TY - CONF A1 - Shaheen, Sabahat A1 - Hicke, Konstantin T1 - Measurement of Geometric Phase using a φ-OTDR setup T2 - 27th conference on Optical Fiber Sensors N2 - Geometric phase showing sensitivity to changes in polarisation state and intensity of backscattered light is measured using a novel φ-OTDR setup based on coherent heterodyne detection. Principle is demonstrated using a polarisation scrambler inline a fiber-under-test. T2 - Optical Fiber Sensors 2022 CY - Alexandria, Virginia, United States DA - 29.08.2022 KW - Coherent Heterodyne KW - Geometric Phase KW - Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor PY - 2022 SN - 978-1-957171-14-2 SP - W4.72 AN - OPUS4-56116 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Landis, E. A1 - Hassefras, Emiel A1 - Oesch, Tyler A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - A Microstructural Basis for Diffuse Ultrasound in Concrete T2 - Proceedings of NDT-CE 2022 N2 - Attenuation of ultrasonic signals in concrete has the potential to carry much information about the microstructure of the material. In this work a series of concrete specimens of varying porosities and pore size distributions were internally imaged with x-ray computed tomography (CT), and then subsequently examined with throughtransmission ultrasound. The CT images were used to quantify both capillary porosity of cement paste as well as internal interfaces that are likely to produce elastic wave scattering. Ultrasound signals were represented as a diffusion process such that absorption and scattering attenuation could be isolated. As implemented, the diffusion model was a poor predictor of capillary porosity, while diffusivity was a reasonable predictor of scattering interfaces. Diffusivity was found to scale extremely well with small scale porosity, which made it a good predictor of compressive strength. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Concrete KW - X-ray tomography KW - Ultrasound PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563371 UR - https://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce2022/paper/61592_manuscript.pdf SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-56337 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abraham, O. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Schmidt, F. A1 - Sörensen, J.D. A1 - Thöns, S. A1 - Chapeleau, X. A1 - Ferria, H. T1 - Infrastar Training School on Fatigue and Reliability Analysis of Structures - Training for Assessment of Risk T2 - Proceedings of NDT-CE 2022 N2 - The Infrastar training school provides lectures and hands-on training to Master and PhD students, early-stage researchers and (young) professionals on all aspects of asset management of civil infrastructures with respect to fatigue of materials. It is organized yearly since 2019 and up to 20 profiles are selected to attend the 3.5-day training. A team of 7 teachers provides insight in multi-disciplinary and intersectoral basic concepts in three core fields, ranging from the design to the dismantling of the structures (bridges and wind turbines): 1. Monitoring and auscultation, 2. Structural and action models, 3. Reliability, risk and decision analyses. Each year, a recognized expert is invited to deliver a keynote lecture to raise interest in a specific aspect of one of the fields covered. The presentation is recorded and published on the training school website. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Doctoral School KW - Multidisciplinary KW - Fatigue KW - Reliability PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563253 UR - https://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce2022/paper/61021_manuscript.pdf SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-56325 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabe, U. A1 - Pudovikov, S. A1 - Herrmann, H.-G. A1 - Wiggenhauser, H. A1 - Prabhakara, Prathik A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Evaluation of retroreflective corner echo for detection of surface breaking cracks in concrete by ultrasound T2 - Proceedings of NDT-CE 2022 N2 - The retroreflective corner echo is used, for example, in ultrasonic non-destructive testing of metals to find fatigue cracks in tubes or shafts. If the much weaker crack tip signal is additionally detected, the crack length can also be determined. A corner reflection occurs in cases of surface breaking cracks with predominantly perpendicular orientation to the surface. The intensity of the corner reflection depends on the angle of incidence and on the ultrasonic wave mode used. For the reliable detection of vertical surface breaking cracks in metals, transversal waves are commonly used, which propagate at an angle of 37° to 53° to the inspection surface. As shown in this contribution, the wide spread low frequency ultrasonic arrays with dry point contact sources available for ultrasonic testing of concrete also allow to receive corner echoes. These devices generate transversal waves in concrete structures with a large divergence of the sound field. A series of experiments was carried out with such dry point contact arrays on concrete specimens with artificial test defects and controlled induced cracks of different depths. The ultrasonic time-of-flight signals were recorded, exported and reconstructed utilising the SAFT (Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique) algorithm. The SAFT reconstruction parameters were adjusted to visualize the corner echo indication. As will be shown, with this targeted processing, the reproducible detection of surface breaking cracks in concrete is possible. The retroreflective corner echo can thus be exploited in civil engineering for non-destructive inspection of concrete. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Concrete KW - Crack depth KW - Ultrasound KW - SAFT PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563365 UR - https://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce2022/paper/27256_manuscript.pdf IS - 27256 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-56336 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Moufid, M. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - El Bari, N. A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Bouchikhi, B. T1 - Characterization of Unpleasant Odors in Poultry Houses Using Metal Oxide Semiconductor-Based Gas Sensor Arrays and Pattern Recognition Methods T2 - The 1st International Electronic Conference on Chemical Sensors and Analytical Chemistry) N2 - In this study, the ability of an electronic nose developed to analyze and monitor odor emissions from three poultry farms located in Meknes (Morocco) and Berlin (Germany) was evaluated. Indeed, the potentiality of the electronic nose (e-nose) to differentiate the concentration fractions of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and ethanol was investigated. Furthermore, the impact change of relative humidity values (from 15% to 67%) on the responses of the gas sensors was reported and revealed that the effect remained less than 0.6%. Furthermore, the relevant results confirmed that the developed e-nose system was able to perfectly classify and monitor the odorous air of poultry farms. T2 - 1st International Electronic Conference on Chemical Sensors and Analytical Chemistry CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2021 KW - Pattern recognition methods KW - Gas sensors KW - Electronic nose KW - poultry odorous air monitoring PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-544005 UR - https://csac2021.sciforum.net/ DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/CSAC2021-10481 VL - 5 IS - 52 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-54400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors T2 - Interdisciplinary Research Symposium on the Safety of Nuclear Disposal Practices safeND N2 - In this work, we present our results achieved in several research activities for development of distributed fiber optic radiation sensors using glass and polymer optical fibers. The findings show that both the measurement of the radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) along the entire sensing fiber and the accompanying change in the refractive index of the fiber core can be used for distributed radiation monitoring. T2 - safeND CY - Online meeting DA - 10.11.2021 KW - Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors KW - Radiation-induced attenuation KW - Optical fiber sensor KW - Incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-537531 DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-15-2021 VL - 1 SP - 15 EP - 16 AN - OPUS4-53753 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Reyes Rodriguez, M. A1 - Kristen, A. A1 - Kadoke, D. A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Ignition temperatures and flame velocities of metallic nanomaterials T2 - Proceedings of the 13th Symposium International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions N2 - The production of materials with dimensions in the nanometre range has continued to increase in recent years. In order to ensure safety when handling these products, the hazard potential of such innovative materials must be known. While several studies have already investigated the effects of explosions (such as maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise) of powders with primary particles in the nanometre range, little is known about the ignition temperatures and flame velocities. Therefore, the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of metallic nano powders (aluminium, iron, copper and zinc) was determined experimentally in a so called Godbert-Greenwald (GG) oven. Furthermore, the flame velocities were determined in a vertical tube. In order to better classify the test results, the tested samples were characterised in detail and the lower explosion limits of the tested dust samples were determined. Values for the burning velocity of aluminium nano powders are higher compared to values of micrometre powders (from literature). While MIT of nanometre aluminium powders is within the range of micrometre samples, MIT of zinc and copper nano powders is lower than values reported in literature for respective micrometre samples. T2 - 13th Symposium International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE) CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2021 KW - Dust explosions KW - Nanomaterial KW - Flame propagation KW - Minimum ignition temperature PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-540930 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/810.20200724 SP - 591 EP - 605 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt AN - OPUS4-54093 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Dufaud, O. T1 - Quasi-static dispersion of dusts for the determination of lower explosion limits of hybrid mixtures T2 - Proceedings of the 13th Symposium International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions N2 - Knowledge of explosion limiting concentration of explosible materials is necessary for the design of explosion protection measures. Currently employed methods of testing MEC of a dust cloud or LEL of a hybrid mixture are based on arbitrary assumptions and possess technical limitations that often lead to values of MEC/LEL, which are unrealistically low or poorly reproducible. This contribution presents an improved method for experimental determination of MEC of a combustible dust cloud or LEL of a flammable gas or hybrid mixture. The new set-up operates under laminar conditions and allows a uniform suspension of dust particles in an open top acrylic glass tube. Dust concentration is measured with the help of infrared sensors installed a few centimeters above and below the ignition source. In order to evaluate the dependence of MEC on flow front velocity, MEC of lycopodium was determined at four flow velocities. The results show that the flow field intensity does not significantly influence the MEC of lycopodium for the flow ranges tested in this work. Moreover, LEL of hybrid mixtures of lycopodium and methane was also tested at flow velocities of 4.7 cm/s, 5.8 cm/s, 7 cm/s and 11 cm/s and compared with the values obtained from other sources. The results suggest that the requirement of high energy pyrotechnical igniter may be relinquished, provided that a truly homogeneous suspension of dust particles could be achieved. Moreover, the effect of relative amount of dust and gas, on the course of ignition and flame propagation in hybrid mixtures at their LEL, was studied by the help of high speed videos. For hybrid mixtures of carbonaceous dusts (like lycopodium) at their LEL, ignition occurs in the gas phase, however, flame propagation is only possible through a two-way interaction of dust and gas during the course of combustion. T2 - 13th Symposium International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE) CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-540955 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/810.20200724 SP - 750 EP - 764 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt AN - OPUS4-54095 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kröll, Mirco T1 - Benefits of novel tools open to Industry from Open Innovation Testbeds. Effects of harmonised procedures in (digital) Tribology T2 - Reportation 1st Co-creation Workshop of NanoMECommons project N2 - The work on Tribology, digitalisation, and the harmonised procedures developed in i-TRIBOMAT Open Innovation Testbed was presented. The project develops procedures and shares ideas on how to deal with characterisation techniques and provide services to end users in different places and locations, which is realised by adopting a common and widely agreed procedures. i-TRIBOMAT is active also via YouTube platform to enhance communication and spread the word amongst the interested parties and society. T2 - Workshop of NanoMECommons project: "Materials characterisation challenges to support the industry transition in the digital era" CY - Online meeting DA - 13.12.2021 KW - Tribology KW - i-TRIBOMAT KW - Characterisation KW - Digitalisation KW - Interoperability KW - Harmonisation KW - Green Deal PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548909 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6339985 SP - 14 EP - 17 AN - OPUS4-54890 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Götz, J. A1 - Landmann, M. A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Sorting of construction and demolition waste by combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy T2 - International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDTCE 2022) N2 - In a joint project of partners from industry and research, the automated recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is investigated and tested by combing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.). The project focuses primarily on the Berlin site to analyze the entire value chain, minimize economic/technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level, and sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates. First measurements with LIBS and NIR spectroscopy show promising results in distinguishing various material types and indicate the potential for a successful combination. In addition, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is being performed to obtain more information about the quantitative elemental composition of the different building materials. Future work will apply the developed sorting methodology in a fully automated measurement setup with CDW on a conveyor belt. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - LIBS KW - NDT KW - Circular economy KW - Recycling KW - Material classification PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555531 UR - http://www.ndt.net/?id=27220 VL - 2022/09 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - NDT.net CY - Bad Breisig AN - OPUS4-55553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Given, Joseph A1 - Lehleitner, Johannes T1 - First insights into the human-related risks of tunnel inspection T2 - NDT-CE 2022 N2 - Whereas human factors (HF) in the non-destructive testing (NDT) of metallic components are a poorly investigated topic (in comparison to other industrial fields such as aviation), HF in the inspection of concrete components are even less known. Studies have shown that there is always some variability between individuals in their inspection results and that HF affect the reliability of NDT inspections. The aim of the ongoing WIPANO project is to draft a standard for a holistic reliability assessment, with concrete inspection as one case study. This includes also the HF. A human-oriented Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was carried out to do the following: a) identify possible human-related risks in tunnel inspection processes using a laser scan method (including data collection,evaluation, and assessment of tunnel damage) and b) evaluate these human-related risks as regards their possible causes, consequences and probability of occurrence – in addition with respect to existing and possible preventive measures. The results show that the causes for possible failures can lie within people, the physical environment, technology, organisation, and extra-organisational environment. Whereas current preventive measures rely mostly on the individual and quality management practices, there is potential for even larger improvement at the organisational and extra-organisational level. The FMEA results were also used to develop a quantification method to further understand the HF in tunnel inspection, which could possibly be included in the information into the overall reliability assessment. The usage of qualitative and quantitative data collected through the human-FMEA within the proposed quantification method shows promise that HF can be quantified and could offer broader understanding of HF influences on inspection in various industries T2 - The International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing in Civil Engineering CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Human Factors KW - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis KW - FMEA KW - Tunnel Inspection KW - NDT Reliability KW - Quantification PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560138 SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-56013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cabeza, Sandra A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana T1 - Characterization of multiphase metal matrix composites by means of CT and neutron diffraction N2 - The present study examines the relationship between the microstructure of multiphase metal matrix composites and their damage mechanisms. The matrix AlSi12CuMgNi was combined with 15% vol. Al₂O₃ (short fibers), and with 7% vol. Al₂O₃ + 15% vol. SiC (short fibers and whiskers, respectively). The experimental approach encompasses 3D microstructure characterization by means of computed tomography of samples (a) as-cast, (b) after heat treatment, and (c) after compression tests at room temperature. The volume fraction of different phases, their distribution, their orientation, and the presence of defects and damage are studied. The influence of the addition of SiC particles on mechanical properties of composite was investigated. Phase-specific load partition analysis for samples with fiber plane parallel to load was performed by using neutron diffraction (ND) during in-situ compression. ND results show damage in the Si phase, while Al₂O₃ short fibers carry load without damage until failure. The computed tomography observations confirm the load partition analysis. T2 - WCNDT CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - thermal treatment KW - synchrotron CT KW - neutron diffraction KW - composite KW - aluminum KW - residual stress PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365499 AN - OPUS4-36549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotschate, Daniel A1 - Gohlke, Dirk A1 - Eisentraut, Mark T1 - Reference block design for high resolution ultrasound immersion tank T2 - WCNDT 2016 N2 - In respect of modern approaches in material sciences and highly increased requirements on materials on safety relevant components, quality management and non-destructive testing reclaims a steadily increased meaning. The destructive meaning of measuring the degree of purity is defined in DIN EN 10247 through metallurgical investigations, especially microsections. For and comparable, but non-destructive testing due ultrasonic testing, the material the SEP 1927 is a well-defined industry standard. A novel and alternative way of reference block construction was focused by this work. The proposed amendments, regarding the manufacturing and machining, are less time and cost consuming. Verified by measurements the presented reference block fits the same acoustical characteristics and the requirements of the guideline. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - SEP 1927 KW - Degree of purity KW - High resolution ultrasonic testing KW - Immersion tank testing PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-368512 VL - 2016 SP - Paper X15, 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-36851 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Riemer, Stefanie A1 - Gower, M. A1 - Baker, G. A1 - Lodeiro, M. A1 - Knazovicka, L. A1 - Blahut, A. A1 - Monte, C. A1 - Adibekyan, A. ED - Gutschwager, B. T1 - Characterisation of artificial and natural defects in fibre reinforced plastics designed for energy applications using active thermography T2 - DGZfP-Proceeding BB 158 of 19th World Conference on Non-destructive Testing (WCNDT) N2 - Amongst various other NDT methods, within the EMRP-project ‘VITCEA’ active thermography is validated for testing of CFRP and GFRP structures constructed for energy application. In this contribution, the optical and thermal properties of CFRP and GFRP reference defect artefact (RDA) and natural defects artefact (NDA) test specimens are characterized. Different excitation techniques and techniques for data analysis are compared for optimizing the number of detected defects. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-destructive Testing (WCNDT) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Active thermography KW - CFRP KW - GFRP KW - Artificial and natural defects PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-370207 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we2i4.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - BB 158 SP - Paper we2i4, 1 EP - 9 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-37020 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Steinfurth, Henrik A1 - Augustin, Sven A1 - Mecke, R. A1 - Schiller, M. A1 - Kernchen, A. A1 - Kalisch, U. A1 - Meinhardt, J. A1 - Hennen, C. A1 - Groll, E. T. A1 - Arnold, T. T1 - Characterisation of historic façades using active thermography with solar heating and optical methods T2 - DGZfP Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Non-destructive Testing N2 - Active thermography is well suited for the detection of delaminations and cracks in façade elements like plaster and tiles. Not only artificial heating but also solar heating can be used if the adjustment of the façade and the weather conditions are suitable. Optical methods like laser scanners, photogrammetric methods and crack tracking sensors are providing geometrical 3D data which can be used for a 3D mapping of thermograms and for providing data with higher geometrical resolution. Thus, by the combination and fusion of these data, a comprehensive mapping and monitoring of damages of façade systems is possible. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-destructive Testing (WCNDT) CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Active thermography KW - Solar heating KW - Historic facades KW - Optical methods PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366833 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - BB 158 SP - Mo.2.C.2., 1 EP - 8 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36683 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rothbart, Nick A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Goldammer, M. A1 - Hohlstein, F. A1 - Koch, J. A1 - Kryukov, I. A1 - Mahler, G. A1 - Stotter, B. A1 - Walle, G. A1 - Oswald-Tranta, B. A1 - Sengebusch, M. T1 - A round robin test on flash thermography T2 - DGZfP-Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Non-destructive Testing N2 - A round robin test on flash thermography was organized within the scope of a standardization research project. This test gives information on reliability, comparability and efficiency of different testing situations. Data recorded on metal and CFRP test specimens with flat bottom holes (FBH) were analysed by evaluating the detectability and by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the defect signatures as a function of defect parameters. For the investigation of the influence of material properties on the spatial resolution as well as on penetration depth, test specimens made of steel and copper with crossed notches and a notch ramp were constructed and investigated. Here, the minimum resolvable notch distance and the maximum detectable depth of the ramp were analysed. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-destructive Testing (WCNDT) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Active thermography KW - Flash excitation KW - Round robin test KW - Standardisation PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366853 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - BB 158 SP - We.3.D.4., 1 EP - 8 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36685 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Reliability Analysis of the Phased-Array Ultrasonic System used for the Inspection of Friction Stir Welds T2 - Proceedings of the 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing N2 - The canister for the permanent storage of spent nuclear fuel used by SKB in Sweden consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a five centimetre thick shell of copper. It is a safety critical component and in order to secure long-term structural integrity non-destructive methods are used to inspect 100% of the volume of each canister, before it is disposed of in the repository. One of the critical components that requires inspection is a sealing weld, joining the copper tube and the lid. The friction stir weld is inspected using an ultrasonic phased array system. The area of the weld is inspected with several inspection channels with different angles and varying coverage. To make sure that no defects that might occur in the weld are overseen, the reliability of the inspection must be quantified. The reliability of NDT is usually quantified with the probability of detection curves. The influence of the parameters that might influence the POD of the flaws in the weld is investigated analysing the experimental results, as well as with a help of a numerical simulation of the inspection. T2 - 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Ultrasonic KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Copper KW - FSW KW - JLH PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366982 VL - 2016/158 SP - We.4.E.5 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36698 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Zoёga, Andreas T1 - Reliability analysis of the ultrasonic inspection system for the inspection of hollow railway axles T2 - Proceedings of the 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing N2 - Axles are safety critical train components that are subjected to significant cyclic loading during operation. If the crack is initiated in the axle, cyclic loading will lead to crack propagation. To maintain structural integrity, axles must be periodically inspected for fatigue cracks in the material. Deutsche Bahn uses mechanized ultrasonic inspection system to inspect hollow railway axles. The inspections are performed from the bore surface, using several conventional transducers with different incident angles, inspecting the axle along the entire length. As with the every safety critical system, the reliability of these inspections must be determined with regard to their flaw detection capabilities. Traditionally this is done according to the relevant standards for railway vehicles. To investigate the capability of the NDT system more thoroughly, we want to evaluate the capability of the inspection system to detect flaws by means of probability of detection (POD) curves. It will be shown that other parameters, beside the size of the crack, for example crack position in the axle, influence the detection of the crack. The influence of these parameters was evaluated using ultrasonic simulation. The evaluation served as an input for the manufacturing of the flaws in the real scale axle. Once these axles are inspected and the data evaluated, using data from both measurement and simulation, we will express the POD of the crack as function of influencing parameters using the multiparameter POD model. T2 - 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - POD KW - Railway KW - Axle KW - Safety KW - Reliability KW - Ultrasonics PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366996 VL - 2016/158 SP - Tu.3.D.5 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36699 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Daschewski, Maxim A1 - Bartusch, Jürgen A1 - Schadow, Florian A1 - Dohse, Elmar A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Weise, Matthias A1 - Beck, Uwe T1 - Novel air-coupled ultrasonic transducer combining the thermoacoustic with the piezoelectric effect T2 - Proceedings of WCNDT 2016 N2 - In recent years, there has been an increasing industrial demand for one-sided inspection of various structures by means of air-coupled ultrasonic technique. Lightweight structures based on carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers may have very complex shapes, making air-coupled transmission difficult or even impossible. The inspection of concrete structures is another example where one-sided inspection is required. To address these challenges a new type of transducer for air-coupled pulse-echo inspection was developed, which unites two principles: thermoacoustic emission and piezoelectric reception. The thermoacoustic emitter is a titanium electrode with a thickness of several tens of nanometer. This electrode was deposited onto charged cellular polypropylene, which serves as a piezoelectric receiver. The thermoacoustic transmission is based on a transformation of the thermal energy of an electrically heated electrode into the acoustic energy of an ultrasonic wave. Thermoacoustic emitters provide resonance-free behaviour and thus extremely broadband pulses. Charged cellular polypropylene is piezoelectric due to the polarization of its cells and it is well matched to air, with a Young modulus in the order of magnitude of MPa. In this contribution we present some pulse-echo measurements with the first prototypes of the combined thermoacoustic-piezoelectric transducer. T2 - World Conference of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.6.2016 KW - Thermoacoustic KW - Piezoelectric KW - Ultrasonic transducer KW - Ferroelectret PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-367151 VL - 158 SP - Mo.1.F.4, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-36715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kardjilov, N. A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Banhart, J. A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - Imaging with Cold Neutrons at the CONRAD-2 Facility T2 - Physics Procedia N2 - CONRAD-2 is an imaging instrument using low-energy (cold) neutrons. The instrument is installed at the end of a curved neutron guide which avoids the direct line of sight towards the reactor core. This ensures a very low background of high-energy neutrons and. photons at the sample position. The cold neutron beam provides a wavelength range which is suitable for phase-and diffraction-contrast imaging such as grating interferometry and Bragg edge mapping. The instrument is well suited for high resolution imaging due to the high efficiency of the very thin scintillators that can be used for the detection of cold neutrons. An instrument upgrade was performed recently as a part of an upgrade program for the cold neutron instrumentation at HZB. The parameters of the instrument as well as some research highlights will be presented. T2 - 10th World Conference on Neutron Radiography (WCNR) CY - Grindelwald, SWITZERLAND DA - 05.10.2014 KW - iron embrittlement KW - neutron imaging KW - neutron instrumentation KW - cold neutrons PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-373239 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.07.008 SN - 1875-3892 VL - 69 SP - 60 EP - 66 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, NL AN - OPUS4-37323 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gravenkamp, Hauke A1 - Bause, F. A1 - Rautenberg, J. A1 - Henning, B. ED - Declercq, N. F. T1 - Model Based Sensitivity Analysis in the Determination of Viscoelastic Material Properties Using Transmission Measurements through Circular Waveguides T2 - Physics Procedia N2 - Several ultrasonic approaches for material determination are formulated in terms of an (nonlinear) inverse problem, e.g. immersion technique (Castaings et al. (2000)) or plate-waveguide techniques (Marzani et al. (2012)). In this contribution we focus on cylindrical waveguides for ultrasonic material determination and especially on the sensitivity of recorded transmission signals to the material properties. We utilize composite scaled sensitivities to determine the information content that can be achieved by the setup to certain parameters and discuss the limitations of the approach. T2 - ICU International Congress on Ultrasonics 2015 CY - Georgia Tech Lorraine, Metz, France DA - 10.05.2015 KW - Ultrasonic material determination KW - Sensitivity KW - Inverse problem PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-372551 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.127 SN - 1875-3892 VL - 70 SP - 204 EP - 207 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands AN - OPUS4-37255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zoёga, Andreas A1 - Kurz, J. H. A1 - Oelschlägel, T. A1 - Rohrschneider, A. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Hintze, H. A1 - Kanzler, D. T1 - Investigations to introduce the probability of detection method for ultrasonic inspection of hollow axles at Deutsche Bahn T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing N2 - Currently at Deutsche Bahn (DB) ultrasonic inspections in maintenance procedures for wheelset axles with a bore hole are, to the greatest possible extent, carried out using automated ultrasonic inspection system. Although the acceptance levels are in accordance with DIN 27201 part 7, the testing results have shown in recent years that in the case of true indications, the effective defect sizes were far below the level of acceptance. Due to this experience it can be assumed that the automated ultrasonic inspection systems are testing substantially more sensitively than required. This increased sensitivity leads to an increase in false indications, generally resulting in the unnecessary demounting of wheelsets. In Research cooperation between Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and DB the effective flaw detection sensitivity of existing automated ultrasonic inspection system will be determined and the true/false indication ratio optimised. Through systematic investigations with the Probability of Detection method on the existing automated ultrasonic inspection system the results could be directly applied to the optimisation of existing ultrasonic inspections of wheelset axles with a bore hole in maintenance procedures and the level of reliability can be considerably increased. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Railway KW - Axles KW - UT PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375813 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we2g4.pdf SP - id 19515, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - Evaluation of radiographic testing performance with an advanced POD approach T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE N2 - POD is the most often used approach for the evaluation of the reliability of non-destructive testing methods in critical areas. But especially for those cases the requirements for a sufficient amount of data, adequate type of defects and the statistical requirements are high. The claim for checking these requirements is not new, but never the less often ignored. Especially the large amount of data for critical real defects seems too often to be not really solvable. In this presentation we show an approach to use real defect data with knowledge from former testing results with the same equipment, in a useful adequate way. Furthermore we introduce a method to evaluate the real defect description parameters for the radiographic testing. This approach was used for a joint project with the company POSIVA, which is building a final depository for spent nuclear fuel in Finland. Radiographic testing is one of the NDT-methods they use to test the electron beam weld of the copper canister. The copper canister will be used in the deposit as a corrosion barrier within the deposit concept. Through the high sophisticated manufacturing methods of the canister there are almost no material defects, which could be used for reliability evaluation. In this context the idea of Bayesian Updating of the POD with real defect data with former results from artificial defect data was born to get a useful evaluation. T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.10.2013 PY - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-312641 SN - 978-3-940283-53-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 144 SP - Lecture 4, 1 EP - 7 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Heckel, Thomas T1 - A plenary view on the vigour of our NDE reliability models T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE N2 - Using the Modular Reliability Model the three different main influencing elements, i.e. intrinsic capability (IC), application parameters (AP) and the human factors (HF), are, in the first instance, investigated separately. The intrinsic capability stands for the pure physical-technological process of the signal detection caused by the waves or the rays from a material defect in the presence of noise (driven by the material and the devices). This intrinsic capability is the upper bound of the possible reliability. Already when measuring this intrinsic capability for thick walled components the original one-parameter POD must be extended to a multiparameter POD, where, in addition to the defect size, a number of additional physical parameters, such as the grain size distribution (or attenuation), defect depth, and angle or surface roughness, must be considered. For real life cycle assessments it is necessary to evaluate the signal response from real defects. The industrial application factors, e.g. coupling conditions, limited accessibility, heat and environmental vibrations, diminish the reliability. The amount of reduction can be determined quantitatively, if the underlying conditions are controlled. In case they are not controlled it is necessary to count for a fluctuation in the reliability in the field anyway. The third group of important influencing factors are the human factors, which do not only cover the individual performance capability of the inspectors but also the design of the working place,the procedure, the teamwork quality, interaction with systems, the organization, and finally, the relationship between the companies involved in the inspection process and to which extend the responsible parties are aware of it. When comparing an “ideal inspection” with a “real inspection” it is worth while to look how the existing practices, rules and standards support reliable testing and where the “delta” is. In the context of vigor, with respect to the industrial end user, it needs to be shown how the level of reliability of NDE, influenced by the different factors, has an impact on acceptance or rejection of safety critical parts. T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.10.2013 PY - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-312658 SN - 978-3-940283-53-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 144 SP - Lecture 2, 1 EP - 18 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Epishin, A.I. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Svetlov, I.L. A1 - Golubovskiy, E.R. T1 - Hot isostatic pressing of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys: mechanism of pore closure and effect on mechanical properties T2 - Eurosuperalloys 2014 - 2nd European symposium on superalloys and their applications N2 - Pore annihilation was investigated in the single-crystal nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4. HIP tests at 1288 °C/103 MPa were interrupted at different times, then the specimens were investigated by TEM, metallography and density measurements. The kinetics of pore annihilation was determined. The pore closure mechanism was identified as plastic deformation on the octahedral slip systems. A model describing the kinetics of pore closure has been developed on the base of crystal plasticity and large strain theory. Mechanical tests with the superalloy CMSX-4 and the Ru-containing superalloy VGM4 showed, that HIP significantly increases the fatigue life at low temperatures but has no effect on creep strength. T2 - Eurosuperalloys 2014 - 2nd European symposium on superalloys and their applications CY - Giens, France DA - 12.05.2014 PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-316410 DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20141408003 N1 - Serientitel: MATEC Web of conferences – Series title: MATEC Web of conferences VL - 14 SP - 08003-1 EP - 08003-6 PB - EDP Sciences AN - OPUS4-31641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Dohse, Elmar A1 - Bartusch, Jürgen A1 - Köppe, Enrico A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Hillger, W. A1 - Amos, J. M. T1 - Ultrasonic testing of adhesively bonded joints using air-coupled cellular polypropylene transducers T2 - ECNDT 2014 - 11th European conference on non-destructive testing (Proceedings) N2 - In air-coupled ultrasonic testing, the impedance mismatch between the transducer and the air is commonly being solved by adding matching layers to composite transducers. To avoid the difficult technological procedure regarding matching layers, some new piezoelectric materials have been proposed. Most promising are ferroelectrets, which are charged cellular polymers, having ferroelectric and consequently piezoelectric properties. In particular, the extreme softness of cellular polypropylene (cPP) leads to a high piezoelectric constant and to a good impedance match with the air, making matching layers redundant. Its elasticity modulus below 1 MPa causes an additional effect not observed with common piezoelectric materials: that is the electrostrictive effect, here defined as the thickness change due to the attractive force between the transducer electrodes. This effect exceeds the piezoelectric effect at excitation voltages over 1 kV. The extreme softness of cPP leads also to high flexibility, enabling easy focusing by bending the transducer. We have developed air-coupled ultrasonic transducers based on cPP. This includes the electrical matching networks for the transmitter and for the receiver. The transmitter is excited with voltages up to 2.5 kV, so that the electrostrictive effect dominates, leading to sound pressure around 145dB at the transducer surface. These transducers have been applied for testing carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plates, adhesive joints and other composite structures. Here we report about ultrasonic transmission of two types of adhesive joints. The first one is multi-layer aluminium components with some artificial disbonds, which are common in aerospace industry, and the second one is an aluminium-steel joint with polyurethane adhesive, which is used in automotive industry. T2 - ECNDT 2014 - 11th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 06.10.2014 KW - Air-coupled KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Ferroelectret KW - Cellular polypropylene KW - Transducer KW - Adhesive joint PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-317204 SN - 978-80-214-5018-9 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Brno University of Technology AN - OPUS4-31720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Menrad, Andreas A1 - Bethke, John T1 - Application of nondestructive testing - Methods for packaging examination T2 - DGZfP-Berichtsband N2 - Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are applicable in many ways for defect detection as well as optimization of packaging production processes. The visual inspection method is the technique which is mostly used, although neither the customer nor a skilled inspector may be aware of this. Techniques like ultrasound for wall thickness measurement, the application of x-ray techniques or the use of dye penetrant techniques for crack detection are rather well known to the NDT family. However, acoustic emission techniques can also be helpful for the characterization of packaging materials. In this paper the employment of x-ray computer tomography (CT) for measurement of wall thickness in plastic jerrycans, especially on the edges, and its possible optimization of production processes will be discussed. A comparison of the CT and ultrasonic examinations of wall thickness and the reliability of this measured data are also important points for the discussion, especially if some safety factors can be derived from the results. The leakage test is also good for jerrycans, IBCs or other kinds of drums for the transportation and storage of dangerous goods. The disadvantage of this kind of test is that a lack of quality, e.g. wall thickness deterioration, cannot be detected if the wall thickness withstands the internal pressure. Therefore, especially for Quality assurance, the other, previously mentioned techniques are better for a statistical assessment of a batch. This paper is focused on the comparison of different NDT results with special emphasis on the large range of material mechanical properties. T2 - 25th IAPRI Symposium on Packaging CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.05.2011 KW - Materialeigenschaft KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Computertomographie KW - Kunststoffbehälter PY - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-239191 SN - 978-3-940283-31-3 VL - 126 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fuggini, C. A1 - Zangani, D. A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Franitza, P. A1 - Gabino, L. A1 - Weigand, F. T1 - Innovative approach in the use of geotextiles for failures prevention in railway embankments T2 - Transportation Research Procedia N2 - Maintenance and renewal costs of a typical railway, track and substructure represents 50–60% of the total costs of such infrastructure over its entire service life. Innovations in track and substructure are therefore fundamental to achieve a significant impact on the overall cost reduction for the railways. Therefore new solutions for track improvements that are effective and that can minimize the interruption of traffic are needed. Moreover, failures of railway embankments happened recently in different regions of the world. Such events, such as the one happened in UK in February 2013 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-21441070), are showing the importance of monitoring track and infrastructure coupled with the use of numerical models for the localization of the critical areas and the design of appropriate countermeasures. Indeed embankment failures, landslides and uneven settlements and similar events are becoming much more common than in the past due to climate changes, and this requires the infrastructure managers to look from a different perspective infrastructure maintenance issues. What was previously consider as “extreme” is now “common” and thus actions need to be taken to be ready when such events will happen. The aim is to mitigate their effects on the infrastructure and to minimize disruptions to train services and reduce maintenance costs to restore the normal service conditions. If this mental change happens, then the need for solutions and techniques for global asset monitoring and ground stabilization will probably increase. Among the others, geotextiles and geogrids for soil reinforcement used in combination with condition monitoring techniques have the potential for minimizing catastrophic events, whilst at the same time providing a good balance among costs and benefits (i.e. sustainability). The paper describe a case study where the use of multifunctional geotextiles, able to provide both strengthening and monitoring functions, has been tested along a railroad near the city of Chemnitz (Germany). The results are here reported to show the potential use and the innovative aspect of this solution. T2 - 6th Transport Research Arena (TRA) CY - Warsaw, Poland DA - 18.04.2016 KW - smart geotextile KW - failure prevention KW - railway embankment KW - fiber optic sensor KW - distributed sensor PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-379256 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.154 VL - 14 SP - 1875 EP - 1883 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-37925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotschate, Daniel A1 - Gohlke, Dirk A1 - Boehm, Rainer A1 - Perez-Alonso, M. T1 - A comparison between ASTM E588 and SEP 1927 relating resolution limits at determination of the purity grade T2 - WCNDT 2016 N2 - With increased usage of highly demanded, modern materials on safety relevant parts (e.g. railway wheel sets, generator shafts, turbine disks, medical implants, etc.) comprehensive analyses regarding the quality of the material are requested. This gives a focus to non-destructive methods using ultrasound immersion tank testing for classifying the degree of purity. Two autonomous standards, ASTM E588 and SEP 1927, have been established for the definition, execution and evaluation for this high resolution ultrasonic measurements on steel products. The propagation of ultrasonic waves and the resulting sound field are strongly dependent on the acoustical properties of the inspected material and the geometry of probes and specimen. The definition of the measurement setup and the evaluation methods appear to differ significantly in the given standards. ASTM E588 and SEP 1927 prescribe the requirement for surface roughness and probe selection, are using threshold based methods for cleanliness detection, but differ in computation for the degree of purity. This has been the motivation for a comparison between both standards with the main focus on amplitude depth dependency and overall spatial resolution taking the influence of different material characteristics, geometry of the specimen and sound fields into account. A performance comparison between the use of non-focusing and focusing probes respective to the threshold based detection will be presented in this contribution. In addition, the usage of complex reconstruction algorithms (e.g. SAFT, echo tomography) is compared with the traditional approaches of inclusion detection and estimation of the degree of purity T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Ultrasonic immersion tank testing KW - Purity grade KW - Material characterisation PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-382972 SP - Paper X15, 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-38297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shashev, Yury A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Britzke, Ralf A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Hentschel, M. P. T1 - Talbot- Lau interferometry with a non- binary phase grating for non-destructive testing T2 - Talbot- Lau interferometry with a non- binary phase grating for non-destructive testing N2 - Grating interferometric set-ups have been established in the last decade. They are promising candidates to obtain enhanced image contrast from weakly absorbing micro and nano structures. They are based on X-ray refraction and near-field diffraction using the Talbot effect. At the expense of taking multiple images, Talbot-Lau grating interferometry allows separating the absorption, refraction, and scattering contributions by analysing the disturbances of a phase grating interference pattern. Contrary to other refraction enhanced methods, this technique can be applied using conventional X-ray tubes (divergent, polychromatic source). This makes it attractive to solve typical non-destructive testing problems. We investigated the efficiency of phase gratings, i.e. the visibility (the amplitude of oscillations) upon variation of propagation distance and phase grating rotation around an axis parallel to the grid lines. This grating rotation changes the grating shape (i.e. the distributions of phase shifts). This can yield higher visibilities than derived from rectangular shapes. Our study includes experimental results obtained from synchrotron radiation, as well as simulations for monochromatic radiation. The advantages of Talbot-Lau interferometry are demonstrated at the example of glass capillaries. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Talbot- Lau interferometry KW - Phase grating KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-383163 SP - Tu_3_G_2, 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-38316 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schukar, Vivien A1 - Köppe, Enrico A1 - Hofmann, Detlef A1 - Westphal, Anja A1 - Sahre, Mario A1 - Gong, Xin A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Beck, Uwe T1 - Magnetic field detection with an advanced FBG-based sensor device T2 - 30th Eurosensors Conference - EUROSENSORS 2016 N2 - A high-performance fiber Bragg grating-based (FBG) sensor device has been developed for the detection of small magnetic fields. Based on a smart multilayer jacket around the fibre over the physical length of the FBG, magnetic fields generated by rotating machine parts, power generators or power cable can be easily detected, analysed and evaluated. Consequently, this innovative, on-line and non-contact inspection method results in an increase in quality and reliability of high-performing machine parts, devices and cables. The basic physical principle is based on a magnetostrictive multilayer system that strains the high-resolution FBG element in presence of magnetic fields. Subsequently, a fixed relationship between induced magnetic field and wavelength change of the FBG element describes the characteristic sensitivity curve. Intensive tests regarding characterisation of this magnetic field FBG sensor have been carried out and its performance has been evaluated. T2 - 30th Eurosensors Conference, EUROSENSORS 2016 CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 04.09.2016 KW - Fiber Bragg grating KW - Magnetostriction KW - Strain KW - Magnetic field PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-376703 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.445 SN - 1877-7058 VL - 168 SP - 1270 EP - 1274 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-37670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Petrat, T. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael ED - Schmidt, M. ED - Vollertsen, F. ED - Arnold, C. B. T1 - Laser metal deposition as repair technology for a gas turbine burner made of Inconel 718 T2 - Physics Procedia N2 - Maintenance, repair and overhaul of components are of increasing interest for parts of high complexity and expensive manufacturing costs. In this paper a production process for laser metal deposition is presented, and used to repair a gas turbine burner of Inconel 718. Different parameters for defined track geometries were determined to attain a near net shape deposition with consistent build-up rate for changing wall thicknesses over the manufacturing process. Spot diameter, powder feed rate, welding velocity and laser power were changed as main parameters for a different track size. An optimal overlap rate for a constant layer height was used to calculate the best track size for a fitting layer width similar to the part dimension. Deviations in width and height over the whole build-up process were detected and customized build-up strategies for the 3D sequences were designed. The results show the possibility of a near net shape repair by using different track geometries with laser metal deposition. T2 - LANE - 9 International Conference on Photonic Technologies CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 19.09.2016 KW - Laser metal deposition KW - Inconel 718 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Maintenance KW - Repair and overhaul PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-376723 UR - http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1875389216301857/1-s2.0-S1875389216301857-main.pdf?_tid=ed1d75de-84a2-11e6-af94-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1474974777_4917d753cb3d316c4b000ba0760778b5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.078 SN - 1875-3892 VL - 83 SP - 761 EP - 768 PB - Elservier AN - OPUS4-37672 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Voss, M. A1 - Salvat-Pujol, F. A1 - Werner, W. S. M. T1 - Physics-based simulation models for EBSD: advances and challenges T2 - IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering N2 - EBSD has evolved into an effective tool for microstructure investigations in the scanning electron microscope. The purpose of this contribution is to give an overview of various simulation approaches for EBSD Kikuchi patterns and to discuss some of the underlying physical mechanisms. T2 - EMAS 2015 - 14th European Workshop on MODERN DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS IN MICROBEAM ANALYSIS CY - Portoroz, Slovenia DA - 03.05.2015 KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Simulation KW - Dynamical theory KW - Kinematic theory PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-377469 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/109/1/012018 VL - 109 SP - 012018-1 EP - 012018-13 AN - OPUS4-37746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Welding with high-power lasers: trends and developments T2 - Physics Procedia - 9th International Conference on Photonic Technologies - LANE 2016 N2 - High-power laser beam welding became new stimuli within the last 10 years due to the availability of a new generation of high brightness multi kilowatt solid state lasers. In the welding research new approaches have been developed to establish reliable and praxis oriented welding processes meeting the demands of modern industrial applications during this time. The paper focuses on some of the current scientific and technological aspects in this research field like hybrid laser arc welding, simulation techniques, utilization of electromagnetic fields or reduced pressure environment for laser beam welding processes, which contributed to the further development of this technology or will play a crucial role in its further industrial implementation. T2 - 9th International Conference on Photonic Technologies - LANE 2016 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 19.09.2016 KW - High-power Laserbeam Welding KW - Electromagnetic Force KW - Vacuum KW - Simulation PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-377280 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.003 VL - 83 SP - 15 EP - 25 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-37728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Analyzing the reliability of non-destructive tests using the modular modell - a practical approach T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing N2 - Non-destructive testing is an important tool to guarantee the safety of railway traffic. The infrastructure with tracks, switches and sleepers is regularly tested, the locomotives and wagons with their wheels, bogies and axles as well. Many years of experience and some events lead in Germany to a good practice in testing the railway components. Now, European authorities are drafting a system of common requirements and standards for the European Railway Market. The German practice combines an intensive training of the NDT-personnel including sufficient time for practical exercises with organizational measures of the companies, responsible for rolling stock and infrastructure. Through the example of UT-testing of railway axles it will be shown, how training and organizational measures influence the reliability of such testing. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Modular model KW - Railway KW - Human factors PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375712 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/mo1d4.pdf SP - id 19519, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-37571 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Evaluating RT systems with a new POD approach T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing N2 - The usefulness and purpose of evaluating nondestructive testing (NDT) systems and their capabilities has changed in the last decade. The conventional method of simply applying a familiar statistical algorithm to say whether the system is usable for the tasks is history. Nowadays, multiple parameter methods which describe the probabilities of detection (POD) of different systems or real defects need new characteristics and a broader variety of statistical models to describe the true system behaviour. The appraisal of the NDT system involves diverse departments within a company (engineering, NDT-operators, and statisticians), but is, at the same time, more needed and requested than in the past. In this article, an approach is discussed in which professionals from different fields worked well together, accomplishing cost-intensive metallographic studies in correlation with well-understood physical behaviour of NDT-methods as well as deep-discussed mathematical methods to create a holistic evaluation of the technical reliability for a specific radiographic testing (RT) equipment. The first part of the publication will show the comparison between metallographic grinding and the RT indications. An essential innovation over past evaluation methods was the use of a multi-scale smoothing algorithm, which describes physical parameters, which were not used in evaluation like the POD in this way in the past. In the second part the statistical requirements for the POD take the focus. It can often be hard to make significant statements; especially in the case where only a small amount of data is available. The combination of data and the use of knowledge from simulations are essential. One possible solution will be shown for the RT evaluation. The methodology is used for evaluating the digital RT system for the inspection of electron-beam welds, which was method considered to seal the Finnish copper canisters for the final deposit of spent nuclear fuel. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - RT PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375732 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we1d4.pdf SP - id 19535, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McGrath, B. A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - How NDT companies can benefit from human factors knowledge T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing N2 - Ultrasonic phased array is, currently, the technology which is being applied as the solution to a lot of inspection problems. The perceived benefits are seen to be worth the outlay on equipment and specialised personnel. Yet, there is a source of knowledge, freely available, which can also deliver immediate benefits, through more reliable inspection results, and consequently increased client confidence, but which is largely ignored by the greater part of the NDT community. This talk will review the latest Human Factors knowledge and provide practical illustrations of how companies can use it to improve their competitive edge. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Human factors PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375742 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/tu4d3.pdf SP - id 19532, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37574 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Grybäck, T. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Safe for 1 million years – NDT matters! T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing N2 - The General Guidance in the Swedish regulations state that the safety assessment for a final repository for spent nuclear fuel should be 1 million years after closure. SKB developed the KBS-3 method, according to which the spent nuclear fuel is protected by three barriers. It is encapsulated in canisters with a diameter of 1 metre and a length of 5 metres. The canister consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a 5 centimetre thick shell of copper. The canisters are disposed in the bedrock at a depth of about 500 meters surrounded by bentonite clay. In order to assess the safety over this extremely long period, an extensive quality control programme is applied to the canisters before deposit. In this programme, the use of non-destructive testing (NDT) is vital. The safety assessment of the canister in turn places high demands on the coverage, detectability, and reliability of the applied NDT inspections of the canister parts, i.e. cast iron insert, copper base, tube and lid, and the copper friction stir welds (FSW). This paper presents the extensive full-scale inspection development programme that runs at the Canister Laboratory in Oskarshamn (Sweden). In order to fulfil the high demands, phased array ultrasonic inspection techniques are developed using practical trials aided by ultrasonic modelling. The techniques apply, for example, different frequencies, inspection angles, focus depths, and both longitudinal and shear waves. Increased inspection reliability of the FSW is achieved by applying digital X-ray technique using a 9 MeV linear accelerator and a line detector. To complete the coverage, complementary surface inspections methods, i.e. eddy current array, magnetic flux sensor techniques and magnetic particle inspection, are applied. The canister safety assessment was the driving force to include reliability studies during the NDT development. Initially, the technical reliability was considered, resulting in development of advanced POD models (probability of detection). In combination with human factors studies, these models were implemented as tools in the development of the NDT techniques. Human factors studies were also applied to improve the inspection procedures to be more user-friendly enabling reliable inspections. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Spent nuclear fuel PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375785 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we4e4.pdf SP - id 19464, 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-37578 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotschate, Daniel A1 - Gohlke, Dirk A1 - Heckel, Thomas T1 - Three dimensional examination of directivity pattern in immersion tank testing T2 - 7th International Symposium on NDT in Aerospace N2 - High resolution examination of safety-relevant parts in immersion tank testing with focussing probes is forming a main topic of modern non-destructive testing. For the usage of complex reconstruction methods and algorithms, an individual and detailed knowledge about the transmission behaviour of the used probes is essential, as this has a significant influence on the results of data reconstruction. Especially the knowledge about position and diameter of the focal point is needed to achieve the highest possible sensitivity. Through the individual position of the beam axis within the examined volume, a four dimensional metro logical determination of the acoustical pressure (x, y, z, t) is necessary. With the measured data it is possible to draw interferences about the sound field and acoustical pressure distribution. The presented work realized a method of automatic determination of the beam axis, the position of focal point and the focal diameter to support individual testing setups and transducer characterization. T2 - 7th International Symposium on NDT in Aerospace CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 16.11.2015 PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-339995 AN - OPUS4-33999 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Douma, J. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Snieder, R. T1 - Improved focusing using deconvolution within a concrete block T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2014 (Proceedings) N2 - Time reversal techniques are used in ocean acoustics, medical imaging and non-destructive evaluation to backpropagate recorded signals to the source of origin. We demonstrate experimentally a technique which improves the temporal focus achieved at the source location. The experiment consists of propagating a signal from a transducer within a concrete block to a single receiver on the surface, and then applying time reversal or deconvolution to focus the energy back at the source location. The results show that we are able to generate a focus in time at the correct location. The proposed method is simple and proven to be robust. Additionally, its costs are negligible due to deconvolution being a preprocessing step to the recorded data. The technique can be applied for detailed investigation of the source mechanisms (e. g. cracks) but also for monitoring purposes. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2014 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 26.05.2014 KW - Ultrasonics KW - Acoustic emission KW - Time reversal KW - Deconvolution PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-337953 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dgzfp2014/papers/di2c2.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-61-0 IS - DGZfP-BB 148 SP - Di.2.C.2, 1 EP - 8 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-33795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Flohr, Kerstin A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas ED - Holden, T.M. ED - Muránsky, O. ED - Edwards, L. T1 - Multi-axial Analyses of Welding Stresses in High-Strength Steel Welds T2 - Materials Research Proceedings N2 - Today’s efforts for lightweight design result in a growing application of high-strength structural steels from 960 MPa. In welded structures of these steels increased demands regarding component safety and a high elastic ratio should be considered. Hence, the prevention of an evolution of high weld-induced tensile residual stresses is required. Recent studies showed that component related restraint conditions of welds are able to elevate welding induced stresses to critical values, depending on material characteristics, the welding process and parameters. This work involves multi-axial welding loads as a consequence of the superposition of local residual stresses, global reaction stresses and moments, varying the welding parameters under different restraint conditions. The global welding loads are measured via GMA-weld tests in a special testing facility and via a DIC(Digital Image Correlation)-system in a slot weld. Local transverse residual stresses were analysed by means of X-ray diffraction. The application of a less amount of weld runs due to a modified welding parameters and welds seam configurations revealed as a beneficial approach to reduce welding loads in high-strength steels. T2 - 10th International Conference on Residual Stresses CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 04.07.2016 KW - High-Strength Steel KW - Welding KW - Reaction Stress KW - X-Ray Diffraction PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-390453 SN - 978-1-9452-9116-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.21741/9781945291173-35 SN - 2474-395X VL - 2 SP - 205 EP - 210 PB - Materials Research Forum LLC. CY - Millersville PA, USA AN - OPUS4-39045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dixneit, Jonny A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Boin, M. A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Gibmeier, J. ED - Olden, T.-M. ED - Muransky, O. Muransky ED - Edwards, L. T1 - Influence of heat control on residual stresses in low transformation temperature (LTT) large scale welds T2 - Residual Stresses 2016: ICRS-10 N2 - The current paper presents residual stress analyses of large scale LTT (Low Transformation Temperature) welds. LTT filler materials are specially designed for residual stress engineering by means of an adjusted martensite phase transformation. Controlling the level of mostly detrimental residual stresses already during the welding process would be highly attractive as time and cost consuming post processing may be prevented. In large scale welds the residual stress state is influenced by the heat control (e.g. interpass temperature) during welding. Therefore, welding residual stresses are studied here putting the focus on the influence of welding process parameters while joining heavy steel sections with a thickness of 25 mm. The residual stress state was determined at the top surface using X-ray diffraction as well as in the bulk by neutron diffraction. The results show that control of the interpass temperature is vital for the residual stresses present in the joints. This accounts for the top surface but is most pronounced for the bulk of the welds. While high interpass temperatures are appropriate to induce compressive residual stresses in the weld metal, low interpass temperatures favor unwanted tensile residual stresses instead. T2 - ICRS 2016 - 10th International Conference on Residual Stresses CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 03.07.2016 KW - LTT KW - Welding residual stress KW - Phase transformation KW - Interpass temperature PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-389628 SN - 978-1-94529117-3 SN - 978-1-94529116-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.21741/9781945291173-38 SN - 2474-395X VL - 2 SP - 223 EP - 228 PB - Materials Research Forum LLC CY - Millersville (PA), USA AN - OPUS4-38962 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Deresch, Andreas T1 - Influence of scattered radiation on the efficiency of dual high-energy X-Ray imaging for material characterization T2 - Proceedings of the 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing N2 - In this contribution, we discuss the influence of scattered radiation on materials’ effective attenuation coefficients at higher X-ray energies. The selected X-ray spectra for the dual-energy experiments correspond to 3 MV and 7.5 MV acceleration potential of the used betatron. Experiments were performed on a test phantom containing step wedges of different low- and high-Z materials. We evaluated the ratio between low- and high-energy X-ray attenuation coefficients quantitatively based on simulated poly-energetic high-energy X-ray source spectra and the detector sensitivity using the “analytical Radiographic Testing inspection simulation tool” (aRTist) developed at BAM. Furthermore, the influence of scattered radiation is evaluated using an efficient Monte-Carlo simulation. The simulation results are compared quantitatively with experimental investigations. Finally, important applications of the proposed technique in the context of aviation security are discussed. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Dual-energy imaging KW - Simulation KW - Experiments PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365925 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Markov, M. A1 - Podolyako, S. A1 - Uskov, R. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Supercomputing the cascade processes of radiation transport T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing N2 - Modeling of the photon-electron cascade progress in multicomponent objects of complex geometrical structure by use of hybrid supercomputers is considered. An approach to computing the cascade processes is developed. The approach has three key properties allowing the effective use of heterogeneous structure of computers for solving the tasks of radiation transport in complex multi-scale geometries. Firstly, two different discreet geometrical description of an object being under radiation is used: triangulated model for photon transport and voxel model for electron transport. Secondly, small parameter of the problem is explicitly taking into account for modeling surface effects (for instance, electron emission). Thirdly, the effective calculation decomposition between CPU and GPU is developed for significant increasing the speed of calculations of processes in question. Modeling of experiment on researching the bremsstrahlung generated by electron beam in Ta target is carried out. Comparison of computing and experimental results shows satisfactory consent. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Super somputing KW - Photon-electron transport KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Modelling PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365932 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36593 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - A fast general spectrum model for quantitative radiography simulation T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing N2 - One essential step on the way towards accurate quantitative simulation of radiographic testing is an accurate description of the utilized energy spectrum of X-ray photons. For use in general purpose simulation tools, the spectra of X-ray tubes have to be described by a model covering at least the intended range of applications. This range includes transmission tubes as well as direct beam tubes with varying angles of incidence and emission, for a number of typical target materials. In radiographic testing acceleration voltages frequently reach up to 450 kV for direct beam targets and up to 225 kV for transmission targets, with even higher voltages available or being developed. Currently used models are unable to cover the whole range of configurations. Here a model is presented that employs a unified approach for simulating the photon energy spectra for transmission and direct beam targets composed of arbi-trary homogeneous materials. In order to achieve this, a detailed model of electron transport within the target is employed. The validity of the developed model is shown through comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations as well as measurements for a number of different configurations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Measurements KW - X-ray spectra KW - Simulation KW - Electron transport PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365959 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shashev, Yury A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Britzke, Ralf A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Mueller, Bernd R. A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. T1 - Talbot- Lau interferometry with a non- binary phase grating for non-destructive testing T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016 N2 - Grating interferometric set-ups have been established in the last decade. They are promising candidates to obtain enhanced image contrast from weakly absorbing micro and nano structures. They are based on X-ray refraction and near-field diffraction using the Talbot effect. At the expense of taking multiple images, Talbot-Lau grating interferometry allows separating the absorption, refraction, and scattering contributions by analysing the disturbances of a phase grating interference pattern. Contrary to other refraction enhanced methods, this technique can be applied using conventional X-ray tubes (divergent, polychromatic source). This makes it attractive to solve typical non-destructive testing problems. We investigated the efficiency of phase gratings, i.e. the visibility (the amplitude of oscillations) upon variation of propagation distance and phase grating rotation around an axis parallel to the grid lines. This grating rotation changes the grating shape (i.e. the distributions of phase shifts). This can yield higher visibilities than derived from rectangular shapes. Our study includes experimental results obtained from synchrotron radiation, as well as simulations for monochromatic radiation. The advantages of Talbot-Lau interferometry are demonstrated at the example of glass capillaries. T2 - WCNDT2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Phase-contrast X-ray imaging KW - Talbot- Lau interferometry KW - Phase grating KW - Visibility KW - Synchrotron radiation PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365987 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - BB 158 SP - Tu.3.G.2., 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-36598 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas T1 - Combining analytical and Monte Carlo modelling for industrial radiology T2 - Proceedings of the 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing N2 - Modelling becomes more and more important in modern NDE. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for education purposes. To describe the complete chain of RT, the model includes simulating all necessary properties of X- or Gamma-ray sources, the interaction of photons with material with special attention to scattered radiation, the detection process, and the complete geometrical RT setup handling arbitrary parts or constructions. Depending on the given inspection problem and the influencing factors that should be addressed by the simulation, an appropriate physical model has to be chosen to describe the underlying interaction mechanisms. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport such that transmission as well as scatter techniques can be modelled. In this contribution we Focus on Monte Carlo Simulation of scatter contribution within aRTist. Examples for RT/tomographic applications and back-scatter techniques are presented to demonstrate the usability of the presented simulation tool for a broad range of radiological applications. T2 - 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Radiography KW - Computed tomography KW - Simulation KW - Monte Carlo methods PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365856 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spranger, Holger A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Boehm, Rainer T1 - THz-ToF techniques for the detection of inherent discontinuities in dielectric materials based on a SAFT – and an optical layer reconstruction algorithm T2 - DGZfP-Proceedings N2 - Electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 0.1 and 10 THz are described as THz-radiation (T-ray). The ability to penetrate dielectric materials makes T-rays attractive to reveal discontinuities in polymer and ceramic materials. THz-Time Domain Spectroscopy Systems (THz-TDS) are available on the market today which operates with THz-pulses transmitted and received by optically pumped semiconductor antennas. In THz-TDS the travelling time (ToF) and shape of the pulse is changed if it interacts with the dielectric material and its inherent discontinuities. A tomogram of the object under the test can be reconstructed from time of flight diffraction (ToFD) scans if a synthetic focusing aperture (SAFT) algorithm is applied. Otherwise, planar discontinuities like cracks in plastics or delaminated layers in composites can be abstracted as layers located at any angle in relation to the outer sample surface direction. A tomogram from the scanned sample can then be reconstructed in case the interactions of electromagnetic pulses with the existing inherent interfaces are detectable and a model is assumed which describes the device under the test as multilayer structure composed of thin layers with different dielectric properties. A short description of both the SAFT – and Optical Layer algorithm for the reconstruction of the inherent structure is initially given. Measurements on representative samples with a variety of artificially produced small and large scale. Reconstructed tomograms are presented to discuss and evaluate the benefits and limits of the two different reconstruction approaches. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - THz SAFT Optical layer reconstruction PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365866 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-36586 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Quantitative simulation of back scatter X-ray imaging and comparison to experiments T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing N2 - X-ray backscatter imaging is a well established NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. In difference to conventional transmission X-ray radiography, the X-ray backscatter imaging utilizes the scattered radiation caused by the Compton scattering effect. In order to achieve high backscatter intensities from a test object, it is necessary to optimize the backscatter system parameters namely the angle between source and slit camera, the slit collimator system, the shielding between source and scatter camera, and the type of detector. In addition, the scatter phenomena in to the investigated object need to be understood. In this contribution, we present a Monte Carlo model McRay which considers all relevant single and multiple interactions of photons and electrons. This model can be used to simulate back scatter techniques. It allows not only calculating the scatter image for a given experimental setup but also registering the spectrum of the detected scattered photons. Both aspects are important to understand the imaging process, to interpret the results, and to optimize the backscatter camera investigated here. Additionally experimental results will be presented and compared with simulations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Radiology KW - Back-scatter techniques KW - Simulation KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Measurements PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365897 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Worzewski, Tamara A1 - Doroshtnasir, Manoucher T1 - Thermographic rotor blade inspection from larger distances – a promising tool for the maintenance of wind turbines T2 - Proceedings of the 19th WCNDT N2 - The permanently increasing number of wind turbines requires suited inspection and monitoring methods to ensure liability and security. Concerning the inspection of ro-tor blades, only manual inspections are state of the art. Thermographic Testing (TT) has the potential to detect typical failures and damages on rotor blades. The paper presents some results of onsite measurements carried out as “passive thermogra-phy”, i.e. without a defined heating procedure. Due the totally contactless meas-urement principle, TT can be applied to rotating blades as well as to resting blades. Both methods will be compared with respect to their possible realization. T2 - WCNDT 2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Wind turbine rotor blade KW - Thermographic inspection KW - Passive thermography KW - Nondestructive testing PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366331 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 SP - We.4.D.4., 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-36633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -