TY - JOUR
A1 - Zimmermann, T.
A1 - von der Au, Marcus
A1 - Reese, A.
A1 - Klein, O.
A1 - Hildebrandt, L.
A1 - Pröfrock, D.
T1 - Substituting HF by HBF4 – an optimized digestion method for multi-elemental sediment analysis via ICP-MS/MS
N2 - Determination of elemental mass fractions in sediments plays a major role in evaluating the environmental status of aquatic ecosystems. Herewith, the optimization of a new total digestion protocol and the subsequent analysis of 48 elements in different sediment reference materials (NIST SRM 2702, GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2) based on ICP-MS/MS detection is presented. The developed method applies microwave acid digestion and utilizes HBF4 as fluoride source for silicate decomposition. Similar to established protocols based on HF, HBF4 ensures the dissolution of the silicate matrix, as well as other refractory oxides. As HBF4 is not acutely toxic; no special precautions have to be made and digests can be directly measured via ICP-MS without specific sample inlet systems, evaporation steps or the addition of e.g. H3BO3, in order to mask excess HF. Different acid mixtures with and without HBF4 were evaluated in terms of digestion efficiency based on the trace metal recovery. The optimized protocol (5 mL HNO3, 2 mL HCL, 1 mL HBF4) allows a complete dissolution of the analyzed reference materials, as well as quantitative recoveries for a wide variety of certified analytes. Low recoveries for e.g. Sr, Ba and rare earth elements due to fluoride precipitation of HF-based digestions protocols, can be avoided by the usage of HBF4 instead. Based on the usage of high purity HBF4 all relevant trace, as well as matrix elements can be analyzed with sufficiently low LOQs (0.002 μg L−1 for U up to 6.7 μg L−1 for Al). In total, 34 elements were within a recovery range of 80%–120% for all three analyzed reference materials GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2. 14 elements were outside a recovery range of 80%–120% for at least one of the analyzed reference materials.
KW - Reference Materials
KW - Sediment
KW - HF free Digestion
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510480
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01049A
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-51048
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zinke, R.
A1 - Virothi, N.
A1 - Köhler, F.
A1 - Klippel, A.
A1 - Schalau, Sebastian
A1 - Krause, U.
T1 - Experimental measurement of initial evaporation mass flows from gasoline spills and comparison with empirical models
N2 - In this paper, we investigate the evaporation mass flow originating from spills of gas-oline. Large spills of gasoline may form during partial or complete roof sinkings or inthe case of perforations at various deck fittings at external floating roof tanks usedfor the storage. Additionally, spills may form in the retention area in the case of leak-ages at pipes or at the hull. The aim is to predict the order of magnitude of real-scaleevaporation mass flow. The determined evaporation mass flows will be used in arelated project as input values for subsequent dispersion modeling in the vicinity ofthe tanks. This is relevant for questions of fire and explosion protection as well as forenvironmental protection aspects in tank farms or refineries, which use externalfloating roof tanks. The measurements presented in this paper were compared withpredictions by empirical models and investigations of evaporations from small floorspills, round-bottom flask, or from Petri dishes published in the literature. The maingoal of this paper is to test the applicability of empirical models to provide reasonableevaporation mass flows as input for CFD dispersion simulations.
KW - Spill evaporation
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504322
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.12128
VL - 39
IS - 3
SP - e12128
PB - Wiley Online Libary
AN - OPUS4-50432
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zirnstein, Benjamin
A1 - Schulze, Dietmar
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Mechanical and fire properties of multicomponent flame retardant EPDM rubbers using aluminum trihydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and polyaniline
N2 - In this study, multicomponent flame retardant systems, consisting of Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), and polyaniline (PANI), were used in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The multicomponent system was designed to improve flame retardancy and the mechanical properties of the rubber compounds, while simultaneously reducing the amount of filler. PANI was applied at low loadings (7 phr) and combined with the phosphorous APP (21 phr) and the mineral flame retardant ATH (50 phr). A comprehensive study of six EPDM rubbers was carried out by systematically varying the fillers to explain the impact of multicomponent flame retardant systems on mechanical properties. The six EPDM materials were investigated via the UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), FMVSS 302, glow wire tests, and the cone calorimeter, showing that multicomponent flame retardant systems led to improved fire performance.
In cone calorimeter tests the EPDM/APP/ATH/PANI composite reduced the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) to 142 kW·m-2, a value 50% lower than that for the unfilled EPDM rubber. Furthermore, the amount of phosphorus in the residues was quantified and the mode of action of the phosphorous flame retardant APP was explained. The data from the cone calorimeter were used to determine the protective layer effect of the multicomponent flame retardant systems in the EPDM compounds.
KW - EPDM
KW - Rubber
KW - Flame retardant
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH)
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-482769
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121932
SN - 1996-1944
VL - 12
IS - 12
SP - 1932, 1
EP - 22
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-48276
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zirnstein, Benjamin
A1 - Schulze, Dietmar
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Combination of phosphorous flame retardants and aluminum trihydrate in multicomponent EPDM composites
N2 - Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) Rubbers with the flame retardants tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, polyaniline, and aluminum trihydroxide were prepared and analyzed in this study. The homogenous dispersion of the fillers in the rubber matrix was confirmed by scanning electron microscope. To investigate the interplay of the different flame retardants, the flame retardants were varied systematically. The comprehensive study sought combinations of flame retardants that allow high loadings of flame retardants without deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of the EPDM rubber. The eight EPDM rubbers were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (Py GC/MS) to investigate the potential synergistic effects. In the Py-GC/MS experiments, 27 pyrolysis products were identified. Furthermore, UL 94, limiting oxygen index, FMVSS 302, glow wire tests, and cone calorimeter tests were carried out. In the cone calorimeter test the EPDM rubbers R-1AP and R-1/2P achieved an increase in residue at flameout of 76% and a reduction in total heat evolved of about 35%. Furthermore, the compounds R-1AP and R-1/2P achieved a reduction in MARHE to about 150 kW m−1, a reduction of over 50% compared to the unprotected rubber R.
KW - EPDM
KW - Rubber
KW - Aluminum hydroxide (ATH)
KW - Phosphorous flame retardant
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502859
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25280
SN - 1548-2634
VL - 60
IS - 2
SP - 267
EP - 280
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-50285
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zocca, Andrea
A1 - Günster, Jens
T1 - Towards a debinding-free additive manufacturing of ceramics: A development perspective of water-based LSD and LIS technologies
N2 - Ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) requires a complex process chain with various post-processing steps that require expensive machines and special expertise. The key to further market penetration is AM that makes it possible to integrate into an already established ceramic process chain. Most successful AM technologies for ceramics are, however, based on processes that initially have been developed for polymeric materials. For ceramics AM, polymers or precursors are loaded with ceramic particles. This strategy facilitates the entry into AM, however the introduction of organic additives into the ceramic process chain represents a considerable technological challenge to ultimately obtain a ceramic component after additive shaping. In the present communication, two technologies based on ceramic suspensions will be introduced, the “layerwise slurry deposition” (LSD) and “laser induced slip casting” (LIS) technology. Both technologies take advantage of the high packing densities reached by conventional slip casting and moreover enable the processing of fines, even nanoparticles.
KW - Additive Manufacturing
KW - Ceramic
KW - Water-based
KW - Debinding
KW - Slurry
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605531
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2024.100632
SN - 2666-5395
VL - 19
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-60553
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zocca, Andrea
A1 - Lüchtenborg, Jörg
A1 - Mühler, T.
A1 - Wilbig, Janka
A1 - Mohr, Gunther
A1 - Villatte, T.
A1 - Léonard, Fabien
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Sparenberg, M.
A1 - Melcher, J.
A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai
A1 - Günster, Jens
T1 - Enabling the 3D Printing of Metal Components in μ-Gravity
N2 - As humanity contemplates manned missions to Mars, strategies need to be developed for the design and operation of hospitable environments to safely work in space for years. The supply of spare parts for repair and replacement of lost equipment will be one key need, but in-space manufacturing remains the only option for a timely supply. With high flexibility in design and the ability to manufacture ready-to-use components directly from a computeraided model, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies appear extremely attractive. For the manufacturing of metal parts, laser-beam melting is the most widely used AM process. However, the handling of metal powders in the absence of gravity is one prerequisite for its successful application in space. A gas flow throughout the powder bed is successfully applied to compensate for missing gravitational forces in microgravity experiments. This so-called gas-flow-assisted powder deposition is based on a porous Building platform acting as a filter for the fixation of metal particles in a gas flow driven by a pressure difference maintained by a vacuum pump.
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - µ-gravity
KW - Laser beam melting
KW - Parabolic flight
KW - 3D printing
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-492190
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900506
SP - 1900506
PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH
AN - OPUS4-49219
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zocca, Andrea
A1 - Wilbig, Janka
A1 - Waske, Anja
A1 - Günster, Jens
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus
A1 - Neumann, C.
A1 - Clozel, M.
A1 - Meyer, A.
A1 - Ding, J.
A1 - Zhou, Z.
A1 - Tian, X.
T1 - Challenges in the Technology Development for Additive Manufacturing in Space
N2 - Instead of foreseeing and preparing for all possible scenarios of machine failures, accidents, and other challenges arising in space missions, it appears logical to take advantage of the flexibility of additive manufacturing for “in-space manufacturing” (ISM). Manned missions into space rely on complicated equipment, and their safe operation is a great challenge. Bearing in mind the absolute distance for manned missions to the Moon and Mars, the supply of spare parts for the repair and replacement of lost equipment via shipment from Earth would require too much time. With the high flexibility in design and the ability to manufacture ready-to-use components directly from a computer-aided model, additive manufacturing technologies appear to be extremely attractive in this context. Moreover, appropriate technologies are required for the manufacture of building habitats for extended stays of astronauts on the Moon and Mars, as well as material/feedstock. The capacities for sending equipment and material into space are not only very limited and costly, but also raise concerns regarding environmental issues on Earth. Accordingly, not all materials can be sent from Earth, and strategies for the use of in-situ resources, i.e., in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), are being
envisioned. For the manufacturing of both complex parts and equipment, as well as for large infrastructure, appropriate technologies for material processing in space need to be developed.
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Space
KW - Process
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549204
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjmeam.2022.100018
SN - 2772-6657
VL - 1
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-54920
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zocca, Andrea
A1 - Wirth, Cynthia
A1 - Mühler, T.
A1 - Günster, Jens
T1 - Powder-bed stabilization for powder-based additive manufacturing
N2 - The most successful additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are based on the layer-by-layer deposition of a flowable powder. Although considered as the third industrial revolution, one factor still limiting these processes to become completely autonomous is the often necessary build-up of support structures. Besides the prevention of lateral shifts of the part during the deposition of layers, the support assures quality and stability to the built process. The loose powder itself surrounding the built object, or so-called powder-bed, does not provide this sustenance in most existent technology available. Here we present a simple but effective and economical method for stabilizing the powder-bed, preventing distortions in the geometry with no need for support structures. This effect, achieved by applying an air flow through the powder-bed, is enabling an entirely autonomous generation of parts and is a major contribution to all powder-based additive manufacturing technologies. Moreover, it makes powder-based AM independent of gravitational forces, which will facilitate crafting items in space from a variety of powdery materials.
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Powder bed
PY - 2014
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-314244
DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/491581
SN - 1687-8132
SN - 1687-8140
N1 - Geburtsname von Wirth, Cynthia: Gomes, C. M. - Birth name of Wirth, Cynthia: Gomes, C. M.
VL - 2014
SP - 491581-1 - 491581-6
PB - Hindawi Publishing Corporation
CY - New York, NY ; Cairo
AN - OPUS4-31424
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zorn, R.
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz
A1 - Malpass-Evans, R.
A1 - McKeown, N.
A1 - Jalarvo, N.
A1 - Tyagi, M.
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Microscopic molecular mobility of high-performance polymers of intrinsic microporosity revealed by neutron scattering – bend fluctuations and signature of methyl group rotation
N2 - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity exhibit a combination of high gas permeability and reasonable permselectivity, which makes them attractive candidates for gas separation membrane materials. The diffusional selective gas transport properties are connected to the molecular mobility of these polymers in the condensed state. Incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering was carried out on two polymers of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-EA-TB(CH3) and its demethylated counterpart PIM-EA-TB(H2), which have high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area values of 1030 m2 g-1 and 836 m2 g-1, respectively. As these two polymers only differ in the presence of two methyl groups at the ethanoanthracene unit, the effect of methyl group rotation can be investigated solely. To cover a broad dynamic range, neutron time-of-flight was combined with neutron backscattering. The demethylated PIM-EA-TB(H2) exhibits a relaxation process with a weak intensity at short times. As the backbone is rigid and stiff this process was assigned to bendand-flex fluctuations. This process was also observed for the PIM-EA-TB(CH3). A further relaxation process is found for PIM-EA-TB(CH3), which is the methyl group rotation. It was analyzed by a jump-diffusion in a three-fold potential considering also the fact that only a fraction of the present hydrogens in PIM-EATB(CH3) participate in the methyl group rotation. This analysis can quantitatively describe the q dependence of the elastic incoherent structure factor. Furthermore, a relaxation time for the methyl group rotation can be extracted. A high activation energy of 35 kJ mol-1 was deduced. This high activation energy evidences a strong hindrance of the methyl group rotation in the bridged PIM-EA-TB(CH3) structure.
KW - Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity
KW - Neutron Scattering
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604114
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d4sm00520a
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - RSC
AN - OPUS4-60411
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zorn, R.
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz
A1 - Malpass-Evans, R.
A1 - McKeown, N.
A1 - Tyagi, M.
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Low frequency vibrations and diffusion in disordered polymers bearing an intrinsic microporosity as revealed by neutron scattering
N2 - The microscopic diffusion and the low frequency density of states (VDOS) of PIM-EATB(CH3) are investigated by inelastic and quasi-elastic neutron scattering where also the demethylated counterpart of PIM-EA-TB(H2) is considered. These intrinsic microporous polymers are characterized by large BET surface area values of several hundred m2/g and pore sizes between 0.5 and 2 nm. Detailed comparison is made to the archetype of polymers of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-1, and polynorbornenes also bearing a microporosity. Due to the wavelength of neutrons, the diffusion and vibrations can be addressed on microscopic length and time scales. From the inelastic neutron scattering experiments the low frequency density of states (VDOS) is estimated which shows excess contributions to the Debye-type VDOS known as Boson peak. It was found that the maximum frequency of the Boson peak decreases with increasing microporosity characterized by the BET surface area. However, besides the BET surface area, additional factors such as the backbone stiffness govern the maximum frequency of the Boson peak. Further the mean squared displacement related to microscopic motions was estimated from elastic fixed window scans. At temperatures above 175 K, the mean squared displacement PIM-EA-TB(CH3) is higher than that for the demethylated counterpart PIM-EA-TB(H2). The additional contribution found for PIM-EATB(CH3) is ascribed to the rotation of the methyl group in this polymer because the only difference between the two structures is that PIM-EA-TB(CH3) has methyl groups where PIM-EA-TB(H2) has none. A detailed comparison of the molecular dynamics is also made to that of PIM-1 and the microporous polynorbornene PTCNSi1. The manuscript focuses on the importance of vibrations and the localized molecular mobility characterized by the microscopic diffusion on the gas Transport in polymeric separation membranes. In the frame of the random gate model localized fluctuations can open or close bottlenecks between pores to enable the diffusion of gas molecules.
KW - Polymer of intrisic microporosity
KW - Neutron scattering
KW - Boson peak
KW - Methyl group rotation
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538490
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121482
VL - 11
IS - 12
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-53849
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zorzi, G.
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Gabrieli, Fabio
T1 - Influence of structural stiffness on ratcheting convection cells of granular soil under cyclic lateral loading
N2 - In granular soils, long-term cyclically loaded structures can lead to an accumulation of irreversible strain by forming closed convective cells in the upper layer of the bedding. The size of the convective cell, its formation and grain migration inside this closed volume have been studied with reference to different stiffness of the embedded structure and different maximum force amplitudes applied at the head of the structure.
This relation was experimentally investigated by applying a cyclic lateral force to a scaled flexible vertical element embedded in a dry granular soil. The model was monitored with a camera in order to derive the displacement field by means of the PIV technique. Furthermore, the ratcheting convective cell was also simulated with DEM with the aim of extracting some micromechanical information. The main results regarded the different development, shape and size of the convection cell and the surface settlements.
T2 - 1st International Conference on the Material Point Method, MPM 2017
CY - Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands
DA - 10.01.2017
KW - Particle image velocimetry
KW - Cyclic loading
KW - Discrete element method
KW - Ratcheting convective cell
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-395711
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.046
SN - 1877-7058
IS - 175
SP - 148
EP - 156
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-39571
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zosef, M.
A1 - Fahmy, Alaa
A1 - El Hotaby, W.
A1 - Hassan, A.
A1 - Khalil, A.
A1 - Anis, B.
T1 - High performance graphene-based PVF foam for lead removal from water
N2 - The synthesis and optimization of superior and eco-friendly sorbents for Pb(II) pose a great challenge in the field of water treatment. The sorbent was developed by introducing graphene oxide (GO) into the matrix of polyvinyl formaldehyde (PVF) foam. The immobilization of GO in PVF results in significant increase in the maximum adsorption capacity (Qt) of GO powder for Pb(II), from ≈800 to ≈1730 mg g−1 in the case of GO/PVF foam. As compared with GO powder in Pb(II) aqueous solutions, PVF matrix keeps GO sheets stable without any agglomeration. The large surface area of GO sheet allows the abundant oxygenated functional groups on its surface to participate effectively in the Pb(II) adsorption process, leading to the huge increase of the Qt. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies indicated that the sorption process of Pb(II) on GO/PVF was done on heterogenous surface by ion-exchange reaction. The GO/PVF foam showed an excellent reusability for more than 10 cycles with almost the same efficiency and without any significant change in its physical properties.
KW - Water treatment
KW - Graphene oxide
KW - Lead ions
KW - Polyvinyl formaldehyde foam
KW - Superior sorbent
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523013
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.011
VL - 9
IS - 5
SP - 11861
EP - 11875
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-52301
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zou, T.
A1 - Nonappa, N.
A1 - Khavani, M.
A1 - Vuorte, M.
A1 - Penttilä, P.
A1 - Zitting, A.
A1 - Valle-Delgado, J. J.
A1 - Elert, Anna Maria
A1 - Silbernagl, Dorothee
A1 - Balakshin, M.
A1 - Sammalkorpi, M.
A1 - Österberg, M.
T1 - Experimental and Simulation Study of the Solvent Effects on the Intrinsic Properties of Spherical Lignin Nanoparticles
N2 - Spherical lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) fabricated via nanoprecipitation of dissolved lignin are among the most attractive biomass-derived nanomaterials. Despite various studies exploring the methods to improve the uniformity of LNPs or seeking more application opportunities for LNPs, little attention has been given to the fundamental aspects of the solvent effects on the intrinsic properties of LNPs. In this study, we employed a variety of experimental techniques and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the solvent effects on the intrinsic properties of LNPs. The LNPs were prepared from softwood Kraft lignin (SKL) using the binary solvents of aqueous acetone or aqueous tetrahydrofuran (THF) via nanoprecipitation. The internal morphology, porosity, and mechanical properties of the LNPs were analyzed with electron tomography (ET), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and intermodulation AFM (ImAFM). We found that aqueous acetone resulted in smaller LNPs with higher uniformity compared to aqueous THF, mainly ascribing to stronger solvent−lignin interactions as suggested by MD simulation results and confirmed with aqueous 1,4-dioxane (DXN) and aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
More importantly, we report that both LNPs were compact particles with relatively homogeneous density distribution and very low porosity in the internal structure. The stiffness of the particles was independent of the size, and the Young’s modulus was in the range of 0.3−4 GPa. Overall, the fundamental understandings of LNPs gained in this study are essential for the design of LNPs with optimal performance in applications.
KW - Lignin
KW - Electron tomography
KW - Intermodulation AFM
KW - Modulus
KW - SAXS
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546948
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05319
SN - 1520-5207
VL - 125
IS - 44
SP - 12315
EP - 12328
PB - ACS
AN - OPUS4-54694
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe
A1 - Ewert, Uwe
T1 - Electronic reference images for flaw indications in welds and castings
N2 - Since decades the evaluation of flaw indications on radiographs from welds or castings are based on well accepted reference film catalogues from organizations like IIW (weldments), ASTM (castings) or DGZfP (D5 recommendation on heavy steel castings). Today, the transformation of classical film radiography to the digital world is in full progress. Some ASTM standards do not permit the evaluation of digital radiographs in reference to film catalogues. Therefore, these reference film catalogues have to be converted into the digital age too. BAM is supporting this transition by high definition film scanning. The result is a corresponding reference image catalogue. The different standard organizations selected different ways to distribute the digital data. ASTM used high definition film scanning at 10 μm pixel size and distribution of a huge amount of high-res data via DVD. The user sub-samples these high-res data during catalogue import to the resolution of his system. The comparison is done by synchronized image viewing on the computer work station. IIW recently decided to distribute their ISO 5817 reference images installed on tablets, which are used for image viewing too. The tablet image has to be compared with the digital image on the system monitor. DGZfP transformed their D5 reference radiographs into a PDF for monitor viewing. This is the simplest and cheapest solution, but still allows the full usage of the catalogue in the digital era. The status of ongoing work in progress will be discussed.
T2 - WCNDT 2016
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - Castings
KW - NDT
KW - RT
KW - Radiography
KW - Discontinuities
KW - Catalogues
KW - Welds
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-377306
UR - http://ndt.net/?id=19310
SN - 1435-4934
VL - 21
IS - 7
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - NDT.net
CY - Kirchwald
AN - OPUS4-37730
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe
A1 - Schumacher, David
A1 - Redmer, Bernhard
A1 - Ewert, Uwe
A1 - Ullberg, C.
A1 - Weber, N.
A1 - Pantsar, T.
T1 - Digital radiology with photon counting detectors
N2 - The progress in X-ray detector electronics (sensitivity and speed) allows meanwhile fast single photon detection by a matrix detector. Combined photon counting and energy discrimination is implemented in the electronic circuit of each detector pixel. The company XCounter developed detectors based on CdTe single crystals, which can be tiled to larger areas and have a pixel size of 100ìm. The largest area available in beginning of 2014 is 50x75 mm². These detectors have very promising properties, which make them very suitable for NDT applications:
1. A CdTe attenuation layer of 750 µm thickness allows efficient X-ray detection up to ca. 300 keV. In counting mode only photon noise is important; no other detector noise sources need to be considered. There is no Offset signal without radiation.
2. Each of the detector pixels has two energy thresholds. These can be used for dual energy imaging for materials separation. Also the suppression of scattered radiation by energy thresholding will improve the image contrast sensitivity. First experiments will be presented which demonstrate the advantages of this new detector technology over the conventional charge integrating detectors.
A challenge is the development of a modified detector calibration procedure, which becomes critical at longer exposure times.
T2 - ECNDT 2014 - 11th European conference on non-destructive testing
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 06.10.2014
KW - Materials characterization
KW - Radiographic testing (RT)
KW - Digital detector array
KW - Photo counting
KW - Image quality
KW - Calibration
KW - Dual-energy
KW - Energy discrimination
KW - Digital radiology
KW - Detectors
PY - 2014
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-323063
UR - https://www.ndt.net/?id=16709
SN - 1435-4934
N1 - Geburtsname von Schumacher, David: Walter, D.
-
Birth name of Schumacher, David: Walter, D.
VL - 19
IS - 12
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - NDT.net
CY - Kirchwald
AN - OPUS4-32306
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zuffa, Caterina
A1 - Cappuccino, Chiara
A1 - Casali, Lucia
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Maini, Lucia
T1 - Liquid reagents are not enough for liquid assisted grinding in the synthesis of (AgBr)(n-pica) n
N2 - This study investigates the mechanochemical reactions between AgBr 3-picolylamine and 4-picolylamine. The use of different stoichiometry ratios of the reagents allows [(AgBr)(n-pica)]n and [(AgBr)2(n-pica)]n to be obtained, and we report the new structures of [(AgBr)2(3-pica)]n and [(AgBr)2(4-pica)]n which are characterized by the presence of the following: (a) infinite inorganic chains, (b) silver atom coordinated only by bromide atoms and (c) argentophilic interactions. Furthermore, we studied the interconversion of [(AgBr)(n-pica)]n/[(AgBr)2(n-pica)]n by mechanochemical and thermal properties. The in situ experiments suggest that [(AgBr)(3-pica)]n is kinetically favoured while [(AgBr)2(3-pica)]n is converted into [(AgBr)(3-pica)]n only with a high excess of the ligand. Finally, the liquid nature of the ligands is not sufficient to assist the grinding process, and the complete reaction is observed with the addition of a small quantity of acetonitrile.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Complex
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594755
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp04791a
SN - 1463-9076
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-59475
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zydziak, N.
A1 - Konrad, W.
A1 - Feist, F.
A1 - Afonin, S.
A1 - Weidner, Steffen
A1 - Barner-Kowollik, C.
T1 - Coding and decoding libraries of sequence-defined functional copolymers synthesized via photoligation
N2 - Designing artificial macromolecules with absolute sequence order represents a considerable challenge. Here we report an advanced light-induced avenue to monodisperse sequencedefined functional linear macromolecules up to decamers via a unique photochemical approach. The versatility of the synthetic strategy—combining sequential and modular concepts—enables the synthesis of perfect macromolecules varying in chemical constitution and topology. Specific functions are placed at arbitrary positions along the chain via the successive addition of monomer units and blocks, leading to a library of functional homopolymers, alternating copolymers and block copolymers. The in-depth characterization of each sequence-defined chain confirms the precision nature of the macromolecules. Decoding of the functional information contained in the molecular structure is achieved via tandem mass spectrometry without recourse to their synthetic history, showing that the sequence information can be read.We submit that the presented photochemical strategy is a viable and advanced concept for coding individual monomer units along a macromolecular chain.
KW - Photoligation
KW - Copolymer sequence
KW - MALDI-TOF MS/MS
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-391542
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13672
SN - 2041-1723
VL - 7
SP - Artikel Nr. 13672
AN - OPUS4-39154
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zänker, Steffen
A1 - Scholz, G.
A1 - Marquardt, Julien
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Structural changes in Ba-compounds of different hardness induced by high-energy ball milling – evidenced by 137Ba NMR and X-ray powder diffraction
N2 - Changes in the global bulk and local structures, of three different barium compounds (BaZrO3, BaF2, and BaFCl),were induced by mechanical milling and followed using X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), subsequent microstructure analysis, and 137Ba solid state NMR spectroscopy. Harder materials like BaZrO3 experience significantly higher structural changes upon milling than softer materials like BaF2. Moreover, soft materials with layered structures, like BaFCl, show a pronounced structural change during the milling process. By combining PXRD and solid state NMR, detailed information on the changes to the global and local structures were obtained, which are of interest for mechanochemical synthesis, mechanically treated catalysts or ionic conductors.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - Solid state NMR
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-547397
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.202200026
SN - 0044-2313
VL - 648
IS - 10
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-54739
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zänker, Steffen
A1 - Scholz, G.
A1 - Xu, W.
A1 - Kemnitz, E.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Structure and properties of fluorinated and non-fluorinated Ba-coordination polymers - the position of fluorine makes the difference
N2 - As the most electronegative element, fluorine has a strong influence on material properties such as absorption behaviour or chemical and thermal stability. Fluorine can be easily integrated into coordination polymers (CPs) via a fluorinated acetate, here trifluoroacetate in Ba(CF3COO)2, or directly via a metal fluorine bond (BaF(CH3COO)). In the present study both possibilities of fluorine integration were tested and their effect on structure and properties of barium coordination polymers was investigated in comparison with the non-fluorinated barium acetate (Ba(CH3COO)2). In addition to the study of their thermal behaviour and their decomposition temperature, the CPs structures were tested for their application as possible anode materials in lithium ion batteries and for their sorption of water and ammonia. The properties of the CPs can be traced back to the individual structural motifs and could thus trigger new design ideas for CPs in LIBs and/or catalysis.
KW - Alkaline earth metal coordination polymers
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - Water stability
KW - Fluorine coordination
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524041
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.202000360
SN - 0044-2313
VL - 647
IS - 9
SP - 1014
EP - 1024
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
AN - OPUS4-52404
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis Alexander
A1 - Graf, B.
A1 - Rehmer, Birgit
A1 - Petrat, T.
A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by multilayer laser powder-based directed energy deposition
N2 - Laser powder-based directed energy deposition (DED-L) is increasingly being used in additive manufacturing (AM). As AM technology, DED-L must consider specific challenges. It must achieve uniform volume growth over hundreds of layers and avoid heat buildup of the deposited material. Herein, Ti–6Al–4V is fabricated using an approach that addresses these challenges and is relevant in terms of transferability to DED–L applications in AM. The assessment of the obtained properties and the discussion of their relationship to the process conditions and resulting microstructure are presented. The quality of the manufacturing process is proven in terms of the reproducibility of properties between individual blanks and with respect to the building height. The characterization demonstrates that excellent mechanical properties are achieved at room temperature and at 400 °C.
KW - AGIL
KW - Laser powder-based directed energy deposition
KW - Tensile properties
KW - Ti-6Al-4V
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542262
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101333
SN - 1438-1656
SN - 1527-2648
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-54226
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis Alexander
A1 - Rehmer, Birgit
A1 - Schriever, Sina
A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Sommer, Konstantin
A1 - Mohr, Gunther
A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit
A1 - Evans, Alexander
T1 - Creep and creep damage behavior of stainless steel 316L manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
N2 - This study presents a thorough characterization of the creep properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF 316L) contributing to the sparse available data to date. Experimental results (mechanical tests, microscopy, X-ray computed tomography) concerning the creep deformation and damage mechanisms are presented and discussed. The tested LPBF material exhibits a low defect population, which allows for the isolation and improved understanding of the effect of other typical aspects of an LPBF microstructure on the creep behavior. As a benchmark to assess the material properties of the LPBF 316L, a conventionally manufactured variant of 316L was also tested. To characterize the creep properties, hot tensile tests and constant force creep tests at 600 °C and 650 °C are performed. The creep stress exponents of the LPBF material are smaller than that of the conventional variant. The primary and secondary creep stages and the times to rupture of the LPBF material are shorter than the hot rolled 316L. Overall the creep damage is more extensive in the LPBF material. The creep damage of the LPBF material is overall mainly intergranular. It is presumably caused and accelerated by both the appearance of precipitates at the grain boundaries and the unfavorable orientation of the grain boundaries. Neither the melt pool boundaries nor entrapped gas pores show a significant influence on the creep damage mechanism.
KW - 316L
KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF)
KW - Creep behavior
KW - Additive Manufacturing
KW - AGIL
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539373
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142223
SN - 0921-5093
VL - 830
SP - 142223
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-53937
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Örnek, C.
A1 - Léonard, Fabien
A1 - McDonald, S.
A1 - Prajapati, A
A1 - Withers, P. J.
A1 - Engelberg, D.
T1 - Time-dependent in situ measurement of atmospheric corrosion rates of duplex stainless steel wires
N2 - Corrosion rates of strained grade UNS S32202 (2202) and UNS S32205 (2205) duplex stainless steel wires have been measured, in situ, using time-lapse X-ray computed tomography. Exposures to chloride-containing (MgCl2) atmospheric environments at 50 °C (12–15 M Cl− and pH ~5) with different mechanical elastic and elastic/plastic loads were carried out over a period of 21 months. The corrosion rates for grade 2202 increased over time, showing selective dissolution with shallow corrosion sites, coalescing along the surface of the wire. Corrosion rates of grade 2205 decreased over time, showing both selective and pitting corrosion with more localised attack, growing preferentially in depth. The nucleation of stress corrosion cracking was observed in both wires.
KW - X-ray computed tomography
KW - Time-lapse X-ray computed tomography
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-444153
UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41529-018-0030-9
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-018-0030-9
SN - 2397-2106
VL - 2
SP - Article 10, 1
EP - 15
PB - Nature
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-44415
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Österle, Werner
A1 - Nikonov, A. Y.
A1 - Dmitriev, A. I.
ED - Krzanowski, J.
T1 - MD sliding simulations of amorphous tribofilms consisting of either SiO2 or carbon
N2 - The sliding behaviors of two simplified tribofilms with amorphous structure consisting either of SiO₂ molecules or C atoms were simulated by molecular dynamics modeling. The objective was to identify mechanisms explaining the experimentally observed lubricating properties of the two amorphous films. The impacts of layer thickness, normal pressure, temperature and different substrate materials were studied systematically, while the sliding velocity was kept constant at 30 m/s. While the layer thickness was not critical, all the other parameters showed special effects under certain conditions. Normal pressure impeded void formation and could even eliminate voids if applied at high temperature. Stick-slip sliding was changed to smooth sliding at high temperature due to void healing. Considering the carbon film, high friction forces and shearing of the entire film was observed with diamond substrates, whereas interface sliding at low friction forces and an amorphous layer of iron mixed with carbon was observed if the supporting substrates consisted of α-Fe. Both films show a decrease of friction forces and smooth sliding behavior at elevated temperature, corresponding well to the tribological behavior of and advanced nanocomposite sliding against a steel disc under severe stressing conditions when high flash temperatures can be expected.
KW - dry friction
KW - amorphous silica film
KW - amorphous carbon film
KW - sliding simulation
KW - molecular dynamics
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-379367
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants4030024
VL - 4
IS - 24
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-37936
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Üstündag, Ö.
A1 - Avilov, V.
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Improvement of Filler Wire Dilution Using External Oscillating Magnetic Field at Full Penetration Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding of Thick Materials
N2 - Hybrid laser-arc welding offers many advantages, such as deep penetration, good gap bridge-ability, and low distortion due to reduced heat input. The filler wire which is supplied to the process is used to influence the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld seam.
A typical problem in deep penetration high-power laser beam welding with filler wire and hybrid laser-arc welding is an insufficient mixing of filler material in the weld pool, leading to a non-uniform element distribution in the seam. In this study, oscillating magnetic fields were used to form a non-conservative component of the Lorentz force in the weld pool to improve the element Distribution over the entire thickness of the material. Full penetration hybrid laser-arc welds were performed on 20-mm-thick S355J2 steel plates with a nickel-based wire for different arrangements of the oscillating magnetic field. The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data for the distribution of two tracing elements (Ni and Cr) were used to analyze the homogeneity of dilution of the filler wire.
With a 30° turn of the magnetic field to the welding direction, a radical improvement in the filler material distribution was demonstrated. This would lead to an improvement of the mechanical properties with the use of a suitable filler wire.
KW - Thick materials
KW - Hybrid laser-arc welding
KW - Oscillating magnetic field
KW - Electromagnetic stirring
KW - Full penetration
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-489644
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050594
SN - 2075-4701
VL - 9
IS - 5
SP - 594
PB - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-48964
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Üstündag, Ö.
A1 - Avilov, V.
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Full penetration hybrid laser arc welding of up to 28 mm thick S355 plates using electromagnetic weld pool support
N2 - The laser hybrid welding process offers many advantages regarding deep penetration, increased welding velocity and with the help of the supplied filler wire an improved bridgeability to gap and misalignment tolerances. High power laser systems with a power of approx. 30 kW are already available on the market. Nevertheless, multi-layer technology with an arc process is still used for welding of plates from a thickness from 20 mm. A potential cause is the process instability with increasing laser power. It is inevitable that gravity drop-out due to the high hydrostatic pressure at increasing wall thickness especially at welding in flat position and with a low welding speed. The surface tension decreases with increasing root width resulting from low welding velocities. To prevent such inadmissible defects of the seam a use of weld pool support is required. Usual weld pool support systems such as ceramic or powder supports require a mechanical detachment which is time-consuming. The electromagnetic weld pool support system described in this work shows an alternative weld pool support which works contactless. It is based on generating Lorentz forces in the weld pool due to oscillating magnetic field and induced eddy currents. This innovative technology offers single pass welds up to 28 mm in flat position and reduced welding velocity with a laser power of just 19 kW. It also leads to improved mechanical-technological properties of the seams because of the slow cooling rate. With usage of an electromagnetic weld pool support the limitation of the hybrid laser arc welding process in the thick sheet metal will be extend.
KW - Electromagnetic weld pool support
KW - Hybrid laser arc welding
KW - Thick-walled steel
KW - Single pass welding
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-468276
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1109/1/012015
SN - 1742-6596
VL - 1109
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - IOP Publ.
AN - OPUS4-46827
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Üstündag, Ö.
A1 - Fritzsche, André
A1 - Avilov, V.
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Study of gap and misalignment tolerances at hybrid laser arc welding of thick-walled steel with electromagnetic weld pool support system
N2 - The hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) process provides many advantages such as improved gap bridgeability, deep penetration and misalignment of edges, that is why the process is used increasingly in industrial applications e.g. shipbuilding, power plant industry and line-pipe manufacturing. The obvious encountered problem for single pass welding in flat position is the gravity drop-out at low welding velocities. With the usage of an electromagnetic weld pool support system, which is based on generating Lorentz forces within the weld pool, wide seams followed by reduced welding velocities could be achieved in this study leading to the realization of a gap bridgeability up to 1 mm, misalignment of edges up to 2 mm and a single pass weld up to 28 mm thickness with a 20-kW fibre laser. These developments expand the boundaries of the HLAW process for different industrial applications. As a result, less accurate preparation of the edges would be sufficient, which saves time for manufacturing.
KW - Hybrid laser-arc welding
KW - Electromagnetic weld pool support system
KW - Thick-walled steel
KW - Gap bridgeability
KW - Single pass welding
KW - Misalignment of edges
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-468263
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.016
SN - 2212-8271
VL - 74
SP - 757
EP - 760
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-46826
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Üstündag, Ömer
A1 - Bakir, Nasim
A1 - Gook, S.
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Hybrid laser‑arc welding of laser‑ and plasma‑cut 20‑mm‑thick structural steels
N2 - It is already known that the laser beam welding (LBW) or hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW) processes are sensitive to manufacturing tolerances such as gaps and misalignment of the edges, especially at welding of thick-walled steels due to its narrow beam diameter. Therefore, the joining parts preferably have to be milled. The study deals with the influence of the edge quality, the gap and the misalignment of edges on the weld seam quality of hybrid laser-arc welded 20-mm-thick structural steel plates which were prepared by laser and plasma cutting. Single-pass welds were conducted in butt joint configuration. An AC magnet was used as a contactless backing. It was positioned under the workpiece during the welding process to prevent sagging. The profile of the edges and the gap between the workpieces were measured before welding by a profile scanner or a digital camera, respectively. With a laser beam power of just 13.7 kW, the single-pass welds could
be performed. A gap bridgeability up to 1 mm at laser-cut and 2 mm at plasma-cut samples could be reached respectively.
Furthermore, a misalignment of the edges up to 2 mm could be welded in a single pass. The new findings may eliminate the need for cost and time-consuming preparation of the edges.
KW - Hybrid laser-arc welding
KW - Thick-walled steel
KW - Edge quality
KW - Gap bridgeability
KW - Laser cutting
KW - Plasma cutting
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552013
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01255-y
SN - 0043-2288
VL - 66
SP - 507
EP - 514
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-55201
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Üstündag, Ömer
A1 - Bakir, Nasim
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Improvement of Charpy impact toughness by using an AC magnet backing system for laser hybrid welding of thick S690QL steels
N2 - The study deals with the influence of the heat input and the resulting cooling times on the microstructure and Charpy impact toughness of single-pass laser hybrid welded 20-mm thick high-strength steel S690QL. The main focus is on the change of the mechanical properties over the entire seam thickness. The cooling times were measured in-situ using a pyrometer and an optical fibre in three different depths of the seam where Charpy impact test specimens were also later taken. Thereby, three different heat inputs from 1.3 kJ/mm to 2 kJ/mm were investigated. Despite the observed decreased values of both t8/5-cooling time and the Charpy impact toughness in the root part of the seam, the required impact toughness of 38 J/cm2 could be reached in dependance on applied heat input, especially at the heat input of 1.6 kJ/mm.
T2 - 12th CIRP conference on photonic technologies [lane 2022]
CY - Fürth, Germany
DA - 04.09.2022
KW - Thick-plate welding
KW - Laser hybrid welding
KW - Electromagnetic backing
KW - Charpy impact toughness
KW - Thermal cycles
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563731
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.08.067
VL - 111
SP - 462
EP - 465
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-56373
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Üstündag, Ömer
A1 - Bakir, Nasim
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Influence of an external applied AC magnetic field on the melt pool dynamics at high-power laser beam welding
N2 - The study deals with the determination of the influence of an externally applied oscillating magnetic field on the melt pool dynamics in high power laser beam and hybrid laser arc welding processes. An AC magnet was positioned under the workpiece which is generating an upward directed electromagnetic force to counteract the formation of the droplets. To visualise the melt flow characteristics, several experiments were carried out using a special technique with mild steel from S355J2 with a plate thickness of up to 20 mm and a quartz glass in butt configuration. The profile of the keyhole and the melt flow were recorded with a highspeed camera from the glass side. Additionally, the influence of the magnetic field orientation to the welding direction on the filler material dilution on laser hybrid welding was studied with variating oscillation frequency. The element distribution over the whole seam thickness was measured with X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The oscillation frequency demonstrated a great influence on the melt pool dynamics and the mixing of the elements of the filler wire. The highspeed recordings showed, under the influence of the magnetic field, that the melt is affected under strong vortex at the weld root, which also avoids the formation of droplets.
T2 - 18th Nordic Laser Materials Processing Conference (18th NOLAMP)
KW - Laser beam welding
KW - AC magnetic field
KW - Melt pool dynamics
KW - Filler wire mixing
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539231
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1135/1/012017
VL - 1135
IS - 012017
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - IOP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-53923
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Üstündag, Ömer
A1 - Bakir, Nasim
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Investigation of the gap bridgeability at high-power laser hybrid welding of plasma-cut thick mild steels with AC magnetic support
N2 - One of the challenges of the high-power hybrid laser welding of thick steels is the sensitivity of the process of the process to manufacturing tolerances. This usually leads to a time-consuming preparation of the welding edges, such as milling. The study deals with the influence of the edge quality of milled and plasma-cut steel made of S355J2 with a wall thickness of 20 mm on the laser hybrid welded seam quality. Furthermore, the gap bridgeability and the tolerances towards edge misalignment was investigated. An AC magnet was used as backing support to prevent sagging and positioned under the workpiece, to generate an upwards directed electromagnetic pressure. The profiles of the edges and the gap on the top and root side were measured using a digital camera. Single-pass laser hybrid welds of plasma-cut edges could be welded using a laser beam power of just 13.7 kW. A gap bridgeability up to 2 mm and misalignment of edges up to 2 mm could be achieved successful. Additionally, the independence of the cutting side and the welding side was shown, so that samples were welded to the opposite side to their cutting. For evaluation of internal defects or irregularities, X-ray images were carried out. Charpy impact strength tests were performed to determine the toughness of the welds.
T2 - X International Conference «Beam Technologies & Laser Application»
KW - Laser hybrid welding
KW - Magnetic bath support
KW - Plasma-cut samples
KW - Thick plate welding
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539248
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2077/1/012007
VL - 2077
IS - 012007
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - IOP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-53924
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Üstündag, Ömer
A1 - Gook, S.
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Hybrid laser-arc welding of thick-walled pipe segments with optimization of the end crater
N2 - The study deals with the application of the high-power hybrid-laser arc welding process on up to 15 mm thick pipe segments with the intention to avoid end crater imperfections during closing of the circumferential welds, where the pipes were turned during welding in 1G- and 2Gpositions.
Different techniques such as laser power ramp-down, abrupt switch-off of the laser power and change of the magnification of the laser spot diameter and defocusing of the laser beam relative to the workpiece were tested to remove the laser energy from the process. It could be shown that a high defocusing of the optic system above 40 mm with a resulting beam diameter > 2.9 mm in a short overlap length of approx.
20 mm leads to the formation of a cup-shaped weld seam, which is preferred for avoidance of cracks and pores in the end crater. A laser optics with motor-driven lens system was used for the welding experiments to defocuse the laser beam without changing the position of the arc.
KW - Hybrid laser-arc welding
KW - Circumferential weld
KW - Thick-walled steel
KW - Single-pass welding
KW - End crater
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513260
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.106
VL - 94
SP - 676
EP - 679
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-51326
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Łojewska, J.
A1 - Rabin, Ira
A1 - Pawcenis, D.
A1 - Bagniuk, J.
A1 - Aksamit-Koperska, M.-A.
A1 - Sitarz, M.
A1 - Missori, M.
A1 - Krutzsch, M.
T1 - Recognizing ancient papyri by a combination of spectroscopic, diffractional and chromatographic analytical tools
N2 - Ancient papyri are a written heritage of culture that flourished more than 3000 years ago in Egypt. One of the most significant collections in the world is housed in the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection in Berlin, from where the samples for our investigation come. The papyrologists, curators and conservators of such collections search intensely for the analytical detail that would allow ancient papyri to be distinguished from modern fabrications, in order to detect possible forgeries, assess papyrus deterioration state, and improve the design of storage conditions and conservation methods. This has become the aim of our investigation. The samples were studied by a number of methods, including spectroscopic (FTIR, fluorescent-FS, Raman) diffractional (XRD) and chromatographic (size exclusion chromatography-SEC), selected in order to determine degradation parameters: overall oxidation of lignocellulosic material, degree of polymerization and crystallinity of cellulose. The results were correlated with those obtained from carefully selected model samples including modern papyri and paper of different composition aged at elevated temperature in humid air. The methods were classified in the order SEC > FS > FTIR > XRD, based on their effectiveness in discriminating the state of papyri degradation. However, the most trustworthy evaluation of the age of papyri samples should rely on several methods.
KW - Archaeometry
KW - FTIR
KW - XRD
KW - Raman
KW - Chromatography
KW - Papyrology
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-428704
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46236
SN - 2045-2322
VL - 7
SP - 46236, 1
EP - 46236, 12
AN - OPUS4-42870
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -