TY - JOUR A1 - Wilke, Manuel A1 - Klimakow, Maria A1 - Rademann, K. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Fast and efficient synthesis of a host guest system: a mechanochemical approach N2 - An unusually fast and effective synthesis procedure for a host guest system consisting of a metal organic framework (MOF) and a polyoxometalate (POM) is described. The material was synthesised mechanochemically and the evolution of the structure was monitored ex and in situ using synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). KW - Mechanochemistry KW - MOF KW - in situ PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-354910 UR - http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2016/CE/C5CE01868D#!divAbstract DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CE01868D VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - 1096 EP - 1100 AN - OPUS4-35491 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fasano, A. A1 - Woyessa, G. A1 - Stajanca, Pavol A1 - Markos, C. A1 - Stefani, A. A1 - Nielsen, K. A1 - Rasmussen, H. K. A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Bang, O. T1 - Fabrication and characterization of polycarbonate microstructured polymer optical fibers for high-temperature-resistant fiber Bragg grating strain sensors N2 - Here we present the fabrication of a solid-core microstructured polymer optical fiber (mPOF) made of polycarbonate (PC), and report the first experimental demonstration of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) written in a PC optical fiber. The PC used in this work has a glass transition temperature of 145°C. We also characterize the mPOF optically and mechanically, and further test the sensitivity of the PC FBG to strain and temperature. We demonstrate that the PC FBG can bear temperatures as high as 125°C without malfunctioning. In contrast, polymethyl methacrylate-based FBG technology is generally limited to temperatures below 90°C. KW - Fiber optics sensors KW - Fiber Bragg gratings KW - Microstructured fibers KW - Fiber characterization KW - Polymers PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-355591 DO - https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.6.000649 SN - 2159-3930 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 649 EP - 659 PB - OSA Publishig AN - OPUS4-35559 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas T1 - Combining analytical and Monte Carlo modelling for industrial radiology N2 - Modelling becomes more and more important in modern NDE. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for education purposes. To describe the complete chain of RT, the model includes simulating all necessary properties of X- or Gamma-ray sources, the interaction of photons with material with special attention to scattered radiation, the detection process, and the complete geometrical RT setup handling arbitrary parts or constructions. Depending on the given inspection problem and the influencing factors that should be addressed by the simulation, an appropriate physical model has to be chosen to describe the underlying interaction mechanisms. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport such that transmission as well as scatter techniques can be modelled. In this contribution we Focus on Monte Carlo Simulation of scatter contribution within aRTist. Examples for RT/tomographic applications and back-scatter techniques are presented to demonstrate the usability of the presented simulation tool for a broad range of radiological applications. T2 - 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Radiography KW - Computed tomography KW - Simulation KW - Monte Carlo methods PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365856 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Petrat, T. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael ED - Schmidt, M. ED - Vollertsen, F. ED - Arnold, C. B. T1 - Laser metal deposition as repair technology for a gas turbine burner made of Inconel 718 N2 - Maintenance, repair and overhaul of components are of increasing interest for parts of high complexity and expensive manufacturing costs. In this paper a production process for laser metal deposition is presented, and used to repair a gas turbine burner of Inconel 718. Different parameters for defined track geometries were determined to attain a near net shape deposition with consistent build-up rate for changing wall thicknesses over the manufacturing process. Spot diameter, powder feed rate, welding velocity and laser power were changed as main parameters for a different track size. An optimal overlap rate for a constant layer height was used to calculate the best track size for a fitting layer width similar to the part dimension. Deviations in width and height over the whole build-up process were detected and customized build-up strategies for the 3D sequences were designed. The results show the possibility of a near net shape repair by using different track geometries with laser metal deposition. T2 - LANE - 9 International Conference on Photonic Technologies CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 19.09.2016 KW - Laser metal deposition KW - Inconel 718 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Maintenance KW - Repair and overhaul PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-376723 UR - http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1875389216301857/1-s2.0-S1875389216301857-main.pdf?_tid=ed1d75de-84a2-11e6-af94-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1474974777_4917d753cb3d316c4b000ba0760778b5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.078 SN - 1875-3892 VL - 83 SP - 761 EP - 768 PB - Elservier AN - OPUS4-37672 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matkovic, A. A1 - Vasic, B. A1 - Pesic, J. A1 - Prinz, J. A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Milosavljevic, A. R. A1 - Gajic, R. T1 - Enhanced structural stability of DNA origami nanostructures by graphene encapsulation N2 - Wedemonstrate that a single-layer graphene replicates the shape ofDNAorigami nanostructures very well. It can be employed as a protective layer for the enhancement of structural stability of DNA origami nanostructures. Using the AFM based manipulation, we show that the normal force required to damage graphene encapsulated DNA origami nanostructures is over an order of magnitude greater than for the unprotected ones. In addition, we show that graphene encapsulation offers protection to the DNA origami nanostructures against prolonged exposure to deionized water, and multiple immersions. Through these results we demonstrate that graphene encapsulated DNA origami nanostructures are strong enough to sustain various solution phase processing, lithography and transfer steps, thus extending the limits of DNA-mediated bottom-up fabrication. KW - atomic force microscopy KW - graphene KW - DNA origami nanostructures PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-358741 UR - http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/025016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/025016 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 18 SP - 025016 PB - IOP PUBLISHING LTD CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-35874 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole A1 - Tasdemir, Z. A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Leblebici, Y. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Alaca, B. E. T1 - Determination of the elastic behavior of silicon nanowires within a scanning electron microscope N2 - Three-point bending tests were performed on double-anchored, <110> silicon nanowire samples inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) via a micromanipulator equipped with a piezo-resistive force sensor. Representing the upper and lower boundaries achievable in a consistent manner, silicon nanowires with widths of 35 nm and 74 nm and a height of 168 nm were fabricated. The nanowires were obtained monolithically along with their 10-m-tall supports through a top-down fabrication approach involving a series of etching processes. Hence, no interface compliance was introduced between supports and nanowires. Exact nanowire dimensions and cross-sectional features were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following sample preparation through focused ion beam (FIB) machining. Conducting the experiments inside an SEM chamber further raised the opportunity of the direct observation of any deviation from ideal loading conditions such as twisting, which was taken into consideration in simulations. Measured force-displacement behavior was observed to exhibit close resemblance to simulation results obtained by finite element modeling, when the bulk value of 169 GPa was taken as the modulus of elasticity for <110> silicon. Hence, test results show neither any size effect nor evidence of residual stresses for the considered nanoscale objects. The increased effect of the native oxide with reduced nanowire dimensions was captured as well. Thus this very simple in-situ testing method was found to be an alternative to elaborate AFM measurements on geometrically formidable nanostructures. The results demonstrate the applicability of the developed fabrication approach to the incorporation of silicon nanowires in functional micromechanical devices. KW - Silicon nanowire KW - Elastic behavior KW - Scanning electron microscope KW - Mechanical properties PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-370383 DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4905838 VL - 2016 SP - Article 4905838, 1 EP - 6 PB - Hindawi Publishing Corporation AN - OPUS4-37038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Nikonov, A. Y. A1 - Dmitriev, A. I. ED - Krzanowski, J. T1 - MD sliding simulations of amorphous tribofilms consisting of either SiO2 or carbon N2 - The sliding behaviors of two simplified tribofilms with amorphous structure consisting either of SiO₂ molecules or C atoms were simulated by molecular dynamics modeling. The objective was to identify mechanisms explaining the experimentally observed lubricating properties of the two amorphous films. The impacts of layer thickness, normal pressure, temperature and different substrate materials were studied systematically, while the sliding velocity was kept constant at 30 m/s. While the layer thickness was not critical, all the other parameters showed special effects under certain conditions. Normal pressure impeded void formation and could even eliminate voids if applied at high temperature. Stick-slip sliding was changed to smooth sliding at high temperature due to void healing. Considering the carbon film, high friction forces and shearing of the entire film was observed with diamond substrates, whereas interface sliding at low friction forces and an amorphous layer of iron mixed with carbon was observed if the supporting substrates consisted of α-Fe. Both films show a decrease of friction forces and smooth sliding behavior at elevated temperature, corresponding well to the tribological behavior of and advanced nanocomposite sliding against a steel disc under severe stressing conditions when high flash temperatures can be expected. KW - dry friction KW - amorphous silica film KW - amorphous carbon film KW - sliding simulation KW - molecular dynamics PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-379367 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants4030024 VL - 4 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-37936 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mähner, D. A1 - Sodeikat, Ch. A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - ZfPBau-Verfahren an Elementwänden – Fallbeispiele und vergleichende Untersuchungen N2 - Die zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren konnten ihre Fähigkeit bei der Untersuchung von Elementwänden in einzelnen Fallstudien erbringen. Aufbauend auf den Kenntnissen aus der Praxis und auf Testreihen im Rahmen von Laboruntersuchungen wurde ein erster Ringversuch geplant und durchgeführt. Im Rahmen dieses Ringversuchs wurden verschiedene Strukturdefekte und Einbauteile in Elementwände eingebaut. Die Messung der Wände erfolgte anschließend durch mehrere Messteams mit unterschiedlichen zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren. Zum Einsatz kamen hierbei das Ultraschall-Echo- und das Impact-Echo-Verfahren sowie das Impuls-Radar-Verfahren. Zur Verbesserung der Vergleichbarkeit zwischen den unterschiedlichen Prüfverfahren wurde auf die Elementwände ein einheitliches Messraster aufgebracht. Für eine möglichst objektive Messung der Wände erhielten die Messteams vor den Messungen keine Details zu den Strukturdefekten oder Einbauteilen. Die Prüfaufgabe bestand darin, die Wände mit dem jeweiligen Prüfverfahren zu untersuchen. Anschließend wurden die Ergebnisse der Messteams zentral gesammelt und ausgewertet. Anhand der zentralen Auswertung sollten Aussagen zu den eingebauten Inhomogenitäten ableitet werden. Hierdurch kann zum einen die Leistungsfähigkeit der Prüfverfahren an unterschiedlichsten Inhomogenitäten getestet werden, zum anderen können die Ergebnisse und somit die Prüfverfahren untereinander verglichen werden. Zu diesen in der Praxis immer häufiger vorkommenden Fragestellungen können grundsätzliche Aussagen zum Einsatz von zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen bei Elementwänden gewonnen werden. Über die Ergebnisse dieses Ringversuches wird nachfolgend berichtet. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose - Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen und Zukunftsaufgaben CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - Beton KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Elementwände KW - WU-Bauwerke PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388331 UR - http://www.bauwerksdiagnose2016.de/Portals/bwd2016/BB/vortrag%2010.pdf SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38833 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Holst, R. T1 - Rekonstruktion des Bestandsplans im Zuge der Nachrechnung der Brücke über die Leine bei Schwarmstedt N2 - Der aktuell im Rahmen der Nachrechnungsrichtlinie geforderte Nachweis von Tragfähigkeit, Gebrauchstauglichkeit und Ermüdung der Brückenbauwerke im Bestand der Länder und des Bundes stellt eine enorme Herausforderung dar. Insbesondere bei unvollständigen oder fehlenden Bestandsplänen der Bauwerke sind Maßnahmen erforderlich, um die erforderlichen Informationen zu beschaffen. Ein wirkungsvolles Instrument können hierfür die zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren des Bauwesens sein. In dem präsentierten Forschungsprojekt erfolgte die Rekonstruktion eines Bestandsplanes direkt auf die Anforderungen des mit der Nachrechnung beauftragten Ingenieurbüros. Darüber hinaus wurde der Entwurf eines Leitfadens erstellt, der im Falle von unvollständigen oder fehlenden Bestandsplänen die Grundlagen für die Beauftragung und Durchführung der Nachrechnung schafft. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose 2016 - Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen und Zukunftsaufgaben CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Nachrechnungsrichtlinie KW - Brücken PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388355 UR - http://www.bauwerksdiagnose2016.de/Portals/bwd2016/BB/vortrag%206.pdf SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38835 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zoёga, Andreas A1 - Kurz, J. H. A1 - Oelschlägel, T. A1 - Rohrschneider, A. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Hintze, H. A1 - Kanzler, D. T1 - Investigations to introduce the probability of detection method for ultrasonic inspection of hollow axles at Deutsche Bahn N2 - Currently at Deutsche Bahn (DB) ultrasonic inspections in maintenance procedures for wheelset axles with a bore hole are, to the greatest possible extent, carried out using automated ultrasonic inspection system. Although the acceptance levels are in accordance with DIN 27201 part 7, the testing results have shown in recent years that in the case of true indications, the effective defect sizes were far below the level of acceptance. Due to this experience it can be assumed that the automated ultrasonic inspection systems are testing substantially more sensitively than required. This increased sensitivity leads to an increase in false indications, generally resulting in the unnecessary demounting of wheelsets. In Research cooperation between Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and DB the effective flaw detection sensitivity of existing automated ultrasonic inspection system will be determined and the true/false indication ratio optimised. Through systematic investigations with the Probability of Detection method on the existing automated ultrasonic inspection system the results could be directly applied to the optimisation of existing ultrasonic inspections of wheelset axles with a bore hole in maintenance procedures and the level of reliability can be considerably increased. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Railway KW - Axles KW - UT PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375813 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we2g4.pdf SP - id 19515, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Müller, Alexander A1 - Hickmann, Stefan T1 - Infinite life of CFRP evaluated non-destructively with X-ray-refraction topography in-situ mechanical loading N2 - Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) are more and more used in modern civil aircrafts. These days the whole fuselage is made of this material (B787; A350). Due to strict certification standards the normal in-service loading gives a low stress level compared to the static and even the fatigue strength of the material. Hence CFRP are assumed to have an infinite life. To evaluate this assumption, fatigue tests on CFRP-specimens were performed up to 108 load cycles and the first inter-fibre failure was evaluated non-destructively by accompanying Xray-refraction topography. A tensile testing machine was integrated in a small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) setup. X-ray refraction topography was performed while the CFRP samples were tensile loaded. This non-destructive technique enables the detection of micro-cracking and inter-fibre failure especially for CFRP. For Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) X-ray refraction and in-situ loading has already been successfully used. The increase of inner surfaces due to inter fibre failure was measured as a function of the stress state. Fatigue tests were performed at and below the limit of inter-fibre failure strength. State of the art is to assume the failure of the samples under cyclic loading as the fatigue life. Accompanying non-destructive X-ray refraction measurements reflects the damage state and enables to trace its evolution even if the total failure of the specimens does not occur. This investigation technique is of high interest to give the engineer a design value of infinite life which is practically often reached due to knock down factors of certification standards. Finally the infinite life was found for cyclic fatigue loaded CFRP-samples even under high inter fibre transverse and shear loading investigated up to 108 load cycles. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - CFRP KW - NDT KW - Fatigue KW - Damage evolution PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375015 UR - https://www.ndt.net/?id=19360 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - DGZFP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-37501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Grybäck, T. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Safe for 1 million years – NDT matters! N2 - The General Guidance in the Swedish regulations state that the safety assessment for a final repository for spent nuclear fuel should be 1 million years after closure. SKB developed the KBS-3 method, according to which the spent nuclear fuel is protected by three barriers. It is encapsulated in canisters with a diameter of 1 metre and a length of 5 metres. The canister consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a 5 centimetre thick shell of copper. The canisters are disposed in the bedrock at a depth of about 500 meters surrounded by bentonite clay. In order to assess the safety over this extremely long period, an extensive quality control programme is applied to the canisters before deposit. In this programme, the use of non-destructive testing (NDT) is vital. The safety assessment of the canister in turn places high demands on the coverage, detectability, and reliability of the applied NDT inspections of the canister parts, i.e. cast iron insert, copper base, tube and lid, and the copper friction stir welds (FSW). This paper presents the extensive full-scale inspection development programme that runs at the Canister Laboratory in Oskarshamn (Sweden). In order to fulfil the high demands, phased array ultrasonic inspection techniques are developed using practical trials aided by ultrasonic modelling. The techniques apply, for example, different frequencies, inspection angles, focus depths, and both longitudinal and shear waves. Increased inspection reliability of the FSW is achieved by applying digital X-ray technique using a 9 MeV linear accelerator and a line detector. To complete the coverage, complementary surface inspections methods, i.e. eddy current array, magnetic flux sensor techniques and magnetic particle inspection, are applied. The canister safety assessment was the driving force to include reliability studies during the NDT development. Initially, the technical reliability was considered, resulting in development of advanced POD models (probability of detection). In combination with human factors studies, these models were implemented as tools in the development of the NDT techniques. Human factors studies were also applied to improve the inspection procedures to be more user-friendly enabling reliable inspections. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Spent nuclear fuel PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375785 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we4e4.pdf SP - id 19464, 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-37578 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. ED - Bársony, I. ED - Zolnai, Z. ED - Battistig, G. T1 - Embedded control of a PMSM servo drive without current measurements N2 - A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo drive for lightweight robotic platforms that have a high torque demand at low rotational speeds has been developed. First, a current-independent torque controller is derived and cascaded with a speed and position controller, while merely an encoder is used as a sensor device in combination with a speed estimator. Finally, the speed estimator output is compared to gyroscope measurements and the overall functioning is verified on a real system. T2 - 30th Eurosensors Conference - Eurosensors 2016 CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 04.09.2016 KW - BLDC KW - PMSM KW - Motor control KW - Servo drive KW - Optical incremental encoder PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388973 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.487 SN - 1877-7058 VL - 168 SP - 1671 EP - 1675 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands AN - OPUS4-38897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McGrath, B. A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - How NDT companies can benefit from human factors knowledge N2 - Ultrasonic phased array is, currently, the technology which is being applied as the solution to a lot of inspection problems. The perceived benefits are seen to be worth the outlay on equipment and specialised personnel. Yet, there is a source of knowledge, freely available, which can also deliver immediate benefits, through more reliable inspection results, and consequently increased client confidence, but which is largely ignored by the greater part of the NDT community. This talk will review the latest Human Factors knowledge and provide practical illustrations of how companies can use it to improve their competitive edge. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Human factors PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375742 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/tu4d3.pdf SP - id 19532, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37574 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotschate, Daniel A1 - Gohlke, Dirk A1 - Eisentraut, Mark T1 - Reference block design for high resolution ultrasound immersion tank N2 - In respect of modern approaches in material sciences and highly increased requirements on materials on safety relevant components, quality management and non-destructive testing reclaims a steadily increased meaning. The destructive meaning of measuring the degree of purity is defined in DIN EN 10247 through metallurgical investigations, especially microsections. For and comparable, but non-destructive testing due ultrasonic testing, the material the SEP 1927 is a well-defined industry standard. A novel and alternative way of reference block construction was focused by this work. The proposed amendments, regarding the manufacturing and machining, are less time and cost consuming. Verified by measurements the presented reference block fits the same acoustical characteristics and the requirements of the guideline. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - SEP 1927 KW - Degree of purity KW - High resolution ultrasonic testing KW - Immersion tank testing PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-368512 VL - 2016 SP - Paper X15, 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-36851 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Armatys, Kamila A1 - Miller, M. T1 - Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry studies on metal halides performed in 1990-2014 N2 - Abstract Investigations on metal halide systems carried out by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry in the period 1990-2014 are reviewed in the present paper.163 original papers were published focused on metal halides showing still considerable activity in this area. The fundamentals of the Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry method and thermodynamic background of the investigation are briefly reported. Data to the system studied, temperature ranges, Knudsen cell materials, vapor species identified in the equilibrium vapors and the thermodynamic properties obtained in the study are presented. The important issues of metal halide vaporization studies are briefly discussed and commented. The studies of the vaporization of metal halogens by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry aimed firstly atthe determination of gaseous complexes species in the vapor and determination of its thermodynamic data like sublimation enthalpy etc. and secondly at the determination of negative ions formation and various ion-molecule equilibria reactions of metal halide systems. Many of the studied materials have a crucial role for modern technologies, for example metal halide lamps, hot corrosion caused by halide salts, phosphorus recovery technologies or gas assisted separation of lanthanides. The investigation of such systems gives information on mechanisms of vaporization, volatility of the systems under various conditions (temperature, pressure etc.), reactivity, thermal stability, resistance etc. that could be further applied for various calculations and to predict the behavior of various components under various technological aspects. KW - Metal halides KW - Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS) KW - HTMS KW - Thermochemistry KW - High temperature KW - Vaporization PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-357126 SN - 2349-7092 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 68 EP - 93 PB - The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal CY - Kundlawala, India AN - OPUS4-35712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Birgit Angelika A1 - Ziemann, M. A A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Gabsch, T. A1 - Koch, W. A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Technical analysis of a Central Asian wall painting detached from a Buddhist cave temple on the northern Silk Road N2 - A great number of Central Asian wall paintings, archeological materials, architectural fragments, and textiles, as well as painting fragments on silk and paper, make up the so called Turfan Collection at the Asian Art Museum in Berlin. The largest part of the collection comes from the Kucha region, a very important cultural center in the third to ninth centuries. Between 1902 and 1914, four German expeditions traveled along the northern Silk Road. During these expeditions, wall paintings were detached from their original settings in Buddhist cave complexes. This paper reports a technical study of a wall painting, existing in eight fragments, from the Buddhist cave no. 40 (Ritterhöhle). Its original painted surface is soot blackened and largely illegible. Grünwedel, leader of the first and third expeditions, described the almost complete destruction of the rediscovered temple complex and evidence of fire damage. The aim of this case study is to identify the materials used for the wall paintings. Furthermore, soot deposits as well as materials from conservation interventions were of interest. Non-invasive analyses were preferred but a limited number of samples were taken to provide more precise information on the painting technique. By employing optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, a layer sequence of earthen render, a ground layer made of gypsum, and a paint layer containing a variety of inorganic pigments were identified. KW - Wall paintings KW - Central Asia KW - Silk Road KW - Pigments KW - Microscopy PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-357297 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/2047058414Y.0000000152 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 113 EP - 122 PB - Routledge Taylor & Francis Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-35729 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf T1 - Reduction of natural resource use by improving resource efficiency N2 - In 2011, the German Association of Engineers (VDI) started working on a set of guidelines dealing with the improvement of resource efficiency. These guidelines represent a framework that defines resource efficiency and outlines proposals for the producing industry. A special guideline for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is included as well as guidelines on methodologies for evaluating resource use indicators, such as the cumulative raw material demand of products and production systems. The work on resource use indicators is still in progress. The evaluation of raw materials expenditure will include water, soil and land use. The model will include the availability of raw materials (criticality). Improving resource efficiency at the end-of-life stage is illustrated in this paper by the example of materials recovery from waste, here from residues out of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). With mechanical treatment valuable materials like ferrous and non-ferrous metals and secondary construction material can be extracted from MSWI bottom ash. The potential contribution on the resource efficiency is discussed. KW - Resource efficiency KW - Raw material equivalent KW - Mechanical treatment KW - Bottom ash KW - Waste incineration KW - Secondary raw materials KW - Product life cycle PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-356490 UR - http://www.hrpub.org/journals/jour_archive.php?id=62&iid=877 DO - https://doi.org/10.13189/ ujms.2016.040302 SN - 2331-6691 SN - 2331-6705 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 54 EP - 59 PB - Horizon Research Publishing CY - Alhambra, CA, USA AN - OPUS4-35649 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sproesser, G. A1 - Schenker, S. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Borndörfer, R. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Chang, Y.-J. A1 - Finkbeiner, M. T1 - Sustainable welding process selection based on weight space partitions N2 - Selecting a welding process for a given application is crucial with respect to the sustainability of part manufacturing. Unfortunately, since welding processes are evaluated by a number of criteria, preferences for one or the other process can be contradictory. However, the prevalent procedure of weight assignment for each criterion is subjective and does not provide information about the entire solution space. From the perspective of a decision maker it is important to be able to assess the entire set of possible weightings and answer the question which welding process is optimal for which set of weights. This issue is investigated by means of a weight space partitioning approach. Two welding processes are considered with respect to three criteria that reflect their economic and environmental performance. In order to find the most sustainable welding process the underlying weight space partition is evaluated. T2 - 13th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing – Decoupling Growth from Resource Use CY - Bình Dương New City, Vietnam DA - 16.09.2015 KW - Welding costs KW - Multi-criteria decision support KW - LCA KW - Welding process selection KW - GMAW KW - Multi-attribute decision method PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-353740 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.01.077 SN - 2212-8271 VL - 40 SP - 127 EP - 132 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-35374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kästner, Claudia A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol using silver nanoparticles with adjustable activity N2 - We report on the development of ultra-small core-shell silver nanoparticles synthesized by an up-scaled modification of the polyol process. It is foreseen to use these thoroughly characterized particles as reference material to compare the catalytic and biological properties of functionalized silver nanoparticles. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis reveal a narrow size distribution of the silver cores with a mean radius of RC = 3.0 nm and a distribution width of 0.6 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) provides a hydrodynamic radius of RH = 10.0 nm and a PDI of 0.09. The particles’ surface is covered with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) forming a shell with a thickness of 7.0 nm, which provides colloidal stability lasting for more than six months at ambient conditions. The PAA can be easily exchanged by biomolecules to modify the surface functionality. Replacements of PAA with glutathione (GSH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been performed as examples. We demonstrate that the particles effectively catalyze the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with sodium borohydride. With PAA as stabilizer, the catalytic activity of 436 ± 24 L g⁻¹ s⁻¹ is the highest reported in literature for silver nanoparticles. GSH and BSA passivate the surface substantially resulting in a catalytic activity of 77.6 ± 0.9 and 3.47 ± 0.50 L g⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively. KW - Silver nanoparticles KW - Catalysis KW - Reference material KW - Protein coating PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-370655 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01477 SN - 0743-7463 SN - 1520-5827 VL - 32 IS - 29 SP - 7383 EP - 7391 AN - OPUS4-37065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -