TY - JOUR A1 - Konersmann, Rainer T1 - Überdeckungshöhen von Pipelines - Wie tief ist tief genug? N2 - Ein wesentliches Grundbedürfnis ist die Sicherheit, d. h. die Gewissheit, in einer sicheren Umgebung zu leben und zu arbeiten. Die existenzielle Sicherheit ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung zur Befriedigung aller weiteren notwendigen Bedürfnisse. Auch die Technik ist ohne Sicherheit nicht denkbar. Trotz aller Bemühungen kommt es aber immer wieder zu Unfällen, aus welchen Gründen auch immer. Eine Strategie, Unfälle zu verhindern bzw. deren Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit zu minimieren ist es, zwischen einem Objekt mit einem hohen Gefährdungspotenzial und seiner Nachbarschaft, Barrieren zu errichten, z. B. durch eine schützende Isolierung, Sicherheitsabstände oder durch eine Erdüberdeckung. Die erdgedeckte Verlegung von Pipelines ist Stand der Technik. Über die Überdeckungshöhen scheint es jedoch verschiedene Auffassungen zu geben. Im folgenden Beitrag werden dazu einige Beispiele vorgestellt. KW - Rohrleitungen KW - optimale Überdeckungshöhe KW - Verkehrslasten PY - 2016 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 44 EP - 48 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-35681 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mähner, D. A1 - Sodeikat, Ch. A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - ZfPBau-Verfahren an Elementwänden – Fallbeispiele und vergleichende Untersuchungen N2 - Die zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren konnten ihre Fähigkeit bei der Untersuchung von Elementwänden in einzelnen Fallstudien erbringen. Aufbauend auf den Kenntnissen aus der Praxis und auf Testreihen im Rahmen von Laboruntersuchungen wurde ein erster Ringversuch geplant und durchgeführt. Im Rahmen dieses Ringversuchs wurden verschiedene Strukturdefekte und Einbauteile in Elementwände eingebaut. Die Messung der Wände erfolgte anschließend durch mehrere Messteams mit unterschiedlichen zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren. Zum Einsatz kamen hierbei das Ultraschall-Echo- und das Impact-Echo-Verfahren sowie das Impuls-Radar-Verfahren. Zur Verbesserung der Vergleichbarkeit zwischen den unterschiedlichen Prüfverfahren wurde auf die Elementwände ein einheitliches Messraster aufgebracht. Für eine möglichst objektive Messung der Wände erhielten die Messteams vor den Messungen keine Details zu den Strukturdefekten oder Einbauteilen. Die Prüfaufgabe bestand darin, die Wände mit dem jeweiligen Prüfverfahren zu untersuchen. Anschließend wurden die Ergebnisse der Messteams zentral gesammelt und ausgewertet. Anhand der zentralen Auswertung sollten Aussagen zu den eingebauten Inhomogenitäten ableitet werden. Hierdurch kann zum einen die Leistungsfähigkeit der Prüfverfahren an unterschiedlichsten Inhomogenitäten getestet werden, zum anderen können die Ergebnisse und somit die Prüfverfahren untereinander verglichen werden. Zu diesen in der Praxis immer häufiger vorkommenden Fragestellungen können grundsätzliche Aussagen zum Einsatz von zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen bei Elementwänden gewonnen werden. Über die Ergebnisse dieses Ringversuches wird nachfolgend berichtet. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose - Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen und Zukunftsaufgaben CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - Beton KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Elementwände KW - WU-Bauwerke PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388331 UR - http://www.bauwerksdiagnose2016.de/Portals/bwd2016/BB/vortrag%2010.pdf SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38833 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Denker, A. A1 - Merchel, S. A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Wolff, T. ED - Armbruster, B. ED - Eilbracht, H. ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Heinrich-Tamaska, O. T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Analyse von Metallartefakten - Eine Fallstudie N2 - Die naturwissenschaftliche Analyse historischer Materialen ermöglicht die Beantwortung kulturhistorischer Fragestellungen, die mit kunsthistorischen oder archäologischen Ansätzen allein nicht zu leisten sind. In dieser Studie wurden sechs römische Münzen mit unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägten Korrosionsschichten an unbehandelten und polierten Stellen mit vier zerstörungsfreien analytischen Methoden untersucht: Hoch- und Niederenergie Protonen Induzierter Röntgenemission (HE-/PIXE), Synchrotronstrahlungsinduzierte-Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (SY-RFA) und Mikro-Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (Mikro-RFA) mit einem mobilen Gerät. Aufgrund von Unterschieden in den Messbedingungen und dem Einfluss der Patina-Schichten auf diese ergaben sich nur für wenige Elemente Übereinstimmungen in den quantitativen Daten. Zur Validierung zukünftiger Messkampagnen mit verschiedenen Methoden sind daher Vergleichstudien unerlässlich. N2 - Investigations of physical properties and chemical composition of ancient materials generate important data for answering culture-historical questions that cannot be solved by art historical and archaeological methods alone. This contribution reports on the analysis of six Roman coins, with different degrees of corrosion layers in parts that were not handled or polished, using four non-destructive methods: low-energy particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE, 2 MeV), high-energy PIXE (68 MeV), μ-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry with a portable device and synchrotron-radiation induced XRF. Because of differences in the conditions needed for measurement and the influence of the layers of patina on these measurements, there were few elements where the quantitative data were in agreement. Thus comparative analyses are essential to validate future measurement projects using different methods. KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Protoneninduzierte Röntgenemission KW - Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Particle-induced X-ray emission KW - X-ray fluorescence analysis PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-385702 SN - 978-3-9816751-5-3 VL - Berlin studies of the ancient world, Band 35 SP - 117 EP - 137 PB - Edition Topoi CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38570 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meiling, T. A1 - Cywinski, P. A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - White carbon: Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles with tunable quantum yield in a reproducible green synthesis N2 - In this study, a new reliable, economic, and environmentally-friendly one-step synthesis is established to obtain carbon nanodots (CNDs) with well-defined and reproducible photoluminescence (PL) properties via the microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment of starch and Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffer as carbon sources. Three kinds of CNDs are prepared using different sets of above mentioned starting materials. The as-synthesized CNDs: C-CND (starch only), N-CND 1 (starch in TAE) and N-CND 2 (TAE only) exhibit highly homogenous PL and are ready to use without need for further purification. The CNDs are stable over a long period of time (>1 year) either in solution or as freeze-dried powder. Depending on starting material, CNDs with PL quantum yield (PLQY) ranging from less than 1% up to 28% are obtained. The influence of the precursor concentration, reaction time and type of additives on the optical properties (UV-Vis absorption, PL emission spectrum and PLQY) is carefully investigated, providing insight into the chemical processes that occur during CND formation. Remarkably, upon freeze-drying the initially brown CND-solution turns into a non-fluorescent white/slightly Brown powder which recovers PL in aqueous solution and can potentially be applied as fluorescent marker in bio-imaging, as a reduction agent or as a photocatalyst. KW - Carbon dots KW - Quantum yield KW - Fluorescence KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-367204 VL - 6 SP - Article 28557, 1 EP - 9 PB - Nature Publishing Group AN - OPUS4-36720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Welding with high-power lasers: trends and developments N2 - High-power laser beam welding became new stimuli within the last 10 years due to the availability of a new generation of high brightness multi kilowatt solid state lasers. In the welding research new approaches have been developed to establish reliable and praxis oriented welding processes meeting the demands of modern industrial applications during this time. The paper focuses on some of the current scientific and technological aspects in this research field like hybrid laser arc welding, simulation techniques, utilization of electromagnetic fields or reduced pressure environment for laser beam welding processes, which contributed to the further development of this technology or will play a crucial role in its further industrial implementation. T2 - 9th International Conference on Photonic Technologies - LANE 2016 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 19.09.2016 KW - High-power Laserbeam Welding KW - Electromagnetic Force KW - Vacuum KW - Simulation PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-377280 VL - 83 SP - 15 EP - 25 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-37728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Schneider, Thomas T1 - Tribological performance of MoS2 coatings in various environments N2 - Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is a well-known solid lubricant for tribosystems running in vacuum or dry gases. Problems arise due to its sensitivity to humidity, which is a drawback for its application under ambient conditions. However, by using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process, deposition parameters can be optimized not only to gain a coatings structure with favorable frictional properties but also to minimize the sensitivity to attack by water molecules. Therefore, an improved tribological behavior even under moist conditions can be achieved. MoS₂coatings are also candidates for being applied at cryogenic temperatures. They already have proven their suitability, e.g., for sliding support elements between superconducting magnets of the nuclear fusion-experiment Wendelstein 7-X. However, these coatings were exclusively produced for this particular application and the utilization for more common tribosystems may be precluded due to cost considerations. In view of a wider range of applications, pure and Cr containing PVD-MoS₂ coatings with an optimized structure were tested under varying environments including hydrogen gas and cryogenic temperatures. Results of the most promising variant are presented in this paper. KW - Solid lubrication KW - MoS2 KW - Extreme environments KW - Hydrogen KW - Cryogenic einvironment PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-381460 SN - 2075-4442 VL - 32 IS - 4 PB - MPPI AG CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-38146 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Time- & spatial-resolved X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy in a single-shot – new analytical possibilities for in situ material characterization N2 - A new concept that comprises both time- and lateral-resolved X-ray absorption fine-structure information simultaneously in a single shot is presented. This uncomplicated set-up was tested at the BAMline at BESSY-II (Berlin, Germany). The primary broadband beam was generated by a double multilayer monochromator. The transmitted beam through the sample is diffracted by a convexly bent Si (111) crystal, producing a divergent beam. This, in turn, is collected by either an energy-sensitive area detector, the so-called color X-ray camera, or by an area-sensitive detector based on a CCD camera, in θ-2θ geometry. The first tests were performed with thin metal foils and some iron oxide mixtures. A time resolution of lower than 1 s together with a spatial resolution in one dimension of at least 50 µm is achieved. KW - Time resolution KW - Single-shot XAFS PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-370892 SN - 1600-5775 IS - 23 SP - 769 EP - 776 PB - International Union of Crystallography CY - Chester, UK AN - OPUS4-37089 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spranger, Holger A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Boehm, Rainer T1 - THz-ToF techniques for the detection of inherent discontinuities in dielectric materials based on a SAFT – and an optical layer reconstruction algorithm N2 - Electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 0.1 and 10 THz are described as THz-radiation (T-ray). The ability to penetrate dielectric materials makes T-rays attractive to reveal discontinuities in polymer and ceramic materials. THz-Time Domain Spectroscopy Systems (THz-TDS) are available on the market today which operates with THz-pulses transmitted and received by optically pumped semiconductor antennas. In THz-TDS the travelling time (ToF) and shape of the pulse is changed if it interacts with the dielectric material and its inherent discontinuities. A tomogram of the object under the test can be reconstructed from time of flight diffraction (ToFD) scans if a synthetic focusing aperture (SAFT) algorithm is applied. Otherwise, planar discontinuities like cracks in plastics or delaminated layers in composites can be abstracted as layers located at any angle in relation to the outer sample surface direction. A tomogram from the scanned sample can then be reconstructed in case the interactions of electromagnetic pulses with the existing inherent interfaces are detectable and a model is assumed which describes the device under the test as multilayer structure composed of thin layers with different dielectric properties. A short description of both the SAFT – and Optical Layer algorithm for the reconstruction of the inherent structure is initially given. Measurements on representative samples with a variety of artificially produced small and large scale. Reconstructed tomograms are presented to discuss and evaluate the benefits and limits of the two different reconstruction approaches. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - THz SAFT Optical layer reconstruction PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365866 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-36586 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Worzewski, Tamara A1 - Doroshtnasir, Manoucher T1 - Thermographic rotor blade inspection from larger distances – a promising tool for the maintenance of wind turbines N2 - The permanently increasing number of wind turbines requires suited inspection and monitoring methods to ensure liability and security. Concerning the inspection of ro-tor blades, only manual inspections are state of the art. Thermographic Testing (TT) has the potential to detect typical failures and damages on rotor blades. The paper presents some results of onsite measurements carried out as “passive thermogra-phy”, i.e. without a defined heating procedure. Due the totally contactless meas-urement principle, TT can be applied to rotating blades as well as to resting blades. Both methods will be compared with respect to their possible realization. T2 - WCNDT 2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Wind turbine rotor blade KW - Thermographic inspection KW - Passive thermography KW - Nondestructive testing PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366331 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 SP - We.4.D.4., 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-36633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Unnikrishnakurup, Sreedhar A1 - Myrach, Philipp A1 - Polomski, Benjamin A1 - Le Claire, Elisabeth A1 - Vengara, N. A1 - Balasubramaniam, Krishnan A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Thermographic crack detection in hot steel surfaces N2 - The detection and characterization of surface cracks in steel specimens prior to damage is a technologically and economically highly significant task and is of utmost importance when it comes to safety-relevant structures. In steel production where steel billets at high temperatures have to be inspected while moving a number of well-established NDT methods cannot be applied. Laser thermography however is a promising candidate to serve as a fast, non-contact and remote tool in this case. We present a study that shows that the crack detection capabilities of laser thermography can be extended also to specimens at high temperature. A combination of inductive and laser heating allows to systematically study the contrast formation as well as the optimization of the important measurement parameters. The experiments are accompanied by FEM simulations that provide a better insight of the physical correlations and support the experimental developments. The aim of these studies is to develop a system with high inspection speed and detection performance to be in-line operated under the hostile environment of steel production lines. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (WCNDT 2016) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - In-line Monitoring KW - Laser Infrared thermography KW - Cracks KW - Induction heating KW - Steel billets KW - FEM simulation PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-389161 UR - http://ndt.net/?id=19573 SN - 1435-4934 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-38916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -