TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Metallic materials for the transport and storage of hydrogen N2 - Um die Absorption von Wasserstoff und dessen Verhalten in den Werkstoffen beim Einsatz unter Druck-H2 sowie die H- abhängigen Materialeigenschaften zu definieren, entwickelt die BAM mit ihrer langjährigen Erfahrung adäquate Prüfkonzepte, die einsatzrelevante Bedingungen und reale Beanspruchungen (Temperatur, Wasserstoff und mech. Beanspruchung) hierarchisch berücksichtigen. Der Vortrag gibt eine Einführung in das Thema von wasserstoffunterstützen Materialschäden durch die Problematik der Einspeisung von Wasserstoff in bestehende Erdgasnetze. Ferner wird auf die Hochdruck-Infrastruktur (sowie H2-Tankstellen) und die Entwicklung von Prüfkonzepten für die Gasinfrastruktur unter Druckwasserstoffbeaufschlagung eingegangen. T2 - Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG): Veranstaltung der Arbeitsgruppe Senior Expert Netzwerk CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.10.2021 KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking KW - Gaseous hydrogen KW - Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry KW - Tensile test PY - 2021 UR - https://www.dpg-physik.de/veranstaltungen/2021/mhb-agsen-2021-10-20 AN - OPUS4-53599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Challenges with metallic materials for the transport and storage of hydrogen N2 - The following presentation provides an overview on some of the challenges with metallic materials used as structural materials in the energy sector for the transport and storage of hydrogen. The presentation contains explanations about the methodologies utilized to characterize the susceptibility of these materials for hydrogen. T2 - Materials and Quality Assurance CY - Bergheim, Germany DA - 10.05.2023 KW - Hollow specimen KW - Slow strain tensile tests KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57515 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Challenges with metallic materials in H 2 technologies N2 - Increasing environmental problems with conventional energy technology are stimulating the demand for alternative energy solutions. With air quality reaching catastrophic levels in large cities worldwide, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles offer the ideal combination of clean power with the amenities of electric drives. Hydrogen use on vehicles, nevertheless, also raises some issues about safe handling. As fuel cells and hydrogen applications, including vehicles, approach technological maturity, developing their business cases becomes crucial in introducing them to the consumer markets. The Joint European Summer School JESS 2021 addresses these issues by offering high quality graduate level courses on selected topics of vehicle technology, innovation & business development, safe handling of hydrogen, and modelling. This series of summer schools has been ongoing since 2004 and targets an audience of university students (MSc and PhD levels) and post-doctoral researchers. We also welcome more experienced researchers and engineers wishing to expand their general knowledge, for instance, to suit a newly acquired position or collect credits for Continuous Professional Development (CPD). The course content is tailored to the needs of a diverse audience: newcomers to the field, experienced students, and young professionals working at the forefront of fuel cell and hydrogen applications. T2 - Joint european summer school (JESS) CY - Online meeting DA - 06.09.2021 KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking KW - Gaseous hydrogen PY - 2021 UR - https://www.jess-summerschool.eu/Week-2 SP - 1 EP - 41 AN - OPUS4-53402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Influence of Hydrogen Uptake and Diffusion in Structural Components in the Field of Renewable Energy N2 - Great efforts are invested worldwide in the development of efficient electrolysis processes, fuel cells technologies and hydrogen transport and storage infrastructures. This includes the exploitation of existing gas-grid infrastructure for the injection of hydrogen. Considering transport and storage facilities, the utilization of gaseous hydrogen can be divided into two main groups which are differentiating in the pressure regime. Fueling stations are operating in high pressure (>800 bar) and high purity and therefore use austenitic stainless steels in their compression systems. On the other hand, existing gas infrastructure where the natural gas is transported across long distances is usually operating with up to 300 bar. In this case the pipe-systems consist of several steel classes, mainly low alloyed steels in which the surface quality and the gas mixture are strongly varying. Even though ingress of hydrogen can lead to catastrophic failures in all steels, its exact impact on the mechanical properties, as well as its interaction with the surface, microstructure and lattice and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, research on the impact of gaseous hydrogen in pressure vessels and pipes has clearly an integral part on the path to safe and sustainable use of the different components along the different chains. This becomes even more relevant considering the influence of impurities in the gas, e.g. sulfur and with the introduction of new production technologies, such as additive manufacturing, into the market. Determination of these interactions and impact that might lead to the degradation of the properties can allow a safe use of steels in present and future hydrogen-based energy applications. The following contribution gives an overview of the problem and introduction to the conventional and innovative tools used and developed nowadays to analyze it. For this purpose, materials were loaded with hydrogen by electrochemical means and under high pressure and elevated temperatures. The results presented provide an invaluable insight into the impact of hydrogen on the integrity of selected steels used in the two mentioned above applications. This work is part of an ongoing research in which mechanical, chemical, structural, and microstructural analyses tools are combined in-situ and ex-situ. T2 - MPA 46th Seminar: Additive Manufacturing, Hydrogen, Energy, Integrity CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany DA - 12.10.2021 KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking KW - Gaseous hydrogen PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53598 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meinderink, D. A1 - Kielar, C. A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Ruhm, L. A1 - Rieker, F. A1 - Nolkemper, K. A1 - Orive, A. G. A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Grundmeier, G. T1 - Effect of PAA-induced surface etching on the adhesion properties of ZnO nanostructured films N2 - Zinc oxide - polymer interfaces are known to exhibit interesting properties regarding molecular adhesion. This work is aimed at the investigation of the effect of the morphology and surface chemistry on the macroscopic adhesion of a model epoxy-based adhesive to nanorod (ZnO NR) and nanocrystalline (ZnO NC) ZnO-modified surfaces. Both ZnO films have been prepared using hydrothermal synthesis on hot-dip galvanized steel (HDG) surfaces by varying the precursor chemistry in order to control the film morphology. Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) was used to improve the interfacial adhesion by modifying the morphology and surface chemistry of ZnO nanostructured films. The strong interaction of PAA from a dilute and neutral aqueous solution with the ZnO nanocrystallites was shown to significantly improve the interfacial adhesion by means of a nanoetching process. It was shown that the wet peel-forces correlate well with the considered morphology and surface chemistry. KW - Interfacial stability KW - Morphology control KW - Poly(acrylic acid) KW - Adhesion by mechanical interlocking KW - ZnO films KW - ZnO nanorods Nanocrystalline PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102812 SN - 0143-7496 VL - 106 SP - 102812 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-52600 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Drexler, A A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Domitner, J A1 - Sommitsch, C A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - Enhanced gaseous hydrogen solubility in ferritic and martensitic steels at low temperatures N2 - Metals that are exposed to high pressure hydrogen gas may undergo detrimental failure by embrittlement. Understanding the mechanisms and driving forces of hydrogen absorption on the surface of metals is crucial for avoiding hydrogen embrittlement. In this study, the effect of stress-enhanced gaseous hydrogen uptake in bulk metals is investigated in detail. For that purpose, a generalized form of Sievert's law is derived from thermodynamic potentials considering the effect of microstructural trapping sites and multiaxial stresses. This new equation is parametrized and verified using experimental data for carbon steels, which were charged under gaseous hydrogen atmosphere at pressures up to 1000 bar. The role of microstructural trapping sites on the parameter identification is critically discussed. KW - Hydrogen KW - Thermodynamic modelling KW - Pressure-dependent solubility KW - Steel KW - Trapping PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559307 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.109 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 47 IS - 93 SP - 39639 EP - 39653 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-55930 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Campari, Alessandro A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Alvaro, Antonio T1 - A comparison of vintage and modern X65 pipeline steel using hollow specimen technique for in-situ hydrogen testing N2 - The transition toward a hydrogen-based economy requires a widespread transport and distribution network, and repurposed natural gas pipelines are a viable option. An assessment of the hydrogen-induced degradation of pipeline steels is needed to inject H2 gas into the existing infrastructure safely. The conservative and standardized method consists of in-situ tensile tests in an autoclave filled with high-pressure hydrogen gas. A proposed alternative method involves using a hollow specimen as containment volume and applying the gas pressure in the inner cavity. This technique has lower costs and shorter test preparation time but is not standardized yet. This study aims to evaluate and compare the tensile properties of API 5L X65 pipeline steel in two states: vintage and modern. The influence of the surface roughness is investigated through parallel tests with drilled and reamed specimens. Hydrogen tests are compared with reference tests in an inert environment. A significant hydrogen-induced decrease in tensile properties is observed, and no significant difference between vintage and modern X65 can be drawn. The reduction in tensile properties is more significant in specimens with higher inner surface roughness. The evaluation of surface conditions appears crucial when assessing the HE susceptibility of hydrogen transport and storage equipment. KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Hollow specimen technique KW - Pipeline steel KW - SSRT PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-603013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108530 VL - 163 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-60301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shikomba, Nikanor A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Blasón Gonzalez, Sergio A1 - Ohijeagbon, Idehai Olayemi A1 - Krafft, Eike A1 - Staudt, Thorsten T1 - Resistance of welded low-alloyed pressure vessel and pipeline steels in gaseous hydrogen N2 - Green hydrogen has become an essential energy carrier to achieve a climate-neutral economy. The production, storage, transport and usage of green hydrogen require safe and sustainable facilities and systems. The present contribution provides a procedure guideline to investigate the compatibility of steel welds for pressurised gaseous hydrogen applications under quasi-static mechanical loads, utilising the slow strain rate test and hollow specimen technique. Exemplarily, a weld of the low-alloyed steel P355NL1 was investigated and compared to an X65 weld. The results indicate that the base metal exhibits a higher ductility than the weld metal for both steels. Generally, hydrogen-exposed specimens exhibited a reduced strain, as compared to reference specimens. The hydrogen degradation, evaluated by the hydrogen embrittlement index, was more pronounced in the weld metal compared to the base P355NL1 material, whereas the X65 exhibited a larger hydrogen degradation of the base material than in the weld metal. Fractographic analysis of the test specimens revealed that hydrogen causes a transition from ductile to brittle features. Generally, the results of this study indicate a mild but significant degradation of the mechanical properties in terms of the ductility of the welds in the respective pressurised hydrogen atmosphere. KW - Hydrogen-assisted cracking KW - Welded joint KW - Slow strain rate test KW - Hollow Specimen KW - Structural steel PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634138 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02074-7 SN - 0043-2288 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63413 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Deland, Eric A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Yao, Jizheng A1 - Skovhus, T. L. A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - The differences in the corrosion product compositions of Methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) between static and dynamic growth conditions N2 - Currently, corrosion rates (CR) and/or corrosion products (CP) obtained for methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) on carbon steel are mainly analyzed from static-incubations. By using a multiport-flow-column, much higher CRs (0.72 mm/yr) were observed, indicating static-incubations are not suitable for determining the corrosive potential of Mi-MIC. With the combination of various analytical methods (ToF-SIMS/SEM-EDS/SEM-FIB) and contrary to previously published data, we observed that CPs contained phosphorus, oxygen, magnesium, calcium and iron but lacked carbon-related species (e.g. siderite). Overall, siderite nucleation is disrupted by methanogens, as they convert aqueous bicarbonate into carbon dioxide for methanogenesis resulting in increased localized corrosion. KW - Carbon steel KW - Modelling studies KW - SIMS KW - SEM KW - Reactor conditions KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517632 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109179 SN - 0010-938X VL - 180 SP - 9179 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-51763 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Falk, Florian A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane T1 - The impact of the microstructure of Fe-16Cr-0.2C on high-temperature oxidation – sulphidation in SO2 N2 - This study elucidates the impact of the microstructure of Fe-16Cr-0.2C on oxide layer formation at 650 ◦C in Ar-0.5 % SO2. A cold-rolled and two heat-treated states of the alloy were exposed for up to 1000 h. The samples were characterised in detail from microstructural and chemical perspectives using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The microstructural modification of the alloy by heat-treatment was advantageous. It was found that Cr-carbides support chromia formation and reduce sulphidation when their area fraction is low and diameter is small. KW - Steel KW - Iron KW - SIMS KW - SEM KW - High temperature corrosion KW - Oxidation KW - Sulphidation PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109618 VL - 190 SP - 109618 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-53001 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Röhsler, Andreas A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Hänninen, H. A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - In-situ ToF-SIMS analyses of deuterium re-distribution in austenitic steel AISI 304L under mechanical load N2 - Hydrocarbons fuel our economy. Furthermore, intermediate goods and consumer products are often hydrocarbon-based. Beside all the progress they made possible, hydrogen-containing substances can have severe detrimental effects on materials exposed to them. Hydrogen-assisted failure of iron alloys has been recognised more than a century ago. The present study aims to providing further insight into the degradation of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L (EN 1.4307) exposed to hydrogen. To this end, samples were electrochemically charged with the hydrogen isotope deuterium (2H, D) and analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). It was found that deuterium caused a phase transformation from the original γ austenite into ε- and α’-martensite. Despite their low solubility for hydrogen, viz. deuterium, the newly formed phases showed high deuterium concentration which was attributed to the increased density of traps. Information about the behaviour of deuterium in the material subjected to external mechanical load was gathered. A four-point-bending device was developed for this purpose. This allowed to analyse in-situ pre-charged samples in the ToF-SIMS during the application of external mechanical load. The results indicate a movement of deuterium towards the regions of highest stress. KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Hydrogen KW - Deuterium KW - AISI 304L KW - EBSD PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505142 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60370-2 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 3611 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-50514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Campari, Alessandro A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Paltrinieri, Nicola A1 - Alvaro, Antonio T1 - Evaluation of the tensile properties of X65 pipeline steel in compressed gaseous hydrogen using hollow specimens N2 - Hydrogen has great potential on the path towards decarbonization of the energy and transport sectors and can mitigate the urgent issue of global warming. It can be sustainably produced through water electrolysis with potentially zero emissions, and efficiently used (e.g., in fuel cell systems). Despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen-metal interactions could result in the degradation of the mechanical properties of several structural materials. In order to determine the magnitude of the material degradation in relation to hydrogen exposure, extensive material testing is required. The standardized procedure for in-situ testing for the quantification of the impact of compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) relies on the utilization of an autoclave around the tested specimen. Such test set-up is complex, expensive, time-consuming and requires special equipment, trained personnel, and strict safety procedures. A relatively recent method to circumvent these issues and provide affordable results consists of using hollow specimens, thus applying the hydrogen pressure inside rather than outside the specimen. It allows to reduce the volume of hydrogen by several orders of magnitude and to perform the tests more efficiently and in a safer manner. This study focuses on evaluating the tensile properties of X65 vintage pipeline steel tested in a high-pressure hydrogen environment using hollow specimens. Tests are performed in 6 MPa H2 and Ar at the nominal strain rate of 10−6 s−1 to evaluate the reduced area at fracture and the elongation loss. The effect of surface finishing on crack initiation and propagation is investigated by comparing two different manufacturing techniques. In this way, this study provides insights into the applicability of a novel, reliable, and safe testing method which can be used to assess the hydrogen-assisted ductility loss in metallic materials. KW - Mechanical Engineering KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - SSRT KW - Hollow specimen KW - Pipeline steel KW - In-situ tensile test PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595887 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2024.01.074 SN - 2452-3216 VL - 54 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59588 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Wieder, Frank A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Evaluation of the impact of gaseous hydrogen on pipeline steels utilizing hollow specimen technique and μCT N2 - The high potential of hydrogen as a key factor on the pathway towards a climate neutral economy, leads to rising demand in technical applications, where gaseous hydrogen is used. For several metals, hydrogen-metal interactions could cause a degradation of the material properties. This is especially valid for low carbon and highstrength structural steels, as they are commonly used in natural gas pipelines and analyzed in this work. This work provides an insight to the impact of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an API 5L X65 pipeline steel tested in 60 bar gaseous hydrogen atmosphere. The analyses were performed using the hollow specimen technique with slow strain rate testing (SSRT). The nature of the crack was visualized thereafter utilizing μCT imaging of the sample pressurized with gaseous hydrogen in comparison to one tested in an inert atmosphere. The combination of the results from non-conventional mechanical testing procedures and nondestructive imaging techniques has shown unambiguously how the exposure to hydrogen under realistic service pressure influences the mechanical properties of the material and the appearance of failure. KW - Energy Engineering and Power Technology KW - Condensed Matter Physics KW - Fuel Technology KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment KW - µCT KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595077 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.005 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 59 SP - 874 EP - 879 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steiner, S. A1 - Heldt, J. A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Frömeling, T. T1 - Influence of oxygen vacancies on core-shell formation in solid solutions of (Na,Bi)TiO3 and SrTiO3 N2 - Solid solutions of (Na,Bi)TiO3 (NBT) and SrTiO3 (ST) are materials of interest for high-strain or high-energy density capacitor applications. Often, they exhibit chemical heterogeneity and develop core-shell structures during regular solid-state synthesis with an NBT-rich core. In this case, the NBT forms first so that the strontium needs to diffuse into the material to reach chemical homogeneity. Depending on the presence of core-shell structures, the electrical properties can vary drastically. In this work, we rationalize the effect of variations in oxygen vacancy concentration by Fe-acceptor and Nb-donor doping. It can be shown that a diffusion couple of strontium and oxygen is responsible for chemical homogenization and that the oxygen vacancy content can control the formation of a core-shell structure. KW - Lead-free ceramics KW - Bismuth titanates KW - Core-shell structures KW - Diffusion/diffusivity KW - Ferroelectricity/ferroelectric materials PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525988 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.17845 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley Periodicals LLC, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. AN - OPUS4-52598 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Challenges with metallic materials in hydrogen technologies N2 - The contribution was presented in the Joint European Summer School in Athens as part of several contributions from BAM in the field of hydrogen safety. These presentations are given in order to provide an overview about the activities of BAM as part of the competence center H2Safety@BAM T2 - JOINT EUROPEAN SUMMER SCHOOL (JESS) CY - Athens, Greece DA - 12.09.2022 KW - Gaseous hydrogen KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -