TY - JOUR A1 - Muelow-Stollin, Ulrike A1 - Lehnik-Habrink, Petra A1 - Kluge, Stephanie A1 - Bremser, Wolfram A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Efficiency Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Analysis of OCPs and PCBs in Soils of Varying TOC N2 - Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls are toxic, carcinogenic, and have a high potential for bioaccumulation. Due to their stability, they are still considered an environmental problem even though the use of most of them has been phased out several decades ago. Soil is a matrix which can retain these contaminants to a great extent. This ability is often associated with the total organic carbon content (TOC). In order to judge the pollution status of soil and to make monitoring data more easily comparable a simple, yet robust extraction method is needed. Agitation solid-liquid-extraction is well suited for this purpose. However, the influence of TOC on the analyte recovery has to be known. For the presented study, 12 organochlorine pesticides and 7 polychlorinated biphenyls were spiked into four model soils with organic carbon contents between 1.6% - 13.3%. The matrices were extracted using solid-liquid extraction between 45 minutes and 16 hours. For comparison, all soils were also extracted using pressurised liquid extraction and Soxhlet extraction. After clean-up the extracts were measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. Statistical analysis of the results implied that the TOC content of the soils did not have significant influence on the extraction efficiency. A longer solid-liquid extraction time did not necessarily increase analyte recovery: Extraction for one hour resulted in 88% recovery while 16 hour extraction led to 89%. Thus, the efficiency of all the methods was comparable for all model soils. Additional investigations regarding GC liner performance highlighted the need for isotopically labelled standards during the analysis of thermolabile pesticides. KW - POP KW - Soil organic matter KW - Solid-liquid-extraction KW - Pressurised liquid extraction PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-430238 DO - https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2017.86045 SN - 2152-2219 VL - 08 IS - 06 SP - Article ID:77202, 693 EP - 713 PB - Scientific Research Publishing AN - OPUS4-43023 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rohn, H. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Schmidt, M. A1 - Giegrich, J. A1 - Oberender, C. A1 - Denz, W. A1 - Niebaum, A. ED - Ludwig, C. ED - Matasci, C. T1 - The Guideline Series VDI 4800 Resource Efficiency: An Approach for Increasing Resource Efficiency with Aim of Conservation of Natural Resources in the Industrial Sector N2 - In 2011, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) started working on a set of guidelines towards increased resource efficiency. These guidelines represent a framework that defines resource efficiency and outlines considerations for the producing industry. A special guideline for SMEs is included as well as guidelines on methodologies for evaluating resource use indicators, such as the cumulative raw material demand of products and production systems. Resource efficiency, defined here as the relationship between a specific benefit or use and the natural resources that need to be spent or consumed to attain this benefit or use. It can be evaluated by defining a function which expresses the specific benefit and quantifies the resource requirements through a set of indicators (use of raw materials, energy, water, land and ecosystem services including sinks). The results from this also depend on the system boundary parameters and the allocation rules for by-products and waste treatment options. Optimising resource use is possible at all stages of a product’s or production system’s life cycle chain (raw material extraction, production and manufacturing, use and consumption, and the end-of-life stage). VDI guidelines are widely accepted across Germany’s industrial sector and therefore represent an important means of mainstreaming resource efficiency in this target area. As well as providing a methodological framework, the guidelines describe strategies and measures towards increasing resource efficiency, and they enable industrial producers and service providers to identify potential areas of improvement. The full article presents an overview of the methodology and contents of these guidelines and discusses their impact in achieving absolute reductions in the industrial use of natural resources. KW - Resource efficiency KW - Life cycle thinking KW - Products and production systems KW - Standardization PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-426443 UR - https://www.wrforum.org/wrfpublicationspdf/boosting-resource-productivity/ SN - 978-3-9521409-7-0 SP - 125 EP - 132 PB - Paul Scherrer Institute CY - Villigen PSI, Switzerland ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-42644 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gehrmann, H.-J. A1 - Hiebel, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Methods for the Evaluation of Waste Treatment Processes N2 - Decision makers for waste management are confronted with the problem of selecting the most economic, environmental, and socially acceptable waste treatment process. This paper elucidates evaluation methods for waste treatment processes for the comparison of ecological and economic aspects such as material flow analysis, statistical entropy analysis, energetic and exergetic assessment, cumulative energy demand, and life cycle assessment.The work is based on the VDI guideline 3925. A comparison of two thermal waste treatment plants with different process designs and energy recovery systems was performed with the described evaluation methods. The results are mainly influenced by the type of energy recovery, where the waste-to-energy plant providing district heat and process steam emerged to be beneficial in most aspects. Material recovery options from waste incineration were evaluated according to sustainability targets, such as saving of resources and environmental protection. KW - Material flow analysis KW - Life cycle assessment KW - Cumulative energy demand KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Eco-efficiency analysis PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-426455 UR - https://www.hindawi.com/journals/je/2017/3567865/ DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3567865 SN - 2314-4912 VL - 2017 SP - Article ID 3567865-1 EP - 13 PB - Hindawi CY - London AN - OPUS4-42645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De la Rosa, J. M. A1 - Martin-Sanchez, Pedro Maria A1 - Santiago-Cortes, S. A1 - Hermosin, B. A1 - Knicker, H. A1 - Saiz-Jimenez, C. ED - De la Rosa, J. M. T1 - Structure of melanins from the fungi Ochroconis lascauxensis and Ochroconis anomala contaminating rock art in the Lascaux Cave N2 - Two novel species of the fungal genus Ochroconis, O. lascauxensis and O. anomala have been isolated from the walls of the Lascaux Cave, France. The interest in these fungi and their melanins lies in the formation of black stains on the walls and rock art which threatens the integrity of the paintings. Here we report solid-state cross polarization magic-angle spinning 13C and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of the melanins extracted from the mycelia of O. lascauxensis and O. anomala in order to known their chemical structure. The melanins from these two species were compared with those from other fungi. The melanins from the Ochroconis species have similar SERS and 13C and 15N NMR spectra. Their chemical structures as suggested by the data are not related to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 5,6-dihydroxyindole or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene precursors and likely the building blocks from the melanins have to be based on other phenols that react with the N-terminal amino acid of proteins. The analytical pyrolysis of the acid hydrolysed melanin from O. lascauxensis supports this assumption. KW - Microbiology KW - Biodeterioration KW - Melanins KW - Fungi PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-435345 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13862-7 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 7 SP - 13441, 1 EP - 13441, 11 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-43534 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Maiwald, Michael ED - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Validation report on NMR N2 - The departure from the current automation landscape to next generation automation concepts for the process industry has already begun. Smart functions of sensors simplify their use and enable plug and play integration, even though they may appear to be more complex at first sight. Smart sensors enable concepts like self-diagnostics, self-calibration, and self-configuration/ parameterization whenever our current automation landscape allows it. Here we summarize the currently discussed general requirements for process sensors 4.0 and introduce a smart online NMR sensor module as example, which was developed for an intensified industrial process funded by the EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (www.consensspire.eu). KW - Process Monitoring KW - Online NMR Spectroscopy KW - Indirect Hard Modeling KW - Process Control KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - CONSENS PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-435521 SP - 1 EP - 31 AN - OPUS4-43552 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven A1 - Herbrich, Uwe T1 - Application of a Modified Arrhenius Equation to Describe the Time-Temperature Equivalence in Relaxation Analysis of Metal Seals N2 - For the application of the time-temperature superposition principle a suitable relation is needed to describe the time-temperature shift factor α. Therefore, the Arrhenius equation is widely used due to its simple form and often leads to suitable results. Where, the Arrhenius equation presents a linear relation for the temperature-dependent shift factor in logarithmic scale ln(α) with the absolute inverse temperature (1/ϑ). However, in cases with a large temperature range which eventually include more complex reaction processes, the functional relation between ln(α) and (1/ϑ) is nonlinear in the ‘Arrhenius plot’. In those cases, the monotone change of the nonlinear range in the ‘Arrhenius plot’ can be interpreted as a transient range between two approximately linear or constant regions. An extended application of the modified Arrhenius equation from Nakamura (1989) is presented in this study for this transient range. The introduced method was applied to describe the time-temperature equivalence in the relaxation analysis of restoring seal force of metal seals, which are used in lid-systems of transport and interim storage casks for radioactive materials. But, the method is widely valid and can be used for different objectives which are characterized by thermorheologically simple behavior with nonlinear sensitivity to inverse temperature. KW - Metal seals KW - TTS principle KW - Arrhenius equation KW - Non-linear Arrhenius behavior KW - Relaxation analysis KW - Seal force PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-446759 UR - http://www.davidpublisher.org/index.php/Home/Article/index?id=33931.html DO - https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-7359/2017.09.004 SN - 1934-7359 VL - 11 IS - 9 SP - 853 EP - 861 PB - David Publishing Company CY - USA, NY 10989, Valley Cottage AN - OPUS4-44675 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Brödner, Doris T1 - Weiterentwicklung des Umweltzeichens Blauer Engel RAL-UZ 38 „Emissionsarme Produkte aus Holz und Holzwerkstoffen“ (UFOPLAN 3710 95 305 1) N2 - In diesem Projekt wurde das Prüfverfahren für die chemischen Emissionen zum RAL-UZ 38 überarbeitet. Dabei stand die Bewertung der Prüfkammermessungen mit Hilfe des AgBB-Schemas im Vordergrund. Dafür wurden die Prüfkammerbedingungen angepasst. Mit Hilfe einer Emissionsdatenbasis wurden Anforderungen an die Emissionen der Umweltzeichenprodukte abgeleitet. Die Datenbasis bildeten vorhandene Emissionsdaten der Umweltzeichenprodukte und Messungen aktueller Produkte. Dazu wurden 10 Prüfkammermessungen an unterschiedlichen Möbelplatten durchgeführt. In Zusammenarbeit mit den Lizenznehmern, dem RAL und dem Umweltbundesamt wurde ein neues Verfahren für die Auswahl der Prüfmuster für die Emissionsmessung erarbeitet. Dieses vereinigt eine repräsentative Auswahl mit einer regelmäßigen Nachprüfung einzelner Möbel und/oder Bauteile. Zudem wurden Kriterien für die Überprüfung der Anforderungen an die Herkunft des Holzes aufgestellt. Für Bodenbeläge, Paneele und Türen aus Holz und Holzwerkstoffen für Innenräume wurde eine neue Vergabegrundlage erschaffen (RAL-UZ 176). KW - Blauer Engel KW - Emissionsarme Materialien KW - Prüfverfahren KW - VOC-Emission PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-427472 SN - 1862-4359 VL - 2017/31 SP - 1 EP - 46 PB - Umweltbundesamt (UBA) AN - OPUS4-42747 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hirthammer, Volker A1 - Unger, Jörg F. A1 - Ozbolt, J. ED - von Scheven, M. ED - Keip, M.-A. ED - Karajan, N. T1 - Mesoscale influence on the macroscopic material behavior of concrete N2 - The heterogeneous mesostructure of concreted causes local stress concentrations. Stress dependent phenomena like damage and creep as well as their interactions are effected by those stress concentrations. Therefore a material model’s macroscopic behavior will differ whether the mesoscale structure is considered or not. The differences between the mesoscale approach and an homogeneous approach will be presented. The results are discussed with focus on the true materials behavior. T2 - 7th GACM Colloquium on Computational Mechanics for Young Scientists from Academia and Industry CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 11.10.2017 KW - Mesoscale KW - Material behavior KW - Macroscopic PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-436611 DO - https://doi.org/10.18419/opus-9334 VL - 7 SP - MS13, 414 EP - 417 PB - Institute for Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-43661 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pohl, Christoph A1 - Unger, Jörg F. ED - von Scheven, M. ED - Keip, M.-A. ED - Karajan, N. T1 - Obtaining macroscopic properties from a mesoscale thermomechanical model of concrete N2 - A coupled thermomechanical mesoscale model for concrete under heating is presented. When considering the heterogeneous structure under coupled loads, complex macroscopic material properties can be modelled using simple constitutive relations. For instance, damage evolution is directly driven by the incompatibility of thermal strains between matrix and aggregates. Without prescribing fc = f(T), a decline in compressive strength with rising temperatures will be shown. T2 - 7th GACM Colloquium on Computational Mechanics for Young Scientists from Academia and Industry CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 11.10.2017 KW - Multiscale KW - Concrete mesoscale KW - Thermomechanical PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-436540 DO - https://doi.org/10.18419/opus-9334 VL - 7 SP - MS13, 418 EP - 422 PB - Institute for Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-43654 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Huschke, Philip A1 - Unger, Jörg F. ED - von Scheven, M. ED - Keip, M.-A. ED - Karajan, N. T1 - Domain decomposition methods for fracture mechanics problems and its application to fiber reinforced concrete N2 - A finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI) approach for phase-field models and Gradient enhanced damage models is presented. These diffusive crack models can solve fracture mechanics problems by integrating a set of partial differential equations and thus avoid the explicit treatment of discontinuities. However, they require a fine discretization in the vicinity of the crack. FETI methods distribute the computational cost among multiple processors and thus speed up the computation. T2 - 7th GACM Colloquium on Computational Mechanics for Young Scientists from Academia and Industry CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 11.10.2017 KW - FETI KW - Domain decomposition methods KW - Fracture mechanics problems PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-436764 DO - https://doi.org/10.18419/opus-9334 VL - 7 SP - 444 EP - 448 PB - Institute for Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-43676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -