TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Wolthusen, Helmut T1 - Unusual Corrosion Behavior of 1.4542 Exposed a Laboratory Saline Aquifer Water CCS-Environment JF - Energy Procedia N2 - Differently heat treated coupons of 1.4542 were kept at T=60 °C and ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in an a) water saturated supercritical CO2 and b) CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to on-shore CCS-sites in the Northern German Basin. Surface corrosion layers are homogeneous but unusually discontinuously ellipsoidal. After 8000 h at 100 bar maximum corrosion rate in the liquid phase is approximately 0.014 mm/year, with normalizing providing best corrosion resistance and approximately 0.003 mm/year in the supercritical phase where hardening+tempering at 670 °C leads to lowest corrosion rates. KW - CO2-storage KW - Supercritical CO2 KW - Steel KW - Pipeline KW - Corrosion KW - CCS PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-418472 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1679 VL - 114 SP - 5229 EP - 5240 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-41847 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Understanding the Anomalous Corrosion Behaviour of 17% Chromium Martensitic Stainless Steel in Laboratory CCS-Environment—A Descriptive Approach JF - MDPI Clean Technologies N2 - To mitigate carbon dioxide emissions CO2 is compressed and sequestrated into deep geological layers (Carbon Capture and Storage CCS). The corrosion of injection pipe steels is induced when the metal is in contact with CO2 and at the same time the geological saline formation water. Stainless steels X35CrMo17 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 with approximately 17% Cr show potential as injection pipes to engineer the Northern German Basin geological onshore CCS-site. Static laboratory experiments (T = 60 ◦C, p = 100 bar, 700–8000 h exposure time, aquifer water, CO2-flow rate of 9 L/h) were conducted to evaluate corrosion kinetics. The anomalous surface corrosion phenomena were found to be independent of heat treatment prior to exposure. The corrosion process is described as a function of the atmosphere and diffusion process of ionic species to explain the precipitation mechanism and better estimate the reliability of these particular steels in a downhole CCS environment. KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - High alloyed steel KW - Corrosion mechanism KW - CCS PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545700 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020014 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 239 EP - 257 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-54570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Corrosion and Fatigue of Heat Treated Martensitic Stainless Steel 1.4542 used for Geothermal Applications JF - MATTER - International Journal of Science and Technology N2 - During capture and storage technology (CCS) as well as in geothermal energy production Steels need to withstand the corrosive environment such as: heat, pressure, salinity of the aquifer and CO2-partial pressure. 1.4542 shows unusual corrosion phenomena, but is still sufficiently resistant in corrosive environments. To better understand its behaviour differently heat treated coupons of 1.4542 and for comparison X20Cr13 and X46Cr13 were kept in the artificial brine of the Northern German Basin at T=60 °C. Ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in water saturated supercritical CO2 and CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer Environment was applied. Fatigue tests were performed via push-pull tests with a series of 30 specimens from 150 MPa to 500 MPa (sinusoidal dynamic test loads, R=-1; resonant frequency ~ 30 Hz). FeCO3 and FeOOH are corrosion products also after dynamic corrosion tests. Martensitic microstructure offers good corrosion resistance in geothermal environment. The S-N-curve showing no typical fatigue strength and very steep slopes of possible fatigue strength for finite life. Possible influencing artefacts, such as Al-inclusions could not be correlated to early rupture despite specimens containing inclusions at the fracture surface and cross section reached lower number of cycles. Applied potential proofed to enhance fatigue life tremendously. KW - High Alloyed Steel KW - Pitting KW - Corrosion Fatigue KW - Corrosion KW - Endurance Limit PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503765 DO - https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.51.138158 SN - 2454-5880 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 138 EP - 158 PB - Global Research and Development Services Publishing CY - Rajasthan, India AN - OPUS4-50376 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Wolf, M. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue of Steels in Downhole CCS Environment—A Summary JF - Processes N2 - Static immersion tests of potential injection pipe steels 42CrMo4, X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X35CrMo4, and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 at T = 60°C and ambient pressure, as well as p = 100 bar were performed for 700–8000 h in a CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to CCS sites in the Northern German Basin (NGB). Corrosion rates at 100 bar are generally lower than at ambient pressure. The main corrosion products are FeCO3 and FeOOH with surface and local corrosion phenomena directly related to the alloy composition and microstructure. The appropriate heat treatment enhances corrosion resistance. The lifetime reduction of X46Cr13, X5CrNiCuNb16-4, and duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 in a CCS environment is demonstrated in the in situ corrosion fatigue CF experiments (axial push-pull and rotation bending load, 60°C , brine: Stuttgart Aquifer and NGB, flowing CO2: 30 L/h, +/- applied potential). Insulating the test setup is necessary to gain reliable data. S-N plots, micrographic-, phase-, fractographic-, and surface analysis prove that the life expectancy of X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 in the axial cyclic load to failure is clearly related to the surface finish, applied stress amplitude, and stress mode. The horizontal grain attack within corrosion pit cavities, multiple fatigue cracks, and preferable deterioration of austenitic phase mainly cause fatigue failure. The CF life range increases significantly when a protective potential is applied. KW - Carbon capture and storage KW - Steel KW - High alloyed steel KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion fatigue KW - CCS PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523948 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040594 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 594 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-52394 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Wolf, Marcus A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Corrosion and corrosion fatigue of steels in downhole CCS environment - A summary JF - Processes N2 - Static immersion tests of potential injection pipe steels 42CrMo4, X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X35CrMo4, and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 at T = 60 °C and ambient pressure, as well as p = 100 bar were performed for 700–8000 h in a CO₂-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to CCS sites in the Northern German Basin (NGB). Corrosion rates at 100 bar are generally lower than at ambient pressure. The main corrosion products are FeCO₃ and FeOOH with surface and local corrosion phenomena directly related to the alloy composition and microstructure. The appropriate heat treatment enhances corrosion resistance. The lifetime reduction of X46Cr13, X5CrNiCuNb16-4, and duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 in a CCS environment is demonstrated in the in situ corrosion fatigue CF experiments (axial push-pull and rotation bending load, 60 °C, brine: Stuttgart Aquifer and NGB, flowing CO₂: 30 L/h, +/- applied potential). Insulating the test setup is necessary to gain reliable data. S-N plots, micrographic-, phase-, fractographic-, and surface analysis prove that the life expectancy of X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 in the axial cyclic load to failure is clearly related to the surface finish, applied stress amplitude, and stress mode. The horizontal grain attack within corrosion pit cavities, multiple fatigue cracks, and preferable deterioration of austenitic phase mainly cause fatigue failure. The CF life range increases significantly when a protective potential is applied. KW - Steel KW - High alloyed steel KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion fatigue KW - Carbon capture and storage PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-531391 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040594 SN - 2227-9717 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 33 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-53139 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -