Beurteilung des Korrosionszustandes der Bewehrung in Stahlbetonbauwerken. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens können Bereiche aktiv korrodierender Bewehrung zerstörungsfrei lokalisiert werden. In der Regel kommt diese Messmethode bei der Detektion chloridinduzierter Korrosion zum Einsatz. T2 - Fachtagung Prüfen von Beton CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 11.10.2016 KW - Stahlbeton KW - Spannbeton KW - Korrosion KW - Zertörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37807 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herrmann, Antje T1 - Simple and fast metal staining procedures for identification of single cells via Laser Ablation ICP-MS N2 - Biological systems exhibit a very high complexity, because they consist of various cell populations showing heterogenic characteristics. Therefore the individual analysis of single cells is important to understand cellular processes as well as their function in a cell system. Especially investigation in the question about what is biological variability and what is a substantial difference between two cells of the same type (which might lead to dysfunction or disease) is of high interest. Today improved spatial and temporal resolution enable the use of laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for element microscopy of single cells. Next to the characterization of natural trace elements the introduction of artificial metal labels into cells is of high interest. Element labeling of cell compartments and/or proteins allows its simultaneous analysis and localization within a cell via element microscopy. Two fast and simple metal staining procedures of adherent cells for identification of single cells via LA-ICP-MS at sub micrometer resolution are presented. An Iridium-intercalator is utilized to stain the cell nuclei whereas the whole cell is stained by maleimido-mono-amide-DOTA-complexes (mDOTA) loaded with lanthanide(III) isotope ions. The metal staining procedures allow the visualization of single cells by element microscopy independent of a superposition of analyte’s 2D element intensity profile with a prior taken bright field image of the sample. T2 - EWLA 2016 CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 12.07.2016 KW - bioimaging KW - single cell analysis PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37077 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Michalik-Onichimowska, Aleksandra T1 - On-line monitoring of photoreactions within levitated droplets by LA-DBD-MS N2 - Real time monitoring of chemical reactions has become a key step in industrial processes due to constantly increasing demands on product performance and environmental compatibility. In contrast to spectroscopic methods that usually require sample pretreatment, mass spectrometry (MS) has been proven as a robust method for multicomponent analysis. As an especially demanding reaction process, we here report successfully on the entirely contactless conduction and interrogation of a chemical reaction inside an acoustically levitated microliter droplet of reaction mixture. The approach represents a proof of concept study for fast reaction optimization approaches with minimal resource consumption. The sampling is done by repeated laser desorption of small fractions of the droplets volume spread over the timescale of the reaction process. T2 - 49. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Massenspektrometrie CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 28.02.2016 KW - Monitoring of chemical reactions KW - Acoustic levitation KW - Mass spectrometry PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sötebier, Carina T1 - Application of ICP-MS in the single particle mode and isotope dilution analysis on the example of silver nanoparticles N2 - Due to its simplicity, speed and ability to obtain a particle number size distribution, single particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS) has emerged as an important tool for the analysis of nanoparticles (NPs). However, when NPs are suspended in a complex, unknown solution, matrix effects can occur affecting the instrument’s sensitivity. As a result, an over- or underestimation of the particle size is possible. In this work, a proof-of-concept study of the combination of isotopic dilution analysis (IDA) and spICP-MS compensating for possible matrix effects is presented. As an example, an isotopically enriched 109Ag standard solution was added to silver NPs (Ag NP) suspensions. Different NP suspensions with mean particle diameters between 30 and 80 nm were chosen. The mixtures were analyzed using a quadrupole ICP-MS instrument. Both Ag isotopes (107Ag and 109Ag) were monitored during one experiment. The result show a good agreement with the diameters obtained using conventional spICP-MS. In a second step, the Ag NPs were suspended in a simulated seawater matrix. Using conventional spICP-MS, a great reduction in the signal intensities and consequently in the particle sizes, was monitored. The application of the IDA-spICP-MS approach on these samples was able to obtain similar diameters compared to the samples without matrix. T2 - Anwendertreffen Plasmaspektrometrie CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.02.2016 KW - Single particle ICP-MS KW - Silver nanoparticles KW - Isotope dilution analysis PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35627 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Modeling and diagnostics of laser induced plasma for needs of spectrochemical analysis N2 - Two topics will be addressed: (1) calibration-free LIBS based on Monte Carlo spectral optimization and (2) insight into the possibility of simultaneous elemental and molecular analysis by LIBS. Both topics heavily rely on modeling of laser induced plasma and are closely connected to experiment. In Monte Carlo LIBS (MC LIBS), concentrations are found by fitting model-generated synthetic spectra to experimental spectra. The model of a static uniform isothermal plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium is employed. Many configurations of plasma parameters and their corresponding spectra are simultaneously generated using a graphic processing unit (GPU). Using the GPU allows for the reduction of computational time down to several minutes for one experimental spectrum that presents the significant progress in comparison with earlier versions of MC LIBS. The method is tested by analyzing industrial oxides containing various concentrations of CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, and TiO2. The agreement within several percent between found and certified concentrations is achieved. Next, a newly developed collisional-dominated model of a laser induced plasma is introduced. The model includes the coupled Navier-Stokes, state, radiative transfer, and material transport equations and incorporates plasma chemistry through the equilibrium approach based on the use of atomic and molecular partition functions. Simple chemical systems are modeled including ablation of Si and C in N2 and Ar atmospheres.The model is used to study evolution of number densities of atomic and molecular species in the expanding plasma plume. The distribution is compared to experimental observations obtained by optical imaging and tomography. To further verify the model, dynamic plasma T2 - FLAMN 2016 CY - St. Petersburg, Russia DA - 27.06.2016 KW - Plasma diagnostics KW - Laser induced plasma KW - LIBS KW - Plasma modeling PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38775 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Modeling and diagnostics of molecules in laser induced plasmasmodeling and diagnostics of molecules in laser induced plasmas N2 - A collisional-dominated model of a laser induced plasma will be presented which includes the coupled Navier-Stokes, state, radiative transfer, and material transport equations and incorporates plasma chemistry through the equilibrium approach based on the use of atomic and molecular partition functions. Simple chemical systems are modeled including ablation of Si, C, SiC, CaCl2 in N2 or Ar atmospheres with the formation of molecules N2, C2, Si2, CN, Cl2, SiN, SiC, CaCl, CaCl2 and their corresponding positive and negative ions1,2. The initial conditions are specially chosen to emulate the plasma state on the onset of expansion just after the laser pulse had ended. The model is used to study evolution of number densities of atomic and molecular species in the expanding plasma plume. The distribution is compared to experimental observations obtained by optical imaging and tomography. The model and experiment serve to elucidate mechanisms of molecular formation in LIPs, the topic which has recently received much attention in the LIBS community. T2 - LIBS 2016 CY - Chamonix, France DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Plasma diagnostics KW - Plasma physics PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Modeling and diagnostics of molecules in laser induced plasmasmodeling and diagnostics of molecules in laser induced plasmas N2 - A collisional-dominated model of a laser induced plasma will be presented which includes the coupled Navier-Stokes, state, radiative transfer, and material transport equations and incorporates plasma chemistry through the equilibrium approach based on the use of atomic and molecular partition functions. Simple chemical systems are modeled including ablation of Si, C, SiC, CaCl2 in N2 or Ar atmospheres with the formation of molecules N2, C2, Si2, CN, Cl2, SiN, SiC, CaCl, CaCl2 and their corresponding positive and negative ions. The model is used to study evolution of number densities of atomic and molecular species in the expanding plasma plume. The distribution is compared to experimental observations obtained by optical imaging and tomography. The model and experiment serve to elucidate mechanisms of molecular formation in LIPs, the topic which has recently received much attention in the LIBS community. T2 - SCIX 2016 CY - Minneapolis, USA DA - 18.09.2016 KW - Plasma diagnostics KW - Plasma physics PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Forschen - Prüfen - Beraten - Ziele und Aufgaben der Ressortforschung N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick die deutsche Ressortforschung. Neben einer Einordnung in das deutsche Wissenschaftssystem werden in einem historischen Überblick die Besonderheiten der Ressortforschung diskutiert. Besonderes Augenmerk wird der Frage gewidmet „Was ist gute Ressortforschung“. Kritisch erscheint besonders die Vereinbarkeit von exzellenter Wissenschaft und seriöser und unabhängiger Politikberatung. T2 - Auftaktveranstaltung des BMVI-Expertennetzwerks Wissen - Können - Handeln CY - BMVI, Berlin, Germany DA - 19.04.2016 KW - Ressortforschung KW - Ressortforschungseinrichtung KW - Wissenschaftliche Politikberatung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37530 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzweber, Markus T1 - Surface chemical characterization and shelf life studies of reference glycan microarrays using ToF-SIMS, XPS and fluorescence spectroscopy N2 - Covalent modification of surfaces with carbohydrates (glycans) is a prerequisite for a variety of glycomics-based biomedical applications, including functional biomaterials, glycan-arrays, and glycan-based biosensors. The chemistry of glycan immobilization plays an essential role in the bioavailability and function of surface bound carbohydrate moieties. For biomedical applications the stability over time (shelf life) of a glycan-array is a crucial factor. Basic requirements for the production of microarrays are first of all stable signals without any loss of quality. Therefore, the investigation of the shelf life for carbohydrate microarrays is an important part in the development of glycan-arrays. Motivated by the need of reliable quality control for glycan microarrays, we developed reference arrays using fluorescent model glycans. Since the long term stability of glycan microarrays is a crucial factor for their clinical application the shelf life at different storage conditions of glycan microarrays was studied in detail using the two model glycan compounds. Herein, we present a shelf life study of model glycan microarrays on epoxy modified glass surfaces over a period of 320 days. This was carried out using different analyzing techniques such as Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. To analyze and interpret the ToF-SIMS dataset the multivariate technique principal component analysis (PCA) was used. The dependence of the array´s shelf life upon storage conditions was specifically studied. T2 - SIMS Europe 2016 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 18.9.2016 KW - Glycan microarray KW - XPS KW - SIMS KW - Fluorescence spectroscopy PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Riaz, Muhammad T1 - Influence of the of dealumination and porosity on the acid sites of natural zeolite clinoptilolite N2 - Heavy feedstock from crude and bio oil is a widely available and renewable resource for production of fuel and starting materials for other organic valuables by cracking or hydrocracking. Catalytic processing of heavy feedstock can meet the increased demand of energy up to a great extent. It requires the application of acidic catalysts like zeolites. However, the used synthetic catalysts are difficult to recover and reuse and are mostly spent. The use of natural zeolite as spent catalysts may open new perspectives in the chemical use of heavy feed feedstock by chemical conversion. Natural zeolites are not expensive, widely available and environment friendly. Clinoptilolite is the most abundant natural zeolite. Clinoptilolite has a crystalline structure with a defined micropore system of medium size showing unique ion exchange and sorption properties. However, it is catalytically active only in the H-form. Also certain porosity is required for improvement of the accessibility of active sites. This paper deals with the tuning of acid properties and of the mesoporosity of the clinoptilolite by variation of the Si/Al framework ratio, extra-framework aluminum and modification of the porosity by specific acid and water vapor treatment. The preparation of hierarchical pore structures containing interconnected micro-meso-macropores is an important factor influencing the catalytic performance. The obtained materials have been characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR, Raman, TG/DSC. The chemical composition has been determined by ICP-AES. The porosity have been investigated by nitrogen adsorption desorption measurements. The acidity has been measured by Ammonia-TPD. The extent of dealumination, stability of the clinoptilolite against acid treatment and the change in the nature of acid sites and their local structure has been studied by solid state 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy in detail. The catalytic activity has been investigated in the acetalization of benzaldehyde with 1,3-butanediol. The impact of the porosity, change of the Si/Al ratio as well as present Al species on catalytic properties will be discussed. T2 - Deutsche Zeolith Tagung 2016 CY - Gießen, Germany DA - 02.03.2016 KW - Natural zeolite Clinoptilolite PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-40681 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Analysis of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) with thermal desorption GC-MS N2 - Most VVOC were rarely considered in the evaluation of construction products. (Salthammer, 2014) In Germany this will change because the latest version of the German AgBB scheme for health evaluation (2015) now include VVOC, e.g. ethyl acetate and ethanol. In this study selected compounds were tested with the procedure described in ISO 16017 and a method for measuring VVOC with thermal desorption was developed. Three different adsorbents Tenax TA, Carbograph 5TD and Carbopack X were tested to analyse VVOC according to ISO 16017. For the tested VVOC, Carbograph 5TD showed the best results under the chosen analytical conditions. T2 - Indoor Air 2016, The 14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 03.07.2016 KW - Thermal desorption KW - VVOC KW - Carbograph 5TD KW - Carbopack X PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37037 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reinsch, Stefan T1 - Glass transition and viscosity of hydrous soda-lime-borate glasses N2 - Boron oxide glasses usually show low glass transition temperature Tg due to the three-fold oxygen coordination of boron. Adding of alkali and alkaline earth oxides to the glass composition will not decrease but increase Tg due to a change in boron coordination from trigonal to tetrahedral, known as the boron anomaly. Only for higher fractions of alkali oxides, non-bridging oxygens (NBO) are progressively formed in competition with tetrahedrally coordinated boron, which leads to a decrease in viscosity. ln contrast to this well-known behavior of alkali oxides (R2O), there is little known about adding H2O to borate glasses. The present work therefore aims in shedding light on the rheological properties of hydrous soda lime borate glasses with particular focus on the role of water. For doing so, we determined Tg as a function of Na2O and H2O content using differential thermal analysis (DTA) backed up by micropenetration viscosity measurements. Results show that water decreases Tg for all glasses and water concentrations under study (< 8 wt.% total water). Obviously, water mostly causes the formation of NBO having no significant influence on boron coordination as seen for alkaline. T2 - Crystallization 2015 CY - Shanghai, China DA - 07.04.2016 KW - Borate glasses KW - Thermal analyses KW - Viscosity KW - Water-bearing glasses PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38318 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Streeck, C. T1 - Characterization of bio-molecular surfaces and liquids by means of reference-free X-ray spectrometry N2 - An increasing field of application for X-ray spectrometry and related analysis techniques is the investigation of tailor made functional surfaces modified by organic molecules. For a detailed understanding and further development of such functionalized surfaces, a quantitative determination of the surface density of molecular species or even specific functional groups is required. By means of reference-free X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry such customized surfaces can be analyzed quantitatively, when using specific marker elements. A chemical analysis of molecular bonds can be accomplished by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in the Near-Edge region (NEXAFS). Especially in the soft X-ray range an access to relevant light elements like carbon C, nitrogen N and oxygen O is possible. Especially, the characterization of liquids and solid-liquid interfaces aiming at the determination of bio-molecular moieties (functional groups) is of great interest. The characterization of such systems requires the analysis of bio-molecules in their liquid environment. For the understanding of (biomolecular) reactions and binding processes the verification and quantification of biomolecule immobilization is essential. However, the analysis in the soft-X-ray range involves a higher experimental effort. In this contribution various successful applications of the characterizations of organofunctionalized surfaces, solid-liquid interfaces and liquids containing bio-molecular species by means of reference-free X-ray spectrometry will be presented. The experiments were performed at the plane-grating monochromator beamline (PGM-U49) in the soft X-ray range at the synchrotron radiation facility BESSY II. Using calibrated instrumentation and a quantification approach based on atomic fundamental parameters a quantitative access without any calibration sample or reference material is possible. In a complementary analysis by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and fluorescence measurements based on laserexcitation in the optical light spectrum the functional-group density of silane monolayers were determined. Here, the nitrogen atoms of the head-group of the label molecule employed could be used as specific marker for the reference-free quantitative XRF analysis and is used for traceable calibration of XPS and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, a novel UHV-compatible liquid-cell developed to investigate liquids and solidliquid interfaces will be presented. Protein attachment at the solid-liquid interface was investigated by detection of the characteristic N1s→π*(O=C-N) amide bond resonance in the N K-edge NEXAFS by using ultra-thin epoxy-functionalized SiC-windows. T2 - European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry (EXRS) CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 19.06.2016 KW - Bio-molecular surfaces KW - NEXAFS KW - XPS KW - XRS PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Moser, Marko T1 - Spectroscopic Quantification of Thiol Groups and Ligands on Nanomaterials N2 - Thiols have a high binding affinity to noble metals and semiconductor (SC) materials. Thiol ligands enable size control and tuning of the surface during the synthesis of nanoparticles (NP), significantly influence their physico-chemical and optical properties, and allow for their bioconjugation via further functional groups. Thus, simple, inexpensive, robust, and fast methods for the quantification of thiol groups and the characterization of thiol-modified or - stabilized nanomaterials including polymers are of considerable importance. T2 - Innovation Forum Senftenberg 2016 CY - Senftenberg, Germany DA - 01.06.2016 KW - Thiols KW - Ellman KW - Aldrithiol PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37243 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Keller, Julia T1 - Electrochemistry coupled with mass spectrometry - a versatile tool to investigate metabolic processes of mycotoxins N2 - To understand the metabolic fate of food relevant mycotoxins in vitro systems were mainly used as the method of choice, so far. Yet, in recent years coupling of electrochemistry mass spectrometry (EC-MS) gained increasing importance as promising technique for fast simulation of metabolic processes and was successfully applied in particular for drug metabolism [1]. The aim of our work was to investigate the potential of EC-MS to predict phase I metabolites of priority mycotoxins and to compare the results with in vitro experiments. Hence, the EU-regulated Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN) and patulin as well as dihydroergocristine (DHEC) as model compound of ergot alkaloids were electrochemically oxidized and analyzed by EC MS for the first time. Electrochemical conditions were set-up individually for each of the three mycotoxins. By using a coulometric flow through cell with a diamond working electrode oxidation of the chosen mycotoxins was observed after applying potentials between 1.7 and 2.0 V vs. Pd/H2. The electrochemically generated reaction products were analyzed online by mass-spectrometric detection. All of the three chosen mycotoxins were electrochemically converted to mono- and/or dihydroxylated products confirming the results of ZEN related metabolism studies [2, 3] and in case of DHEC own results from in vitro assays. Due to a lack of metabolism studies concerning the oxidative fate of patulin, interpretation of EC-MS data and performing microsomal studies is of particular relevance. Beside the identified products from electrochemical oxidation of ZEN, patulin and DHEC there is still a number of yet unknown compounds. Additional structural characterization of detected compounds by NMR and X-ray analysis will be facilitated by their large-scale production using preparative EC cells. T2 - Mycotoxin Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 02.05.2016 KW - Mycotoxins KW - Electrochemistry KW - Biotransformation KW - Mass spectrometry PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -