TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Neue Ansätze zur Überwachung der Speichersicherheit im Betrieb N2 - Es ist absehbar, dass die sicherheitstechnisch notwendige Verpflichtung zur wiederkehrenden Prüfung jedes Druckbehälters im Transport in seiner heute üblichen Form zu mehrwöchigen Stillstandszeiten und damit zu zusätzlichen Engpässen in der Verfügbarkeit von Transporteinheiten führen wird. Auf Grundlage wird nun weitergehend de-regulierend angestrebt, die individuelle wiederkehrende Prüfung von festverbauten Druckbehältern aus Faserverbundwerkstoffen mit Kunststoffliner durch Stichprobenprüfungen zu ersetzen, solange wie die Stichprobenergebnisse die geforderte Sicherheit belegen. Hierzu liegt Erfahrung aus der Anwendung der BAM-GGR 021 vor. Durch den vorgeschlagenen, stichprobenbasierten Ansatz werden die Stillstandzeiten im Transport von Wasserstoff erheblich reduziert und die mit der Wasserdruckprüfung verbundenen kostenintensiven Reinigungs- und Spülverfahren vermieden. Damit wird die Grundlage gelegt für den geplanten Markthochlauf mit Blick auf Umsetzbarkeit durch die Industrie bei gleichzeitiger Gewährleistung der Sicherheit. Es werden 4 Schritte als Handlungsempfehlung vorgestellt: 1. Harmonisierung des Verfahrens zur stichprobenbasierten Festigkeitsbewertung anwendungsübergreifend in einer Norm beschreiben. 2. Interaktion mit dem DIN-Projekt TS 19472 Monte-Carlo- Simulation von Grundgesamtheiten (OSD) herstellen. 3. Verfahren zur Stichprobebewertung über ZfP weiter entwickeln 4. Ziel: Der Ersatz der 100%-Prüfung für die ersten 15 … 25 Jahre. T2 - H2NormungsRoadMap - Jour Fixe der Koordinationsverantwortlichen CY - Online meeting DA - 14.01.2025 KW - Deregulierung KW - Wirtschaftlichkeit KW - Markthochlauf KW - Wasserstoff KW - Sicherheit KW - Druckbehälter KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Druckgefäße KW - Faserverbundwerkstoffe KW - Stichprobe KW - Probabilistik KW - Zerstörende Prüfung KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Stationäre Speicher PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62483 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - DIN TS 19472 - Das Monte-Carlo-Experiment in der Normung N2 - Der Vortrag stellt das neue Normungsprojekt DIN TS 19472 „Das Monte-Carlo-Experiment als Werkzeug zur Quantifizierung deterministischer Mindestanforderung in Normen - Überprüfung von deterministischen Akzeptanzkriterien in Normen auf ihre sicherheitstechnische Wirkung unter probabilistischer Berücksichtigung der Fertigungsstreuung“ vor und erläutert hierzu die Motivation und das Vorgehen bei der Nutzung des Monte-Carlo-Experiments zur Simulation des Verhaltens und der Bewertung von Populationen von Gasflaschen. Mit Blick auf den Markthochlauf Wasserstoff, aber auch auf eine Reihe weiterer Anwendungen wird es immer wichtiger, Sicherheit als Grenze von Konsequenz-abhängiger Zuverlässigkeit zu verstehen und zu steuern. Hierzu wird das angefangene Projekt ein Werkzeug bieten, das im probabilistischen Sinn, die Wirkung von Mindestfestigkeit u.ä. aufzeigt. Der Prozess mit den Schritten Stichprobensimulation, Ermittlung der Akzeptanzrate nach Mindestanforderung, systematische Variation und Bewertung werden aufgezeigt und der Erstentwurf im digitalen Werkzeugt zur Onlinebearbeitung OSD gezeigt. Am Ende des Projektes soll ein entsprechendes Programmtool als Anlage der TS zur Verfügung gestellt werden. T2 - Sitzung des NA 016-00-03-03 AK „Composite-Flaschen“ des DIN-Normenausschuss Druckgasanlagen (NDG) CY - Halle (Saale), Germany DA - 17.09.2024 KW - Risikosteuerung KW - Probabilistik KW - Baumusterprüfung KW - Zufallsgenerator KW - Normalverteilung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61363 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Bergungsdruckgefäße - Vorschlag zur Definition von Druckgefäßen N2 - Es wird plastisch dargestellt, mit welcher Intention und welchem Ziel Deutschland in die Juni Sitzung des UN ECOSOC SubCom TDG gehen wird, um ein Druckvolumenbegrenzung für Druckgefäße zu erreichen. T2 - BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG-Jahresgespräch 2020 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.02.2020 KW - Bergungsdruckgefäß KW - Konsequenzbegrenzung KW - Volumenbegrenzung KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt KW - UN-Modellvorschriften KW - Akzeptanz PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53146 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Schutzziel-Orientierter Ansatz zum Nachweis der Sicherheit - Handlungsempfehlungen für pränormative Forschung & Handlungsbedarfe für Regulatorik N2 - Der Vortrag beginnt der Erläuterung der zunehmenden Geschwindigkeiten in der eher kontinuierlichen Produktentwicklung rund um Wasserstoff und den unvermeidbar in Stufen arbeitenden Entwicklung von Normen und Vorschriften. Das führt zu Defiziten in der (sicherheitsorientierten) Verfügbarkeit von Zulassungsgrundlagen. Um das auszugleichen wird vorgeschlagen, auf die Schutzzielfestlegung zu fokussieren, was die genaue Beschreibung des Anwendungsbereiches und evtl. sicherheitstechnischen Hintergrund (Unfälle etc.) mit umfasst. Auf dieser Basis sollten Wirkungsweise entwickelt und diskutiert werden können. Für ein solches System muss es ein klares Rollenverständnis geben. Als universellsten Ansatz wird die probabilistische Sicherheitsbewertung diskutiert. Dies erfordert klare Vorgaben zu Risikokennzahlen. Als Beispiel werden Wasserstofftransportfahrzeuge mit Größtflaschen über einem Druck-Volumen-Produkt von 1.5 Mio bar Liter vorgestellt. Um diese Einheiten im Transport zu beherrschen, spielen neue Sicherheitsansätze eine große Rolle. Diese können aber nur dann effizient aufgebaut werden, wenn das einzuhaltende Schutzziel konkret und überprüfbar ist. T2 - Normungsroadmap Wasserstofftechnologien; 5. Sitzung AK 2 Infrastruktur CY - Online meeting DA - 14.04.2025 KW - Zulassungsvorschriften KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt KW - Sicherheitskennzahlen KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Probabilistik KW - Markthochlauf PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63805 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Die Schallemissionsprüfung in der Überwachung von Gasspeichern aus Composite - Handlungsempfehlungen für pränormative Forschung & Handlungsbedarfe für Regulatorik N2 - Die Transporteinheiten für Wasserstoff auf der Straße nehmen stark zu. Der Aufwand für die wiederkehrende Prüfung nimmt schneller zu als die dafür verfügbaren Kapazitäten. Gleichzeitig wird immer mehr in Groß0serien hergestellt. Vor diesem Hintergrund spielt die Effizienz in der Prüfung eine zunehmende Rolle. Verlässt man den Transportbereich kommt auch der Aspekt der Machbarkeit hinzu. Große stationäre Speichersysteme mit vielen Einzelelementen lassen sich organisatorisch und bzgl. Verfügbarkeit mit 100%-Wasserdruckprüfungen nicht mehr wirtschaftlich darstellen. Das Ziel ist es, für nicht einzeln gehandhabten, sondern fest eingebauten Speicher, den Aufwand in der Prüfung erheblich zu reduzieren, indem Stichproben gezogen werden und die Prüfergebnisse für die Gruppe gleicher und gleich eingesetzter Speicher herangezogen werden. Dies hat zwei Grenzen: Zum einen muss das Prüfverfahren aussagekräftig genug sein, um eine statistische verwendbare Aussage zu liefern, die eindeutige Schlüsse auf die Sicherheit zulässt. Zum anderen muss das Urteil über die Gruppe eine hinreichende Zuverlässigkeit im Betrieb belegen. Ist diese Bedingung nicht mehr erfüllt, wird die Gruppe wieder der 100%-Prüfung zugeführt, um mit dem gleichen Prüfverfahren wie bei der Stichprobenprüfung, schlechte von guten Individuen zu trennen. Hierzu bedarf es der Weiterentwicklung der Schallemissionsanalyse als zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren und eines passenden Stichprobenansatzes mit probabilistischer Bewertung. Beides erfordert pränormativer Forschung und nachfolgende Rechtsänderungen. T2 - Normungsroadmap Wasserstofftechnologien; 5. Sitzung AK 2 Infrastruktur CY - Online meeting DA - 14.04.2025 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Probabilistik KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Stichprobenprüfung KW - DPP PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62962 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Tanks und GasspeicherÄnderungen an der BAM im FB 3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern N2 - Der Vortrag erläutert die organisatorischen Änderungen, die für DIN und die IGV/DVFG-Mitglieder von Bedeutung sind, und wie die Struktur der handelnden Personen von Änderungen betroffen ist. Es werden die Erfolge des letzten Jahres dargestellt und die gemeinsamen Herausforderungen in Norm und Recht gemeinsam mit den zugehörigen Lösungsansätzen der BAM erläutert. T2 - 32. SITZUNG BAM/DIN/DVFG/IGV CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.02.2025 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Deregulierung KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Stichprobenprüfung KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62908 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Energiesicherheit - Digitale Werkzeuge in der Sicherheitsüberwachung N2 - Es werden zwei Aspekte der Energiesicherheit aus grünen Quellen vorgestellt: Zum einen die "Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur am Beispiel einer Tankstelle" und zum anderen die "Digitale Zulassung von Speichern und Lebensdauerüberwachung". Der erste Teil zeigt Details der verfügbaren und geplanten Hardware und der darauf bezogenen Aufgaben und Software zum Reallabor Wasserstofftankstelle. Hierbei geht um die Ziele verbesserter Sicherheit, Verlässlichkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit durch Digitalisierung, Automatisierung und Intelligente Systeme. Der zweite Teil stellt neue Werkzeuge für den Lebenslauf der Speicherelemente vor: Stichprobenprüfung, digitale Werkzeuge in der Speicherprüfung, Speicherzulassung und Lebensdauerüberwachung. Hierzu wird die Schallemissionsanalyse besonders herausgestellt. T2 - Besuch der H2-Experten des BMWE in H2Safety@BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.05.2025 KW - Sicherheit KW - Verlässlichkeit KW - Wirtschaftlichkeit KW - Digitalisierung KW - Automatisierung KW - Stichprobenprüfung KW - Digitale Werkzeuge KW - Speicherzulassung KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung KW - Schallemissionsanalyse PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63808 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Aspekte der Bauteilprüfung, Bauteilsicherheit und Zulassung im Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety N2 - Der Vortrag stellt das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety der BAM vor und zeigt Aspekte besonderer Kompetenz des Zentrums mit Blick auf das Kompetenzfeld TestCert. Beginnend mit dem H2-Unfall auf dem Tempelhofer Feld in 1894 wird dargestellt welche Bedeutung Sicherheitsfragen zu Wasserstoff für das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety haben. Danach wird die Struktur und die Arbeitsschwerpunkte erläutert und die verantwortlichen Personen kurz vorgestellt. Das Kompetenzfeld TestCert wird vertieft erläutert und hier insbesondere auf Sicherheitsaspekte des Markthochlaufes hingewiesen. Darauf aufbauend werden die statistischen Aspekte eines Markthochlaufes wie auch die der Streuung einer Population und deren Alterung dargelegt. Zuletzt kommt der Hinweis auf das Potential der Bewertung von Baumusterprüfkriterien mithilfe der Monte-Carlo-Simulation. T2 - DVGW Kongress "H2 Sicherheit" CY - Online meeting DA - 27.01.2021 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - Markthochlauf KW - Sicherheit KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Alterung KW - Zulassungskriterium PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53152 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Kompetenzzentrum H2SAFETY@BAM - Das Spektrum H2-Aktivitäten der BAM N2 - Der Vortrag stellt das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety der BAM vor und zeigt Aspekte besonderer Kompetenz des Zentrums mit Blick auf das Kompetenzfeld TestCert. Beginnend mit dem H2-Unfall auf dem Tempelhofer Feld in 1894 wird dargestellt welche Bedeutung Sicherheitsfragen zu Wasserstoff für das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety haben. Danach wird die Struktur und die Arbeitsschwerpunkte erläutert und die verantwortlichen Personen kurz vorgestellt. Das Kompetenzfeld TestCert wird vertieft erläutert und hier auf das Spektrum der wissenschaftlichen und technischen Dienstleistungen hingewiesen. Darauf aufbauend werden die statistischen Aspekte eines Markthochlaufes wie auch die der Streuung einer Population und deren Alterung dargelegt. Zuletzt kommt der Hinweis auf das Potential der Bewertung von Baumusterprüfkriterien mithilfe der Monte-Carlo-Simulation. T2 - BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG -Jahresgespräch 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 24.02.2021 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - Lebensdauervorhersage KW - Monte-Carlo-Experiment KW - Sicherheit PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54615 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - BAM - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung: Hydrogen - Safety in Technology and Chemistry N2 - The presentation starts with some key figures about BAM. Then it introduces BAM's competence centre H2Safety@BAM and shows aspects of special competence of the centre. It closes with information about the engagement of BAM in European research projects on hydrogen and a reference to our bilingual paper about our hydrogen strategy. T2 - 27th Hydrogen Europe Research General Assembly CY - Online meeting DA - 02.07.2020 KW - Material properties and compatibility KW - Component testing KW - Safety assessment KW - Approval KW - Sensors KW - Inspection KW - Gas behaviour KW - Safe handling PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Examples for controlling safety in hydrogen systems N2 - First, BAM and its hydrogen competence centre H2Safety@BAM were briefly introduced. This was followed by three examples of BAM's approaches to meeting the challenges of the hydrogen ramp-up. Afterwards, four examples were presented that show how safety can be better managed in factories. In the final part, the approaches and successes to date in bilateral cooperation within the framework of the BMBF bridge project ‘H2 Safety Collaboration’ were presented and the possibilities for establishing contact and further cooperation were highlighted. T2 - The 2nd 2nd Jeonnam Province Clean Hydrogen International Forum CY - Suncheon, South Korea DA - 24.09.2025 KW - Safety KW - International Kooperation KW - Market ramp-up KW - Compatibility KW - Reference Gases KW - Fuelling Station KW - Digital Tools PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64197 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Mit „Knallgas“ in die Zukunft? Sicherheit von Wasserstoff – Von der Herstellung bis zur Nutzung N2 - Der Vortrag gibt eine Antwort auf die Frage: „Ist der Umgang mit Wasserstoff so sicher, dass wir unsere Zukunft darauf aufbauen können?“ Dr. Mair stellt das Kompetenzzentraum H2Safety@BAM vor. Er beginnt mit dem spektakulären Wasserstoff-Unfall auf dem Tempelhofer Feld aus dem Jahr 1894, kommt zur Gründung des Kompetenzzentrums im Kontext der Wasserstoffstrategien Deutschlands und der EU und erläutert deren sicherheitsfokussierte Ausrichtung, um Vertrauen in Wasserstofftechnologien zu schaffen und zu bewahren. Danach werden die physikalischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff im Vergleich zu Methan (Erdgas) vorgestellt. Dies leitet über zur Betrachtung des Hindenburg-Unfall sin Lakehurst 1937. Im nächsten Abschnitt werden der weltweite Bedarf an H2, sein Importbedarf aus deutscher Sicht, das weltweite Erzeugungspotential und der Transportaufwand der üblichen H2-Derivate dargelegt. Die zentrale Frage ist die nach der Sicherheit von Wasserstoff als Ergebnis der bisher ergriffenen Maßnahmen. Es werden wenige der immer wieder geschehenden Unfälle im Transport von Energieträgern vorgestellt, was zur Erkenntnis führt, dass, um die Sicherheit objektiv beurteilen zu können, der Risikobegriff herangezogen werden muss. Das Risiko basiert auf der Konsequenz und der Häufigkeit eines Ereignisses. Mit Blick auf den bereits erkennbaren Markhochlauf wird dargelegt, wie eine Risikosteuerung in Abhängigkeit der Produkte im Transport funktionieren kann. Hierzu muss beachtet werden, dass jede Eigenschaft streut. Damit sind auch die Zuverlässigkeit jedes einzelnen Speichers, des gesamten Bestandes an Gasspeichern, im Neuzustand und erst recht mit zunehmendem Alter einer Streuung unterworfen, die aktuell nur über Stichproben abgeschätzt werden kann. Es wird an Beispielen aufgezeigt, welche Prüftechniken und Beurteilungsmethoden die BAM zur Sicherheitsbeurteilung von Transportspeichern und sogar Tankstellen einsetzt und weiterentwickelt. Dies führt zu einem Petitum für probabilistische Betrachtungsweisen von Produktsicherheit mit Blick auf die Qualität der Rechtsvorschriften, der Produktdesigns und der Herstellung von Produkten für die Wasserstoffanwendung. T2 - Tagung Hoffnungsträger Wasserstoff - Chancen, Hürden, Risiken CY - Wittenberg, Germany DA - 20.10.2022 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Markthochlauf KW - Sicherheit KW - H2Safety@BAM.de KW - Risikosteuerung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56985 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Welcome to BAM and the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM N2 - The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its mission and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen. The next part shows the H2Safety@BAM’s Products“ in a nutshell and explains the main items with deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Reference Materials and Procedures, Storage of Liquid Hydrogen, Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Material Compatibility. T2 - Information Tour at the Invitation of the Federal Foreign Office The Hydrogen Economy in Germany CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.11.2025 KW - Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks” KW - Living Lab „Hydrogen Refueling Station“ KW - Reference Materials and Procedures KW - Storage of Liquid Hydrogen KW - Storage Systems for Compressed Gases KW - Material Compatibility PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - DE-JP Hydrogen Safety Cooperation - Contribution of H2Safety@BAM N2 - The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its location, mission, tasks and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen. The test sides at TTS on hydrogen are explained in combination with the H2Safety@BAM’s products in a nutshell. Then the major H2-applications of H2Safety@BAM are explained by deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Explosion Protection, on Reference Materials and Procedures, on Material Compatibility, on Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Storage of Liquid Hydrogen as well as on the Training and Further Education. The presentation ends with an overview about our international work on H2Safe-Collaboration. T2 - KICK-OFF WORKSHOP: JAPANESE-GERMAN COOPERATION ON H2 SAFETY CY - Online meeting DA - 15.12.2025 KW - Living Lab KW - Hydrogen Networks KW - Hydrogen Refuelling Station KW - Explosion Protection KW - Material Compatibility KW - Liquid Hydrogen KW - Compressed Gases PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Aspekte einer digitalen Lebenslaufakte (Impulsvortrag) N2 - Durch Einsatz neuer Technologien im Transport von komprimiertem Wasserstoff konnte eine Verdreifachung des Nutzlastverhältnisses erreicht werden. Diese neuen Speicher auf den Transportfahrzeugen müssten aber anders auf ihre Sicherheit überprüft werden, als dies heute gefordert wird. Mit dem Markthochlauf Wasserstoff vervielfacht sich zudem die Anzahl der Transporteinheiten. Da sich im Zuge der neuen H2-Transportfahrzeuge aber auch die Anzahl der einzelnen Speicher pro Fahrzeug etwa verzwanzigfacht hat, kommen die Kapazitäten für die erforderliche wiederkehrende Prüfung an ihre Grenzen. Dies könnte evtl. durch eine entsprechende Erhöhung der Prüfkapazitäten gelöst werden. Da dies aber weder praktisch machbar ist noch technisch wirklich sinnvoll, müssen alternative Ansätze z.B. durch digital erfasste zerstörungsfreie Prüfkonzepte gesucht werden. Hierzu bedarf es aber einer Lebenslaufakte, die beginnend von der Definition einer Bauweise über die Baumusterprüfung, Zulassung, Herstellung, erstmalige Prüfung, Verwendung und wiederkehrenden oder begleitenden Prüfungen bis zum Verschrotten alle Daten erfassen und verwalten kann. Eine solche Lebenslaufakte könnte auch als eine Art digitaler Produktpass (DPP) verstanden werden. T2 - QI-digital Forum 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.10.2023 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Lebenslaufakte KW - Digitaler Produktpass DPP KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58559 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Risk management and consequence control in hydrogen transport - volume dependent pressure limitation as a scientific approach for consequence control N2 - With technological development, the transport units for compressed gases are becoming larger and their number is increasing. Simultaneously, the filling pressure for hydrogen in transport has increased far beyond the 200 bar, which has been the common European standard for decades. In total, this increases the potential consequences of an incident, which needs to get limited for ensuring acceptance in current practice with pressure vessels from large serial production. Consequently, the measures for new developments of extremely large and highly pressurised pressure vessels should meet a risk based higher level of requirements. For this purpose, the so-called pressure-volume product was proposed as a safety related criteria to the relevant regulatory bodies in 2020. The approach was accepted, and a working group was set up at the United Nations for developing a broadly accepted limitation of today's established pressure vessels compared to future units with even more gas content. The path to the finally decided limit value of 1.5 million bar litres is presented here for hydrogen with its individual steps: ‘Boundary between major accident and disaster’, ‘The effect of pressure waves on the human body’, ‘The propagation of pressure waves’, ‘The reference value for population density’ and ‘Impact of pressure waves’. This result of the UN working group has been accepted in December 2023 and will lead to a binding limitation of the pressure volume product for the so called pressure receptacles by 2027. The work on units larger than this pV-limit is going on at ISO level. T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025 CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 22.09.2025 KW - Safety KW - Hydrogen transport KW - Major accident KW - Pressure wave KW - Population density KW - Science with impact PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64198 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Safety challenges of the hydrogen market ramp-up N2 - The presentation will provide some thoughts on the key safety challenges for staying safe during the market ramp-up phase of the rapidly expanding hydrogen economy. The focus is on storage aspects, but other topics are also covered. Each brief description of an aspect is followed by a proposal for solving the problem. Key words are safety aspects of hydrogen transport (CGH2 and LH2), risk control, consequence limitation, structural reliability control, safety monitoring through destructive and non-destructive testing, improvement of RCS through impact simulation, new approaches to safety assessment, outlook on the potential of NDT and digital product passports. T2 - 6th Germany–Korea Hydrogen Conference 2025 CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 03.12.2025 KW - Risk-control KW - Regulatory measures KW - Operational safety KW - Mass transport KW - Full scale tests PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65102 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Influence of Internal Pressure Regulation During Filament Winding on Failure Mechnism in Type 4 Pressure Vessels: A Case Study N2 - Hydrogen storage is a crucial part of the hydrogen value chain, particularly in terms of safety and social acceptance of hydrogen technologies. For on-board and transportation applications, hydrogen is commonly stored as a compressed gas in pressure vessels. Full composite wrapped Type 4 pressure vessels are especially beneficial due to their high weight-saving potential and their capability to withstand high working pressures. To maintain an appropriate safety level, the mechanical behavior of the composite structure has been the subject of investigation in numerous studies. In this study, the failure mechanisms of two designs of Type 4 cylinders are investigated. The two designs differ solely in the manufacturing process parameters, particularly the internal pressure applied during the filament winding process. Variations in internal pressure result in different residual stress states and changes in the quality of the composite structure. The stacking sequence, materials used, and other manufacturing parameters remain unchanged. The cylinders show different failure mechanisms in slow burst tests: one design fails in hoop windings, while the other one fails in helical windings, despite no stress exaggeration in the fiber direction being observed with embedded optical fibers or in numerical simulations. To explain the failure mechanisms, the quality of the cylinders is investigated. The results of X-ray computed tomography and pulse-echo investigation, highlight the complexity of the interactions between manufacturing process parameters, residual stresses, manufacturing quality, and the mechanical behavior of composite pressure vessels. Resin-rich areas in the composite material are identified as a possible cause of the differing failure mechanisms. T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025 CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea DA - 22.09.2025 KW - omposite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Filament winding KW - Slow burst test KW - Failure mechanism PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64462 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Becker, B. A1 - John, Sebastian A1 - Duffner, Eric T1 - Composite storage systems for compressed hydrogen - systematic improvement of regulations for more attractive storage units N2 - Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier that requires high effort for safe storage. Forensuring safety, they must undergo a challenging approval process. Relevant standardsand regulations for composite cylinders used for the transport of hydrogen and for its on-board storage are currently based on deterministic (e.g. ISO 11119-3) or semi-probabilistic(UN GTR No. 13) criteria. This paper analysis the properties of such methods withrespect to the evaluation of load cycle strength. Their characteristics are compared withthe probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations, the availabledesign range (mean value and scatter of strength criteria) of current concepts was exem-plarily estimated. The aspect of small sample sizes is analysed and discussed with respectto the evaluation procedures. KW - Probabilistic KW - Monte-Carlo KW - Regulations KW - Composite cylinder KW - Hydrogen vehicles KW - Transport of dangerous goods PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.068 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 45 IS - 25 SP - 13672 EP - 13679 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50687 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Key points in compressed hydrogen storage N2 - This presentation highlights some key points in hydrogen safety related to compressed HYDROGEN STORAGE. It explains some needs concerning the Market ramp-up: cost and safety related aspects like Risk-control by consequence and/or frequency limitation. Other aspects are the optimization of design and test standards by using Monte-Carlo based assessments and the Generation of probabilistic data as input for risk management tools during the design type approval and periodic inspection. Further safety aspects of design and manufacturing have to be taken into account as well as aspects of operational safety with material degradation, non-destructive testing and appropriate tools for operational files. T2 - The opening of BAM hydrogen refueling station CY - Horstwalde, Germany DA - 03.07.2025 KW - Market ramp-up KW - Consequence limitation KW - Frequency limitation KW - Accoustic emission KW - Monte-Carlo PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63810 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Burst strength and its scatter as key points of safety N2 - Based on the preliminary presentations in this task force it is repeated how a basic population scatters and its degradation influences properties statistically. There is a remainder on the issue of accepting borderline populations due to the minimum burst ratio requirement. Then it is explained in detail how the analysis of minimum requirements by a Monte-Carlo-simulation works. The result with respect to the further reduced minimum burst ratio of 2.0 is summarised and means a two-step approach of two scatter levels requiring two different minimum burst ratios. The methods for evaluating batch tests are analysed. A proposal for integration a statistical analysis is described in detail. Finally, the positive effect of proof testing is shown and its dependence from the real ageing is shown. This ends in the recommendation to have a stronger and quantitative look on real ageing and to follow the 2 proposed sets of criteria for a safe usage of hydrogen storage systems. T2 - 10th IWG on rev GTR 13 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.06.2021 KW - Basic population KW - Minimum burst ratio KW - Monte-Carlo-simulation KW - Borderline population KW - Batch test KW - Proof test KW - Ageing PY - 2021 UR - https://wiki.unece.org/download/attachments/128419731/GTR13-10-08%20BAM%20GTR%2013-2%20scatter%20criteria%20for%20min%20burst%202021-06-25.pdf?api=v2 AN - OPUS4-53149 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Gesell, Stephan T1 - Monte-Carlo-Analysis of Minimum Burst Requirements for Composite Cylinders for Hydrogen Service N2 - For achieving Net Zero-aims hydrogen is an indispensable component, probably the main component. For the usage of hydrogen, a wide acceptance is necessary, which requires trust in hydrogen based on absence of major incidents resulting from a high safety level. Burst tests stand for a type of testing that is used in every test standard and regulation as one of the key issues for ensuring safety in use. The central role of burst and proof test is grown to historical reasons for steam engines and steel vessels but - with respect for composite pressure vessels (CPVs) - not due an extraordinary depth of outcomes. Its importance results from the relatively simple test process with relatively low costs and gets its importance by running of the different test variations in parallel. In relevant test und production standards (as e. g. ECE R134) the burst test is used in at least 4 different meanings. There is the burst test on a) new CPVs and some others b) for determining the residual strength subsequent to various simulations of ageing effects. Both are performed during the approval process on a pre-series. Then there is c) the batch testing during the CPVs production and finally d) the 100% proof testing, which means to stop the burst test at a certain pressure level. These different aspects of burst tests are analysed and compared with respect to its importance for the resulting safety of the populations of CPVs in service based on experienced test results and Monte-Carlo simulations. As main criterial for this the expected failure rate in a probabilistic meaning is used. This finally ends up with recommendations for relevant RC&S especially with respect to GTR 13. T2 - 9th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2021 KW - Hydrogen KW - Burst test KW - Composite pressure vessels KW - Net zero KW - Monte-Carlo-Analysis PY - 2021 SP - 133 EP - 146 PB - IGEM AN - OPUS4-55668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Duffner, Eric T1 - Aspekte der Bauteilprüfung, Bauteilsicherheit und Zulassung im Kompetenzzentrum H2SAFETY@BAM N2 - Der Vortrag zeigt den Weg des Themas Wasserstoff von Adolf Martens bis zum Kompetenzzentrum H2SafetyBAM, die zugehörigen Kompetenzfelder, deren Ziele und verantwortliche Personen. Der Hauptteil reflektiert den Aspekt des Markthochlaufes von Wasserstofftechnologien und zeigt einen Maßnahmenkatalog von der Risikosteuerung über die Konsequenzbegrenzung bis zu probabilistische Ansätzen in der Bewertung von Prüfergebnissen und der Wirkung von Mindestanforderungen. T2 - DVGW-Kongress H2-Sicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 26.02.2022 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Markthochlauf KW - Monte-Carlo-Simulation KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt KW - Alterung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54609 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Günzel, Stephan T1 - Die Zukunft der Betriebsüberwachung von Gasspeichern aus Composite N2 - Im Vortrag wird zunächst erläutert, dass auch im Fall der Wasserstoffversorgung die Schadensanalyse, -vermeidung und die wiederkehrende Prüfung von Speichern in engem Zusammenhang stehen. Der Wasserstofftransport in Deutschland hat bereits deutlich zugenommen und wird in den nächsten Jahren weiter erheblich zunehmen. Dies führt zu einem stärkeren Fokus auf die wirtschaftlichen Aspekte im Transport und der wiederkehrenden Prüfung. Letztere droht, ohne neue technische Ansätze zum Flaschenhals in der Verfügbarkeit vorhandener Transportkapazitäten zu werden. Das gegenwärtige System der Wasserdruckprüfung bis zum sog. Prüfdruck mit Innen- und Außenbesichtigung etc., die im Normalfall alle 5 Jahre durchzuführen ist, führt zu jeweils etwa 8 Wochen Stillstand. Das Aufwendige dabei sind die Trocknungs- und Spülprozesse, die notwendig sind, um wieder entsprechend reinen Wasserstoff abfüllen zu können. Auf Basis der BAM GGR‘n 021 und 022 lässt sich beim Nachweis entsprechender, probabilistischer Restzuverlässigkeiten diese Frist in Deutschland auf 10 Jahre ausdehnen. Diesen Weg sind in den letzten Jahren viele Betreiber gegangen. Mit Blick auf die derzeit fast exponentielle Zunahme von Transporteinheiten kann auch diese Verlängerung der Prüffristen das Problem nicht lösen. Auch das Umschwenken von hydraulischer, auf die heute bereits genehmigungsfähige Gasdruckprüfung bis zum Prüfdruck bringt zwar eine Verkürzung der Stillstandzeiten, erfordert aber erhebliches Investment in Schutzmaßnahmen. Als hinreichend zielführendes Konzept für Transporteinheiten mit vielen Elementen wird im Vortrag eine Mischung aus probabilistischem Ansatz und zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen erläutert und bzgl. Aufwand und Nutzen im Vergleich zu den üblichen Verfahren visualisiert. Voraussetzung für diesen vorgestellten Ansatz sind die Weiterentwicklung und Qualifizierung der Schallemissionsanalyse als Ersatz für die derzeitig zerstörenden Prüfungen und auch eine durchgängig digitale Lebenslaufakte, die eine lückenlose Zuordnung von Baumusterprüfung, Herstellungslos, Betreiber und Betriebsdaten erlaubt. Für Transporteinheiten mit wenigen, sehr großen Elementen wird dagegen das sog. Online-Monitoring mit fest installierter und permanent messender Technik gesehen. Für die Anwendung beider Lösungsansätze sind umfangreiche Änderungen im Recht erforderlich. T2 - 49. VDI-Jahrestagung Schadensanalyse 2023: Schadensprävention bei Druckwasserstoff und Schadensprävention für Kunststoff- und Elastomerprodukte CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 18.10.2023 KW - ATR Anerkanntes Technisches Regelwerk KW - Probabilistik KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Online-Monitoring KW - Schallemissionsanalyse KW - Gasdruckprüfung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58838 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Günzel, Stephan T1 - Der systematische Einsatz der Monte-Carlo-Simulation in der Normung N2 - Im Rahmen der Energiewende erfahren viele Produkte einen umfassenden Markthochlauf. Hierzu müssen neue Technologien entwickelt oder bestehende in kurzer Zeit angepasst werden. Das macht sie besonders anfällig für Zwischenfälle und nachfolgenden Akzeptanzverlust. Zu vermeidende Zwischenfälle hängen oft von den deterministischen Mindestanforderungen in Norm und Recht ab, die erfahrungsbasiert entwickelt wurden. Hier ist die Monte-Carlo-Simulation eine wertvolle Hilfe. Sie erlaubt, auf der Basis von wenigen ermittelten Daten zu bewerten, welche statistische Wirkung aus einer Mindestanforderung resultiert und was angepasst werden muss, um die im Zuge eines Markthochlaufes relevanten Zielgrößen zu erreichen. Ein Verfahren, das im Rahmen der Normung erlaubt, die Wirkung einer Mindestanforderung auf die Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit zu bewerten, wird zurzeit im Rahmen des Projektes DIN/TS 19472 unter dem NA 016-00-03 AA ausgearbeitet und hier vorgestellt. KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Wirtschaftlichkeit KW - Markthochlauf KW - Zufallsgenerator KW - Normalverteilung KW - Sicherheit PY - 2025 SN - 0722-2912 VL - 2025 IS - 4 SP - 72 EP - 75 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63807 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Günzel, Stephan T1 - Der sichere Wasserstofftransport - Eine Rechtsänderung in der Vorschau N2 - Das Bundesverkehrsministerium hat seit 2008 in drei Stufen jeweils auf Vorschlag der BAM einen Antrag zur Einführung bzw. Regulierung von Bergungsdruckgefäßen bei den Vereinten Nationen eingebracht. Die Anträge führten jeweils nach der Delegation in eine Arbeitsgruppe unter der Leitung des Vortragenden zu neuen Vorschriften im internationalen Gefahrguttransportrecht. Zuletzt hat das UN-Subcommittee der Experten für den Transport gefährlicher Güter der Einführung einer Druck-Volumen-Begrenzung für Druckgefäße zugestimmt. Mit dieser Begrenzung wurde die bisherige Volumenbegrenzung für Bergungsdruckgefäße ersetzt, wodurch nun das Spektrum der Bergungsdruckgefäße gestaltet werden kann, das notwendig wäre, um defekte Druckgefäße transportieren zu können. Das zentrale Kriterium für die Begrenzung des Druck-Volumen-Produktes (pV) fand bereits in den Landverkehrsvorschriften ADR/RID bis zu ihrer Neustrukturierung auch als Konsequenzmaß Verwendung. Damit soll sichergestellt werden, dass sich aus Wasserstofftransporten in Druckgefäßen keine Konsequenz entwickeln kann, die nach den Kriterien für stationäre Anlagen, einer Katastrophe gleichkommen würde. Hierzu hatte eine Arbeitsgruppe der Vereinten Nationen seit 2020 auf Vorschlag der BAM eine Kette aufeinander aufbauende Kriterien diskutiert, die im Vortrag vorgestellt werden: Einfluss der Druckwellen auf den menschlichen Körper (ohne Splitterwirkung oder Umsetzung der chemischen Energie) – Zusammenhang von Druckwelle und Fläche – Druckwellenberechnung – Bevölkerungsdichte – Grenzwerte für eine Katastrophe – resultierendes pV-Produkt. Das Ergebnis wurde mit herausragenden Großunfällen und Katastrophen aus dem Gefahrguttransport und Gefahrstoffbereich verglichen. Außerdem wurden noch die Effekte des Temperatureinflusses auf den maximalen Betriebsdruck diskutiert. Zuletzt wurde bei den UN darauf hingewiesen, dass mit Blick auf die Auswirkungsbetrachtung der Wassersoff das Gas mit den geringsten Konsequenzen bei gegeben Druk-Volumen-Produkt ist, was zu restriktiveren Obergrenzen für z.B. Erdgas führen könnte. Als letzter Punkt im Vortrag wird erläutert, dass in den kommenden UN-Sitzungen über nachfolgende Änderungen im Recht, wie z.B. der Kennzeichnung des pV-Produktes, diskutiert werden wird. Außerdem muss ein neuer Einstieg für die bei ISO in der Normung befindliche Umschließungen mit einem größeren pV-Produkt gefunden werden, wozu aber Transportland-spezifische Risikoanalysen in Verbindung mit massiven Fahrwegsbeschränkungen zu erwarten sind. T2 - 32. Erfahrungsaustausch für Gefahrgutbeauftragte (ERFA-T) des IGV CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 08.11.2023 KW - pV-Produkt KW - Quantitative Risikoanalyse KW - Konsequenzbegrenzung KW - Katastrophe KW - Druckgefäße PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58832 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Günzel, Stephan T1 - The maximum acceptable consequence limit as a control instrument N2 - The presentation starts with the first agreement of making a national attempt for the introduction of a pV-limit for hydrogen transport. It explains aspects of the technical development, provides an impression of catastrophic incidents, and explains the difference between risk control and consequence limitation. Then the process of determining consequences and the result from the discussion at the UN-WG are explained. The next part summarises the approach for counting the number of impacted persons as a function of the model of pressure wave, the pressure peak, the limits of injured persons and the population density. Finally, the latest state of the discussion and the subsequent recommendations for a pV-value and the adequate phrases for explanation are introduced. T2 - 29th BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG-Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 23.02.2022 KW - Hydrogen KW - Pressure recepacles KW - Consequence limit KW - Risk control KW - Population density KW - Pressure wave PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Risk management and consequence control in hydrogen transport - volume dependent pressure limitation as a scientific approach for consequence control N2 - With technological development, the transport units for compressed gases are becoming larger and their number is increasing. Simultaneously, the filling pressure for hydrogen in transport has increased far beyond the 200 bar, which has been the common European standard for decades. In total, this increases the potential consequences of an incident, which needs to get limited for ensuring acceptance in current practice with pressure vessels from large serial production. Consequently, the measures for new developments of extremely large and highly pressurised pressure vessels should meet a risk based higher level of requirements. For this purpose, the so-called pressure-volume product was proposed as a safety related criteria to the relevant regulatory bodies in 2020. The approach was accepted, and a working group was set up at the United Nations for developing a broadly accepted limitation of today's established pressure vessels compared to future units with even more gas content. The path to the finally decided limit value of 1.5 million bar litres is presented here for hydrogen with its individual steps: ‘Boundary between major accident and disaster’, ‘The effect of pressure waves on the human body’, ‘The propagation of pressure waves’, ‘The reference value for population density’ and ‘Impact of pressure waves’. This result of the UN working group has been accepted in December 2023 and will lead to a binding limitation of the pressure volume product for the so called pressure receptacles by 2027. The work on units larger than this pV-limit is going on at ISO level. T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025 CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 22.09.2025 KW - Safety KW - Hydrogen transport KW - Major accident KW - Pressure wave KW - Population density KW - UN Model Regulations PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-64199 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Saul, Herbert A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Die volumenabhängige Druckbegrenzung als Maßnahme zur Konsequenzsteuerung im Wasserstofftransport N2 - Mit der technologischen Entwicklung werden auch die Transporteinheiten für Druckgase größer und die zu transportierenden Gase wie Wasserstoff deutlich über die lange als Standard geltenden 200 bar hinaus komprimiert. Damit steigt das Konsequenzpotenzial eines Zwischenfalls, das nun begrenzt werden soll, um die bisherige Praxis mit wenigen Zwischenfällen von den Maßnahmen für die neuen Entwicklungen extrem großer Transportdruckbehälter abgrenzen zu können. Hierzu wurde – ausgehend von einer technologisch und sicherheitstechnisch störenden Begrenzung des Volumens von Bergungsdruckgefäßen – das sogenannte Druck-Volumen-Produkt als Kenngröße und Konsequenzmaß vorgeschlagen. Um eine breit akzeptierte Abgrenzung der heute etablierten Druckgefäße gegenüber den zukünftigen Einheiten mit noch mehr Gasinhalt erarbeiten zu können, wurde eine Arbeitsgruppe bei den Vereinten Nationen eingerichtet, deren Weg zu ihrem Ergebnis „Einführung einer Obergrenze von 1.5 Mio. bar-Liter für das Druck-Volumen-Produkt von Druckgefäßen“ mit den Wasserstoff- spezifischen Einzelschritten „Grenze zwischen Großunfall und Katastrophe“, „Die Wirkung von Druckwellen auf den menschlichen Körper“, „Die Ausbreitung von Druckwellen“, „Der Referenzwert für die Bevölkerungsdichte“ und „Die Druckwellenberechnung“ hier dargestellt ist. Dieses Ergebnis der UN-Arbeitsgruppe wird bis 2027 zu einer verbindlichen Begrenzung des Druckvolumenproduktes in Druckgefäßen führen. KW - Risikosteuerung KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt KW - Katastrophe KW - Bevölkerungsdichte KW - Druckwelle PY - 2024 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 14 IS - 05-06 SP - 8 EP - 17 PB - VDI Fachmedien GmbH & Co. KG CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-64309 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar T1 - A modular concept for protection against debris flight - Design, properties and usage N2 - With advances in technological development, stationary and mobile storage units for compressed hydrogen are becoming larger and larger. Their number is also increasing. At the same time, their design has evolved from steel and aluminium to pressure vessels made of composite materials. For safety reasons the design approval of those composite cylinders requires fire engulfment tests, which are mainly organised as open-air tests always needs dedicated protection measures. Under some conditions those protections measures even reduce the effort for organisational safety measures if e.g. the emission of splinters can get totally prevented. Another aspect is the improved reproducibility of fire tests by reducing the influence of wind, especially wind turbulence. Between 2017 and 2019, BAM developed a stackable protective frame made of steel to safely capture splinters for the safe execution of high-energy impact tests. However, this frame was not flexible enough for the follow up project, which led to a completely new protection concept for (potentially) destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels. This concept is based on very robust building blocks with knobs and holes of a dimension of 1m x 0.5m x 0.5m made from welded steel. Despite their considerable weight of around 500 kg, they can be combined and stacked very easily like ‘Lego bricks’. The presentation will show the flexibility of the concept, some results of tests on the robustness against pressure waves and the effectiveness in wind attenuation. Finally, the interaction with a new, also modular burner concept for localised fires and full engulfment fires will be presented. T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025 CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 24.09.2025 KW - Splinter protection KW - Pressure vessel testing KW - Fire engulfment KW - Destructive tests KW - Rupture KW - Gaseous tests KW - Pressure wave KW - Test equipment KW - Precaution measures PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65099 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas A1 - Müller, Karsten T1 - A modular concept for protection against debris flight - Design, properties and usage N2 - With advances in technological development, stationary and mobile storage units for compressed hydrogen are becoming larger and larger. Their number is also increasing. At the same time, their design has evolved from steel and aluminium to pressure vessels made of composite materials. For safety reasons the design approval of those composite cylinders requires fire engulfment tests, which are mainly organised as open-air tests always needs dedicated protection measures. Under some conditions those protections measures even reduce the effort for organisational safety measures if e.g. the emission of splinters can get totally prevented. Another aspect is the improved reproducibility of fire tests by reducing the influence of wind. Between 2017 and 2019, BAM developed a stackable protective frame made of steel to safely capture splinters for the safe execution of high-energy impact tests. However, this frame was not flexible enough for the follow-up project, which led to a completely new protection concept for (potentially) destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels. This concept is based on very robust building blocks made from welded steel. Despite their considerable weight of around 500 kg p.p., they can be combined and stacked very easily like ‘Lego bricks’. The presentation will show the flexibility of the concept, some results of tests on the robustness against pressure waves and the effectiveness in wind attenuation. Finally, the interaction with a new, also modular burner concept for localised fires and full engulfment fires will be presented. T2 - 11th International conference on hydrogen safety (ICHS 2025) CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea DA - 22.09.2025 KW - Splinter protection KW - Pressure vessel testing KW - Fire engulfment KW - Destructive tests KW - Rupture KW - Gaseous tests KW - Pressure wave KW - Test equipment KW - Precaution measures PY - 2025 SN - 979-1-2243-0274-2 VL - 2025 SP - 1428 EP - 1439 AN - OPUS4-65100 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Thomas, Sebastian T1 - Consequences of the reduced minimum burst pressure on the production surveillance N2 - First the acceptance rates resulting from the analysis of different minimum burst ratios and standards are displayed and explained. Especially the problems resulting from a further reduction if the minimum burst ratio are shown. For a better understanding of these results the process of analysing the acceptance rate is explained in detail. This contains the alleged contradiction between safety of samples due to its scatter while the rejected sample provides a higher mean strength. Then the importance of batch testing is explained and leads to the recommendation to have a strong interaction between provided mean strength and requested maximum of production scatter. T2 - 8 th WG on rev GTR 13 CY - Online meeting DA - 02.03.2020 KW - Minimum burst ratio KW - Production scatter KW - Mean burst pressure KW - Batch testing KW - Acceptance rate PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Thomas, Sebastian A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Wang, Bin T1 - Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels N2 - The recent growth of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by battery vehicles or tube-trailers, both in composite pressure vessels. As a transport regulation, the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions, and is used for national transport in the EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the behaviour of each individual pressure vessel, regardless of the pressure of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from generally possible worst case scenarios such as sudden rupture. In 2012, the BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national transport requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc. to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. This results in a requirement that becomes more restrictive as the product of pressure and volume increases. In the studies presented here, the safety measures for hydrogen road transport are identified and reviewed through a number of safety measures from countries including Japan, the USA and China. Subsequently, the failure consequences of using trailer vehicles, the related risk and the chance are evaluated. A benefit-related risk criterion is suggested to add to regulations and to be defined as a safety goal in standards for hydrogen transport vehicles and for mounted pressure vessels. Finally, an idea is given for generating probabilistic safety data and for highly efficient evaluation without a significant increase of effort. T2 - ICHS 2019 CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 24.09.2019 KW - F-N-diagram KW - Chance-risk analysis KW - Pressure-volume product KW - Limit of acceptable consequence KW - Minimum burst pressure PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511589 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.268 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 46 IS - 23 SP - 12577 EP - 12593 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51158 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM – Safeguarding the Quality Infrastructure in the Hydrogen Economy N2 - Hydrogen is a central component of the energy transition and the European Green Deal for a climate-neutral Europe. To achieve the goals defined for 2050, the EU and the German government have developed a framework for action and are making long-term investments in research, development, and the rapid implementation of innovative hydrogen technologies. With the Competence Centre "H2Safety@BAM", BAM is creating the safety-related prerequisites for the successful implementation of hydrogen technologies at national as well as European level. To this end, BAM conducts research, testing and consulting in a holistic and inter-disciplinary manner under one roof – in the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM. The activities of the competence centre focus on ensuring the safety of infra-structures, plants, and processes as well as innovative hydrogen transport and storage systems based on digital quality testing and the experimental testing of components and systems. It thus creates the prerequisites for the implementation and adaptation of legal framework conditions as well as for standardization. Closely related to this are investigations into the properties and compatibility of metallic materials and polymers as well as friction systems for the safe operation of components, plants, processes, and systems. This interdisciplinary and holistic approach is complemented by the development of gas analytics and suitable sensors, online measurements of gas properties in process control, test scenarios under real conditions as well as impact assessments of accidents and risk assessments and risk management systems derived from them. With its portfolio of tasks and competences, BAM builds trust in the safety and reliability of technical system solutions for hydrogen. T2 - 772. WE-Heraeus-Seminar - Metrology and Process Safety for Hydrogen Technologies & Applications CY - Bad Honnef, Germany DA - 10.10.2022 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - Hydrogen KW - Competence Center KW - Hydrogen Strategy KW - Green Deal KW - Safety KW - Risk Assessment KW - Quality Infrastructure PY - 2022 UR - https://www.we-heraeus-stiftung.de/veranstaltungen/metrology-and-process-safety-for-hydrogen-technologies-and-applications/ AN - OPUS4-55986 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Soruco Aloisio, Ricardo A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Klaus, Christian T1 - Auf dem Weg zu einer digitalen Qualitätsinfrastruktur - Eine Labor-Testplattform für die Integration von Sensoren und Messgeräten N2 - Um die internationale Spitzenposition deutscher Unternehmen der Prozessindustrie auch in Zukunft sicher zu stellen, müssen die Unternehmen ihre Prozesse und Geschäftsabläufe digitalisieren und gemeinsam mit der Forschung innovative neue Methoden, Apparate, Anlagen, Sensoren und Automatisierungstechnik sowie Datenkonzepte entwickeln. All dies erfordert den Aufbau neuer Fähigkeiten, Investition in Talente, interdisziplinäre Kommunikation zwischen verschiedenen Personen und Abteilungen und eine Bereitschaft zur Veränderung. KW - QI-Digital KW - Wasserstofftankstelle KW - IT-OT-Testplattform KW - Prozessindustrie PY - 2023 VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - 20 EP - 23 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-58461 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Munzke, Dorit A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Eisermann, René A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Schoppa, André A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz A1 - Strohhäcker, J. A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Monitoring of type IV composite pressure vessels with multilayer fully integrated optical fiber based distributed strain sensing N2 - We present the results of distributed fiber optic strain sensing for condition monitoring of a hybrid type IV composite fully wrapped pressure vessel using multilayer integrated optical fibers. Distributed strain sensing was performed for a total number of 252,000 load cycles until burst of the vessel. During this ageing test material fatigue could be monitored and spatially localized. Critical material changes were detected 17,000 cycles before material failure. Results have been validated by acoustic emission analysis. T2 - 12th International Conference on Composite Science and Technology (ICCST12) CY - Sorrento, Italy DA - 08.05.2019 KW - Hybrid composite pressure vessel KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing KW - Acoustic emission analysis KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516772 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.872 SN - 2214-7853 VL - 34 SP - 217 EP - 223 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51677 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Karsten T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Composite-Druckgasbehältern: Prüfverfahren, Anwendungsbeispiele und Entwicklungen N2 - Dem AVK-Arbeitskreis Wasserstoff-Drucktanks werden ausgehend von Zielen und Aufgaben der BAM sowie der Fachkompetenz auf dem Gebiet der Sicherheit von Composite-Druckbehältern über die prüftechnische Ausstattung, die angewendeten und weiterentwickelten Prüf- und Untersuchungsmethoden sowie zu Beispielen von Forschungsvorhaben wie DELFIN, COLIBRI und SH2APED berichtet. T2 - Arbeitskreissitzung CY - Frankfurt a.M., Germany DA - 24.04.2024 KW - Composite-Druckbehälter KW - Berstversuch KW - Hydraulischer Lastwechselversuch KW - Feuersicherheit KW - Impakt PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60117 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Natasya, Rizka T1 - Building Confidence in Hydrogen Technology with BAM: Expertise, Testing & International Collaboration in Hydrogen Safety N2 - This presentation introduced BAM’s mission-driven approach to advancing hydrogen safety within the broader context of energy transition. As a federal institute under the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, BAM contributes to public safety through research, testing & advisory functions. The talk highlighted BAM’s key competencies in hydrogen safety, including (but not limited to) safety testing of composite pressure vessels, LH2, probabilistic lifetime assessment based on destructive and (future) non-destructive testing, operational safety monitoring technologies, Digital Calibration Certificates (DCC) for traceability and quality assurance, unique infrastructure and large-scale high-pressure test facilities. It also emphasised BAM’s governmental role as a competent authority in the transport of dangerous goods, its contributions to international regulatory bodies (e.g. UN ECOSOC Subcommittee of Experts) and its ongoing efforts to shape technical standards. A dedicated section was presented on the project of H2Safe_Collaboration, a strategic umbrella initiative led by BAM to strengthen bilateral cooperation in hydrogen safety research between Germany and South Korea. The initiative unites multiple partners (KGS, KICT, H2KOREA, and Hoseo University) and supports joint projects under the network. T2 - EU-Korea Research & Innovation Day CY - Seoul, Südkorea DA - 06.03.2025 KW - Hydrogen safety KW - International collaboration KW - South Korea PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - European policy framework regulations codes and standards for safe hydrogen technologies N2 - This lecture describes the history of hydrogen from the first scientific discoveries in the 18th century to the current technological and political developments for the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies. The European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies is explained comprehending the European Green Deal, European Climate Law, European Hydrogen Strategy, Clean Hydrogen Partnership, etc. Safety in hydrogen technologies is governed by international and European regulations and standards. An overview on regulatory bodies, technical committees, regulations, directives, standards, and technical guidelines with special attention on the BAM-GGR 021 is given in this lecture. T2 - Joint European Summer School 2022, Hydrogen Safety CY - Athens, Greece DA - 18.09.2022 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - Regulations KW - Standards PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-59295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - Guest lecture: European policy framework regulations codes and standards for safe hydrogen technologies N2 - This lecture describes the history of hydrogen from the first scientific discoveries in the 18th century to the current technological and political developments for the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies. The European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies is explained comprehending the European Green Deal, European Climate Law, European Hydrogen Strategy, Clean Hydrogen Partnership, etc. Safety in hydrogen technologies is governed by international and European regulations and standards. An overview on regulatory bodies, technical committees, regulations, directives, standards, and technical guidelines with special attention on the BAM-GGR 021 is given in this lecture. T2 - MSc Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technologies at the University of Birmingham (LM Hydrogen Safety, MSc FCHT module C7B) CY - Birmingham, UK DA - 21.10.2022 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - Regulations KW - Standards PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-59296 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies N2 - This lecture describes the history of hydrogen from the first scientific discoveries in the 18th century to the current technological and political developments for the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies. The European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies is explained comprehending the European Green Deal, European Climate Law, European Hydrogen Strategy, Clean Hydrogen Partnership, REPowerEU Plan, Renewable Energy Directive and its Delegated Act, Net Zero Industry Act, etc. T2 - Joint European Summer School 2023, Hydrogen Safety CY - Athens, Greece DA - 17.09.2023 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - Policies PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - Regulations codes and standards for safe hydrogen technologies N2 - Safety in hydrogen technologies in Europe is governed by international and European regulations and standards. An overview on regulatory bodies, technical committees, regulations, directives, standards, and technical guidelines with special attention on the BAM-GGR 021 is given in this lecture. T2 - Joint European Summer School 2023, Hydrogen Safety CY - Athens, Greece DA - 17.09.2023 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - Regulations KW - Standards PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59300 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM N2 - Presentation of the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM with all five competence field, representatives as well as its vision, mission, strategic goals and implementation plan. T2 - III. TR Wasserstoff Erfahrungsaustausch, TÜV Rheinland CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 07.12.2022 KW - Hydrogen safety KW - Materials compatibility KW - Component testing KW - Process and plant safety KW - Sensors and analytics KW - Cross-cutting activities PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-59301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - H2Safety@BAM N2 - Overview on the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM including the following topics: current international developments regarding the market ramp up of hydrogen technologies, European policies, hydrogen market projections, etc. T2 - H2SAFETY@BAM: WORKSHOP 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.06.2023 KW - Hydrogen safety KW - Hydrogen market PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59305 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - Die Wasserstoffstrategie der BAM; Kompetenzzentrum H 2 safety@bam N2 - Das Thema Wasserstoff ist an der BAM seit mehr als hundert Jahren aktuell und steht auch gegenwärtig im Zentrum zahlreicher Forschungs- und Kooperationsaktivitäten. Mit der aktuellen Wasserstoff-Strategie der BAM werden wichtige Voraussetzungen dafür geschaffen, dass der Markthochlauf gelingt und die technische Sicherheit und Überwachung der Infrastrukturen und Anlagen gewährleistet ist – von der Erzeugung, über den Transport bis zur Speicherung und Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff als Energieträger der Zukunft. T2 - 1st Digital AK PostDocs Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 01.10.2020 KW - Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM KW - Wasserstoff KW - Wasserstoffstrategie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51371 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - QI Digital Use Case Hydrogen Refueling Station N2 - BAM is part of the “Quality Infrastructure Digital” (QI Digital) initiative of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK). This initiative aims at coordinating a large cooperation project, “QI Digital” for making German and European quality management systems fit for the digital transformation. It is a fact that the digitization of new products and services is occurring much faster than quality management systems can be accordingly updated. Thus, the digital transformation of quality management is necessary to preserve the competitiveness of the German and European industries that stand for quality and safety in the global market. The Use Case “Reliable Hydrogen Refueling Station” of QI Digital aims at creating new solutions that are transferable to other technical systems and at further developing standards and technical rules as a contribution to technology transfer and innovation. T2 - 4th German-Korean Hydrogen Conference CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea DA - 31.10.2023 KW - Hydrogen refueling station KW - Digital quality infrastructure PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - PhD Topic 5: Summer School Update. Influence of manufacturing process related residual stresses in wound composite material on the operational safety of H2 pressure vessels N2 - The presentation is an update on the progress of the PhD Project. It focuses on the residual stress induction during the winding process of type 4 composite pressure vessels. Moreover, an overview of the experimental study is given, with focus on the manufacturing of composite pressure vessels. T2 - Summer School 2023 - BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.09.2023 KW - Residual stress KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Hydrogen PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Non-Destructive Testing of Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels N2 - Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of type 4 composite pressure vessels can be seen as key to better understanding the behaviour of the composite structure and the impact of the manufacturing process on its quality. In this presentation, NDT methods used in the “Trustworthy Hydrogen” project are introduced. A brief discussion of the observed phenomena is provided. T2 - Visit of a delegation from Korea Fire Institute (KFI) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.06.2024 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Performance of Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels: Impact of Residual Stress State N2 - This presentation summarizes the results of an experimental study on slow burst tests, involving two pressure vessel designs with different residual stress states. The significant performance differences between the two designs highlight the critical role of residual stress state in filament-wound structures T2 - Composites Research Seminar at the Innovative Design and Integrated Manufacturing Lab, Seoul National University CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 22.11.2024 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Residual stresses KW - Burst test KW - Filament winding PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - BAM 3.5 and Trustworthy Hydrogen: Experimental Investigation of Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels N2 - The presentation provided a brief introduction to Division 3.5 at BAM and detailed an experimental study of composite pressure vessels as part of the 'Trustworthy Hydrogen' project. It included an in-depth analysis of slow burst test evaluations. T2 - Lab Seminar of IDIM SNU CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 26.11.2024 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Residual stresses KW - Burst test PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61779 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Influence of manufacturing process related residual stresses in wound composite material on the operational safety of H2 pressure vessels: PhD Topic Introduction N2 - Short introduction of the PhD Topic 5 in the BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen". Description of the objectives, deliverables and expected added value of the thesis. T2 - Introduction Week - BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.01.2023 KW - Residual stress KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Hydrogen PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-56882 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Experimental study on the impact of manufacturing process related residual stresses in wound composite material on the operational safety of H2 pressure vessels N2 - The presentation is an update on the progress of the PhD Project. It focuses on the experimental investigation of the impact of residual stresses on the reliability of type 4 composite pressure vessels. T2 - Summer School 2024 - BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen" CY - Cottbus, Germany DA - 07.10.2024 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Residual stresses KW - Burst test PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61272 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Creep Phenomena During Initial Loading of Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels N2 - A poster presentation on the impact of creep phenomena during initial loading on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels. A statistical evaluation of slow burst tests shows an increase of the survival rate of initially loaded composite pressure vessels (sustained load and increased pressure) compared to the ones tested in a brand-new state. T2 - ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping® Conference CY - Quebec, Canada DA - 20.07.2025 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Safety KW - Creep PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63761 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Modelling of the manufacturing related residual stresses in type 4 pressure vessels for hydrogen storage N2 - Presentation about modelling of the residual stresses in type 4 pressure vessels for hydrogen storage at the European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 in Ghent, Belgium. T2 - European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024) CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 20.03.2024 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Residual stresses PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59757 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Impact of the Initial Loading on the Performance of Type 4-CPVs N2 - Poster presentation on the impact of initial loading on the performance of type 4 composite pressure vessels presented at the 4th Netzwerktreffen Leichtbau Berlin-Brandenburg. T2 - 4. Netzwerktreffen Leichtbau Berlin-Brandenburg CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.10.2024 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Safety KW - Burst test PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61197 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - VIDEO A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Better with age? Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels N2 - A video for the Rudy Scavuzzo Student Paper Competition at ASME PVP 2025. The topic of the presentation is the impact of creep phenomena during initial loading on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels. T2 - ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (ASME PVP 2025) CY - Quebec, Canada DA - 20.07.2025 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Safety KW - Creep PY - 2025 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63763 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Einfluss der fertigungsbedingten Eigenspannungen auf die Sicherheit von Typ 4-Druckbehältern N2 - Vorstellung der Erkenntnisse aus einer experimentellen Studie mit langsamen Berstprüfungen an Typ 4-Druckbehältern bei einer Arbeitskreis-Sitzung "Wasserstoff-Drucktanks" der AVK. T2 - AVK-Arbeitskreis-Sitzung "Wasserstoff-Drucktanks" CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 26.09.2024 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Druckbehälter KW - Eigenspannungen KW - Langsame Berstprüfung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61134 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Embedding of Fiber Optic Sensors Under Industrial Conditions and Distributed Strain Sensing in Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels N2 - A presentation on the embedding of fiber optic sensors into the composite structure of type 4 composite pressure vessels. Also, the impact of the embedded fiber optic sensors on the burst pressures of type 4 composite pressure vessels was discussed. The presentation was held at ICCM24 in Baltimore, Maryland. T2 - 24th International Conference on Composite Materials CY - Baltimore, Maryland, USA DA - 04.08.2025 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Filament winding KW - Fiber optic sensors PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63885 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Project summary: Impact of manufacturing process related residual stresses in wound composite material on the operational safety of hydrogen pressure vessels N2 - This presentation is a summary of a doctoral project within the BTU-BAM Graduate School 'Trustworthy Hydrogen'. The results of both theoretical and experimental investigations are presented and discussed. T2 - Summer School 2025 - BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.07.2025 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Residual stresses KW - Burst test KW - Filament winding KW - Carbon fiber PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63067 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Better with age? Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels N2 - A presentation on the impact of creep phenomena during initial loading on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels. A statistical evaluation of slow burst tests shows an increase of the survival rate of initially loaded composite pressure vessels (sustained load and increased pressure) compared to the ones tested in a brand-new state. T2 - ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (ASME PVP 2025) CY - Quebec, Canada DA - 20.07.2025 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Safety PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63760 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Better with age? Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels N2 - To maintain the highest safety standards for compressed gas storage in composite pressure vessels, a deeper understanding of their ageing mechanism is required. In the present study, the impact of an initial loading under increased temperature and sustained pressure on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels is investigated. Two designs of type 4 cylinders were manufactured, the only difference being the internal pressure function used during the filament winding process. Hence, their residual stress state and the quality of the composite layers varied. Ten pressure vessels were initially loaded under sustained pressure and increased temperature, and later subjected to slow burst tests. Comparing the results with cylinders tested in a pristine state underlines a significant improvement in the performance of initially loaded cylinders of one of the designs. This phenomenon was caused by a significant decrease of the scattering of burst pressures within a sample. At the same time, a slight decrease of the burst pressures could be observed. An explanation of this behavior could be supported by strain measurements with fiber optic sensors, which were embedded in the composite material. The strains measured during the initial loading indicate a stress redistribution, which has an impact on the strength of the pressure vessel. Moreover, an increased stiffness during the slow burst tests after initial loading was observed that indicates a better exploitation of the individual layers of the composite structure. The study supports previous observations on the increased performance after initial loading and provides new insights into the strain development in creep effects in type 4 pressure vessels. T2 - AZL Aachen Composite Pipes & Vessels Workgroup Meeting CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 11.11.2025 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Filament winding KW - Creep PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64667 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Better with age? Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels N2 - A presentation on the impact of creep phenomena during initial loading on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels. A statistical evaluation of slow burst tests shows an increase of the survival rate of initially loaded composite pressure vessels (sustained load and increased pressure) compared to the ones tested in a brand-new state. T2 - H2 Safety - Kolloquium (TestCert) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.11.2025 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Filament winding KW - Burst test KW - Creep PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64690 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Einfluss fertigungsbedingter Eigenspannungen auf die Betriebssicherheit von nassgewickelten Composite-Druckbehältern mit einem nichttragenden Liner N2 - Im Hinblick auf die globale Herausforderung der Energietransformation steigt der Bedarf an Möglichkeiten zur Energiespeicherung. Eine Technologie, die zunehmend in den Fokus rückt, ist die Energiespeicherung mittels komprimiertem Wasserstoffgas. Insbesondere für mobile und Transport-Anwendungen ist eine geringe Masse des Speichers vorteilhaft, weshalb vollumwickelte Composite-Druckbehälter des Typs 4 zum Einsatz kommen. Diese werden überwiegend im Nasswickelverfahren gefertigt, das durch zahlreiche Prozessparameter und physikalische Effekte charakterisiert wird. Die Wahl der Wickelprozessparameter sowie Schwankungen der Materialkennwerte beeinflussen den Eigenspannungszustand in der Composite-Struktur eines Druckbehälters. Somit wirken sie sich auch auf den Spannungszustand im Betrieb aus. Die vorliegende Dissertation beinhaltet Untersuchungen des Einflusses von fertigungsbedingten Eigenspannungen auf die Sicherheit von Composite-Druckbehältern mit nichttragendem Kunststoff-Liner. Ziel ist es, das mechanische Verhalten von Composite-Druckbehältern besser zu verstehen und deren Sicherheitsniveau sowie Konkurrenzfähigkeit weiter zu steigern. Schwerpunkte der Arbeit sind experimentelle Untersuchungen der Eigenspannungsentstehung und -entwicklung sowie deren Einfluss auf die Behälter-Sicherheit. Im Fokus befindet sich die Exploration von Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit der Behälter durch Variation der Fertigungsparameter und eine Konditionierung nach der Fertigung. Der Eigenspannungszustand wird in numerischen Simulationen sowie mit dem zerstörenden Bohrlochverfahren charakterisiert. Die Überwachung der Spannungsumlagerung während einer Konditionierung unter Zeitstandbelastung erfolgt mit eingebetteten faseroptischen Sensoren, die später zur Dehnungsmessung in zerstörenden, langsamen Berstprüfungen eingesetzt werden. Zur Vertiefung des Verständnisses des Versagensverhaltens der verwendeten 6,8 l-Druckbehälter wird die Finite-Elemente-Methode eingesetzt. Darüber hinaus werden Qualitätsuntersuchungen der Composite-Struktur mittels Mikro-Computertomographie und Impuls-Echo-Verfahren beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen, dass eine Steigerung der Zuverlässigkeit durch eine gezielte Innendruckbeanspruchung der gewickelten Behälter nahezu kostenneutral möglich ist. Dies wird im Rahmen der Arbeit anhand eines Baumusters demonstriert. Darüber hinaus wird die Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit der Behälter im Rahmen einer Konditionierung unter Zeitstandbelastung vertieft diskutiert. Diese stellt eine weiterführende Möglichkeit dar, das Behälterverhalten positiv zu beeinflussen und das Sicherheitsniveau zu steigern. N2 - Considering the global challenge of energy transformation, the demand for energy storage solutions is increasing. One of the technologies, which is gaining attention, is the storage of hydrogen gas under high operating pressures. Particularly for on-board and transport applications, lightweight storage systems are advantageous. Therefore, fully wrapped composite pressure vessels of Type 4 are increasingly used. These are mostly manufactured using the wet filament winding process, which is characterized by numerous process parameters and physical effects. The choice of winding process parameters and variations in material properties influence the residual stress state in the finished component and thus also the stress state under operational loads. This dissertation includes insights into the impact of manufacturing-induced residual stresses on the safety of Type 4 pressure vessels, which contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanical behavior of composite pressure vessels and support the further enhancement of safety levels and competitiveness. The work focuses on experimental investigations of the induction and development of residual stresses and their impact on the safety of the composite pressure vessels. A core of the dissertation is an exploration of the possibilities to improve pressure vessel performance through variation of manufacturing parameters and conditioning after manufacturing. The residual stress state is characterized in numerical simulations as well as with the destructive hole-drilling method. Embedded fiber optic sensors are used for the monitoring of stress redistribution during conditioning. The fiber optic sensors are later used for strain measurement in destructive, slow burst tests. Finite element analyses are performed to deepen the understanding of the failure behavior of the used 6.8-liter pressure vessels. Additionally, quality investigations of the composite structure using micro-computed tomography and impulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imaging are described. The results of the investigations show that an increase in performance is possible through targeted internal pressure regulation during the winding process pressure vessels. This is demonstrated almost cost-neutrally, i.e., without increasing process time and material usage. Furthermore, the improvement of vessel performance through conditioning under increased pressure and temperature is discussed in depth. This represents a further possibility to favorably influence vessel behavior and enhance safety levels. KW - Composite KW - Druckbehälter KW - Eigenspannung KW - Faserverstärkter Kunststoff KW - Nasswickelverfahren PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-72383 DO - https://doi.org/10.26127/BTUOpen-7238 SP - 1 EP - 153 CY - Cottbus, Deutschland AN - OPUS4-65348 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz T1 - Einfluss ausgewählter Fertigungsparameter auf die Sicherheit von Composite-Druckbehältern N2 - In dem Vortrag wurde der Einfluss ausgewählter Fertigungsparameter auf die Sicherheit von Composite-Druckbehältern diskutiert. Die Inhalte stammen aus einem Projekt im Rahmen des BTU-BAM Graduiertenkollegs "Trustworthy Hydrogen". Darüber hinaus umfasst der Foliensatz eine Kurzvorstellung der Aktivitäten des Fachbereichs 3.5 im Bereich der Wasserstofftechnologien. T2 - Workshop "Wasserstoff in der Luftfahrt: Wasserstoffspeicherung und -transport für Luftfahrt und darüber hinaus" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.02.2026 KW - Composite KW - Druckbehälter KW - Fertigung PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65498 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels N2 - To maintain the highest safety standards for compressed gas storage in composite pressure vessels, a deeper understanding of their ageing mechanism is required. In this study, two designs of type 4 cylinders were manufactured the only difference being the internal pressure function used during the filament winding process. Hence, their residual stress state and the quality of the composite layers varied. Ten pressure vessels were initially loaded under sustained pressure and increased temperature and later subjected to slow burst tests. Comparing the results with cylinders tested in a pristine state underlines a significant improvement in the performance of initially loaded cylinders of one of the designs. This phenomenon was caused by a significant decrease of the scattering of burst pressures within a sample. At the same time, a slight decrease of the burst pressures could be observed. An explanation of this behavior could be supported by strain measurements with fiber optic sensors, which were embedded in the composite material. The strains measured during the initial loading indicate a stress redistribution, which has an impact on the strength of the pressure vessel. Moreover, an increased stiffness during the slow burst tests after initial loading was observed that indicates a better exploitation of the individual layers of the composite structure. The study supports previous observations on the increased performance after initial loading and provides new insights into the strain development in creep effects in type 4 pressure vessels. T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference PVP2025 CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada DA - 20.07.2025 KW - Type 4 pressure vessel KW - Creep KW - Fiber optic sensors KW - Slow burst test KW - Mechanics of composites PY - 2025 SN - 978-0-7918-8907-7 VL - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-63897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Seidlitz, Holger ED - Nabizada, A. ED - Dechany, A. ED - Carré, B. ED - Ghogare, D. ED - Stendardo, E. ED - Lappa, F. ED - Vanlaere, J. ED - Mendoza, M. J. ED - Dejonghe, M. ED - Daese, M. ED - Namazifard, N. ED - Jacops, R. ED - Jottrand, S. ED - Pahlavan, S. T1 - Modelling of the Manufacturing Process Related Residual Stresses in Type 4 Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Storage N2 - The publication is an extended abstract on the modelling of the manufacturing process related residual stresses in type 4 pressure vessels for hydrogen storage. A 2D analytical model based on the classical laminate theory and a 3D finite element model are introduced. The calculated residual stress state after the filament winding process as well as the stress state in service are presented and discussed. T2 - European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024) CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 20.03.2024 KW - Composite KW - Hydrogen KW - Pressure vessel KW - Residual stresses KW - Filament winding KW - Carbon fiber PY - 2024 VL - 2024 SP - 445 EP - 450 PB - Hydrogen Europe Research, BE-HyFE AN - OPUS4-59779 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Oktaviany, Jennifer A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Influence of Internal Pressure Regulation During Filament Winding on Failure Mechnism in Type 4 Pressure Vessels: A Case Study N2 - Hydrogen storage is a crucial part of the hydrogen value chain, particularly in terms of safety and social acceptance of hydrogen technologies. For on-board and transportation applications, hydrogen is commonly stored as a compressed gas in pressure vessels. Full composite wrapped Type 4 pressure vessels are especially beneficial due to their high weight-saving potential and their capability to withstand high working pressures. To maintain an appropriate safety level, the mechanical behavior of the composite structure has been the subject of investigation in numerous studies. In this study, the failure mechanisms of two designs of Type 4 cylinders are investigated. The two designs differ solely in the manufacturing process parameters, particularly the internal pressure applied during the filament winding process. Variations in internal pressure result in different residual stress states and changes in the quality of the composite structure. The stacking sequence, materials used, and other manufacturing parameters remain unchanged. The cylinders show different failure mechanisms in slow burst tests: one design fails in hoop windings, while the other one fails in helical windings, despite no stress exaggeration in the fiber direction being observed with embedded optical fibers or in numerical simulations. To explain the failure mechanisms, the quality of the cylinders is investigated. The results of X-ray computed tomography and pulse-echo investigation, highlight the complexity of the interactions between manufacturing process parameters, residual stresses, manufacturing quality, and the mechanical behavior of composite pressure vessels. Resin-rich areas in the composite material are identified as a possible cause of the differing failure mechanisms. T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025 CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 22.09.2025 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Filament winding KW - Burst test PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-64452 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Impact of internal pressure control during manufacturing on residual stresses and safety performance of type 4 pressure vessels N2 - Composite pressure vessels are commonly manufactured using the wet filament winding process, where various process parameters can influence the performance of the finished component. In this study two designs of wet filament wound 6.8-liter type 4 composite pressure vessels were manufactured. Both differ only by the internal pressure used during the filament winding, which primarily influences the residual stress state in the composite structure. An extensive experimental study was carried out, including 10 slow burst tests and strain measurements with fiber optic sensors. Significant differences can be observed in the performance of the two designs even though the used stacking sequence, materials and other manufacturing parameters are the same for both designs. A discussion of the differences in the behavior of both cylinder types is provided, including the strain distribution in slow burst tests and failure mechanism. KW - Residual stresses KW - Slow burst tests KW - Filament winding KW - Type 4 composite pressure vessels KW - Hydrogen PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626663 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100581 SN - 2666-6820 VL - 17 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands AN - OPUS4-62666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Application of the incremental hole-drilling method for residual stress determination in type 4 pressure vessels N2 - Hole-drilling method is a standardized technique for obtaining residual stresses in isotropic structures. Previous studies provide a foundation that enables the use of this method to investigate orthotropic structures, such as fiber-reinforced composites. In this study, the incremental hole-drilling method was applied to investigate residual stresses in filament wound type 4 composite pressure vessels. The investigated composite cylinders were manufactured with different internal pressure functions during the winding process, to achieve distinct residual stress states. Additionally, the influence of the initial loading under sustained internal pressure and increased temperature on the stress distribution was investigated. It was shown that the residual stress state can be influenced by varying the internal pressure in the winding process. After testing at sustained load and increased temperature, a stress redistribution was observed, which took place due to creep phenomena. Finally, a discussion of the challenges for the application of the hole-drilling method to composite pressure vessels is provided. KW - Hole-drilling method KW - Filament winding KW - Type 4 composite pressure vessels KW - Residual stresses KW - Stress redistribution PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627765 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2024-0328 SN - 2195-8572 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 663 EP - 674 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH AN - OPUS4-62776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Kim, Kyunghwan A1 - Lee, Kyu-Jin A1 - Lee, Jung-Ryul T1 - Impact of internal pressure regulation in filament winding on the quality of composite cylinders: a study with pulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imaging N2 - To ensure the safety of composite pressure vessels considering the growing usage, this case study investigates how wet filament winding parameters affect quality of composite cylinders. Two 6.8-liter Type 4 cylinders with identical geometry and fiber stacking sequence were analyzed using pulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imaging. One cylinder was wound under constant internal pressure, while the other used increasing pressure to influence residual stress and influence imperfections. This difference led to distinct failure mechanisms in burst tests. The study focused on identifying porosity and resin-rich areas, visualized through ultrasonic wave propagation imaging and variable time-window amplitude mapping. Results revealed that the cylinder wound with increasing pressure had better composite consolidation but more resin-rich areas in the hoop windings. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging as a non-destructive method for detecting manufacturing-induced imperfections and highlight the importance of optimizing filament winding parameters to enhance composite quality. KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Wet filament winding KW - Pulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imaging PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639801 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2025.2547457 SN - 1568-5519 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-63980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Embedding of Fiber Optic Sensors Under Industrial Conditions and Distributed Strain Sensing in Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels N2 - The number of in-operation composite pressure vessels is increasing, partly due to their attractiveness for on-board compressed gas storage and transport applications. A possible way to maintain the highest safety levels is through the structural health monitoring of the composite cylinders. Here, the use of fiber optic sensors appears to be a promising approach. However, the integration of the optical fibers into the composite structure of a pressure vessel has been shown to be challenging. In this study, insights on the embedding of optical fibers in the composite structure under industrial conditions are provided. A protection concept for the ingress and egress of the optical fibers is presented. Finally, the results from destructive slow burst tests are evaluated, showing no clear trend in the impact of the embedded optical fibers on the performance of composite pressure vessels. T2 - 24th International Conference on Composite Materials CY - Baltimore, Maryland, USA DA - 04.08.2025 KW - Composite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Filament winding KW - Fiber optic sensors PY - 2025 SP - 3710 EP - 3717 AN - OPUS4-63886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sauer, Hannah A1 - Okpeke, Bright E. A1 - Dzielendziak, Agnieszka S. A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Baetcke, Lars A1 - Ehlers, Sören T1 - Comparative life cycle assessment of vacuum insulation panel core materials for liquid hydrogen storage tanks – glass bubbles compared to conventional core materials N2 - The environmental performance of insulation materials for liquid hydrogen storage tank application is important to the development of sustainable supply chains. As new materials keep evolving, there is a need to assess their environmental impact. Therefore, this study investigates the environmental sustainability and circularity of cryogenic insulation concepts, namely vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), exclusively focussing on their core materials. Employing a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment model, the VIP core materials are investigated with a special focus on glass bubbles. Based on the results, the global warming potential of the considered core materials, namely, glass bubbles, silica aerogel, fumed silica, expanded perlite, glass fibre, and polyurethane foam is 9.21∗10^−2, 7.00, 2.50∗10^−1, 3.63∗10^−2, 6.68∗10^−2, and 1.88 kg CO2 eq. per functional unit, respectively. In general, silica aerogel and polyurethane foam are the least environmentally friendly materials, while the most sustainable is expanded perlite, followed by glass fibre, glass bubbles, and fumed silica. KW - LH2 KW - Insulation KW - Cryogenic storage tank KW - Life Cycle Assessment PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655445 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153937 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 219 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sauer, Hannah A1 - Okpeke, Bright Ebikemefa A1 - Dzielendziak, Agnieszka Sylwia A1 - Batcke, Lars A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Ehlers, Sören T1 - Comparative life cycle assessment of different vacuum insulation panel core materials for cryogenic storage tanks – with a focus on glass bubbles as a novel core material N2 - Developing a sustainable hydrogen supply chain is important in facilitating the energy transition towards climate neutrality. Hydrogen in its free form can be stored and transported either as a gas or a liquid. Due to gaseous hydrogen's comparatively low energy density, liquefied hydrogen (LH 2) is often preferred, especially with regard to long-distance transportation and storage in bulk. A notable challenge associated with LH2 is the inherent requirement to preserve it at a low temperature of -253°C. Consequently, the utilisation of thermally insulated tanks is necessary to minimise LH 2 evaporation. There is a lack of literature on the environmental impacts of insulation materials and concepts for cryogenic storage tank applications in the hydrogen supply chain. Hence, this study investigates a novel concept, namely vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), focusing on their core materials, with a view to assessing their environmental sustainability and circularity. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) model is employed to investigate six distinct VIP core materials, namely, silica aerogel, rigid polyurethane foam, expanded perlite, glass fibre, fumed silica, and glass bubbles (hollow glass microspheres), with a special focus on the latter. The LCA results show that polyurethane foam and silica aerogel rank low in environmental performance, making them less suitable as primary choice. Expanded perlite is the most environmentally friendly material option, followed by glass fibre, glass bubbles, and fumed silica. Improvements to the environmental impact of glass bubbles can be achieved via the implementation of closed-loop recycling in their life cycle. T2 - The World Hydrogen Technologies Convention 2025 CY - Dublin, Ireland DA - 21.10.2025 KW - LH2 KW - Insulation KW - Life cycle assessment PY - 2025 UR - https://www.whtc2025.com/conference-proceedings SP - 65 EP - 67 AN - OPUS4-64668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sauermoser-Yri, M. A1 - Veldurthi, N. A1 - Wölfle, C. H. A1 - Svartvatn, P. J. A1 - Flo Hoem, S. O. A1 - Lid, M. J. A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Palko, J. A1 - Torgersen, J. T1 - On the porosity-dependent permeability and conductivity of triply periodic minimal surface based porous media N2 - With the fast development in the field of additive manufacturing, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) based porous media have recently found many uses in mechanical property tuning. However, there is still a lack of understanding in their porosity-dependent permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity. Here, we perform finite volume simulations on the solid and void domains of the Schoen gyroid (SG), Schwarz primitive (SP) and Schwarz primitive beam (SPB) TPMS with porosities between 63% and 88% in Ansys Fluent. A simple cubic lattice (CL) of equivalent porosity served as reference. The SPB and CL showed up to one order of magnitude higher permeabilities than the SG and SP. However, SG and SP have about 1.3 and 2.6 times the electrical and thermal conductivity of SPB and CL, respectively. Furthermore, the properties of SPB and CL are largely affected by the surface area density, whereas tortuosity variation does not impact permeability and conductivity to a major extent. Finally, empirical relations are adapted to describe the presented data and thus, they may enable future designers of TPMS based porous structures to fine-tune the geometries according to the requirements on permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity. KW - Metals and Alloys KW - Surfaces, Coatings and Films KW - Biomaterials KW - Ceramics and Composites PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585250 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.242 SN - 2238-7854 VL - 27 SP - 585 EP - 599 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-58525 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiaroli, Alice A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Ustolin, Federico A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Modelling the behaviour of cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks engulfed in fire N2 - The safe use of liquid hydrogen as a clean fuel requires a deep understanding of its behaviour in accident scenarios. Among other scenarios, the possible involvement of cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks in engulfing fires is of particular concern, due to the potentially severe consequences. This study proposes a computational fluid dynamic model suitable to simulate the behaviour of liquid hydrogen tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) engulfed in fire. An original approach has been developed to assess the progressive degradation of the performance of the thermal insulation, that is crucial in determining the tank pressurization and failure. The model is validated against full-scale experimental fire tests. The outcomes of the model reproduce the progressive pressurization and the opening time of the pressure relief valve within 2 % error. The results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the dynamic evolution of the progressive degradation of the insulation when evaluating tank pressurization, and they highlight the limitations of empirical, simplified state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, the analysis evidences the key role of the fire temperature in governing tank response, stressing the need for proper fire characterization to support reliable modelling of fire scenarios and the development of emergency planning and mitigation strategies ensuring the structural integrity of liquid hydrogen tanks during fire attacks. KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Tank PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652920 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.108319 SN - 0957-5820 VL - 206 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65292 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulze, Uwe T1 - Measurement of permeation of hydrogen on hoses according to ISO 3821 N2 - The subject of permeation of hoses according to ISO 3821 for hydrogen was discussed for a long time in ISO/TC 44/SC 8. The reason is a considerable leakage of hydrogen diffused into the hose material over the end face of the hose. Because of this unsolved, safety-related problem of hoses sold on the market, measurements should be carried out in order to be able to better assess the problem. BAM has declared its attendance to provide a required fast solution to this issue. T2 - Meeting of the committee ISO/TC 44/SC 8 "Equipment for gas welding, cutting and allied processes" CY - Genoa, Italy DA - 08.11.2023 KW - Permeation KW - Hoses KW - Hydrogen KW - Leakage KW - ISO 3821 PY - 2023 VL - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59375 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - Qualification of protective splinter barrier for fire resistance testing of CPVS N2 - There will be an experimental setup with a qualification of protective splinter barrier for fire resistance testing of CPVs presented. Various methods of qualifying the test stand enclosure are shown and the results are examined individually. A total of 14 explosion tests were carried out. Furthermore, the enclosure was examined for the influence of wind. T2 - Visit Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 30.08.2024 KW - Protective splinter barrier KW - Fire testing KW - Blast testing KW - Wind meassurement KW - CPV PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61455 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - Investigations on fire resistance of CPVs with respect to validation of fire test setup N2 - Based on Global Technical Regulations No. 13 phase 2 it is shown how to desing an over ground fire test stand with splinter barrier elements and qualification tests like blast testing and wind measurement. T2 - Stakeholders Workshop VH SH2APED CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 26.09.2024 KW - GTR 13 KW - Fire testing on CPVs PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61335 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Solberg, S. B. B. A1 - Zimmermann, P. A1 - Wilhelmsen, Ø. A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Burheim, O. S. T1 - Analytical treatment of ion-exchange permselectivity and transport number measurements for high accuracy N2 - We analyse electromotive force measurements of concentration cells using non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and determine the transference coefficients of ion-exchange membranes in aqueous KCl solutions. By taking advantage of the analytical expression for the permselectivity, we extract transport coefficients with high accuracy. The transport number of K+ and the transference coefficient of water in the Selemion CMVN cationexchange membrane are found to be 100𝑡K+ = 99.59 ± 0.56 and 𝑡𝑤 = 3.69 ± 0.40 respectively, while for the Selemion AMVN anion-exchange membrane they are 100𝑡Cl− = 100.21 ± 0.37 and 𝑡𝑤 = −3.75 ± 0.27. These results suggest that the membranes are perfectly selective to the target ion, and that each ion carries 3-4 water molecules through the membrane, which reduces the membrane permselectivity. In these concentration cells, the electrical potential contribution of the membrane alone was more easily isolated with bare Ag/AgCl electrodes without reference solutions and liquid junction plugs. Additionally, we find a large contribution to the measured concentration cell voltage from concentration gradients across the porous plug of the reference electrode, which cannot be explained by Henderson’s equation alone. For most of the concentration range, the transport number of the porous plug is determined to be 100𝑡K+ = 49.43 ± 0.78 with negligible water transport, similar to literature values for bulk electrolyte. In dilute electrolyte solutions with concentrations below 0.1 mol kg−1, the plug shows anomalous behaviour consistent with an increase in K+ selectivity and water co-transport. KW - Ion-exchange membranes KW - Electrodialysis KW - Non-equilibrium thermodynamics KW - Electroosmosis KW - Transport number PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-580654 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121904 SN - 1873-3123 VL - 2023 IS - 685 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-58065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Solberg, S. A1 - Zimmermann, P. A1 - Wilhelmsen, Ø. A1 - Lamb, J. A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Burheim, O. T1 - Heat to Hydrogen by Reverse Electrodialysis—Using a Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Model to Evaluate Hydrogen Production Concepts Utilising Waste Heat N2 - The reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) is a promising salinity gradient energy technology, capable of producing hydrogen with an input of waste heat at temperatures below 100 °C. A salinity gradient drives water electrolysis in the reverse electrodialysis (RED) cell, and spent solutions are regenerated using waste heat in a precipitation or evaporation unit. This work presents a non-equilibrium thermodynamics model for the RED cell, and the hydrogen production is investigated for KCl/water solutions. The results show that the evaporation concept requires 40 times less waste heat and produces three times more hydrogen than the precipitation concept. With commercial evaporation technology, a system efficiency of 2% is obtained, with a hydrogen production rate of 0.38 gH2 m−2h−1 and a waste heat requirement of 1.7 kWh g−1H2. The water transference coefficient and the salt diffusion coefficient are identified as membrane properties with a large negative impact on hydrogen production and system efficiency. Each unit of the water transference coefficient in the range tw=[0–10] causes a −7 mV decrease in unit cell electric potential, and a −0.3% decrease in system efficiency. Increasing the membrane salt diffusion coefficient from 10−12 to 10−11 leads to the system efficiency decreasing from 2% to 0.6% KW - Non-equilibrium thermodynamics KW - Hydrogen KW - Waste heat KW - RED PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556677 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166011 VL - 15 IS - 16 SP - 6011 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-55667 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Soruco Aloisio, Ricardo T1 - Digitale Abbildung von Assets - Dateninfrastruktur für Industrie 4.0 N2 - Im Rahmen der von der BAM und anderen Partnern ins Leben gerufenen Initiative „Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur“ liegt der Fokus u.a. auf der Entwicklung von neuen Zertifizierungsworkflows. Dabei ist eine besondere Bedeutung dem Zusammenführen von Operational Technology (OT) und Informationstechnik (IT) beizumessen. Zur Datenintegration aus der Sensor-Feldebene einer Versuchs-Wasserstofftankstelle wurde eine solche Infrastruktur aufgebaut. Zudem wurde der von der Plattform Industrie 4.0 empfohlene standardisierte Zwilling „Verwaltungsschale“ für einige Assets der Wasserstofftankstelle implementiert. T2 - QI-Forum 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.10.2024 KW - Datenintregration KW - IT KW - Infrastruktur KW - OT KW - Open Source KW - Software KW - VPN KW - Verwaltungsschale PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-63493 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Soruco Aloisio, Ricardo T1 - Eine Infrastruktur für den digitalen Zwilling – Use Case H2-Tankstelle N2 - Im Rahmen von der BAM und anderen Partnern ins Leben gerufene Initiative „Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur“ ist der Fokus auf die Entwicklung von neuen Regelwerken und Zertifizierungsworkflows ausgerichtet. Dabei ist eine besondere Bedeutung dem Zusammenführen von Operational Technology (OT) und Informationstechnik (IT) beizumessen, wenn aktuelle Prozess- und Parameterdaten zuverlässig zur Verfügung gestellt werden sollen. In dem Use Case Wasserstofftankstelle werden digitale Abbilder erprobt, die u.a. der Kalibrierung von Sensoren, dem Nachweis über die Wasserstoffreinheit und der vorausschauenden Wartung dienen sollen. Großenteils der verfahrenstechnischen Bestandsanlagen, die sogenannten Brownfield-Anlagen, sind nach einem konservativen und hierarchischen Automatisierungskonzept ausgelegt. Hierbei können sämtliche Prozessdaten, besonders aus der Feldebene, einer oberen informationstechnische Ebene unzugänglich bleiben. Eine Brückentechnologie nach der NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA) soll möglichst viele Informationen und Daten aus der vorgegebenen Brownfield-Automatisierung sicher und rückwirkungsfrei zur Verfügung stellen. Zusätzliche Sensorik soll ebenso zu der Datenerweiterung beitragen und letztendlich den digitalen Zwilling, bzw. das digitale Abbild des verfahrenstechnischen Prozesses, ergänzen. Die Herausforderungen einer solchen Infrastruktur gelten vor allem einer universellen Kommunikationsschnittstelle und der Sicherheit. Darüber hinaus werden vorgeschlagene Normen und Empfehlungen untersucht und erprobt. T2 - Jahrestreffen der "Prozess-, Apparate- und Anlagentechnik" CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 21.11.2022 KW - QI-Digital KW - Use-Case Wasserstofftankstelle KW - Automatisierung KW - Operational Technology KW - Digitaler Zwilling KW - NAMUR Open Architecture PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56402 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Soruco Aloisio, Ricardo A1 - Klaus, Christian T1 - Auf dem Weg zu einer digitalen Qualitätsinfrastruktur - Use Case Wasserstofftankstelle N2 - Im Rahmen der von der BAM und anderen Partnern ins Leben gerufenen Initiative „Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur“ liegt der Fokus u.a. auf der Entwicklung von neuen Zertifizierungsworkflows. Dabei ist eine besondere Bedeutung dem Zusammenführen von Operational Technology (OT) und Informationstechnik (IT) beizumessen. Zur Datenintegration aus der Sensor-Feldebene einer Versuchs-wasserstofftankstelle wurde eine solche Infrastruktur zunächst in einer Laborumgebung aufgebaut. T2 - Hannover Messe 2024 - Speakers Corners CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 23.04.2024 KW - IT KW - OT KW - Infrastruktur KW - Datenintregration KW - VPN KW - Verwaltungsschale KW - Open Source KW - Software PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59930 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Terhedebrügge, Gabriel A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - How can SHM be applied in a quality assured and legally compliant manner? T1 - Wie kann SHM qualitätssicher und rechtssicher angewendet werden? N2 - Many SHM applications developed at universities and research institutions have not yet left the laboratory scale. Possible reasons for this include: - Real components and structures are often more complex than expected, - The POD (probability of detection) of the SHM system is usually difficult to determine, - The reliability of SHM systems is often unsatisfactory, and - The transition from recurring inspection to permanent monitoring with automated SHM systems fails due to existing safety regulations and testing standards. The workshop addresses these issues and aims to present solutions that facilitate the practical use of SHM. The solutions will be developed using real-world applications, such as those in the field of renewable energy. N2 - Viele SHM-Anwendungen, die an den Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen entwickelt wurden, haben den Labormaßstab noch nicht verlassen. Mögliche Gründe dafür sind, - dass reale Bauteile und Strukturen häufig komplexer sind als erwartet, - die POD (probability of detection) des SHM-Systems zumeist schwer bestimmbar ist, - die Zuverlässigkeit der SHM-Systeme oft nicht zufriedenstellend ist und - der Übergang von wiederkehrender Prüfung zur permanenter Überwachung mit automatisierten SHM-Systemen an vorhandenen Sicherheitsrichtlinien und Prüfvorschriften scheitert. Der Workshop greift diese Fragestellungen auf und soll Lösungsansätze aufzeigen, die den Einsatz von SHM in der Praxis erleichtern. Die Lösungen werden beispielhaft für reale Anwendungen, z.B. aus dem Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien, erarbeitet. T2 - SCHALL 25 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 28.03.2025 KW - SHM KW - Legal aspects KW - Pressure vessels KW - SMART-tools KW - QI-Digital KW - Periodic inspection PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62909 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thomas, Sebastian T1 - Improvement of Type Approval Regulations of Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Fueled Vehicles using Probabilistic Methods N2 - Composite pressure vessels (CPVs) are becoming the state of the art for storage for compressed hydrogen (CH2) in automotive applications. There is a strong interest of car manufacturers to use lightweight and less-costly gas storage units. In order to reduce the necessary amount of expensive carbon fibre, the nominal safety margins are becoming gradually smaller, pushing the limits of the regulations for type approval. At the same time, the total volume of these vessels increases to extend the range of the vehicles, increasing the consequences for worst-case scenarios like the rupture of the CPVs in service. This presentation presents insights gained in the project “TAnk HYdrogen Automotive” (TAHYA). Its aim is to improve the safety of current regulations for type approval of pressure vessels for the use in hydrogen fueled vehicles, namely GTR No. 13 and ECE R 134. For the assessment of safety, the probabilistic approach developed by division 3.5 of BAM is used. Monte-Carlo-Simulations were conducted leading to the identification of several weak spots, mainly found in the burst test and the batch test. By changing the requirements for burst tests and the approach for batch tests, the identified weak spots can be strongly reduced. T2 - Colloquium of Department 3 CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Monte-Carlo Simulation KW - Safety Assessment KW - Pressure Vessel PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Sensoren und Analytik für Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle in Wasserstofftechnologien N2 - Der Beitrag beinhaltet Themen vom H2Safety@BAM-Kompetenzfeld Sensorik, Analytik und zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien (SensRef) mit Fokus auf Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen: Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung - Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto", Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhälntisses mit Gassensoren, zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit integriertem Zustandsüberwachungssystem basierend auf geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) sowie faseroptische Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern aufgrund erkennbarer Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern. T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2022 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - SensRef KW - Faseroptische Sensorik KW - Gassensorik KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen KW - Leckdetektion KW - Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56683 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Prüf- und Messverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen N2 - Der Vortrag zum Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen beinhaltet die Themen: Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung - Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto", Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhälntisses mit Gassensoren, zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit integriertem Zustandsüberwachungssystem basierend auf geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) sowie faseroptische Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern aufgrund erkennbarer Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern. T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2021 KW - Leckdetektion KW - Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung KW - Gassensorik KW - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen KW - Faseroptische Sensorik KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54136 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit Sensorik N2 - Mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren sind zur Prozesskontrolle und Sicherheitsüberwachung in Wasserstofftechnologien von hoher Bedeutung. Typische Anwendungsgebiete von Sensoren sind Sicherheitsüberwachung, Leckdetektion und Prozesskontrolle. In diesem Beitrag werden Themen zur Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses mit Gassensoren, Fehlstellenerkennung mit geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung (Structural Health Monitoring) von Wasserstoffspeichern sowie der Einsatz faseroptischer Sensoren zur Überwachung des Dehnungs- und Alterungsverhaltens sowie zur Schadensfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern vorgestellt. T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 27.01.2021 KW - Metrologie KW - Gassensoren KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Faseroptische Sensoren KW - Wasserstoff PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52141 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Bin A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Islam, F. T1 - Evaluation methods for estimation of Weibull parameters used in Monte Carlo simulations for safety analysis of pressure vessels N2 - The test data for static burst strength and load cycle fatigue strength of pressure vessels can often be well described by Gaussian normal or Weibull distribution functions. There are various approaches which can be used to determine the parameters of the Weibull distribution function; however, the performance of these methods is uncertain. In this study, six methods are evaluated by using the criterion of OSL (observed significance level) from Anderson-Darling (AD) goodness of Fit (GoF), These are: a) the norm-log based method, b) least squares regression, c) weighted least squares regression, d) a linear approach based on good linear unbiased estimators, e) maximum likelihood estimation and f) method of moments estimation. In addition, various approaches of ranking function are considered. The results show that there are no outperforming methods which can be identified clearly, primarily due to the limitation of the small sample size of the test data used for Weibull analysis. This randomness resulting from the sampling is further investigated by using Monte Carlo simulations, concluding that the sample size of the experimental data is more crucial than the exact method used to derive Weibull parameters. Finally, a recommendation is made to consider the uncertainties of the limitations due to the small size for pressure vessel testing and also for general material testing. KW - Safety assessment KW - Weibull distribution parameters KW - Randomness KW - Sample size KW - Monte Carlo simulation PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0058 VL - 63 IS - 4 SP - 279 EP - 385 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-53105 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra T1 - Sample Performance Chart (SPC) for displaying the results from a multiscale model N2 - The stacking sequence of a real scale type IV pressure vessels has been found. Feasibility study of a multiscale model has been carried out by modifying the original stacking sequence. All of the results were displayed in a Sample Performance Chart (SPC), where different burst pressure in terms of mean and scatter had been found. T2 - Consortium Meeting FiBreMoD CY - Valence, France DA - 17.02.2020 KW - Fibre break KW - Multiscale model KW - Reduced volume method KW - Sample performance chart KW - Type IV pressure vessels PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50563 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra T1 - Impact damage evaluation of hydrogen composite pressure vessels by analysing computed tomography images N2 - The objective of this work is to find a method that describes the degree of damage from an impact experiment. This experiment was performed on Composite Pressure Vessels (CPV) in order to find the correlation of impact damage to the residual burst pressure. Computed Tomography (CT) approach was used to capture the before and after impact condition of the CPVs. The Wasserstein function was used to calculate how much the after impact image has differed from the original one. In the end, a good correlation was obtained to the residual burst pressure. The smaller the Wasserstein distance is, the higher the residual burst pressure would be and vice versa. T2 - HyFiSyn Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.09.2021 KW - Hydrogen KW - Composite pressure vessel KW - Carbon fibre KW - Burst test KW - Image analysis KW - Computed tomography (CT) PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh A1 - John, Sebastian A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Grunwald, Marcel A1 - Auster, Jürgen A1 - Szczepaniak, Marius A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Waske, Anja T1 - Impact damage evaluation of hydrogen composite pressure vessels by analysing computed tomography images N2 - The objective of this work is to find a method that describes the degree of damage from an impact experiment. This experiment was performed on Composite Pressure Vessels (CPV) in order to find the correlation of impact damage to the residual burst pressure. Computed Tomography (CT) approach was used to capture the before and after impact condition of the CPVs. The Wasserstein function was used to calculate how much the after impact image has differed from the original one. In the end, a good correlation was obtained to the residual burst pressure. T2 - HyFiSyn Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.09.2021 KW - Hydrogen KW - Composite pressure vessel KW - Carbon fibre KW - Burst test KW - Image analysis KW - Computed tomography (CT) PY - 2021 SP - 31 EP - 32 AN - OPUS4-53494 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander T1 - Distributed fiber optic strain sensing for structural health monitoring of 70 MPa hydrogen vessels N2 - We report on the development and testing of 70 MPa hydrogen pressure vessels with integrated fiber optic sensing fibers for automotive use. The paper deals with the condition monitoring of such composite pressure vessels (CPVs) using the optical backscatter reflectometry (OBR) applied for a distributed fiber optic strain sensing along fully integrated polyimide-coated single-mode glass optical fiber (SM-GOF). The sensing fibers were embedded into the vessel structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner during the manufacturing process of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Detecting local strain events by the integrated fiber optic sensors can be an opportunity for monitoring the material degradation of CPVs under static and cyclic loading. T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Fiber optic sensor KW - Distributed strain sensing KW - Composite pressure vessel KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Fiber-reinforced plastics PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60307 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas T1 - Distributed Fibre Optic Monitoring of Hydrogen Storage Composite Pressure Vessels for Automotive Use N2 - We present our research work on the condition monitoring of hydrogen storage composite pressure vessels using distributed fibre optic sensors. The sensing fibres are integrated into the composite structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner in the helical and circumferential direction during the manufacturing process of the carbon fibre reinforced polymer. The following use of optical backscatter reflectometry allows for continuous condition monitoring and precise detection and localization of structural damages during the entire service life. To account for the time-dependent strength degradation of the composite pressure vessels, both slow burst and ambient hydraulic cycling tests, respectively, were conducted on five 70 MPa pressure vessels with integrated fibre optic sensors. The results achieved via distributed fibre optic strain sensing demonstrate a near linear strain response to pressure suitable for sensitive condition monitoring and confirm the required robustness of the selected sensor solution. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.05.2025 KW - Distributed fibre optic sensor (DFOS) KW - Composite pressure vessel KW - Optical backscatter reflectometry KW - Slow burst test KW - Ambient hydraulic cycling test PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653067 DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/32344 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-65306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Woody, Paul A1 - Wang, Bin A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas T1 - Distributed fiber optic strain sensing for structural health monitoring of 70 MPa hydrogen vessels N2 - We report on the development and testing of 70 MPa hydrogen pressure vessels with integrated fiber optic sensing fibers for automotive use. The paper deals with the condition monitoring of such composite pressure vessels (CPVs) using the optical backscatter reflectometry (OBR) applied for a distributed fiber optic strain sensing along fully integrated polyimide-coated single-mode glass optical fiber (SM-GOF). The sensing fibers were embedded into the vessel structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner during the manufacturing process of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Detecting local strain events by the integrated fiber optic sensors can be an opportunity for monitoring the material degradation of CPVs under static and cyclic loading. T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Fiber optic sensor KW - Distributed strain sensing KW - Composite pressure vessel KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Fiber-reinforced plastics PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-603105 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-60310 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wätzold, Florian A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Mayer, Jonas T1 - Methodology for AI-Based Search Strategy of Scientific Papers: Exemplary Search for Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles in the Semantic Scholar Database N2 - The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly enhanced productivity, particularly in repetitive tasks. In the scientific domain, literature review stands out as a key area where AI-based tools can be effectively applied. This study presents a methodology for developing a search strategy for systematic reviews using AI tools. The Semantic Scholar database served as the foundation for the search process. The methodology was tested by searching for scientific papers related to batteries and hydrogen vehicles with the aim of enabling an evaluation for their potential applications. An extensive list of vehicles and their operational environments based on international standards and literature reviews was defined and used as the main input for the exemplary search. The AI-supported search yielded approximately 60,000 results, which were subjected to an initial relevance assessment. For the relevant papers, a neighbourhood analysis based on citation and reference networks was conducted. The final selection of papers, covering the period from 2013 to 2023, included 713 papers assessed after the initial review. An extensive discussion of the results is provided, including their categorisation based on search terms, publication years, and cluster analysis of powertrains, as well as operational environments of the vehicles involved. This case study illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and serves as a starting point for future research. The results demonstrate the potential of AI-based tools to enhance productivity when searching for scientific papers. KW - Search strategy KW - Methodology KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Literature review KW - Battery electric vehicles KW - Hydrogen-powered vehicles PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622012 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/publications12040049 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-62201 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Würsig, Andreas T1 - Aufgaben der BAM im Bereich Gefahrguttanks N2 - Die Präsentation gibt einen Überblick über die Aufgaben der BAM im Bereich der Gefahrguttanks. Dabei werden die Bereiche Zulassung, Beratung und Information und Forschung im Bereich der Tanks angesprochen. T2 - 35. Münchner Gefahrgut-Tage CY - Munich, Germany DA - 26.05.2025 KW - Tanks KW - Tankzulassung KW - Tankgremien KW - Tanknormung PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63338 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -