TY - JOUR A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Campari, Alessandro A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Paltrinieri, Nicola A1 - Alvaro, Antonio T1 - Evaluation of the tensile properties of X65 pipeline steel in compressed gaseous hydrogen using hollow specimens N2 - Hydrogen has great potential on the path towards decarbonization of the energy and transport sectors and can mitigate the urgent issue of global warming. It can be sustainably produced through water electrolysis with potentially zero emissions, and efficiently used (e.g., in fuel cell systems). Despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen-metal interactions could result in the degradation of the mechanical properties of several structural materials. In order to determine the magnitude of the material degradation in relation to hydrogen exposure, extensive material testing is required. The standardized procedure for in-situ testing for the quantification of the impact of compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) relies on the utilization of an autoclave around the tested specimen. Such test set-up is complex, expensive, time-consuming and requires special equipment, trained personnel, and strict safety procedures. A relatively recent method to circumvent these issues and provide affordable results consists of using hollow specimens, thus applying the hydrogen pressure inside rather than outside the specimen. It allows to reduce the volume of hydrogen by several orders of magnitude and to perform the tests more efficiently and in a safer manner. This study focuses on evaluating the tensile properties of X65 vintage pipeline steel tested in a high-pressure hydrogen environment using hollow specimens. Tests are performed in 6 MPa H2 and Ar at the nominal strain rate of 10−6 s−1 to evaluate the reduced area at fracture and the elongation loss. The effect of surface finishing on crack initiation and propagation is investigated by comparing two different manufacturing techniques. In this way, this study provides insights into the applicability of a novel, reliable, and safe testing method which can be used to assess the hydrogen-assisted ductility loss in metallic materials. KW - Mechanical Engineering KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - SSRT KW - Hollow specimen KW - Pipeline steel KW - In-situ tensile test PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595887 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2024.01.074 SN - 2452-3216 VL - 54 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59588 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Wieder, Frank A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Evaluation of the impact of gaseous hydrogen on pipeline steels utilizing hollow specimen technique and μCT N2 - The high potential of hydrogen as a key factor on the pathway towards a climate neutral economy, leads to rising demand in technical applications, where gaseous hydrogen is used. For several metals, hydrogen-metal interactions could cause a degradation of the material properties. This is especially valid for low carbon and highstrength structural steels, as they are commonly used in natural gas pipelines and analyzed in this work. This work provides an insight to the impact of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an API 5L X65 pipeline steel tested in 60 bar gaseous hydrogen atmosphere. The analyses were performed using the hollow specimen technique with slow strain rate testing (SSRT). The nature of the crack was visualized thereafter utilizing μCT imaging of the sample pressurized with gaseous hydrogen in comparison to one tested in an inert atmosphere. The combination of the results from non-conventional mechanical testing procedures and nondestructive imaging techniques has shown unambiguously how the exposure to hydrogen under realistic service pressure influences the mechanical properties of the material and the appearance of failure. KW - Energy Engineering and Power Technology KW - Condensed Matter Physics KW - Fuel Technology KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment KW - µCT KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595077 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.005 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 59 SP - 874 EP - 879 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Leo, Reinhold T1 - Duplex stainless steels - Compatibility for high-pressure hydrogen applications N2 - Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are an essential component used in the construction of transportation pipelines because of their many distinctive qualities. The choice of DSS for a particular hydrogen application mainly depends on its susceptibility level to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC). Several mechanisms have been proposed to describe the occurring microscale processes behind HAC, and these include metastable phase transformation, Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP), and Hydrogen Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE). This contribution describes the path to ascertain if DSS is suitable for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen applications. The interplay between several critical factors that result in HAC was examined using high-pressure gaseous hydrogen charging, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), tensile testing and hydrogen concentration measurements using Carrier Gas Hot Extraction (CGHE). T2 - Third German-African Green Hydrogen Forum 2025 CY - Bernburg (Saale), Germany DA - 23.09.2025 KW - Hydrogen Assisted Cracking KW - High Pressure Hydrogen KW - Duplex Stainless Steels KW - Hollow Specimen Technique PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanisch erzeugte Funken („HySpark“) N2 - Im Zuge der Energiewende finden Wasserstofftechnologien in der industriellen Praxis und im öffentlichen Raum immer mehr Anwendung. Beim Einsatz von Wasserstoff als Ersatz für andere fossile Energieträger wie Erdgas müssen u.a. Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen überprüft und angepasst werden. Eine Art von Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen ist die Vermeidung von Zündquellen. Gemäß den einschlägigen Regelwerken ist die Bildung von Funken oder heißen Aufschlagstellen beim mechanischen Schlag eine mögliche Zündquelle, die vor allem beim Wasserstoff berücksichtigt werden muss. Die Zündwirksamkeit ist dabei u.a. stark von der Werkstoffpaarung und der kinetischen Schlagenergie abhängig. Der Einsatz von funkenarmen Werkzeugen aus schwer oxidierbaren Nicht-Eisen-Metallen in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen kann z.B. eine Maßnahme sein, um diese Zündquelle zu vermeiden und wird als solche in den Regelwerken benannt. Es gibt aber kaum Quellen, die dabei helfen die Zündwirksamkeit bei Schlägen mit heterogenen Materialpaarungen einzuschätzen. In dieser Arbeit wurde zu diesem Zweck die Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen mit unterschiedlichen, auch nicht-metallischen Schlagpartnern in wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären systematisch untersucht. KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Zündquelle KW - ATEX KW - Erdgas KW - Mechanischer Schlag PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579869 DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-57986 SP - 1 EP - 28 AN - OPUS4-57986 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - Challenges for hydrogen technologies - Activities of H2Safety@BAM N2 - In this presentation the drivers for the rise of hydrogen technologies are outlined and main challenges for the market ramp-up are shown. Finally, the activities and capabilities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM are characterized and some of the current projects at BAM adressing the main challenges for hydrogen technologies are presented focussing on the hydrogen transport and infrastructure. T2 - Wasserstoff-Dialog - Stakeholder-Konferenz des Wasserstoff-Kompass CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.10.2022 KW - Hydrogen strategy KW - ModuH2Pipe KW - Hydrogen transport KW - Hydrogen infrastructure KW - Liquid hydrogen (LH2) PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-57065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás A1 - de Araujo Abilio, André A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Krzysch, Zephanja A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Challenges with metallic materials for the transport and storage of hydrogen N2 - The hydrogen economy is one of the most important solutions to achieve climate neutrality in Europe. It involves the production, storage, transport and use of large quantities of hydrogen in existing and new infrastructures. Components along this supply chain, such as pipelines and storage tanks, are made of various metallic materials, with steel being the most common construction material. The rapid introduction of hydrogen therefore brings with it major challenges, in particular the need for comprehensive qualification of components and materials to ensure the sustainable and safe use of hydrogen technologies. This article provides an overview of the state of the art in the testing of materials and components as well as corresponding future trends and developments for a successful transition to a hydrogen economy. T2 - VGBE - Materials and Quality Assurance 2023 CY - Bergheim, Germany DA - 10.05.2023 KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Materials Testing KW - Component Testing KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen KW - Hollow Specimen Technique PY - 2024 VL - 4 SP - 60 EP - 64 PB - VGBE Energy AN - OPUS4-60686 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás T1 - Comprehensive Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas N2 - The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations and complement the current techniques for qualifying metallic materials under highpressure hydrogen gas. In this technique, an axial hole is manufactured in a tensile specimen, which is then filled with hydrogen gas, sealed, and placed in a standard testing machine. This method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and does not require complex equipment or a specialised laboratory, unlike the conventional autoclave technique. Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of the committee ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 to standardise the method, however, there are still open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, which is presented in this contribution. T2 - Oxford - EPRI Hydrogen Embrittlement Workshop CY - Oxford, United Kingdom DA - 23.06.2024 KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - High-pressure Gaseous Hydrogen KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Tensile Testing PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - The impact and potential of halophilic microorganisms on alternative fuels N2 - As more industrial interests focusing on using salt caverns and repurposed gas or petroleum reservoirs for alternative fuel storage, i.e. CO2/H2, the question raises whether microorganisms may impact the infrastructure, gas purity and storage condition over time. Environments with high salinity (> 1.5 Meq of NaCl) are resided by halophiles (salt-loving microorganisms). To compensate for the intensive osmotic stress, they have resorted to two main adaptation strategies: 1) production of compatible solutes and 2) accumulation of intracellular KCl. Microbial community analysis of several high salinity environments revealed a number of recurring genera, including Halomonas and Halanaerobium. However, the impact of halophiles on the overall integrity and stability of the storage facilities remain largely unknown. To evaluate the suitability and stability of saline storage facilities, several model halophilic microorganisms, such as members of Halomonas, will be selected as testing subjects. First, the impact of halophiles on the infrastructure will be determined using an integrative approach by combining a number of techniques, including electrochemistry, TOF-SIMS, SEM/FIB/EDS and FIB-TEM. Second, the abilities of halophiles to alter the fuel composition (i.e. increase/decrease the fractions of H2) will be monitored using gas chromatography by growing them under high pressure. As a result of climate change and the accompanying mandatory shift to renewable energy resources, microorganisms will continue to play an important role in the energy sector, both to their benefit and detriment. Thus, it is important to achieve a certain level of understanding regarding the activities and mechanisms of halophiles prior to large-scaled excursions. T2 - ISMOS-8 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.06.2021 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Hydrogen KW - Gas storage KW - Contamination PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Junias, Josua Kondja T1 - Prediction of Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Mixtures Using Machine Learning Models N2 - An understanding of Hydrogen-Oxygen/Air-Diluents gas mixtures combustion characteristics and their accurate prediction is crucial for ensuring the safety of hydrogen-related applications, reducing accidents risk, and protecting lives and property. Hydrogen detonation propagations are characterized by the detonation cell size, used to quantitatively predict for a mixture to detonate including, among others, the initiation energy, critical and minimum tube diameters. For the prediction of explosion limits, detonation run-up-distances and cell sizes, various empirical, semi-empirical and numerical models can be found in literature. These models are usually limited to a narrow range of explosion process or geometrical experimental parameters. Moreover, based on the limited availability of the detonation cell widths measurements, current estimation models are seemingly inaccurate. Machine learning models can be utilized to make justifiable prediction on the detonation cell sizes of hydrogen-air mixtures and other gaseous explosive mixtures cell sizes, explosion limits or run-up distance to detonation based on the mixture type, temperature, pressure, equivalence ratios as well as on geometrical parameters with consideration of highly diverse experimental data measurements uncertainties. Therefore, an up-to date database for explosion characteristics will be established and machine learning models will be developed, trained, tested, and validated using experimental data to predict explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures. The models predicted results will be validated against existing models. It will be tested whether machine learning models are able to predict the explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures with better accuracy and more comprehensively than conventional empirical and numerical models to be found in literature. T2 - Combustion Institute 40th International Symposium CY - Milano, Italy DA - 21.07. 2024 KW - Prediction, detonation KW - Machine Learning KW - Flammability limits PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60769 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan T1 - Evolution of tensile testing methodologies for hydrogen embrittlement in austenitic steels: a comparative study N2 - The energy transition towards hydrogen utilisation has increased the demand for reliable testing methods to evaluate the susceptibility of metallic materials to hydrogen degradation. However, traditional electrochemical pre-charging techniques have limitations in represent-ing realistic gaseous hydrogen exposure conditions. This study presents three comparative analyses of tensile testing methodologies, focusing on the differences between electrochem-ical pre-charging, gaseous pre-charging, and in-situ testing using hollow specimens for aus-tenitic steels AISI 304L and 316L type austenitic steels. Based on the results obtained, the first comparison reveals that electrochemically pre-charged and gaseously pre-charged specimens exhibit different behaviours regarding the impact on the mechanical properties. This effect can be retraced to the varying distribution of hydrogen throughout the specimens. Although comparable embrittlement was observed for similar hydrogen concentrations, the relationship appears to be non-systematic. The second comparison evaluates the performance of pre-charged hollow specimens (300°C, 100 bar, 21 days) in comparison to hollow specimens tested in-situ under 200 bar hydrogen during slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT). While pre-charged specimens show a slight de-crease in elongation at fracture and a noticeable decrease in reduction of area (RA), in-situ tested specimens exhibit significantly more pronounced embrittlement. This is in accord-ance with the results of Michler et. al. In the third comparison, geometry effects between pre-charged conventional and pre-charged hollow specimens are explored. In this case, the hydrogen effect appears to be of the same order of magnitude for both specimen types, although some differences are ob-served. The study's findings underscore the importance of considering differences between test methods when assessing materials’ compatibility with hydrogen. It specifically emphasises the need for in-situ testing with gaseous hydrogen to better represent real conditions in ap-plications within the hydrogen sector. Furthermore, the study provides an initial compari-son between conventional and hollow specimens, demonstrating their capability to reveal hydrogen effects. However, additional research is essential to enhance the comparability of results yielded by these testing methods. T2 - European Conference on Fracture 2024 CY - Zagreb, Croatia DA - 26.08.2024 KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - Hydrogen KW - Austenitic Stainless Steel KW - Hydrogen Testing KW - AISI 316L PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan T1 - The relationship between surface condition and the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured 316L N2 - The following contribution presents the analyses of additively manufactured (AM) 316L using hollow specimens at 200 bar hydrogen and a strain rate of 1E-5 s-1. The work includes a comparison of three types of hollow specimens: mechanically extracted from fully additively manufactured cylinders, near-net-shape additively manufactured specimens, i.e. as printed, and specimens made of conventional 316L. AM specimens were manufactured via powder bed fusion with laser beam of metals (PBF-LB/M). For the near-net-shape specimens the inner hole remained without any mechanical processing. The inner holes of the cylindric specimens were manufactured by drilling with subsequent honing. The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement was found to be strongly dependent on the surface being in contact with hydrogen. While specimens with a clean surface had a relative reduction of area (RRA) of around 78 %, those with an as-printed surface showed a significantly larger RRA of around 90 %. One possible reason for this are oxide layers formed due to small amounts of oxygen during the AM-process. Further research is required to determine if the lower effect on the mechanical properties is permanently for as printed parts or e.g. time dependent. Additionally, further work with variation in the nominal strain rate is required. T2 - IIW 77th Annual Assembly 2024 CY - Rhodes, Greece DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Austenitic steel 316L KW - Additive manufacturing KW - PBF-LB/M KW - Hydrogen degradation KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Hollow specimen technique PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan T1 - Stainless Steels and Hydrogen Applications N2 - The contribution was presented at the Stainless Steel World Conference 2022. The presentation shows the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of steel. Some test methods are shown and selected results are presented. T2 - Stainless Steel World Conference 2022 CY - Maastricht, Netherlands DA - 27.09.2022 KW - Gaseous hydrogen KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking KW - SSRT PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás T1 - Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Path Towards Standardisation and the Case Study of a Pipeline Steel and its Weld N2 - The hollow specimen technique is a simple method that has the potential to make material qualification with gaseous pressurized hydrogen widely applicable for the hydrogen industry at low cost. The feasibility of this method has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of an ISO committee for its standardization. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardized for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The aim is to close the identified gaps towards the standardization of this method for hydrogen testing. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by the results regarding the influence of specimen production and its response to hydrogen effects. Depending on the production method, different roughness and residual stresses can be expected on the inner hole surface of the specimens. This is of importance since an increase in stress concentration sites have been found to be associated to a higher severity of hydrogen effects. This influence has been investigated after applying the following machining processes: a) drilled only; b) drilled and reamed; c) drilled and honed; d) electro-discharge machining (EDM) and honed; e) EDM and reamed. Roughness measurements using a profilometer, electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis and microhardness tests have been performed previous to mechanical testing to infer on the effect of the different production methods on the surface of the inner hole. Next, the specimens were mechanically tested via slow strain rate tensile tests in a argon and in hydrogen, both at 150 bar and room temperature. Here, a strain-rate sensibility analysis was also performed to identify an optimal strain-rate for the mechanical tests. Based on the results an optimal production method is identified and proposed. T2 - ASTM Conference on Hydrogen Materials CY - La Rochelle, France DA - 03.06.2025 KW - Hydrogen KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen KW - Austenitic Stainless Steel KW - H2HohlZug KW - TransHyDE KW - Tensile Test KW - Pipeline Steel PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Challenges with metallic materials in hydrogen technologies N2 - The contribution was presented in the Joint European Summer School in Athens as part of several contributions from BAM in the field of hydrogen safety. These presentations are given in order to provide an overview about the activities of BAM as part of the competence center H2Safety@BAM T2 - JOINT EUROPEAN SUMMER SCHOOL (JESS) CY - Athens, Greece DA - 12.09.2022 KW - Gaseous hydrogen KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas T1 - Distributed Fibre Optic Monitoring of Hydrogen Storage Composite Pressure Vessels for Automotive Use N2 - We present our research work on the condition monitoring of hydrogen storage composite pressure vessels using distributed fibre optic sensors. The sensing fibres are integrated into the composite structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner in the helical and circumferential direction during the manufacturing process of the carbon fibre reinforced polymer. The following use of optical backscatter reflectometry allows for continuous condition monitoring and precise detection and localization of structural damages during the entire service life. To account for the time-dependent strength degradation of the composite pressure vessels, both slow burst and ambient hydraulic cycling tests, respectively, were conducted on five 70 MPa pressure vessels with integrated fibre optic sensors. The results achieved via distributed fibre optic strain sensing demonstrate a near linear strain response to pressure suitable for sensitive condition monitoring and confirm the required robustness of the selected sensor solution. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.05.2025 KW - Distributed fibre optic sensor (DFOS) KW - Composite pressure vessel KW - Optical backscatter reflectometry KW - Slow burst test KW - Ambient hydraulic cycling test PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653067 DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/32344 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-65306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sauermoser-Yri, M. A1 - Veldurthi, N. A1 - Wölfle, C. H. A1 - Svartvatn, P. J. A1 - Flo Hoem, S. O. A1 - Lid, M. J. A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Palko, J. A1 - Torgersen, J. T1 - On the porosity-dependent permeability and conductivity of triply periodic minimal surface based porous media N2 - With the fast development in the field of additive manufacturing, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) based porous media have recently found many uses in mechanical property tuning. However, there is still a lack of understanding in their porosity-dependent permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity. Here, we perform finite volume simulations on the solid and void domains of the Schoen gyroid (SG), Schwarz primitive (SP) and Schwarz primitive beam (SPB) TPMS with porosities between 63% and 88% in Ansys Fluent. A simple cubic lattice (CL) of equivalent porosity served as reference. The SPB and CL showed up to one order of magnitude higher permeabilities than the SG and SP. However, SG and SP have about 1.3 and 2.6 times the electrical and thermal conductivity of SPB and CL, respectively. Furthermore, the properties of SPB and CL are largely affected by the surface area density, whereas tortuosity variation does not impact permeability and conductivity to a major extent. Finally, empirical relations are adapted to describe the presented data and thus, they may enable future designers of TPMS based porous structures to fine-tune the geometries according to the requirements on permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity. KW - Metals and Alloys KW - Surfaces, Coatings and Films KW - Biomaterials KW - Ceramics and Composites PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585250 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.242 SN - 2238-7854 VL - 27 SP - 585 EP - 599 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-58525 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Melzer, Michael A1 - Klaus, Christian A1 - Nattuveettil, Keerthana A1 - Engel, Thomas A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - Eine digitale QI für technische Anlagen: Beispiel Wasserstofftankstelle (H2) N2 - Mit der Initiative QI-Digital werden völlig neue Perspektiven für das Sicherheitsmanagement und die Qualitätssicherung technischer Anlagen erschaffen. Unsere Forschung im Kontext einer Wasserstofftankstelle zeigt, wie digitale Innovationen und Verfahren die Herausforderungen effizienter und verlässlicher Qualitätssicherung für komplexe Anlagen bewältigen können. In diesem Vortrag werden Potentiale und Beispiele der digitalen QI für technische Anlagen demonstriert und diskutiert: Moderne Anlagenüberwachung mit digitalen Zwillingen und KI sowie Kalibriermanagement mithilfe digitaler Kalibrierscheine und elektronischem Siegel. T2 - 2. QI Digital Forum CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.10.2023 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Sensorik KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur KW - Digitalisierung KW - Druckspeicher KW - Verwaltungsschale PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58599 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Pilotprojekt Wasserstofftankstelle - Session 2: Verlässliche Wassertofftankstellen N2 - Was ist QI? Qualitätsinfrastruktur – Das Zusammenwirken von nationalen Institutionen im Bereich der Metrologie, Normung und Standardisierung, Akkreditierung, Konformitätsbewertung und Marktüberwachung, mit dem Ziel die Qualitätssicherung bei Produkten und Prozessen in Deutschland zu gewährleisten. Unser Ziel ist es, unsere bewährte Qualitätsinfrastruktur (QI) noch besser zu machen und so einen Beitrag zur Lösung von sozioökonomischen, ökologischen und technologischen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit zu leisten. Eine der bedeutendsten technologischen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit ist die Digitalisierung. Die zentralen Akteure der deutschen QI wollen diese digitalisieren. Beteiligte Institutionen sind aktuell BAM (Konformitätsbewertungen in bestimmten Bereichen), DAKKS (Akkreditierung), DIN/DKE (Normung), PTB (Metrologie). Wir wollen also ein Reallabor errichten, das die Wertschöpfungskette einer Tankstelle abbildet, also eine Wasserstofftankstelle beinhaltet, die dann mit erweiterter Sensorik ausgestattet werden soll. Somit sollen digitale Prozesse abgebildet werden können sowie sensorgestützte Verfahren zur qualitätsgesicherten Datenerfassung und -auswertung genutzt werden. Diese gesammelten Daten sollen dann in eine Dateninfrastruktur eingehen und mithilfe eines Datenmanagementsystems sowie künstlicher Intelligenz in einem Digitalen Zwilling zusammenlaufen, der die digitale Prozessüberwachung der Sicherheit möglich macht. Schließlich sollen die in QI Digital entwickelten digitalen Strukturelemente der QI erprobt werden, insbesondere die QI Cloud, Smart Standards und digitalen Zertifikate. Im Zusammenspiel ermöglicht das unter anderem die Entwicklung von Predictive Maintenance Verfahren für: 1. die Optimierung von Wartungszyklen und Minimierung von Ausfallzeiten Erhöhung der Betriebssicherheit durch frühzeitige Identifikation kritischer Zustände im Gesamtsystem 2. Entwicklung verlässlicher Qualitäts- und Sicherheitsstandards  3. Digital-gestützte Risikobeurteilung und Konformitätsbewertung Die im Pilotprojekte betrachteten Sicherheitsaspekte sind also zusammenfassbar als: a) Auswirkungsbetrachtungen bei möglichen Fehlfunktionen oder Defekten b) Die genannte vorrauschauende Instandhaltung und damit verbundene Lebensdauerprognose, die in Kombination eine bessere allgemeine Verfügbarkeit garantieren sollen Als Grundlage hierfür benötigen wir aber Änderungen im Bereich der technischen Regeln und Normen, um die neuen digitalen Werkzeuge zuzulassen und nutzbar zu machen. T2 - QI Forum 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.10.2022 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur KW - Digitalisierung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61356 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - QI Digital Use Case Hydrogen Refueling Station N2 - BAM is part of the “Quality Infrastructure Digital” (QI Digital) initiative of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK). This initiative aims at coordinating a large cooperation project, “QI Digital” for making German and European quality management systems fit for the digital transformation. It is a fact that the digitization of new products and services is occurring much faster than quality management systems can be accordingly updated. Thus, the digital transformation of quality management is necessary to preserve the competitiveness of the German and European industries that stand for quality and safety in the global market. The Use Case “Reliable Hydrogen Refueling Station” of QI Digital aims at creating new solutions that are transferable to other technical systems and at further developing standards and technical rules as a contribution to technology transfer and innovation. T2 - 4th German-Korean Hydrogen Conference CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea DA - 31.10.2023 KW - Hydrogen refueling station KW - Digital quality infrastructure PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Pilotprojekt "Verlässliche Wasserstofftechnologie" - Beispielanwendung für eine technische Anlage N2 - Kurzvorstellung des Pilotprojektes Verlässliche Wasserstofftechnologie in QI Digital. Anwendung der QI Digital Werkzeuge an einer technischen Anlage beispielhaft gezeigt anhand von sechs im Projekt entwickelten Demonstratoren. Unser erklärtes Ziel ist die Unterstützung des Markthochlaufs von Wasserstofftechnologien durch Digitalisierung der QI. Bei der Qualitätsinfrastruktur von technischen Anlagen geht es vor allem die Themen QI Dokumentation und Zugänglichkeit, Verfügbarkeit der Anlage und Informationen darüber, sowie Inspektionszyklen mit zeitaufwändigen und teuren manuellen Prüfungen. Mit dem Übergang zu einer digitalen QI streben wir hier an, eine kontinuierliche Überwachung des momentanen Gesundheitszustandes der Anlage und automatisierter Dokumentation hierüber, die fälschungssicher und vertraulich zugänglich gemacht werden kann, zu erreichen. Hierzu sollen die im Gesamtprojekt entwickelten QI Digital Werkzeuge zum Einsatz kommen. T2 - QI Forum 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.10.2024 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur KW - Digitalisierung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61354 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -