TY - JOUR
A1 - Jauregui Rozo, Maria
A1 - Sunder, S.
A1 - Inasu, S.
A1 - Meinel, Dietmar
A1 - Ruckdäschel, H.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Weaving Through Fire and Force: Fire Behavior and Fire Stability of Unidirectional, Bidirectional, and Woven Roving Glass-Fiber Composites
N2 - This study systematically investigates the transfer of flame retardants (FRs) from epoxy resins to composites. The flame-retardant composites are formulated using bisphenol A diglycidyl ether as the resin and dicyandiamide as the hardener, reinforced with glass fibers (GFs) using various textile architectures: unidirectional (UD), bidirectional (BD), and woven rovings (WR). These composites are evaluated using bench-scale fire stability tests and cone calorimeter experiments to assess critical parameters, including the temperature at failure, time to failure, and fire behavior. Among the tested configurations, UD-GFs demonstrate superior flame retardancy, fire stability, flammability, and mechanical performance, attributed to their higher residue yield, forming a more efficient protective char layer. However, the addition of FRs is limited by their impact on the material's mechanical properties. When the FR content increases to 30 and 50 wt.% of the resin, the composites exhibit a decrease in mechanical performance, adversely affecting both time to failure and temperature at failure. While adding FRs reduces the risk of fire propagation, it does not substantially enhance fire stability or mechanical performance.
KW - Fire Resistance
KW - Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
KW - Fire Stability
KW - Glass Fibers
KW - Fire Behavior
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631220
SN - 1438-7492
SN - 1439-2054
VL - 310
IS - 5
SP - 2400432
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-63122
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dey, R.
A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz
A1 - Prescher, A.
A1 - Kreitsmann, T.
A1 - Zhang, K.
A1 - Posten, C.
A1 - Thomson, C.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
A1 - Ullrich, M. S.
A1 - Thomson, L.
T1 - Sustainable Flame-Retardant Poly Lactic AcidBiocomposites Reinforced with Polyphosphate-EnrichedMicroalgae: Unlocking the Potential of Hyper-Compensation
N2 - This study examines the dual benefits of microalgae cultivation for wastewatertreatment and the enhancement of polylactic acid-based biocomposites. UsingDesmodesmus sp. in a photobioreactor, both batch and continuous operationsachieve total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal rates of up to99.9%, maintaining TN and TP levels below 0.02 mg L−1 in the effluent, aligningwith European discharge standards. Continuous cultivation increases biomassproductivity from 0.102 to 0.43 g L−1 day−1 , a 322% improvement over batchoperations. Nutrient starvation followed by reintroduction to nutrient-richwastewater induces hyper-compensation luxury uptake, with P-enrichedcells accumulating 1.33% intracellular P within six hours — 21% higherthan natural accumulation. The results reveal that luxury phosphorus uptakein microalgae follows a triphasic system of uptake and storage, challengingthe previously suggested biphasic model. When incorporated into Poly lacticacid (PLA), the biomass enhances versatility, offering potential replacementof inorganic P in industrial applications, particularly flame retardants.Pyrolysis and cone calorimetry confirm the thermal and fire-retardantbenefits, with a 20% reduction in peak heat release rate and increased charyield. This work highlights microalgae’s role in sustainable biocomposites,supporting wastewater treatment, nutrient recovery, and CO2 sequestration.
KW - biocomposites
KW - biopolymers
KW - Flame-retardant
KW - Hyper compensation
KW - Phycoremediation
KW - Wastewater treatment
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640408
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202500251
SN - 2366-7486
VL - 9
IS - 8
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-64040
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bubel, Martin
A1 - Schmid, Jochen
A1 - Carmesin, Maximilian
A1 - Kozachynskyi, Volodymyr
A1 - Esche, Erik
A1 - Bortz, Michael
T1 - Cubature-based uncertainty estimation for nonlinear regression models
N2 - Models are commonly utilized in chemical engineering to simulate real-world processes and phenomena. Given their role in guiding decision-making, accurately quantifying the uncertainty of these models is essential. Typically, these models are calibrated using experimental data that contain measurement errors, leading to uncertainty in the fitted model parameters. Current methods for estimating the prediction uncertainty of nonlinear regression models are often either computationally intensive or biased. In this study, we use sparse cubature formulas to estimate the prediction uncertainty of nonlinear regression models. Our findings indicate that this method provides a favorable balance between accuracy and computational efficiency, making it suitable for application in chemical engineering. We validate the performance of our proposed method through various regression case studies, including both theoretical toy models and practical models from chemical engineering.
KW - Nonlinear models
KW - Model uncertainty
KW - Parameter estimation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-628008
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2025.109035
SN - 1873-4375
VL - 197
SP - 1
EP - 23
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-62800
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tobias, Charlie
A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart
A1 - Bernstein, Thomas
A1 - Schlau, Sven
A1 - Simon, Fabian
A1 - Röllig, Mathias
A1 - Meermann, Björn
A1 - von der Au, Marcus
T1 - Development of a fully automated slurry sampling introduction system for GF-AAS and its application for the determination of cadmium in different matrices
N2 - element analysis, offering high sensitivity and precision. However, its effectiveness is limited by sample preparation challenges for solid samples like soils and microplastics. Traditional methods include sample preparation, such as digestion, which is time-consuming and involves reagents, like acids, contributing to measurement uncertainty and higher carbon footprints. Slurry sampling allows direct analysis of suspensions, offering a more efficient alternative. However, maintaining suspension stability is challenging, requiring robust autosampler systems to streamline the process and enhance analytical performance.
Results: We present a novel autosampler extension for slurry sample introduction into GF-AAS. This system ensures suspension stability with a stirring device and closed vessels to prevent evaporation and contamination, incorporating a cooling unit to reduce solvent and analyte losses. It installs and removes in minutes without
additional connections. Validation with cadmium analysis in BAM-U110 (Soil) and BAM-H010 (ABS) showed high reliability. For BAM-U110 (Soil), we achieved recovery rates of 94 % ± 13 % in water suspension. The recovery rate for BAM-H010 (ABS) was 104 % ±11 % in acetonitrile suspension. These results demonstrate the system’s robustness, versatility, and accuracy for different matrices.
Significance:
The autosampler extension helps solve key problems in trace element analysis of solid samples, making the process faster and more accurate. It works well with complex materials, making it useful for areas like microplastic or nanoparticle analysis. This improvement also helps meet regulations for monitoring environ mental and polymer samples, offering a reliable and flexible tool for high-throughput analysis with fewer errors.
KW - Slurry AAS
KW - Soil
KW - Cd
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618531
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2024.343460
SN - 0003-2670
VL - 1335
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Elsevier BV
AN - OPUS4-61853
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hülagü, Deniz
A1 - Ermilova, Elena
A1 - Weise, Matthias
A1 - de Préville, Sophie
A1 - Hoffmann, Johannes
A1 - Morán‐Meza, José
A1 - Piquemal, François
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
T1 - Multimethod Electrical Characterization of Thin Indium Tin Oxide Films: Structuring and Calibration Sample Development for Scanning Probe Microscopy
N2 - Indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent conductive oxide, is widely used in optoelectronic applications due to its electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and chemical stability. This study employs spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) to analyze ITO layers, enabling nondestructive determination of film thickness, dielectric functions, and bulk conductivity. Electrical properties derived from SE are compared with those obtained using the four‐point probe method (4PM) to improve metrological tools for nanotechnology applications and optimize deposition process monitoring for better control of film properties. This work also investigates the chemical stability of ITO layers under etching conditions and explores the development of new sheet resistance standards for scanning microwave microscopy (SMM). The results show that ITO resistivity, calculated from fitted SE data, increases with oxygen flow rate up to 5 cm3(STP) min−1. Good agreement is observed between sheet resistance values obtained by SE and 4PM up to 3 cm3(STP) min−1. Additionally, the sheet resistance values of a distinct set of microstructured ITO samples with different ITO layer thicknesses are determined by SMM, which are highly consistent with those obtained by the 4PM.
KW - Ellipsometry
KW - Indium tin oxide (ITO)
KW - Scanning microwave microscopy (SMM)
KW - Sheet resistance calibration standards
KW - ITO wet etching
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626242
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202400871
SN - 1862-6300
VL - 222
IS - 14
SP - 1
EP - 18
PB - Wiley
CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
AN - OPUS4-62624
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jahnke, Annika
A1 - Beck, Aaron J.
A1 - Becker, Richard L.
A1 - Bedulina, Daria
A1 - Braun, Ulrike
A1 - Gerdts, Gunnar
A1 - Hildebrandt, Lars
A1 - Joerss, Hanna
A1 - Klein, Ole
A1 - Korduan, Janine
A1 - Laforsch, Christian
A1 - Lannig, Gisela
A1 - Leslie, Heather A.
A1 - Lips, Stefan
A1 - Menger, Frank
A1 - Nabi, Deedar
A1 - Oberbeckmann, Sonja
A1 - Primpke, Sebastian
A1 - Pröfrock, Daniel
A1 - Ramsperger, Anja F.R.M.
A1 - Römerscheid, Mara
A1 - Schmitt-Jansen, Mechthild
A1 - Scholz-Böttcher, Barbara M.
A1 - Tröppner, Oliver
A1 - Wendt-Potthoff, Katrin
A1 - Kühnel, Dana
T1 - Perspective article: Multisectoral considerations to enable a circular economy for plastics
N2 - Plastics are widely used but improper disposal and release lead to increasing global pollution, threatening environmental and human health. To address this issue, we suggest intersectoral collaboration to achieve zero plastic pollution. The outcomes of the project P-LEACH demonstrated the enormous complexity and range of potential toxic effects of plastic-associated chemicals and micro-/nanoplastics released into water from UV-weathered plastics. We initiated an intersectoral dialogue amongst scientists, manufacturers, regulators and representatives of civil society about how to alleviate the negative impacts of plastic pollution. Circular economy offers a framework for selecting non-toxic chemicals, extending product (re)use, and waste reduction, which act to alleviate pollution when applied to plastics. We suggest three measures to advance a circular economy of plastics: 1.) Increase simplicity of chemicals in virgin plastics combined with transparent information on the contents; 2.) Consider recyclability already in plastic material and product design; 3.) Foster communication through intersectoral dialogue. Major cornerstones are the provision of standardized, easy-to-use tools to characterize plastics and plastic leachates chemically and (eco)toxicologically, the enhancement of citizen awareness enabling them to make informed choices, the creation of economic incentives for manufacturers, and sector-specific regulations to provide products that safeguard environmental and human health.
KW - Plastics
KW - Circular economy
KW - Cross-sectoral dialogue
KW - Recyclability
KW - Plastic-associated chemicals
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638280
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139326
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 496
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-63828
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Serrano-Munoz, Itziar
A1 - Magnier, Vincent
A1 - Dufrenoy, Philippe
T1 - Identification of damage mechanisms in a metal-matrix composite material via digital volume correlation and finite element model updating
N2 - A 3D experimental and numerical investigation of the damage mechanisms induced by compression in a metal matrix composite is presented. The investigated composite is a simplified version of those typically used for heavy-duty brake linings, comprising only nine constituents. The analysis combines laboratory X-ray computed tomography (XCT), image volume correlation (DVC), as well as image-based finite element method (FEM) paired with an inverse identification approach known as finite element model updating (FEMU). The combination of in situ XCT and DVC allows the rationalization of the mechanisms controlling strain localization and damage accumulation within the heterogeneous metal matrix. The damage mainly occurs in the form of fractured material within thin cell-walls located between large graphite G2 particles. In addition, the herein developed FEMU approach enables the identification of the elastic moduli of the two defined key constituents controlling the macroscopic compressive behavior (i.e., the Matrix –where eight of the nine constituents are lumped– and G2 particles), as well as the prediction of the damaged regions within the Matrix. It is emphasized that an implementation of the damage mechanisms within the FEMU is essential for a reliable numerical prediction of the compressive response of the composite.
KW - Metallic brake lining
KW - Compression tests
KW - In situ X-ray computed tomography (XCT)
KW - Image-based finite element method (FEM)
KW - Damage mechanisms
KW - Digital volume correlation (DVC)
KW - Finite element model updating (FEMU)
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639388
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.113459
SN - 2352-4928
VL - 48
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-63938
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vermeeren, Sarah
A1 - Witzler, Markus
A1 - Makarow, Ramona
A1 - Engelhard, Carsten
A1 - Kaul, Peter
T1 - Multivariate evaluation method for the detection of pest infestations on plants via VOC analysis using gas chromatography mass spectrometry
N2 - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in the defense against pest infestations on plants. The analysis of these VOCs using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) enables the detection of pests by analyzing the VOC composition (VOC profiles) for specific patterns and markers. The analysis of such complex datasets with high biovariability poses a particular challenge. For this reason, a multivariate evaluation method based on a self-written Python script, using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), was developed and tested for functionality using a dataset, which has been evaluated manually and has identified five specific markers (2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene, 3-carene, alpha-longipinene, cyclosativene, and copaene) for Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) infestation on Acer trees. The results obtained in the present study did not only match the manually evaluated results, but lead to further insight into the dataset. Another sesquiterpene which is assumed to be alpha-zingiberene was identified as an ALB specific marker in addition to 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene and 3-carene. Furthermore, the European native beetle species goat moth Cossus cossus (CC) and poplar long-horned beetle Saperda carcharias (SC) were also analyzed for their VOCs to differentiate ALB specific VOC from other pest infestations. This comparison lead to the conclusion that the compounds alpha-longipinene, cyclosativene, and copaene are not specific for ALB but for pest infestation in general. It was possible to identify not only specifically produced VOCs, but also differences in concentrations that arise specifically during ALB infestation. Therefore, the evaluation method for the detection of plant pests presented in this study represents a time-saving alternative to conventional non computing methods, which in addition provides more detailed results.
KW - Mass Spectrometry
KW - Gas Chromatography
KW - Volatile organic compounds
KW - Pest infestation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639526
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11607-5
SN - 2045-2322
VL - 15
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-63952
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Santi, Alberto
A1 - Schröder, Jakob
A1 - Serrano-Munoz, Itziar
A1 - Bayat, Mohamad
A1 - Hattel, Jesper Henri
T1 - Exploring the Flash Heating method in additive manufacturing for residual stress prediction: A comparative study with diffraction results from X-ray and neutron techniques
N2 - Residual stress (RS) control is crucial for ensuring the performance and reliability of components produced through laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) additive manufacturing (AM). This study evaluates the Flash Heating (FH) method as an efficient approach for RS prediction, comparing its outcomes with multiple experimental techniques, including X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and layer removal methods. These experimental assessments are conducted in different regions of the component, both before and after detachment from the baseplate. The study validates the FH method and analyzes key numerical parameters, such as meta-layer height, contact time, and time-stepping strategies. Results indicate that FH effectively predicts bulk RS distributions but shows discrepancies in surface stress estimations, likely due to unaccounted factors like surface roughness. Additionally, implementing experimentally derived material properties from as-built AM samples significantly enhances model accuracy compared to conventional material datasets. These findings underscore the potential of FH for efficient RS prediction in PBF-LB while identifying areas for further improvement. Refinements should focus on incorporating anisotropic, temperature-dependent material behavior derived from as-built AM samples and surface roughness effects. This work advances the understanding of key factors necessary for accurate and computationally efficient RS prediction, supporting the optimization of AM processes.
KW - Finete element method
KW - Inconel 718
KW - Metal additive manufacturing
KW - Residual stress
KW - Thermomechanics
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639533
DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01495739.2025.2541862
SN - 0149-5739
SP - 1
EP - 24
PB - Taylor & Francis
AN - OPUS4-63953
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Braun, Jennifer
A1 - Engelhard, Carsten
A1 - Kaul, Peter
T1 - Optimized fast gas chromatography coupled with proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the selective near real-time analysis of herbivore-induced plant volatiles
N2 - The analysis of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) is essential for understanding plant-environment interactions and defense strategies against herbivores. Proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR–TOF–MS) is a powerful analytical tool that enables real-time monitoring and quantification of diverse groups of HIPVs. However, the PTR–TOF–MS technique is constrained in its ability to effectively differentiate between isomers. When analyzing complex mixtures of HIPVs, the separation of isomers becomes crucial as major compound classes such as terpenes comprise thousands of isomers. In this study, we present an optimized fast gas chromatography (fastGC) based on a modified version of the commercially available fastGC add-on integrated into a mobile PTR–TOF. The system was optimized for the analysis of emissions from enclosed trunks of Acer platanoides infested by Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), commonly known as Asian longhorned beetle (ALB). The development of fastGC was primarily focused on the sesquiterpenes α-longipinene, cyclosativene and α-copaene, which serve as strong indicators of ALB infestation. These sesquiterpenes were separated in less than three minutes, with intra-day retention time RSD < 0.6 % and resolutions of 2.6 ± 0.3 and 1.3 ± 0.2. In comparison to the original system, the optimized fastGC demonstrates more than tripled sesquiterpene resolution, twice the sensitivity relative to direct inlet mode, and an approximately 10 % reduction in total analysis time. The optimized fastGC–PTR–TOF allows for near real-time analysis of complex mixtures of biogenic VOCs, making it a powerful tool for environmental monitoring, integrated pest management, and forest protection.
KW - Mass Spectrometry
KW - PTR-TOF-MS
KW - Gas Chromatography
KW - Herbivore-induced plant volatiles
KW - Sesquiterpenes
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639513
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466236
SN - 0021-9673
VL - 1759
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-63951
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - In-service and repair welding of pressurized hydrogen pipelines–a review on current challenges and strategies
N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. As this requires a reliable transportation infrastructure, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide individual national hydrogen strategies, in addition to newly erected pipelines. In view of the known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low-alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies on the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. Nevertheless, the material compatibility for hydrogen service is currently of great importance. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. In some cases, it is necessary to carry out welding work on pipelines while they are under pressure, e.g., the well-known tapping of NG grids. This in-service welding brings additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into two parts: (1) the possible austenitization of the inner piping material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to additional hydrogen absorption, and (2) the welding itself causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significantly increased hydrogen solubility in the respective materials compared to room temperature. In that connection, the knowledge on hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is rare so far due to the missing service experiences. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possible transferability of the state-of-the-art concepts from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. This is necessary to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the paper introduces the state of the art in pipeline hot tapping, encompassing current research projects and their individual solution strategies for the problems that may arise for future hydrogen service. Methods of material testing, their limitations, and possible solutions will be presented and discussed.
KW - In-service
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Repair welding
KW - Pipeline
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638944
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02127-x
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 24
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-63894
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Starkholm, A.
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Sarisozen, S
A1 - von Reppert, A
A1 - Rössle, M
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Unger, E
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Kloo, L
A1 - Svensson, P
A1 - Lang, F
A1 - Maslyanchuk, O.
T1 - Green Fabrication of Sulfonium-Containing Bismuth Materials for High-Sensitivity X-Ray Detection
N2 - Organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on lead and bismuth have recently been proposed as novel X- and gamma-ray detectors for medical imaging, non-destructive testing, and security, due to their high atomic numbers and facile preparation compared to traditional materials like amorphous selenium and Cd(Zn)Te. However, challenges related to device operation, excessively high dark currents, and long-term stability have delayed commercialization. Here, two novel semiconductors incorporating stable sulfonium cations are presented, [(CH3CH2)3S]6Bi8I30 and [(CH3CH2)3S]AgBiI5, synthesized via solvent-free ball milling and fabricated into dense polycrystalline pellets using cold isostatic compression, two techniques that can easily be upscaled, for X-ray detection application. The fabricated detectors exhibit exceptional sensitivities (14 100–15 190 µC Gyair−1 cm−2) and low detection limits (90 nGyair s−1 for [(CH3CH2)3S]6Bi8I30 and 78 nGyair s−1 for [(CH3CH2)3S]AgBiI5), far surpassing current commercial detectors. Notably, they maintain performance after 9 months of ambient storage. The findings highlight [(CH3CH2)3S]6Bi8I30 and [(CH3CH2)3S]AgBiI5 as scalable, cost-effective and highly stable alternatives to traditional semiconductor materials, offering great potential as X-ray detectors in medical and security applications.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - X-ray detectors
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630306
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202418626
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-63030
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Azimzada, Agil
A1 - Meermann, Björn
T1 - AF4/ICP-ToF-MS for the investigation of species-specific adsorption of organometallic contaminants on natural colloidal particles
N2 - Organotin (OT) compounds, while crucial in many industrial applications, pose substantial risks to the environment and human health. The toxicity and environmental behaviour of OTs depend on their chemical form, i.e., the type and number of organic substituents. Each species thus exhibits distinct toxicity profiles and varying binding affinities to environmental colloids, which influence their mobility, bioavailability, and environmental impacts. To date, however, most studies addressed speciation and colloidal characterization separately, leaving the combined determinations of organometallics along with their carrier colloids largely elusive. Here, we develop and validate an on-line measurement system to quantify the adsorption dynamics of 10 OT species on natural colloidal particles (<500 nm). The approach integrates a versatile fractionation technique (AF4), with a state-of-the-art multi-element analyzer (ICP-ToF-MS), achieving Sn detection limits as low as 6.0 ng/L. The method separates colloid-free OT species from those bound to colloids and enables the determination of OT interactions with distinct colloidal fractions. Validated in both fractionation and detection, the method provides reliable data that could elucidate the species-specific and temporal aspects of species-colloids adsorption processes. The results feature comparative studies of 10 OT species, offering critical insights into OT mobility and distribution in environmental systems.
KW - Fractionation
KW - Speciation
KW - Adsorption
KW - Colloids
KW - Organotin
KW - AF4
KW - Nanoparticle characterization
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625244
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137320
SN - 1873-3336
VL - 488
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-62524
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wimmer, L
A1 - Hoang, M V N
A1 - Schwarzinger, J
A1 - Jovanovic, V
A1 - Adelkovic, B
A1 - Velickovic, T C
A1 - Meisel, T C
A1 - Waniek, T
A1 - Weimann, Christiane
A1 - Altmann, Korinna
A1 - Dailey, L A
T1 - A quality-by-design inspired approach to develop PET and PP nanoplastic test materials for use in in vitro and in vivo biological assays
N2 - Micro- and nanoplastics have become environmental pollutants of concern, receiving increased attention from consumers, scientists, and policymakers. The lack of knowledge about possible impacts on wildlife and human health requires further research, for which well-characterized testmaterials are needed. A quality-bydesign (QbD) driven approachwas used to produce sterile, endotoxinmonitored nanoplastics of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) with a size fraction of >90% below 1 μm and high yield of >90%. Glycerol was used as a versatile and biocompatible liquid storage medium which requires no further exogenous dispersing agent andmaintained colloidal stability, sterility (0 CFU mL−1), and low endotoxin levels (<0.1 EU mL−1) for more than one year of storage at room temperature. Further, the glycerol vehicle showed no biological effect on the tested human bronchial cell line Calu-3 up to 0.8% (w/v). Given the concentration of 40 mg g−1 nanoplastics in the glycerol stock, this corresponds to a nanoplastic concentration of 320 μg mL−1. The surfactant-free nanoplastics are dispersible in bio-relevant media from the glycerol stock without changing size characteristics and are suitable for in vitro and in vivo research.
KW - Microplastics
KW - Reference materials
KW - Nanoplastics
KW - Polymer 3R
KW - Glycerol
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-629934
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EN01186D
SN - 2051-8161
VL - 12
IS - 5
SP - 2667
EP - 2686
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
CY - Cambridge
AN - OPUS4-62993
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schmidt, Jonathan
A1 - Merz, Benjamin
A1 - Poka, Konstantin
A1 - Mohr, Gunther
A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai
T1 - Surface structure analysis using visual high-resolution in situ process monitoring in laser powder bed fusion
N2 - Parameter studies are a common step in selecting process parameters for laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M). Density cubes are commonly used for this purpose. Density cubes manufactured with varied process parameters can exhibit distinguishable surface structures visible to the human eye. The layer-wise process enables such surface structures to be detected during manufacturing. However, industrial visual in situ monitoring systems for PBF-LB/M currently have limited resolution and are incapable of reliably capturing small differences in the surface structures. In this work, a 65 MPixel high-resolution monochrome camera was integrated into an industrial PBF-LB/M machine together with a high-intensity LED (light-emitting diode) bar. Post-exposure images were taken to analyse differences in light reflection of fused areas. It is revealed that the grey-level co-occurrence matrix can be used to quantify the visual surface structure of nickel-based superalloy Inconel®939 density cubes per layer. The properties of the grey-level co-occurrence matrix correlate to the energy input and the resulting porosity of density cubes. Low-energy samples containing lack of fusion flaws show an increased contrast in the grey-level co-occurrence matrix compared to specimens with optimal energy input. The potential of high-resolution images for quality assurance via in situ process monitoring in PBF-LB/M is further discussed.
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Powder bed fusion
KW - In situ monitoring
KW - Image processing
KW - High resolution camera
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626685
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-01955-1
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-62668
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Artinov, Antoni
A1 - Luu, Li-Hua
A1 - Farhat, Abbas
A1 - Philippe, Pierre
A1 - Rettinger, Christoph
A1 - Köstler, Harald
T1 - A fully-resolved micromechanical simulation of piping erosion during a suction bucket installation
N2 - Granular fluidization phenomena such as piping erosion represent a challenge to the delicate installation process of offshore suction bucket foundations. A detailed analysis of the complex conditions in terms of soil composition, soil state, and foundation installation parameters that may lead to piping can be very demanding, if at all possible, solely by experimental means or using macroscopic continuum-based seabed models. The present paper presents a fully-resolved fluid-coupled micromechanical approach for a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the installation process of a suction bucket using the lattice Boltzmann method and discrete element method. The developed model is validated using well-established benchmarks and calibrated by means of experimental data from physical model tests on relevant scenarios focusing on the local fluidization of fixed embedded suction buckets as well as on the suction-driven installation of unrestrained buckets. The qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental data both endorse the proposed methodology and highlight the physical soundness of the obtained results. Thereby, the paper shows that three-dimensional analyses of relevant local scenarios at a real scale with little macromechanical model assumptions are feasible.
KW - Micromechanical simulation
KW - Fluid–solid coupling
KW - Piping erosion
KW - Suction bucket foundation
KW - Offshore wind support structure
KW - High-performance computing
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-633790
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2025.107375
SN - 0266-352X
VL - 186
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-63379
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rappsilber, Tim
A1 - Krüger, Simone
A1 - Raspe, Tina
A1 - Wagner, Patrick
A1 - Liebner, Christian
A1 - Strzyz, Thaddeus
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Hazard classification of different lithium-ion battery types after triggering thermal runaway
N2 - For a better understanding of relevant parameters influencing the thermal runaway, this work classifies the behavior of six different types of lithium-ion batteries. Based on 145 repeatable tests, this research has created a unique and detailed database of battery behavior during thermal runaway. It contains information about changes in cell temperature, voltage, mass loss, smoke gas release and gas pressure. When it comes to characterizing the thermal runaway behavior across different cell types, this work eliminates the need for complex meta-analyses, which can only provide limited information due to the different test conditions in different test benches. In a pressure-resistant 100 dm³ autoclave and an 8-m³ room with connected multi gas analysis, 24 setups were examined under identical conditions. The investigations were carried out as a function of the variation parameters cell geometry, cathode active material, state of charge and initiation method of thermal runaway. The analysis of the measurement data reveals clear differences in the thermal runaway behavior of the tested cell types and can be used as a reference for determining the hazard potential in individual assessment categories of different cells.
All measured values from both test benches as well as the visual evaluation of the cell behavior during the test runs in the 8 m³ room are made available in a comprehensive data table in the supplementary material.
KW - Lithium Ion
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - State of charge
KW - Hazard classification
KW - gas emission
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634429
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105691
SN - 0950-4230
VL - 97
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-63442
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
A1 - Fleißner-Rieger, H.
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Combined heating rate and restraint condition effect on stress relief cracking during PWHT of thick-walled Cr–Mo-V steel SAW joints
N2 - Creep-resistant steels such as 13CrMoV9-10 are utilized in the manufacture of thick-walled pressure vessels and are typically joined by submerged arc welding (SAW). However, these materials are susceptible to stress relief cracking (SRC) if the required post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is not applied correctly. Existing PWHT guidelines, encompassing heating rate and dwell (or holding) time at a given temperature, are derived from a synthesis of empirical knowledge and typically free-shrinkage weld experiments to assess the susceptibility to SRC. Therefore, this study discusses the combined effect of the PWHT heating rate under free-shrinkage compared to restrained shrinkage. Welding experiments were conducted (using plates with a thickness of 25 mm) for both shrinkage conditions for a variety of heating rates and maximum temperatures. In-situ acoustic emission analysis was used to locate propagating SRCs during PWHT. Hardness measurements, mechanical property characterization (Charpy impact strength), and microstructure correlation were used to evaluate the SRC susceptibility. The results suggested that the influence of heating rate could not be directly related to SRC formation and that the initial weld microstructure prior to PWHT was more relevant in terms of very high hardness in the coarse grain heat affected zone, especially that of the last beads in the top layer of the welding sequence. This was seen in the form of random, unexpected SRC occurrence in only one specimen at a heating rate commonly used in welding practice (approximately 100 K/h). In this context, the additional effect of an external shrinkage restraint on SRC must be considered in the form of increasing mechanical loads during welding, which are typically not within the scope of welding practice. To mitigate the probability of SRC during PWHT, it is imperative to reduce the welding heat input and to restrict the structural shrinkage restraint of the weld joint.
KW - Component test
KW - Stress relief cracking
KW - PWHT
KW - Creep-resistant steel
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631439
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02062-x
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-63143
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Investigation of restraint intensity influence on solidification cracking of high-strength filler materials in fillet welds via CTS testing
N2 - In addition to chemical composition, metallurgy, and welding parameters, the intensity of restraint is one of the key variables influencing solidification cracking (SC). Due to their high strength-to-density ratio, many modern lightweight steel constructions increasingly rely on high-strength steel. Given the theoretical framework of solidification cracking theory, tests tend to focus on the effects of strain rate. Externally restrained tests have provided valuable insights into solidification crack susceptibility. In practice, most welded structures are self-restrained; therefore, self-restraint tests more accurately reflect real-world applications. By varying the plate thickness in controlled thermal severity (CTS) tests conducted on S1100 QL, it was possible to adjust the intensity of restraint on fillet welds at a high level. Testing was performed using four different filler wires for gas metal arc welding (GMAW), including three solid wires and one metal-cored wire. Additionally, two sets of welding parameters were evaluated. High arc energy (U × I/welding speed) and increased welding speed were found to be more prone to solidification cracking compared to the parameter set with lower arc energy and welding speed. The results indicate a correlation between increasing restraint severity and a higher incidence of solidification cracking.
KW - CTS
KW - Controlled thermal severity
KW - High-strength steel
KW - GMAW
KW - Restraint
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631315
UR - 1878-6669
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02046-x
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-63131
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Breese, Philipp Peter
A1 - Altenburg, Simon
T1 - Absolute temperature determination in laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) via hyperspectral thermography
N2 - Temperature is a key characteristic in laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M). As a quantitative physical property, the temperature can determine the actual process quality independently from the nominal process parameters. Thus, establishing a process evaluation on temperatures rather than the comparison of process conditions is expected to be more effective. However, quantitative in situ temperature measurements with classical thermographic methods are virtually impossible. The reason is that the required emissivity value changes drastically throughout the process. Additionally, large temperature ranges along with the highly dynamic nature of the PBF-LB/M process make temperature measurements difficult. Based on this challenge, this work presents a method for hyperspectral temperature determination. The spectral exitance (in W/m2⋅nm) was measured in situ at many adjacent wavelengths in the short-wave infrared (SWIR). This enabled a local temperature determination via Planck’s law in combination with a spectral emissivity function. The temperature field of the melt pool crossing the 1D measurement line was reconstructed from the information, gathered at nearly 20 kHz sampling rate. The reconstructed melt pool had a spatial resolution of 17 µm by 40 µm, and temperatures between 2700 and 1300 K were observable. Comparison of the 316L stainless steel solidification temperature and the observed solidification plateau in the gathered thermal data revealed a relative error of less than 6% in the absolute temperature measurement. These initial results of hyperspectral temperature determination in PBF-LB/M show the potential in the method. It allows for physically founded process evaluation, and the prospects for tuning and validation of numerical simulations are highly promising.
KW - Additive Manufacturing
KW - Infrared Thermography
KW - In-situ Monitoring
KW - Quantitative Temperature Measurement
KW - Emissivity
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631977
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01148-8
SN - 2363-9512
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-63197
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kästle, Emanuel David
A1 - Paffrath, M.
A1 - El‐Sharkawy, A.
T1 - Alpine Crust and Mantle Structure From 3D Monte Carlo Surface‐ and Body‐Wave Tomography
N2 - An ongoing controversy revolves around the detailed structure of the subducting European and Adriatic plates under the Alps and the adjacent orogens. Mostly based on P‐wave travel time tomographic images, slab break‐off at different times, reversals of subduction polarity and segmentation of the slab into independent units have been proposed. These processes may have important geodynamic consequences such as rapid surface uplift, past magmatic events or changes in the style of continental collision. However, some of the tomographic results are contradictory, particularly evident in the uppermost mantle where teleseismic P waves traverse the medium almost vertically with few ray crossings and a stronger dependence on the crustal correction. In this work, we present the result of an innovative joint inversion approach using surface‐ and teleseismic body‐wave travel times to mitigate some of the shortcomings in both data types. Applying a reversible‐jump Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, we simultaneously constrain the and structure and their uncertainties in the crust and upper mantle. The results indicate a continuous slab structure from the crust‐mantle boundary down to at least 400 km depth under the western, central and eastern Alps. The results, however, also suggest that fitting the data within their respective measurement uncertainties may not be sufficient to reliably determine the presence of a shallow slab break‐off beneath the Alps.
KW - Tomographic Imaging
KW - Plate Tectonics
KW - McMC Tomography
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626216
DO - https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030101
SN - 2169-9356
VL - 130
IS - 2
SP - 1
EP - 29
PB - American Geophysical Union (AGU)
AN - OPUS4-62621
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Monroy, José del Refugio
A1 - Deshpande, Tejas
A1 - Schlecht, Joël
A1 - Douglas, Clara
A1 - Stirling, Robbie
A1 - Grabicki, Niklas
A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob
A1 - Kochovski, Zdravko
A1 - Fabozzi, Filippo Giovanni
A1 - Hecht, Stefan
A1 - Feldmann, Sascha
A1 - Dumele, Oliver
T1 - Homochiral versus racemic 2D covalent organic frameworks
N2 - The synthesis of homochiral two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) from chiral π-conjugated building blocks is challenging, as chiral units often lead to misaligned stacking interactions. In this work, we introduce helical chirality into 2D COFs using configurationally stable enantiopure and racemic [5]helicenes as linkers in the backbone of 2D [5]HeliCOFs as powders and films. Through condensation with 1,3,5-triformylbenzene (TFB) or 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (TFP), our approach enables the efficient formation of a set of homochiral and racemic 2D [5]HeliCOFs. The resulting carbon-based crystalline and porous frameworks exhibit distinct structural features and different properties between homochiral and racemic counterparts. Propagation of helical chirality into the backbone of the crystalline frameworks leads to the observation of advanced chiroptical properties in the far-red visible spectrum, along with a less compact structure compared with the racemic frameworks. Homogeneous thin films of [5]HeliCOFs disclosed photoluminescent properties arising from the controlled growth of highly ordered π-conjugated lattices. The present study offers insight into general chiral framework formation and extends the Liebisch−Wallach rule to 2D COFs.
KW - Chirality
KW - Covalent organic frameworks
KW - Diffraction
KW - Lattices
KW - Thin films
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-633755
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c01004
SN - 0002-7863
VL - 147
IS - 21
SP - 17750
EP - 17763
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-63375
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ebell, Gino
A1 - Tannert, S.
A1 - Lehmann, Jens
A1 - Müller, H.
T1 - Offshore Weathering Campaign on a North Sea Wind Farm Part One: Corrosivity Categories
N2 - The aim of this study is to investigate the corrosion behavior of materials and coatings in offshore environments, with a focus on determining the corrosivity categories at different locations on wind turbines. The collaboration between the authors enabled a 3‐year weathering campaign at the Hohe See and Albatros offshore wind farms in the North Sea. Metal panels were installed on two wind turbines to assess the corrosivity of different atmospheric conditions. Preliminary results indicate significant variations in corrosivity depending on location and material used, suggesting that current standards may not fully reflect real‐world conditions. The results of the study will help to optimize material selection and corrosion protection strategies for offshore wind farms, potentially extending their lifetime and reducing operating costs.
KW - Corrosion
KW - Offshore
KW - Wind
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-628995
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202414711
SN - 1521-4176
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-62899
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lucka, R.
A1 - Elshani, B.
A1 - Kilic, M. S.
A1 - Klimke, S.
A1 - Krüger, C.
A1 - Menzel, Michael
A1 - Stößer, R.
A1 - Titiš, J.
A1 - Boča, R.
A1 - Renz, F.
T1 - ESR and Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron(III) spin crossover complexes based on pentadentate Schiff base ligands with pseudohalide coligands
N2 - Two iron(III) spin crossover complexes [Fe(5Cl-L)(NCS)] (1) and [Fe(5Cl-L)(NCSe)] (2) were synthesized with the pentadentate Schiff base ligand 5Cl-L and thiocyanato and selenocyanato as coligands. 5Cl-L, as an asymmetric {N3O2} donor Schiff base, was synthesized by a condensation reaction of 5-chlorosalicyladehyde using the asymmetric N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine. The complexes exhibited a spin crossover at 280 (1) and 293 K (2), respectively, and were subjected to electron spin resonance (ESR) and Mössbauer spectroscopy at 77, 295 and 325 K. Ab initio CASSCF calculations followed by the NEVPT2 method were applied for predicting the g-tensor components as well as Mössbauer parameters.
KW - Spin crossover
KW - Iron(III) complexes
KW - Mössbauer spectroscopy
KW - ESR spectroscopy
KW - Ab initio calculations
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634061
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11050043
SN - 2312-7481
VL - 11
IS - 5
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-63406
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lu, Xin
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
T1 - Humidity response of optical fibres with hygroscopic coatings and its temperature dependence
N2 - Optical fibres with hygroscopic coatings are widely used in structural health monitoring to acquire the humidity information. Water absorption-induced coating expansion leads to a strain change in the silica fibre, which can be measured by point and distributed strain fibre sensors and used to quantify the environmental humidity. In this paper, the strain transfer from the coating to the fibre is described by both 1D and 3D models. The impact of the coating property on the humidity induced strain is theoretically analysed. Since the properties of the sensing fibre are temperature-dependent, the humidity response obtained by the strain-based approach may change under different thermal conditions. The humidity response of fibres with different polyimide coatings is characterized by a commercial optical frequency domain reflectometer under different temperature conditions. The experimental results confirm the temperature dependence of the humidity response as the sensitivity of all the tested fibres decreases as the temperature increases.
KW - Rayleigh scattering
KW - Humidity sensor
KW - Optical fibre sensors
KW - Optical frequency domain reflectometer
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-629735
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/adc85f
VL - 7
IS - 2
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - IOP Publishing Ltd
CY - Bristol, UK
AN - OPUS4-62973
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Martin, T
A1 - Zimmermann, E
A1 - Klitzsch, N
A1 - Hördt, A
A1 - Huisman, J A
A1 - Radic, T
A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine
T1 - Round-robin test of SIP laboratory measurements using electrical test networks
N2 - This study presents the results of an interlaboratory test designed to evaluate the accuracy of spectral induced polarization (SIP) measurements using controlled electrical test networks. The study, conducted in Germany since 2006, involved 12 research institutes, six different impedance measurement devices and four types of electrical test networks specifically designed to evaluate phase shift errors in SIP measurements. The test networks, with impedances ranging from 100 to 150 kΩ, represent high-impedance samples with different phase characteristics, and pose the measurement challenges typical of such samples, including high contact impedances and parasitic capacitances. Four key findings emerged from the study: (1) Impedance measurements across all devices showed deviations within 1 per cent over a wide frequency range (0.001–1000 Hz); (2) phase errors remained below 1 mrad up to 100 Hz for most devices, but increased at higher frequencies due to parasitic capacitances and electromagnetic coupling effects; (3) lab-specific instruments have lower phase errors than field instruments when used in a laboratory environment, primarily due to the effects of long cables and too low input impedances of the field instruments; and (4) short cables and driven shielding technology effectively minimized parasitic capacitance and improved measurement accuracy. The study highlights the usefulness of test networks in assessing the accuracy of SIP measurements and raises awareness of the various factors influencing the quality of SIP data.
KW - Induced polarization
KW - Electrical properties
KW - Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-636755
DO - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf153
SN - 0956-540X
VL - 242
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Oxford University Press (OUP)
AN - OPUS4-63675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Blaeß, Carsten
A1 - Boccaccini, A. R.
A1 - Müller, Ralf
T1 - Sintering and Crystallization of Fluoride-Containing Bioactive Glass F3
N2 - The fluoride-containing bioactive glass F3 with nominal composition (mol%) 44.8 SiO2 - 2.5 P2O3 - 36.5 CaO - 6.6 Na2O - 6.6 K2O - 3.0 CaF2 is a highly promising candidate for bone replacement applications. Its strong crystallization tendency, however, requires a thorough understanding of the interplay between glass powder particle size, surface crystallization, and sintering. Therefore, this study characterizes the sintering and crystallization of bulk specimens and various particle size fractions by differential thermal-analysis, laser scanning, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Infrared spectroscopy. Particle size fractions < 56 µm were found to fully densify, while crystals growing from the glass particle surface retard sintering of coarser fractions. Small amounts of a non-stoichiometrically calcium phosphosilicate (Ca14.92(PO4)2.35(SiO4)5.65) occurs as the primary crystal phase followed by combeite (Na4Ca4[Si6O18]) as a temporarily dominating phase. The surface crystallization of both phases was found to be mainly responsible for sinter retardation. During later stages of crystallization, additional phases such as cuspidine (Ca4F2Si2O7) and silicorhenanite (Na2Ca4(PO4)2SiO4) occur, but finally monoclinic wollastonite (CaSiO3) forms as the dominant phase.
KW - Bioactive Glass
KW - Sintering
KW - Crystallization
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632482
DO - https://doi.org/10.52825/glass-europe.v3i.2564
SN - 2940-8830
VL - 3
SP - 105
EP - 124
AN - OPUS4-63248
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Waurischk, Tina
A1 - Deubener, J.
A1 - Müller, Ralf
T1 - Internal friction and energy dissipation during fracture in silicate glasses
N2 - To obtain a deeper insight into the nature of energy dissipation during fracture, the internal friction of 13 borosilicate, aluminosilicate, soda-lime, and lead-containing glasses, for which inert crack growth data are known, was measured using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. For asymmetrically bent glass beams, the loss tangent, tan δ, was determined between 0.2 and 50 Hz at temperatures between 273 K and the glass transition temperature, Tg. It was found that the area under the tan δ vs T·Tg−1 curve correlates with the crack growth exponent, n, in the empirical v = v0·KIn relation between crack growth velocity, v, and stress intensity, KI, which indicates that n correlates with the degree of energy dissipation of sub-Tg relaxation phenomena.
KW - Glass
KW - Internal friction
KW - Crack growth
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631582
DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0255432
SN - 0021-9606
VL - 162
IS - 19
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - AIP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-63158
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Pan, Z.
A1 - Waurischk, Tina
A1 - Duval, A.
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Deubener, J.
A1 - Krishnan, N. M. A.
A1 - Wondraczek, K.
A1 - Wondraczek, L.
T1 - Precise Real‐Time Measurement of Liquid Viscosity Using Digital Video Data
N2 - Quantitative knowledge of liquid viscosity is of fundamental importance in many areas of materials synthesis and processing. However, the determination of viscosity often relies on specialized experimental equipment, offline experimentation, or invasive procedures, in particular when required in extreme conditions such as at high temperature, high pressure, and in confined or corrosive environments. Here, this study proposes and validates a fast and simple method that mimics the intuitive perception of liquid flow within a quantitative framework. For this, this study employs digital video observation to derive quantitative values of the shear viscosity of liquids, with high precision and rapid acquisition rates. The technique involves capturing liquid dynamics after minor mechanical stimulation. Processed imaging data are indexed by similarity and referenced to a digital database generated with a finite element model, from which values of viscosity are obtained in line. The approach is tested on water at room temperature and on a high‐temperature glass melt. Covering a viscosity range of four orders of magnitude, both yield convincing agreement with tabulated reference data at low computational cost.
KW - Image analyses
KW - Liquids
KW - Materials discovery
KW - Similarity analyses
KW - Viscosities
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634606
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202500297
SN - 2640-4567
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-63460
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Robens-Radermacher, Annika
A1 - Kujath, Cezary
A1 - Bos, Freek
A1 - Mechtcherine, Viktor
A1 - Unger, Jörg F.
T1 - Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study-Design and implementation of a database system for querying, sharing, and analyzing experimental data
N2 - Interlaboratory studies are essential for implementing standardized test methods for new innovative materials or technologies such as 3D concrete printing, certifying reference materials, and validating methods. They provide the basis for recommendations and design standards. Typically, the collected data are used only for one study and are published in paper form, without open access to the raw data files. However, preserving the collected data and analysis procedures in a shareable and reusable way leads to advantages for further usage. New data with the same structure can be added or the data can be analyzed by a new analysis procedure generating new knowledge. Additionally, resources are saved by avoiding the repetition of the same measurements. In line with the recent digitalization trend in material science and engineering, a database for the interlaboratory study on mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete conducted in RILEM Technical Committee 304-ADC is established. The challenges and experiences from defining the data structure, uploading the data, and using the database for evaluations are discussed. The openBIS software is used to create and fill the database, while an export method to an SQLite format is developed and discussed to generate a shareable and reusable database. With the exported database, querying the data is possible independently of a particular data management system. Additionally, examples of data processing with reusable workflows automating the analysis procedure are demonstrated.
KW - Data management
KW - Interlaboratory study
KW - 3D concrete printing
KW - Database
KW - Reusability
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634627
DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02650-9
SN - 1871-6873
VL - 58
IS - 184
SP - 1
EP - 37
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-63462
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mangarova, Dilyana B.
A1 - Kaufmann, Jan O.
A1 - Brangsch, Julia
A1 - Kader, Avan
A1 - Möckel, Jana
A1 - Heyl, Jennifer L.
A1 - Verlemann, Christine
A1 - Adams, Lisa C.
A1 - Ludwig, Antje
A1 - Reimann, Carolin
A1 - Poller, Wolfram C.
A1 - Niehaus, Peter
A1 - Karst, Uwe
A1 - Taupitz, Matthias
A1 - Hamm, Bernd
A1 - Weller, Michael G.
A1 - Makowski, Marcus R.
T1 - ADAMTS4-Specific MR Peptide Probe for the Assessment of Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden in a Mouse Model
N2 - Introduction
Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of multiple cardiovascular pathologies. The present-day clinical imaging modalities do not offer sufficient information on plaque composition or rupture risk. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS4) is a strongly upregulated proteoglycan-cleaving enzyme that is specific to cardiovascular diseases, inter alia, atherosclerosis.
Materials and Methods
Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice received a high-fat diet for 2 (n = 11) or 4 months (n = 11). Additionally, a group (n = 11) receiving pravastatin by drinking water for 4 months alongside the high-fat diet was examined. The control group (n = 10) consisted of C57BL/6J mice on standard chow. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging was performed prior to and after administration of the gadolinium (Gd)-based ADAMTS4-specific probe, followed by ex vivo analyses of the aortic arch, brachiocephalic arteries, and carotid arteries. A P value <0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
With advancing atherosclerosis, a significant increase in the contrast-to-noise ratio was measured after intravenous application of the probe (mean precontrast = 2.25; mean postcontrast = 11.47, P < 0.001 in the 4-month group). The pravastatin group presented decreased ADAMTS4 expression. A strong correlation between ADAMTS4 content measured via immunofluorescence staining and an increase in the contrast-to-noise ratio was detected (R2 = 0.69). Microdissection analysis revealed that ADAMTS4 gene expression in the plaque area was significantly greater than that in the arterial wall of a control mouse (P < 0.001). Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry confirmed strong colocalization of areas positive for ADAMTS4 and Gd.
Conclusions
Magnetic resonance imaging using an ADAMTS4-specific agent is a promising method for characterizing atherosclerotic plaques and could improve plaque assessment in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
N2 - Einleitung
Atherosklerose ist die Ursache für zahlreiche Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Die derzeitigen klinischen Bildgebungsverfahren liefern keine ausreichenden Informationen über die Zusammensetzung von Plaques oder das Risiko einer Ruptur. A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs 4 (ADAMTS4) ist ein stark hochreguliertes Proteoglykan-spaltendes Enzym, das unter anderem bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen wie Atherosklerose spezifisch auftritt.
Materialien und Methoden
Männliche Apolipoprotein-E-defiziente Mäuse erhielten 2 (n = 11) oder 4 Monate lang (n = 11) eine fettreiche Ernährung. Zusätzlich wurde eine Gruppe (n = 11) untersucht, die 4 Monate lang neben der fettreichen Ernährung Pravastatin über das Trinkwasser erhielt. Die Kontrollgruppe (n = 10) bestand aus C57BL/6J-Mäusen, die mit Standardfutter ernährt wurden. Vor und nach der Verabreichung der gadolinium (Gd)-basierten ADAMTS4-spezifischen Sonde wurde eine molekulare Magnetresonanztomographie durchgeführt, gefolgt von Ex-vivo-Analysen des Aortenbogens, der Arteria brachiocephalica und der Arteria carotis. Ein P-Wert < 0,05 wurde als statistisch signifikanter Unterschied gewertet.
Ergebnisse
Mit fortschreitender Atherosklerose wurde nach intravenöser Anwendung der Sonde ein signifikanter Anstieg des Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnisses gemessen (Mittelwert vor Kontrastmittelgabe = 2,25; Mittelwert nach Kontrastmittelgabe = 11,47, P < 0,001 in der 4-Monats-Gruppe). Die Pravastatin-Gruppe zeigte eine verminderte ADAMTS4-Expression. Es wurde eine starke Korrelation zwischen dem mittels Immunfluoreszenzfärbung gemessenen ADAMTS4-Gehalt und einem Anstieg des Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnisses festgestellt (R2 = 0,69). Die Mikrodissektionsanalyse ergab, dass die ADAMTS4-Genexpression im Plaque-Bereich signifikant höher war als in der Arterienwand einer Kontrollmaus (P < 0,001). Laserablation-induktiv gekoppelte Plasma-Massenspektrometrie bestätigte eine starke Kolokalisierung von ADAMTS4- und Gd-positiven Bereichen.
Schlussfolgerungen
Die Magnetresonanztomographie mit einem ADAMTS4-spezifischen Kontrastmittel ist eine vielversprechende Methode zur Charakterisierung atherosklerotischer Plaques und könnte die Plaquebewertung in der Diagnose und Behandlung von Atherosklerose verbessern.
KW - Peptide Aptamer
KW - MRI Probe
KW - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
KW - Peptide libraries
KW - Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry
KW - ICP MS
KW - Imaging
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-635832
DO - https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000001152
SN - 1536-0210
VL - 60
IS - 8
SP - 499
EP - 507
PB - Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
CY - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
AN - OPUS4-63583
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gupta, Kanhaiya
A1 - Poka, Konstantin
A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander
A1 - Waske, Anja
T1 - Identification and authentication of additively manufactured components using their microstructural fingerprint
N2 - In the field of additive manufacturing, the ability to uniquely identify and authenticate parts is crucial for certification, logistics, and anti-counterfeiting efforts. This study introduces a novel methodology that leverages the intrinsic microstructural features of additively manufactured components for their identification, authentication, and traceability. Unlike traditional tagging methods, such as embedding QR codes on the surface or within the volume of parts, this approach requires no alteration to the printing process, as it utilizes naturally occurring microstructural characteristics. The proposed workflow involves the analysis of 3D micro-computed tomography data to identify specific voids that meet predefined identification criteria. This method is demonstrated on a batch of 24 parts manufactured with identical process parameters, proving capable of achieving unambiguous identification and authentication. By establishing a tamper-proof link between the physical part and its digital counterpart, this methodology effectively bridges the physical and digital realms. This not only enhances the traceability of additively manufactured parts but also provides a robust tool for integrating digital materials, parts databases, and product passports with their physical counterparts.
KW - Authentication
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - X-ray Computed Tomography
KW - Digital fingerprint
KW - Unique identification
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630356
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113986
SN - 1873-4197
VL - 254
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-63035
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chen, Ya‐Fan
A1 - Arendt, Felix
A1 - Bornhöft, Hansjörg
A1 - de Camargo, Andréa S. S.
A1 - Deubener, Joachim
A1 - Diegeler, Andreas
A1 - Gogula, Shravya
A1 - Contreras Jaimes, Altair T.
A1 - Kempf, Sebastian
A1 - Kilo, Martin
A1 - Limbach, René
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Niebergall, Rick
A1 - Pan, Zhiwen
A1 - Puppe, Frank
A1 - Reinsch, Stefan
A1 - Schottner, Gerhard
A1 - Stier, Simon
A1 - Waurischk, Tina
A1 - Wondraczek, Lothar
A1 - Sierka, Marek
T1 - Ontology‐Based Digital Infrastructure for Data‐Driven Glass Development
N2 - The development of new glasses is often hampered by inefficient trial‐and‐error approaches. The traditional glass manufacturing process is not only time‐consuming, but also difficult to reproduce with inevitable variations in process parameters. These challenges are addressed by implementing an ontology‐based digital infrastructure coupled with a robotic melting system. This system facilitates high‐throughput glass synthesis and ensures the collection of consistent process data. In addition, the digital infrastructure includes machine learning models for predicting glass properties and a tool for extracting patent information. Current glass databases have significant gaps in the relationships between compositions, process parameters, and properties due to inconsistent studies and nonconforming units. In addition, process parameters are often omitted, and even original literature references provide limited information. By continuously expanding the database with consistent, high‐quality data, it is aimed to fill these gaps and accelerate the glass development process.
KW - Digitalisation
KW - Data-driven glass development
KW - Ontology
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625844
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202401560
SN - 1527-2648
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-62584
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Blaeß, Carsten
A1 - Müller, Ralf
T1 - Fast crack healing in glass-matrix composites with rigid filler percolation frameworks
N2 - To ensure the durability of solid oxide fuel cell sealants, the understanding of the microstructural influence on viscous crack healing is essential. To this end, the effect of microstructure with respect to the spatial distribution of filler particles on viscous crack healing was studied with confocal laser scanning microscopy in glass-matrix composites (GMCs) made by mix-milling and sintering of sodalime magnesium silicate glass and Φ ≈ 6 vol% ZrO2 chemically inert rigid filler particles. This way, no change in Φ occurred during the crack healing treatments studied on Vickers indentation-induced radial cracks in polished GMC surfaces.
Different microstructures were mimicked using different ZrO2 particle sizes for mix-milling. Unlike coarse ZrO2 particles, similar in size to the glass particle, fine ZrO2 particles, much smaller than the glass particles, form a rigid percolation framework (RPF) of ZrO2 filler particles around the former glass particles or glass particle agglomerates. For this RPF microstructure, crack healing was observed more readily as crack healing retardation phenomena like large-scale crack widening and crack tip rounding were strongly reduced, whereas narrow cracks could still heal locally within the glassy regions.
KW - Crack healing
KW - Glass matrix composite
KW - Rigid percolation frameworks
KW - Vickers indentation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625921
DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.20386
SN - 0002-7820
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-62592
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
T1 - Real-time monitoring of hydrogen composite pressure vessels using surface-applied distributed fiber optic sensors
N2 - In this paper, we report to the best of our knowledge for the first time on continuous real-time monitoring of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) designed for hydrogen storage using surface-applied distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS). We conducted continuous and real-time DFOS measurements during pressure cycling tests consisting of periodic pressure fluctuations between 20 bar and 875 bar, with a rate of 5 cycles min−1. During pressure cycling, the DFOS system measured strain changes, that under normal operating conditions were linearly correlated to changes in pressure. To detect and quantify damage-related anomalies, we trained a simple regression model to predict strain from pressure data and used the difference between predicted and measured values as a damage indicator. With our approach, the DFOS system not only detected and localized the damage but also continuously tracked its evolution in real time under dynamic pressure conditions. Furthermore, unlike previous studies where optical fibers were embedded within the composite structure, we applied them on the COPV surface, reducing both implementation cost and time while eliminating the need to modify the COPV manufacturing process. Based on our results, we are confident that DFOS can enhance safety and facilitate the transition from time-consuming periodic inspections to more efficient, machine learning-based predictive maintenance.
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Pressure vessels
KW - Predictive maintenance
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627644
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/adb9ac
SN - 2515-7647
VL - 7
IS - 2
SP - 2
EP - 10
PB - IOP Publishing Ltd
CY - Bristol, UK
AN - OPUS4-62764
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Pittrich, Tim
A1 - Weise, Frank
A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig
T1 - The impact of blended cements on the spalling behavior of concrete at elevated temperatures: a review
N2 - The cement and concrete industries are striving to reduce the CO2 emissions caused by the production of Portland cement. An effective way to achieve this is to replace Portland cement clinker with more environmentally friendly supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to produce blended cements. A variety of different SCMs are used today, from fly ash to more exotic options such as rice husk ash or waste glass powder. Depending on its material properties, concrete exposed to fire may experience spalling caused by thermomechanical and thermohydraulic mechanisms. Severe spalling leads to a reduction in the cross-section and exposure of the reinforcement, jeopardizing the load-bearing capacity of the concrete element. The use of blended cements changes the concrete properties which can affect spalling behavior at high temperatures. The link between high temperature and spalling behavior of concrete with blended cements has been investigated in several studies. A review of the existing literature led to the conclusion that the cement type influences the spalling behavior of concrete. However, the relationship does not appear to be clear, as there are contradictions and inconsistencies between the evaluated results. Therefore, further in-depth studies will help to gain a more precise understanding of the effects of blended cements on the spalling behavior of concrete at elevated temperatures.
KW - Fire-induced concrete spalling
KW - Concrete
KW - Blended cements
KW - SCM
KW - Filler
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-635182
DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02713-x
SN - 1359-5997
VL - 58
IS - 5
SP - 1
EP - 21
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-63518
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wolfs, Rob
A1 - Versteegen, Jelle
A1 - Santhanam, Manu
A1 - Bhattacherjee, Shantanu
A1 - Bos, Freek
A1 - Robens-Radermacher, Annika
A1 - Muthukrishnan, Shravan
A1 - Menna, Costantino
A1 - Ozturk, Onur
A1 - Ozyurt, Nilufer
A1 - Roupec, Josef
A1 - Richter, Christiane
A1 - Jungwirth, Jörg
A1 - Miranda, Luiza
A1 - Ammann, Rebecca
A1 - Caron, Jean-François
A1 - de Bono, Victor
A1 - Monte, Renate
A1 - Navarrete, Iván
A1 - Eugenin, Claudia
A1 - Lombois‑Burger, Hélène
A1 - Baz, Bilal
A1 - Sinka, Maris
A1 - Sapata, Alise
A1 - Harbouz, Ilhame
A1 - Zhang, Yamei
A1 - Jia, Zijian
A1 - Kruger, Jacques
A1 - Mostert, Jean‑Pierre
A1 - Šter, Katarina
A1 - Šajna, Aljoša
A1 - Kaci, Abdelhak
A1 - Rahal, Said
A1 - Snguanyat, Chalermwut
A1 - Arunothayan, Arun
A1 - Zhao, Zengfeng
A1 - Mai, Inka
A1 - Rasehorn, Inken Jette
A1 - Böhler, David
A1 - Freund, Niklas
A1 - Lowke, Dirk
A1 - Neef, Tobias
A1 - Taubert, Markus
A1 - Auer, Daniel
A1 - Hechtl, C. Maximilian
A1 - Dahlenburg, Maximilian
A1 - Esposito, Laura
A1 - Buswell, Richard
A1 - Kolawole, John
A1 - Isa, Muhammad Nura
A1 - Liu, Xingzi
A1 - Wang, Zhendi
A1 - Subramaniam, Kolluru
A1 - Mechtcherine, Viktor
T1 - Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study — flexural and tensile strength
N2 - This paper discusses the flexural and tensile strength properties of 3D printed concrete, based on the results of a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study on mechanical properties. These properties are determined using different testing techniques, including 3- and 4-point flexural tests, splitting tests, and uniaxial tension tests, on specimens extracted from large 3D printed elements in accordance with a prescribed study plan. The relationship between compressive and flexural or tensile strengths, cast or printed samples, different types of tests, and different loading orientations, are analysed to understand the influence of 3D printing. As expected, the strength can reduce significantly when the main tensile stress is acting perpendicular to the interface between layers. The role of deviations from the standard study procedure, in terms of the time interval between the placing of subsequent layers, or the adoption of a different curing strategy, are also assessed. While the increased time interval significantly impacts the strength in the critical direction, the use of variable curing conditions does not seem to have a clear-cut effect on the strength ratios of the printed to cast specimens. Additionally, the paper looks at the variability in the results for the printed specimens, in order to emphasize the need for multiple replicates for obtaining a proper result. An extensive insight into the aspects affecting the variability is presented in the paper. Finally, with the limited dataset available for specimens tested at a larger scale, it is difficult to arrive at a clear understanding of the role of specimen size (i.e., greater number of layers).
KW - 3D concrete printing
KW - Digital fabrication
KW - Flexural strength
KW - Tensile strength
KW - Interlayer bond strength
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634655
DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02687-w
SN - 1871-6873
VL - 58
IS - 5
SP - 1
EP - 33
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-63465
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mechtcherine, Viktor
A1 - Muthukrishnan, Shravan
A1 - Robens-Radermacher, Annika
A1 - Wolfs, Rob
A1 - Versteege, Jelle
A1 - Menna, Costantino
A1 - Ozturk, Onur
A1 - Ozyurt, Nilufer
A1 - Roupec, Josef
A1 - Richter, Christiane
A1 - Jungwirth, Jörg
A1 - Miranda, Luiza
A1 - Ammann, Rebecca
A1 - Caron, Jean‑François
A1 - de Bono, Victor
A1 - Monte, Renate
A1 - Navarrete, Iván
A1 - Eugenin, Claudia
A1 - Lombois‑Burger, Hélène
A1 - Baz, Bilal
A1 - Sinka, Maris
A1 - Sapata, Alise
A1 - Harbouz, Ilhame
A1 - Zhang, Yamei
A1 - Jia, Zijian
A1 - Kruger, Jacques
A1 - Mostert, Jean‑Pierre
A1 - Štefančič, Mateja
A1 - Hanžič, Lucija
A1 - Kaci, Abdelhak
A1 - Rahal, Said
A1 - Santhanam, Manu
A1 - Bhattacherjee, Shantanu
A1 - Snguanyat, Chalermwut
A1 - Arunothayan, Arun
A1 - Zhao, Zengfeng
A1 - Mai, Inka
A1 - Rasehorn, Inken Jette
A1 - Böhler, David
A1 - Freund, Niklas
A1 - Lowke, Dirk
A1 - Neef, Tobias
A1 - Taubert, Markus
A1 - Auer, Daniel
A1 - Hechtl, C. Maximilian
A1 - Dahlenburg, Maximilian
A1 - Esposito, Laura
A1 - Buswell, Richard
A1 - Kolawole, John
A1 - Isa, Muhammad Nura
A1 - Liu, Xingzi
A1 - Wang, Zhendi
A1 - Subramaniam, Kolluru
A1 - Bos, Freek
T1 - Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM 304-ADC interlaboratory study – compressive strength and modulus of elasticity
N2 - Traditional construction techniques, such as in-situ casting and pre-cast concrete methods, have well-established testing protocols for assessing compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, including specific procedures for sample preparation and curing. In contrast, 3D concrete printing currently lacks standardized testing protocols, potentially contributing to the inconsistent results reported in previous studies. To address this issue, RILEM TC 304-ADC initiated a comprehensive interlaboratory study on the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. This study involves 30 laboratories worldwide, contributing 34 sets of data, with some laboratories testing more than one mix design. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were determined under three distinct conditions: Default, where each laboratory printed according to their standard procedure followed by water bath curing; Deviation 1, which involved creating a cold joint by increasing the time interval between printing layers; and Deviation 2, where the standard printing process was used, but the specimens were cured under conditions different from water bath. Some tests were conducted at two different scales based on specimen size—“mortar-scale” and “concrete-scale”—to investigate the size effect on compressive strength. Since the mix design remained identical for both scales, the only variable was the specimen size. This paper reports on the findings from the interlaboratory study, followed by a detailed investigation into the influencing parameters such as extraction location, cold joints, number of interlayers, and curing conditions on the mechanical properties of the printed concrete. As this study includes results from laboratories worldwide, its contribution to the development of relevant standardized testing protocols is critical.
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Digital fabrication
KW - Hardened concrete
KW - Compressive strength
KW - Young's modulus
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634672
DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02688-9
SN - 1871-6873
VL - 58
IS - 5
SP - 1
EP - 30
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-63467
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nikitin, D.
A1 - Biliak, K.
A1 - Protsak, M.
A1 - Adejube, B.
A1 - Ali-Ogly, S.
A1 - Škorvanková, K.
A1 - Červenková, V.
A1 - Katuta, R.
A1 - Tosco, M.
A1 - Hanuš, J.
A1 - Černochová, Z.
A1 - Černoch, P.
A1 - Štěpánek, P.
A1 - Boiko, O.
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Faupel, F.
A1 - Biedermann, H.
A1 - Vahl, A.
A1 - Choukourov, A.
T1 - Unveiling the Fundamental Principles of Reconfigurable Resistance States in Silver/Poly(ethylene glycol) Nanofluids
N2 - Developing novel memristive systems aims to implement key principles of biological neuron assemblies – plasticity, adaptivity, and self-organization – into artificial devices for parallel, energy-efficient computing. Solid-state memristive devices, such as crossbar arrays and percolated nanoparticle (NP) networks, already demonstrate these properties. However, closer similarity to neural networks is expected from liquid-state systems, including polymer melts, which remain largely unexplored. Here, the resistive switching in silver/poly(ethylene glycol) (Ag/PEG) nanofluids, prepared by depositing gas-aggregated Ag NPs into PEGs of varying molecular mass, is investigated.
These systems form long-range conductive NP bridges with reconfigurable resistance states in response to an electric field. The zeta-potential of Ag NPs and molecular mobility of PEG determine the prevalence of low resistance (ohmic) state, high resistance states (poor conductance) or intermediate transition states governed by space-charge-limited conduction or electron tunneling. The occurrence of these states is given by the interparticle gaps, which are determined by the conformation of PEG molecules adsorbed on the NPs. It is presented, for the first time, an equivalent circuit model for the Ag/PEG system. These findings pave the way to adopt polymer melts as matrices for neuromorphic engineering and bio-inspired electronics.
KW - Nanofluids
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-635351
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202505103
VL - 12
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-63535
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Mustapha, Samir
A1 - Yilmaz, Bengisu
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Guided Waves in Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels and Considerations for Sensor Placement Toward Structural Health Monitoring—An Experimental Study
N2 - The utilization of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) to store hydrogen, especially at high pressures, is gaining more popularity due to their lightweight design and high storage density, offering significant economic advantages. However, the presence of material defects or fatigue can lead to critical failures, requiring an innovative and robust approach to ensure safe operation and system integrity. Developing a continuous structural health monitoring (SHM) system for COPVs can provide comprehensive realtime information about their condition, facilitating a shift away from periodic inspections.
This study scrutinizes the behavior of guided waves (GWs) within COPVs to design a sensor ,network for damage detection and localization. First, the dispersive and multimodal propagation behavior of GWs is experimentally investigated. Subsequently, important parameters for the network design are derived and finally a sensor network consisting of 15 piezoelectric transducers is designed to cover the entire cylindrical area. The effectiveness is then evaluated experimentally by placing artificial defects on the surface of the COPV. The multi-layered dataset of GW signals was analyzed using both commonly used ultrasonic features (e.g., amplitude, frequency, time of flight) as well as statistical features (kurtosis, skewness, variance, etc.). These features were utilized to compute a damage index, and the effectiveness of the detection performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. It can be seen that some features are more sensitive and robust under varying experimental conditions. The results show that ultrasonic GW SHM system is a promising solution for damage detection and localization in COPVs.
KW - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
KW - Guided Waves
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Sensors Placement
KW - Damage Detection
KW - Damage Localization
KW - Elastic Wave
KW - Testing Methodologies
KW - Ultrasonics
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625239
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4067667
SN - 2572-3898
VL - 8
IS - 3
SP - 031007-1
EP - 031007-13
PB - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
CY - New York, USA
AN - OPUS4-62523
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schlögl, Johanna
A1 - Krappe, Alexander R.
A1 - Fürstenwerth, Paul C.
A1 - Brosius, Amelie L.
A1 - Fasting, Carlo
A1 - Hoffmann, Kurt F.
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
A1 - Eigler, Siegfried
A1 - Steinhauer, Simon
A1 - Riedel, Sebastian
T1 - Luminescent Perhalofluoro Trityl Radicals
N2 - In this proof-of-concept study, we show that polyfluorinated trityl radicals with the, to this date, highest fluorination grade can be accessed in quantitative yields in a straightforward manner starting from the perfluorinated trityl cation. The trityl skeleton is functionalized with trimethylsilyl halides to yield perhalofluoro trityl cations, which are subsequently reduced using commercial zinc powder. In this way, we prepare three perhalofluoro trityl radicals and analyze the impact of the fluorine ligands on their electro-optical properties, revealing some interesting trends. In comparison to literature-known polychlorinated trityl radicals, the new polyfluorinated derivatives exhibit substantially higher fluorescence quantum yields, longer luminescence lifetimes, and an expanded emission range that extends into the yellow spectral region. They further display enhanced photostability under light irradiation. In radical-stained polystyrene nanoparticles, an additional broad emission band in the red−NIR wavelength region is observed, which is attributed to excimer formation. Finally, the stability of the new radicals is investigated under ambient conditions, showing the slow conversion with atmospheric oxygen yielding the respective peroxides, which are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All in all, our study extends the present scope of luminescent trityl radicals, as the functionalization of the perfluorinated cationic precursor unlocks the path toward a vast variety of polyfluorinated trityl radicals.
KW - Dye
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Radical
KW - Synthesis
KW - Mechanism
KW - Signal enhancement
KW - Nano
KW - Particle
KW - Characterization
KW - Quantum yield
KW - Photophysics
KW - Lifetime
KW - Polarity
KW - Polymer
KW - Solvatchromism
KW - Excimer
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647973
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c16418
SN - 0002-7863
VL - 147
IS - 46
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-64797
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Riedel, Juliane
A1 - Lisec, Jan
A1 - Mauch, Tatjana
A1 - Richter, Silke
A1 - Koch, Matthias
T1 - Development of a certified reference material for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in textiles
N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of emerging organic pollutants that contaminate the environment, food, and consumer products. Textiles and other outdoor products are a major source of PFAS exposure due to their water-repellent impregnations. Determination of PFASs in textiles is increasingly important for enhancing their contribution to the circular economy. While maximum levels and restrictions exist for certain key compounds under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the REACH regulation, certified reference materials (CRMs) are not currently available. To address this issue, the first CRM for determining PFASs in outdoor textiles (BAM-B003) was developed. It fully complies with the requirements of ISO 17034 and ISO 33405. This work presents the entire process of CRM development process, including preparation, a homogeneity study, a stability study, and value assignment. Certification was based on an in-house study at BAM using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA). The certified mass fractions of 18 PFASs range widely from 0.46 to 69 µg/kg, with a prevalence of PFOA (69 µg/kg), PFOS (41 µg/kg) and PFHxA (35 µg/kg) exceeding legal limits. BAM-B003 is intended for analytical quality control and contributes to improving the chemical safety of textiles and strengthening the circular economy.
KW - Reference Material
KW - PFAS
KW - Textiles
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641040
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-06098-2
SN - 1618-2642
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-64104
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Osiopova, Viktoriia
A1 - Tavernaro, Isabella
A1 - Ge, L.
A1 - Kitzmann, W. R.
A1 - Heinze, K.
A1 - Reithofer, M. R.
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
T1 - Complete protection of NIR-luminescent molecular rubies from oxygen quenching in air by L-arginine-mediated silica nanoparticles
N2 - The application of emerging luminophores such as near-infrared (NIR) emissive complexes based on earth-abundant chromium as central ion and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) systems in air as optical reporters for bioimaging or photonic materials for energy conversion requires simple and efficient strategies for their complete protection from uminescence quenching by oxygen. Therefore, we explored the influence of sol–gel synthesis routes on the oxygen protection efficiency of the resulting core and core/shell silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), utilizing the molecular ruby-type luminophores CrPF6 ([Cr(ddpd)2](PF6)3; ddpd = N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridin-2-ylpyridin-2,6-diamine) and CrBF4 ([Cr(ddpd)2](BF4)3) with their oxygendependent, but polarity-, proticity-, viscosity-, and concentration-independent luminescence as optical probes for oxygen permeability. The sol–gel chemistry routes we assessed include the classical Stöber method and the underexplored Larginine approach, which relies on the controlled hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in a biphasic cyclohexane/water system with the catalyst L-arginine. As demonstrated by luminescence measurements of air- and argon-saturated dispersions of CrPF6- and CrBF4-stained SiO2 NPs of different size and particle architecture, utilizing the luminescence decay kinetics of argon-saturated solutions of CrPF6 and CrBF4 in acetonitrile (ACN) as benchmarks, only SiO2 NPs or shells synthesized by the L-arginine approach provided complete oxygen protection of the CrIII complexes under ambient conditions. We ascribe the different oxygen shielding efficiencies of the silica networks explored to differences in density and surface chemistry of the resulting nanomaterials and coatings, leading to different oxygen permeabilities. Our Larginine based silica encapsulation strategy can open the door for the efficient usage of oxygen-sensitive luminophores and TTA-UC systems as optical reporters and spectral shifters in air in the future.
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Quantification
KW - Advanced materials
KW - Nano
KW - Quantum yield
KW - NIR
KW - Characterization
KW - Electron microscopy
KW - Silica
KW - Synthesis
KW - Oxygen sensing
KW - Surface
KW - Doping
KW - Lifetime
KW - Cr(III) complex
KW - Shielding
KW - Sensing
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638271
DO - https://doi.org/10.26599/NR.2025.94907241
SN - 1998-0000
VL - 18
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - SciOpen
AN - OPUS4-63827
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Soyka, J. P.
A1 - Witte, J. F.
A1 - Wiesner, A.
A1 - Krappe, A. R.
A1 - Wehner, D.
A1 - Alnicola, N.
A1 - Paulus, B.
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
A1 - Eigler, S.
T1 - [3]Radialene Fluorophores with pH-Switchable Emission and Stable Absorption Maxima
N2 - The first push–pull quino [3]radialene fluorescent dye is reported. Herein, the novel bis(dicyanomethylene)-[3]radialene electron acceptor is connected to a benzimidazole donor. With protonation, a substantial redshift of fluorescence wavelength is observed, while the absorption maximum remains stable. This process is accompanied with an increased fluorescence quantum yield to about 70%. Further, the findings are explained by a combined experimental and theoretical approach, and it is found that vibronic coupling plays a crucial role. This study highlights the yet unexplored potential of [3]radialene-based motifs for the design of environment-responsive fluorophores.
KW - DADQ
KW - Nanographene
KW - fluorescence
KW - Nano
KW - Particle
KW - Synthesis
KW - Characterization
KW - Advanced material
KW - Quantum yield
KW - Photophysic
KW - pH
KW - Probe
KW - Sensor
KW - Lifetime
KW - Polarity
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642147
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.202500669
SN - 1099-0690
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-64214
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hartmann, Yannic
A1 - El Abbassi, Abdelouahad
A1 - Mayer, Bernhard
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
A1 - Müller, Thomas J. J.
T1 - Ester‐Aroyl‐S,N‐Ketene Acetals with Solid‐State Luminescence: AIEgens from Sequential Three‐Component Desymmetrization
N2 - AbstractDi(hetero)aroyl dichlorides are desymmetrized upon sequential reaction with alcohols and 2‐methyl N‐benzyl thiazolium salts within the course of a one‐pot three‐component reaction yielding ester‐substituted aroyl‐S,N‐ketene acetals under mild conditions in good yields. A prerequisite for the concise one‐pot process is the different nucleophilicity of the alcohols and in situ generated S,N‐ketene acetals. The resulting compounds are merocyanines with dominant charge‐transfer absorption bands which are fluorescent in the solid state, but not in solution. In water/ethanol solvent mixtures of increasing water content, the water‐insoluble dyes display typical aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. The water fraction inducing AIE as well as the emission color, and fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) of the aggregated dyes can be controlled by the alcohol part of the ester moiety. Encapsulation into polystyrene nanoparticles can lead to a considerable increase of the fluorescence quantum yield Φf to 30% as shown for a representatively chosen dye revealing the highest Φf of 11% within the dye series in the water/ethanol mixtures and enabling the usage of these dyes as fluorescent reporters in aqueous environments.
KW - Dye
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Aggregation
KW - Mechanism
KW - Signal enhancement
KW - Nano
KW - Particle
KW - Characterization
KW - Quantum yield
KW - Photophysics
KW - Probe
KW - Sensor
KW - Lifetime
KW - Polarity
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642400
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202502071
SN - 0947-6539
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-64240
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nowatzky, Yannek
A1 - Russo, Francesco Friedrich
A1 - Lisec, Jan
A1 - Kister, Alexander
A1 - Reinert, Knut
A1 - Muth, Thilo
A1 - Benner, Philipp
T1 - FIORA: Local neighborhood-based prediction of compound mass spectra from single fragmentation events
N2 - Non-targeted metabolomics holds great promise for advancing precision medicine and biomarker discovery. However, identifying compounds from tandem mass spectra remains a challenging task due to the incomplete nature of spectral reference libraries. Augmenting these libraries with simulated mass spectra can provide the necessary references to resolve unmatched spectra, but generating high-quality data is difficult. In this study, we present FIORA, an open-source graph neural network designed to simulate tandem mass spectra. Our main contribution lies in utilizing the molecular neighborhood of bonds to learn breaking patterns and derive fragment ion probabilities. FIORA not only surpasses state-of-the-art fragmentation algorithms, ICEBERG and CFM-ID, in prediction quality, but also facilitates the prediction of additional features, such as retention time and collision cross section. Utilizing GPU acceleration, FIORA enables rapid validation of putative compound annotations and large-scale expansion of spectral reference libraries with high-quality predictions.
KW - Metabolomics
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Mass spectrometry
KW - Bioinformatics
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627585
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57422-4
SN - 2041-1723
VL - 16
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-62758
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - López-Puertollano, Daniel
A1 - Duncan, Hadyn
A1 - Abad-Somovilla, Antonio
A1 - Abad-Fuentes, Antonio
A1 - Rurack, Knut
T1 - Competitive cytometry-based immunoassay for patulin determination in apple juice
N2 - Patulin is a mycotoxin that is frequently found in apples and apple-derived products. Given the potential harm it can cause to humans, maximum levels for patulin in food have been set worldwide. Conventional methods for the detection of patulin are often time-consuming or lack sensitivity. In this study, a novel cytometry approach based on specific monoclonal antibodies is presented. These high-affinity binders do not target patulin itself, but a stable derivative (adduct) that is rapidly obtained in an aqueous medium at room temperature. To develop the assay, a specific fluorescent competitor was designed and synthesized. After optimizing the assay conditions, including the concentration of the fluorescent competitor and of the antibody bound to polystyrene-silica core–shell microparticles, a detection limit of 0.03 μg L-1 in buffer was achieved. Finally, validation according to Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/2782 demonstrated that apple juice samples spiked with patulin at 25 or 50 μg L-1 (permissible limits set by the EU) were properly scored as non-compliant without any additional treatment other than a simple dilution step in buffer. The developed assay offers several key advantages, including rapid analysis, high sensitivity and specificity, and the potential for multiplexing, making it a promising analytical tool for routine monitoring of patulin contamination in food.
KW - Bead-based assay
KW - Cytometry
KW - Derivatization
KW - Mycotoxin
KW - Patulin
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627659
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2025.113287
SN - 1095-9149
VL - 212
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-62765
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria
A1 - Mohring, Wencke
A1 - Schneider, Mike
A1 - Laplanche, Guillaume
A1 - Hagen, Sebastian Peter
A1 - Stephan‐Scherb, Christiane
T1 - High‐Temperature Oxidation of the CrFeNi Medium‐Entropy Alloy
N2 - The isothermal high‐temperature oxidation behavior of the equiatomic CrFeNi medium‐entropy alloy is a key issue that determines whether this material is suited for high‐temperature application. In this view, the understanding of the long‐term behavior is even more crucial than short‐term corrosion effects. Herein, a single‐phase CrFeNi alloy of the face‐centered‐cubic structure is exposed to synthetic air at 1000, 1050, and 1100 °C for 24, 100, and 1000 h and its oxidation behavior is systematically compared to that of 316L steel, which shows a surprising initial oxidation stabilization during early stages. The oxidation rate of CrFeNi is parabolic at 1000 °C (with a parabolic constant kp = 1.4·10−5 mg−2 cm−4 s−1) and 1050 °C (kp = 2.7·10−5 mg−2 cm−4 s−1), but breakaway oxidation occurs at 1100 °C after 4 h of exposure. In all cases, the oxide scales are found to (at least) partially spall off. Chromium diffuses outward to form a Cr2O3 layer at the gas/oxide interface, and a thin layer of (Cr, Fe, Ni)3O4 is identified at the oxide/alloy interface. Unlike the 316L alloy, which contains more Mn and Fe, the CrFeNi alloy does not show any catastrophic oxidation behavior at the investigated conditions.
KW - Corrosion
KW - Medium-entropy alloy
KW - Scanning electron microscopy
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-636672
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202500400
SN - 1438-1656
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-63667
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - López-Puertollano, Daniel
A1 - Tobias, Charlie
A1 - Bell, Jérémy
A1 - Abad-Somovilla, A.
A1 - Abad-Fuentes, A.
A1 - Rurack, Knut
T1 - Superparamagnetic Bead-Based Microfluidic Fluoroimmunoassay Platform for Rapid Ochratoxin A Detection in Flour
N2 - Simplification and reduction of time and costs are the primary goals in the development and use of onsite methods in diagnostics and food safety. To facilitate the transition from laboratory techniques to simple, miniaturized devices, we have developed a modular microfluidic platform. This platform integrates a competitive fluorescence immunoassay on the surface of superparamagnetic beads, serving as a complementary technique to traditional cytometry assays. In the first chip module, a fast competitive reaction (5 min) occurs, after which the particles are retained in the second module. This module consists of a PDMS chip and a permanent magnet, allowing only the fluorescent competitor to reach the detection module. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was chosen as the model analyte for device development, using fluorescein-labeled OTA as a competitor. The system efficiently separates particles, with OTA concentration directly correlated to the amount of fluorescent competitor remaining in solution after the competitive reaction. This innovative setup allows to perform rapid measurements with small sample volumes in a short time (10 min), achieving a limit of detection for OTA of 1.2 μg L–1. The system was successfully applied to the accurate determination of OTA in wheat flour spiked at regulatorily relevant concentrations. Using this device, conventional cytometry immunoassays can be seamlessly transformed into user-friendly, miniaturized analytical methods at reduced cost for applications outside of a laboratory directly at the point of need.
KW - Bead-based assay
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Immunoassay
KW - Microfluidics
KW - mycotoxins
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638472
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c01119
SN - 2379-3694
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - American Chemical Society
CY - Washington, D.C.
AN - OPUS4-63847
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Serrano-Munoz, Itziar
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Thompsom, Sean
A1 - Schneider, Judy
T1 - On the transferability of post-processing heat treatments designed for PBF-LB IN718 alloys to directed energy deposition specimens
N2 - Many processes are being developed for metal additive manufacturing (AM) which vary by their heat source and feedstock. The use of directed energy deposition (DED) is growing due to its ability to build larger structures outside of a contained powder bed chamber. However, the only standard exclusively for post-build heat treatment of AM IN718 is ASTM standard F3055-14a, developed for powder bed fusion (PBF). This study evaluates the applicability of this current heat treatment standard to AM IN718 specimens produced using two methods of DED: laser-blown powder (LP)-DED and arc-wire (AW)-DED. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize the specimens in the as-built condition and after the full heat treatment (FHT) specified in F3055. No evidence of remaining Laves phase was observed in the two DED specimens after the FHT. Yield strengths for the DED specimens were 1049 MPa for FHT AW-DED and 1096 MPa for LP-DED, higher than the minimum stated for PBF-LB IN718 of 920 MPa. The size, morphology, inter-spacing, and diffraction patterns of the γ´ and γ´´ strengthening precipitates are found to be similar for both DED processes. Differences were observed in the microstructure evolution where the F3055 heat treatments resulted in partial recrystallization of the grain structure, with a higher content of annealing twins observed in the AW-DED. These microstructural differences correlate with differences in the resulting elongation to failure. Thus, it is proposed that variations in heat treatments are needed for optimizing IN718 produced by different AM processes.
KW - Additive manufacturing variants
KW - Directed energy deposition (DED)
KW - Post-process heat treatments
KW - SEM-EBSD and TEM microscopy
KW - XRD phase analysis
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-628165
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-15386-1
SN - 1433-3015
VL - 137
IS - 7-8
SP - 3949
EP - 3965
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-62816
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weinel, Kristina
A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin
A1 - Lubk, Axel
A1 - González Martínez, Ignacio Guillermo
A1 - Büchner, Bernd
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
T1 - Nanoparticle Synthesis by Precursor Irradiation with Low-Energy Electrons
N2 - Nanoparticles (NPs) and their fabrication routes are intensely studied for their wide range of application in optics, chemistry, and medicine. Γ-ray and ion irradiation of precursor matter are established methods that facilitate tailored NP synthesis without complicated chemistry. Here, we develop and explore NP synthesis based on irradiating precursor microparticles with low-energy electron beams. We specifically demonstrate the fabrication of plasmonic gold nanoparticles of sizes between 3 and 350 nm on an amorphous SiOx substrate using a 30 kV electron beam. By detailed comparison with electron scattering simulations and thermodynamic modeling, we reveal the dominant role of inelastic electron–matter interaction and subsequent localized heating for the observed vaporization of the precursor gold microparticles. This general principle suggests the suitability of electron-beam irradiation for synthesizing NPs of a wide class of materials.
KW - Gold Nanoparticle
KW - Scanning Electron Microscopy
KW - In situ irradiation
KW - Thermodynamic modelling
KW - Heat Transfer
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627609
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.4c06033
SN - 2574-0970
VL - 8
IS - 10
SP - 4980
EP - 4988
PB - ACS Publications
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-62760
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Döring, Sarah
A1 - Konthur, Zoltán
A1 - Weller, Michael G.
A1 - Jaeger, Carsten
A1 - Reinders, Yvonne
T1 - Challenges and Insights in Absolute Quantification of Recombinant Therapeutic Antibodies by Mass Spectrometry: An Introductory Review
N2 - This review describes mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches for the absolute quantification of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), focusing on technical challenges in sample treatment and calibration. Therapeutic mAbs are crucial for treating cancer and inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. We trace their development from hybridoma technology and the first murine mAbs in 1975 to today’s chimeric and fully human mAbs. With increasing commercial relevance, the absolute quantification of mAbs, traceable to an international standard system of units (SI units), has attracted attention from science, industry, and national metrology institutes (NMIs). Quantification of proteotypic peptides after enzymatic digestion using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) has emerged as the most viable strategy, though methods targeting intact mAbs are still being explored. We review peptide-based quantification, focusing on critical experimental steps like denaturation, reduction, alkylation, choice of digestion enzyme, and selection of signature peptides. Challenges in amino acid analysis (AAA) for quantifying pure mAbs and peptide calibrators, along with software tools for targeted MS data analysis, are also discussed. Short explanations within each chapter provide newcomers with an overview of the field’s challenges. We conclude that, despite recent progress, further efforts are needed to overcome the many technical hurdles along the quantification workflow and discuss the prospects of developing standardized protocols and certified reference materials (CRMs) for this goal. We also suggest future applications of newer technologies for absolute mAb quantification.
KW - Monoclonal antibody
KW - Therapeutic antibodies
KW - Mass spectrometry
KW - Liquid chromatography
KW - Absolute quantification
KW - Metrology
KW - Traceability
KW - Certified reference material
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-623707
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/antib14010003
SN - 2073-4468
VL - 14
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 26
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Schweiz
AN - OPUS4-62370
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Feng, Wen
A1 - Schulz, Johannes
A1 - Wolf, Daniel
A1 - Pylypenko, Sergii
A1 - Gemming, Thomas
A1 - Weinel, Kristina
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Büchner, Bernd
A1 - Lubk, Axel
T1 - Secondary electron emission from gold microparticles in a transmission electron microscope: comparison of Monte Carlo simulations with experimental results
N2 - We measure the electron beam-induced current to analyze the electron-induced secondary electron (SE) emission from micron-sized gold particles illuminated by 80 and 300 keV electrons in a transmission electron microscope. A direct comparison of the experimental and simulated SE emission (SEE) employing Monte Carlo scattering simulations based on the GEANT4 toolkit yields overall good agreement with a noticeable discrepancy arising from the shortcoming of the GEANT4 scattering cross sections in the low-loss regime. Thus, the electron beam-induced current analysis allows to quantify the inelastic scattering including SEE in the transmission electron microscope and provides further insight into the charging mechanisms.
KW - Electron beam-induced current
KW - Transmission electron microscopy
KW - Secondary electron emission
KW - Secondary electron yield
KW - Gold micronoparticle
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622557
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad9840
VL - 58
IS - 8
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - IOP Publishing
CY - Bristol, GB
AN - OPUS4-62255
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Paulisch-Rinke, M. C.
A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Vogel, F.
A1 - Reimers, W.
T1 - Influence of chemical composition on microstructure and mechanical properties in the extruded aluminum alloys 7021B and 7175
N2 - The aim of this study is to improve the mechanical properties of Al 7xxx series alloys by achieving the strengthening benefits typically provided by Cu while avoiding the formation of low-melting eutectic phases associated with excessive Cu content. This is accomplished through a tailored combination of alloying elements and optimized thermomechanical treatments.
Alloys 7021B (high Zn content) and 7175 (high Cu and Mg content) are analyzed and optimized threefold in this study: the heat treatment, the microstructural evolution and the mechanical properties are investigated by several methods and compared with the aim of improving the process parameters for subsequent application.
The peak-aging process is optimized via compression tests to overcome the strength-ductility trade-off. Microstructure and phase chemistry analyses by transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography enable a better understanding of the underlying morphological features such as the spatial distribution, and the chemical composition of the hardening phases. The mechanical properties of the peak-aged alloys are determined by compression and tensile tests. Both alloys exhibit very high strength – even by 7xxx series standards. It can be traced back to the dislocation movement: it is impeded both by homogeneously distributed cuttable Guinier–Preston zones in both alloys and by non-cuttable η’ precipitates.
As a result, we demonstrate that alloy 7021B offers novel possibilities for processing and industrial application: high strength, typically associated with Cu containing alloys, can also be obtained in Cu free alloys, if the Zn content is sufficiently high. We can thus suggest new opportunities for processing and industrial applications by reducing the risk of forming low-melting eutectic phases.
KW - Aluminium alloys
KW - Transmission electron microscopy
KW - Atom probe tomography
KW - Extrusion
KW - Mechanical properties
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640338
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114649
SN - 0264-1275
VL - 258
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64033
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Müller-Elmau, Johanna
A1 - Göbel, Artur
A1 - Junge, Paul
A1 - Müller, Julian
A1 - Rousseau, Tom
A1 - Görke, Oliver
A1 - Nikasch, Christian
A1 - Kiliani, Stefan
T1 - Thermal cycling of YAG infiltration and plasma sprayed coatings as environmental barrier coating on ceramic heat shields for use in hydrogen operating gas turbines
N2 - Environmental barrier coatings (EBC) are intended to protect alumina ceramic tiles in hot water vapor conditions, enabling gas turbines to operate with higher hydrogen content or even pure hydrogen. For these operating conditions, yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) promises the highest protection against hydrolysis, which can be applied via atmospheric plasmaspraying (APS). To enhance the protection efficiency, the coating is combined with a prior infiltration of the base material. The obtained design acts as in-depth protection even if the coating exhibits cracks.
KW - Thermal shock
KW - Thermal cycles
KW - Environmental barrier coating (EBC)
KW - Water vapor corrosion
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639829
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100837
VL - 23
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-63982
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise
A1 - Tavernaro, Isabella
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
A1 - Johnston, L. J.
A1 - Zou, S.
T1 - Nanoscale reference and test materials for the validation of characterization methods for engineered nanomaterials — current state, limitations, and needs
N2 - The rational design of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) with improved functionality and their increasing industrial application requires reliable, validated, and ultimately standardized characterization methods for their application-relevant, physicochemical key properties such as size, size distribution, shape, or surface chemistry. This calls for nanoscale (certified)
reference materials (CRMs; RMs) and well-characterized reference test materials (RTMs) termed also quality control (QC) samples, assessed, e.g., in interlaboratory comparisons, for the validation and standardization of commonly used characterization methods. Thereby, increasing concerns regarding potential risks of NMs are also addressed and the road for safe and
sustainable-by-design concepts for the development of new functional NMs and their use as nanomedicines is paved. With this respect, we will provide an overview of relevant international standardization and regulatory activities, definitions, and recommendations on characterization methods and review currently available organic or inorganic nanoscale CRMs, RMs, and RTMs, including their characterization or certification. In addition, we will highlight typical applications to streamline the regulatory approval process and improve manufacturability including the special challenges imposed by the colloidal nature and sometimes limited stability of NMs. Subsequently, we will critically assess the limitations of currently available nanoscale RMs and RTMs and address the gaps to be filled in the future such as the availability of NMs that come with reference data on properties other than commonly addressed particle size, such as surface chemistry or particle number concentration, or
more closely resemble commercially available formulations or address application-relevant matrices.
KW - Nano
KW - Particle
KW - Silica
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Reference material
KW - Review
KW - Surface chemistry
KW - Size
KW - Shape
KW - Particle number concentration
KW - Lipid nanoparticles
KW - Metal nanoparticles
KW - Liposomes
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625746
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05719-6
SN - 1618-2650
SP - 1
EP - 21
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-62574
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tavernaro, Isabella
A1 - Sander, P. C.
A1 - Andresen, Elina
A1 - Schedler, U.
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
T1 - Expanding the Toolbox of Simple, Cost-Efficient, and Automatable Methods for Quantifying Surface Functional Groups on Nanoparticles� Potentiometric Titration
N2 - Measuring surface functional groups (FGs) on nanomaterials (NMs) is essential for designing dispersible and stable NMs with tailored and predictable functionality. FG screening and quantification also plays a critical role for subsequent processing steps, NM long-term stability, quality control of NM production, and risk assessment studies and enables the implementation of sustainable and safe(r)-by-design concepts. This calls for simple and cost-efficient methods for broadly utilized FGs that can be ideally automated to speed up FG screening, monitoring, and quantification. To expand our NM surface analysis toolbox, focusing on simple methods and broadly available, cost-efficient instrumentation, we explored a NM-adapted pH titration method with potentiometric and optical readout for measuring the total number of (de)protonable FGs on representatively chosen commercial and custom-made aminated silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs). The accuracy and robustness of our stepwise optimized workflows was assessed by several operators in two laboratories and method validation was done by cross-comparison with two analytical methods relying on different signal generation principles. This included traceable, chemo-selective quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), providing the amounts of amino silanes released by particle dissolution and the total mass of the surface coatings. A comparison of the potentiometric titration results with the reporter-specific amounts of surface amino FGs determined with the previously automated fluorescamine (Fluram) assay highlights the importance of determining both quantities for surface-functionalized NMs. In the future, combined NM surface analysis with optical assays and pH titration will simplify quality control of NM production processes and stability studies and can yield large data sets for NM grouping that facilitates further developments in regulation and standardization.
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Nano
KW - Particle
KW - Synthesis
KW - Characterization
KW - Advanced material
KW - Surface
KW - Standardization
KW - Reference material
KW - Functional group
KW - Quantification
KW - Coating
KW - Automation
KW - Potentiometry
KW - Method
KW - Validation
KW - Optical assay
KW - Fluram
KW - Fluorescamine
KW - qNMR
KW - Comparison
KW - ILC
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642371
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.5c00062
SN - 2694-250X
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - American Chemical Society
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-64237
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herter, Sven-Oliver
A1 - Haase, Hajo
A1 - Koch, Matthias
T1 - Semisynthesis of Stable Isotope-Labeled Ergot Alkaloids for HPLC-MS/MS Analysis
N2 - Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are prevalent food contaminants affecting cereals, such as rye, wheat, and barley worldwide. To ensure EU safety standards, the six most common EAs: ergometrine, ergotamine, ergosine, ergocornine, ergocristine, and ergocryptine, and their epimers, are quantified using HPLC-MS/MS, as described in the European Standard Method EN 17425:2021. However, this can be challenging and time-consuming in food matrices without appropriate internal standards and highlights the need for more robust and precise analytical tools to support their monitoring. The development of isotope-labeled EAs directly addresses this gap, offering improved accuracy and leading to more consistency across laboratories and consequently to more consumer safety. Therefore, we developed a semisynthetic approach, building upon our previous work where native ergotamine was N6-demethylated to norergotamine and subsequently remethylated using iodomethane (13CD3-I). Herein, we are now able to present the successful synthesis of all of the isotopically labeled priority EAs. These isotope-labeled standards were tested against their native counterparts using HPLC coupled with HR-MS/MS. The chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties of the unlabeled and isotopically labeled EAs match exactly, confirming their successful synthesis and structure. These standards can now be utilized to enhance the accuracy and reliability of EA quantification in food and feed.
KW - Reference Material
KW - HPLC-MS/MS
KW - Mycotoxins
KW - Ergot Alkaloids
KW - Stable Isotope Dilution Analysis
KW - Semisynthesis
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639692
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c03345
SN - 0021-8561
VL - 73
IS - 29
SP - 18412
EP - 18419
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-63969
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stiegler, L. M. S.
A1 - Wegner, Karl David
A1 - Weigert, Florian
A1 - Peukert, W.
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
A1 - Walter, J.
T1 - Analysis of Giant-Shell CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots via Analytical Ultracentrifugation Combined with Spectrally Resolved Photoluminescence
N2 - Knowledge of the structure–property relationships of functional nanomaterials, including, for example, their size- and composition-dependent photoluminescence (PL) and particle-to-particle variations, is crucial for their design and reproducibility. Herein, the Angstrom-resolution capability of an analytical ultracentrifuge combined with an in-line multiwavelength emission detection system (MWE-AUC) for measuring the sedimentation coefficient-resolved spectrally corrected PL spectra of dispersed nanoparticles is demonstrated. The capabilities of this technique are shown for giant-shell CdSe/CdS quantum dots (g-QDs) with a PL quantum yield (PL QY) close to unity capped with oleic acid and oleylamine ligands. The MWE-AUC PL measurements are calibrated and validated with certified fluorescence standards. The spectrally corrected and size-dependent PL spectra of the g-QDs derived from a single MWE-AUC experiment are then analyzed and compared with the results of single-particle spectroscopic studies, yielding the PL spectra, decay kinetics, and blinking behavior of individual g-QDs. This study underlines the vast potential of MWE-AUC with in-line optical detection for the characterization of advanced nanomaterials with a complex structure.
KW - Quantum dots
KW - Analytical ultracentrifugation
KW - Photoluminescence
KW - Advanced nanomaterial characterization
KW - Calibrated fluorescence measurements
KW - Reference materials
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624357
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401700
SN - 2366-9608
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-62435
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Richter, Maria
A1 - Güttler, Arne
A1 - Pauli, Jutta
A1 - Vogel, K.
A1 - Homann, Christian
A1 - Würth, Christian
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
T1 - Extending certified spectral fluorescence standards for the calibration and performance validation of fluorescence instruments to the NIR—closing the gap from 750 to 940 nm with two novel NIR dyes
N2 - Fluorescence techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, microfluorometry, and fluorescence microscopy, providing spectral, intensity, polarization, and lifetime information, are amongst the most broadly utilized analytical methods in the life and materials sciences. However, the measured fluorescence data contain sample- and instrument-specific contributions, which hamper their comparability across instruments and laboratories. Comparable, instrument-independent fluorescence data require the determination of the fluorescence instrument’s wavelength-dependent spectral responsivity, also termed emission correction curve, for the same instrument settings as those used for the fluorescence measurements as a prerequisite for the subsequent correction of the measured instrument-specific data. Such a spectral correction is essential for the performance comparison of different fluorescent labels and reporters, quantitative fluorescence measurements, the determination of the fluorescence quantum yield, and the spectroscopic measure for the fluorescence efficiency of a fluorophore. Simple-to-use tools for obtaining emission correction curves are chromophore-based reference materials (RMs), referred to as fluorescence standards, with precisely known, preferably certified instrument-independent fluorescence spectra. However, for the increasingly used near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region >700 nm, at present, no spectral fluorescence standards are available. To close this gap, we developed two novel spectral fluorescence standards, BAM F007 and BAM-F009, with broad emission bands from about 580 to 940 nm in ethanolic solution. These liquid fluorescence standards currently under certification, which will be released in 2025, will expand the wavelength range of the already available certified Calibration Kit BAM F001b-F005b from about 300–730 to 940 nm. In this research article, we will detail the criteria utilized for dye and matrix selection and the homogeneity and stability tests accompanying dye certification as well as the calculation of the wavelength-dependent uncertainty budgets of the emission spectra BAM F007 and BAM-F009, determined with the traceably calibrated BAM reference spectrofluorometer. These fluorescence standards can provide the basis for comparable fluorescence measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, and NIR for the fluorescence community.
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Reference material
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Dye
KW - Traceability
KW - Metrology
KW - Calibration
KW - Reference data
KW - Reference product
KW - Digital certificate
KW - NIR
KW - Instrument performance validation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626317
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05723-w
SN - 1618-2650
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-62631
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krappe, Alexander R.
A1 - Mayer, Jacob C.
A1 - Zhang, Wuai
A1 - Filla, Lina M.
A1 - Ligorio, Giovanni
A1 - Hermerschmidt, Felix
A1 - Eitelhuber, Larissa S.
A1 - Güttler, Arne
A1 - Weber, Manuela
A1 - Paulus, Beate
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
A1 - List-Kratochvil, Emil J.W.
A1 - Eigler, Siegfried
T1 - Highly Emissive Hexa-peri-benzocoronene-fluoranthene Hybrid as Easily Processable and Stable OLED Material
N2 - We report the synthesis of a fluorescent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dye with a “symmetry-broken” core, derived from the related hexa-peri-benzocoronene (HBC) core with fluoranthene subunit. The fluorophore is composed of a pure Carbon skeleton without heteroatoms and exhibits remarkable photo luminescence properties with a photoluminescence Quantum yield (PLQY) of up to 67% in toluene, exceeding that of theparent HBC by a factor of 30. The single crystal X-ray structure reveals the distorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure, which is responsible for the optoelectronic properties, as supported by density functional theory calculations. We show that the new fluorescent dye can be readily used for the fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) without extensive optimization, whereby solubility in a variety of solvents and successful film formation are decisive.
KW - Quantum Yield
KW - OLED
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Synthesis
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631298
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202500742
SN - 1521-3765
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - John Wiley & Sons, Inc
AN - OPUS4-63129
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Frenzel, F.
A1 - Fiedler, S.
A1 - Bardan, A.
A1 - Güttler, Arne
A1 - Würth, Christian
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
T1 - Influence of Measurement Geometry and Blank on Absolute Measurements of Photoluminescence Quantum Yields of Scattering Luminescent Films
N2 - For a series of 500 μm-thick polyurethane films containing different concentrations of luminescent and scattering YAG:Ce microparticles, we systematically explored and quantified pitfalls of absolute measurements of photoluminescence quantum yields (Φf) for often employed integrating sphere (IS) geometries, where the sample is placed either on a sample holder at the bottom of the IS surface or mounted in the IS center. Thereby, the influence of detection and illumination geometry and sample position was examined using blanks with various scattering properties for measuring the number of photons absorbed by the sample. Our results reveal that (i) setup configurations where the scattering sample is mounted in the IS center and (ii) transparent blanks can introduce systematic errors in absolute Φf measurements.
For strongly scattering, luminescent samples, this can result in either an under- or overestimation of the absorbed photon flux and hence an under- or overestimation of Φf. The size of these uncertainties depends on the scattering properties of the sample and instrument parameters, such as sample position, IS size, wavelength-dependent reflectivity of the IS surface coating, and port configuration. For accurate and reliable absolute Φf measurements, we recommend (i) a blank with scattering properties closely matching those of the sample to realize similar distributions of the diffusely scattered excitation photons within the IS, and (ii) a sufficiently high sample absorption at the excitation wavelength. For IS setups with center-mounted samples, measurement geometries should be utilized that prevent the loss of excitation photons by reflections from the sample out of the IS.
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Nano
KW - Particle
KW - Quantum yield
KW - Characterization
KW - Silica
KW - Scattering
KW - Uncertainty
KW - Film
KW - Pphosphor
KW - YAG:Ce
KW - LED
KW - Converter material
KW - Solid material
KW - Polymer
KW - Composite material
KW - Advanced material
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638304
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c06726
SN - 1520-6882
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-63830
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tavernaro, Isabella
A1 - Simon, Fabian
A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart
A1 - Tobias, Charlie
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
A1 - Meermann, Björn
T1 - Quantification of the amount of surface groups of aminated silica nano- and microparticles utilizing a fluorine tag and HR-CS-GFMAS
N2 - The performance, bioavailability, and safe use of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) depends not only on properties such as size, shape, and surface area, but largely on surface chemistry. While many sizing methods have been established, there is still a lack of validated screening methods for determining NM surface functional groups (FGs). In this context, we present a fast and simple method for FG quantification using high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) and assess its applicability for the surface analysis of representatively chosen aminated silica nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) in conjunction with amino FG labeling with a fluorine tag. For this proof-of-concept study, first surface amino FG screening of the silica NPs and MPs was done with a potentiometric back titration method, providing the total amount of protonatable surface FGs, and two optical assays relying on reporter dyes with sizes and spatial requirements, i.e., surface binding areas smaller or larger than that of the fluorine tag to estimate the maximum and reporter-accessible number of amino FGs. Subsequently, the surface amino FGs were labeled with the fluorine tag 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (TFMB) and the amount of fluorine originating from the bound TFMB molecules was quantified by HR-CS-GFMAS in two common organic solvents, i.e., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or ethanol (EtOH) to assess possible interferences from organic matrices. Our study revealed limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for fluorine of 1.0 µg/L and 3.5 µg/L in EtOH and 1.5 µg/L and 5.0 µg/L in DMSO, respectively. Overall, a quick and simple method for analyzing surface FGs on NPs and MPs was presented utilizing broadly available fluorine tags and HR-CS-GFMAS for fluorine quantification, which can be applied, e.g., for homogeneity, stability, and aging studies of surface-modified particles. This could contribute to ease the understanding of property-safety relationships for surface-functionalized NMs.
KW - Fluorine Analysis
KW - Nano- and microparticles
KW - Surface group quantification
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641965
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-06107-4
SN - 1618-2642
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-64196
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Li, Changchao
A1 - Jin, Ling N.
A1 - Bank, Michael S.
A1 - Fan, Chunlan
A1 - Gillings, Michael R.
A1 - Zhao, Tingting
A1 - Han, Yong
A1 - Chen, Tian
A1 - Gao, Meng
A1 - Zhu, Dong
A1 - Chen, Qinglin
A1 - Zhu, Guibing
A1 - Wang, Jie
A1 - Wang, Lei
A1 - Liu, Jian
A1 - Yuan, Xianzheng
A1 - Huang, Qishen
A1 - Wang, Xiaofei
A1 - Jahnke, Annika
A1 - Brahney, Janice
A1 - Allen, Steve
A1 - Arp, Hans Peter H.
A1 - Oberbeckmann, Sonja
A1 - Bergmann, Melanie
A1 - Pointing, Stephen B.
A1 - Zhang, Daizhou
A1 - Rillig, Matthias C.
T1 - Potential planetary health impacts of the airborne plastisphere
N2 - Microplastics are a ubiquitous yet long-overlooked component of airborne particulate matter. The surface of these plastic particles provides a unique niche for microorganisms, collectively known as the plastisphere. The plastisphere in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems harbors microbial communities with distinct compositions, structures, and functional profiles, posing potential planetary health risks. The characteristics, fate, and impacts of the microbiome associated with airborne microplastics, however, remain largely unknown. In this review, we fill the knowledge gaps by exploring how airborne microplastics serve as key habitats for microorganisms and the potential planetary health implications. We show that microplastics are expected to carry and sustain microorganisms over long distances and timescales in air, potentially dispersing pathogens, antibiotic-resistance genes, and other bioactive agents across ecosystems. These interactions may perturb ecological processes and biological health on a planetary scale. Interdisciplinary research and innovative methodologies are urgently required to better understand and mitigate the airborne plastisphere risks.
KW - Microplastics
KW - Microbiome
KW - Plastisphere
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645551
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101446
SN - 2590-3322
VL - 8
IS - 10
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-64555
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kittner, Maria
A1 - Coesfeld, Bianca
A1 - Schlau, Sven
A1 - Werischak, Thomas
A1 - Altmann, Korinna
A1 - Kalbe, Ute
T1 - Simultaneous sampling for microplastics and environmental contaminants from artificial turf: development of a new integrated microplastics eluate lysimeter
N2 - To get a better understanding of potentially harmful contaminant emissions from soils or materials into the environment, politics demand practical and holistic sampling concepts for environmental samples such as leachates containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or heavy metals, and hazardous particulate matter like microplastics (MP). Of particular concern are MP emissions from artificial turf sports pitches. So far, there has been only very limited data on MP mass emissions from artificial turf potentially posing a risk to the groundwater and no sampling device that allowed simultaneous sampling for dissolved and particulate contaminants. In this study, a novel integrative microplastics eluate lysimeter was developed to determine contaminant emissions from three artificial turf systems at different ageing states (fabric-new, artificially aged, real-time aged). For the accelerated ageing, all environmental simulation parameters were based on Central German conditions and simulated outdoor stress during the turf service lifespan of 15 years. MP masses from eluates were analysed using thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, PAH concentrations using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Results showed that no PAH or heavy metal concentrations from the seepage water were above German legal limits for alternative granular construction materials considering soil and groundwater protection. Furthermore, it was found that only minimal MP emissions were released from new turf systems into the seepage water (< 1 mg/m2). Ageing of the artificial turf increased MP formation, especially from rubber infill and grass fibres, which are then carried into the seepage water. The highest total MP emissions over a simulated turf lifespan of 15 years were detected in two real-time aged turf systems ranging from 136.4–252.5 mg/m2. Considerably less total MP emissions were detected in accelerated aged artificial turf systems, one of which contained a synthetic rubber infill (5.4–8.0 mg/m2) and one without rubber infill (0.2–5.3 mg/m2). In summary, it was demonstrated that the newly developed MEL generated reliable and reproducible data and has thus proven itself as an integrated, straightforward and automated sampling device for simultaneous monitoring of particulate and dissolved pollutant emissions from simple soil matrices.
KW - Lysimeter
KW - Microplastics
KW - Artificial turf
KW - Thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
KW - TED-GC/MS
KW - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
KW - PAH
KW - Heavy metals
KW - Soil samples
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645301
DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-025-01235-1
SN - 2190-4715
VL - 37
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer Open
AN - OPUS4-64530
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Huo, Wenjie
A1 - Schmies, Lennart
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
A1 - Wolter, Katinka
T1 - Prediction of mean strain from laser beam welding images and detection of defects via strain curves based on machine learning
N2 - With the advancement of machine learning, many predictions and measurements in visual tasks can be achieved by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Solidification hot cracking is a significant defect in laser beam welding, commonly encountered in practical applications. Existing theories indicate that the formation of cracks is closely related to strain accumulation near the solidification front. In this paper, we first leverage supervised Regression networks to design CNNs that achieve real-time average strain estimation for each frame in the collected welding videos. Two different architectures are proposed and compared: the first model stacks two frames at a set interval and feeds them into the network, while the second model extracts image features individually and predicts the results by calculating the correlation between them. Each network has its own advantages in Terms of computational efficiency and accuracy. Finally, we further train a multilayer perceptron (MLP) classification model that can detect the occurrence of cracks based on the predicted strain behaviors.
KW - Laser beam welding
KW - Mean strain prediction
KW - Solidification cracking detection Convolutional neural networks
KW - Convolutional neural networks
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-644495
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113975
SN - 0030-3992
VL - 192, Part F
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64449
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven
A1 - Herbrich, Uwe
A1 - Keller, Christian
A1 - Qiao, Linan
T1 - Re-evaluation of tensile and creep rupture data of metals using a modified Larson–Miller approach
N2 - More than 70 years ago, in 1952 Larson and Miller adapted an existing relationship whichevaluates the relative effects of time and temperature on creep rupture behavior of various alloys by using existing data and by constructing so-called master curves. Since that time, the formulated Larson–Miller relation, commonly known as Larson–Miller parameter, is a widely used time–temperature parameter for various applications, e.g. for rupture life, creep and relaxation analyses of metals and some other materials such as polymers, concrete and ceramics.Nevertheless, the physical meaning of this parameter as well as the determination of master curves are still the subject of major criticism.
In this work, both aspects are reviewed and analyzed with data originally considered in thepaper of Larson and Miller based on the following approach: (a) the parameter was modifiedregarding a reference time and a reference temperature according to the time–temperature superposition principle; (b) master curves were generated for five materials investigated originally by Larson and Miller, based on a stretched exponential function type.
It has been shown, that: (1) With normalized time and temperature, the Larson–Miller parameter corresponds to real logarithmic rupture time. (2) For the relationship between Creep rupture stress and the modified Larson–Miller parameter, the stretched exponential function is a good choice as a master function. (3) Corresponding model parameters have physical meaning and can be easily determined based on data from creep test data. The investigations provide a better understanding and applicability of Larson–Miller approach.
KW - Larson–Miller parameter
KW - Creep rupture time
KW - Time–temperature equivalence
KW - Stretched exponential function
KW - Extrapolation of short-term data
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-644486
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111582
SN - 0013-7944
VL - 329
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64448
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Batteas, James
A1 - Blank, Kerstin G.
A1 - Colacino, Evelina
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Friščić, Tomislav
A1 - Mack, James
A1 - Moore, Jeffrey
A1 - Rivas, Maria Elena
A1 - Tysoe, Wilfred
T1 - Moving mechanochemistry forward
N2 - Arguably mechanochemistry is one of the oldest, and at the same time one of the newest, areas of chemistry. One of the oldest, because it has been theorized that early hominids were able to develop rapidly due to their ability to heat and mechanically process their food to make it easier to digest. Old, because the ancient Greeks knew that mechanically activating stones (consisting of cinnabar) with vinegar in a copper pestle and mortar caused them to convert into mercury. We might be forgiven for thinking that this could have led our alchemical forbears to wonder if there were other stones that might also be persuaded to convert into gold. Early chemical luminaries such as Michael Faraday and Wilhelm Röntgen dabbled in mechanochemistry. However, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the field developed separately in many areas. Perhaps most significantly, synthetic chemists realized that reactions could be carried out with surprisingly high yields and selectivities by shaking them in a ball mill, and that they could even make novel compounds that their colleagues just using heat were not able to. Physicists were mechanically rearranging atoms into new configurations (i.e., doing chemistry) using exotic means such as atomic force microscope tips and optical tweezers. Scientists and engineers studying the formation of lubricious and anti-wear films realized that they were mechanochemically formed. Biochemists found molecular motor proteins, such as myosin and kinesin, that were able to convert chemical energy into motion or, vice versa, mechanical energy into the biochemical energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate. In 2023, this confluence of advances convinced the Royal Society of Chemistry that the time was ripe to establish a new journal dedicated to the field of mechanochemistry. It is rare that a journal has the privilege of helping to create a new sub-branch of chemistry but, having done so, it has the obligation of helping to define the field and, optimistically, suggesting how the field might develop. This editorial has two major goals. The first is to bring to the attention of the scientific community the challenges faced by the field to set people thinking about how they might contribute and, second, to form the basis for more thorough discussions in the future. The sub-topics below outline current thoughts brought forward from members of our editorial board. We lay out areas and topics here with the intent of establishing a new editorial series, which we invite the community to contribute to, and outline topics and hopefully lay out challenges, which will enable us as a community to come together to move mechanochemistry forward.
KW - Mechanochemistry
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646086
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d4mr90021a
SN - 2976-8683
VL - 2
IS - 1
SP - 10
EP - 19
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-64608
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ferreira, Daniela R.
A1 - Portet, Anaïs
A1 - Alves, Paula C.
A1 - Rijo, Patrícia
A1 - Gomes, Clara S. B.
A1 - Duarte, M. Teresa
A1 - Halasz, Ivan
A1 - Colacino, Evelina
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - André, Vânia
T1 - Modulating the crystalline forms of silver–sulfadiazine complexes by mechanochemistry
N2 - Mechanochemical synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds has gained significant attention due to its potential to overcome traditional synthetic challenges while offering the possibility of improving the physicochemical properties of drugs. This study delves into the mechanochemical synthesis of silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) coordination compounds, obtained under different mechanochemical stress and processing conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of mechanochemical conditions on the selectivity in the preparation of AgSD coordination compounds. Through a series of experiments, we demonstrate the successful synthesis of two different AgSD coordination networks, using high-energy ball milling. By strategically manipulating the starting materials and milling parameters — including milling time, milling frequency, type of mechanical stress (as determined by different milling devices), and the presence of co-milling agents — we were able to control the product outcome. As a result, we achieved two different forms of silver-sulfadiazine metal frameworks, one of which was not previously disclosed. The crystal structure of the new form, obtained from high resolution PXRD synchrotron data, was compared with the previously known structure of a silver sulfadiazine compound. The in-depth antimicrobial activity systematic study of these AgSD forms on the generic systems showed increased antibacterial activity when compared to sulfadiazine. This research sheds light on the mechanochemical synthesis of silver sulfadiazine complexes. The obtained knowledge may guide the development of novel synthetic strategies for other drug molecules, leading to improved drug performance, stability, and therapeutic outcomes.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Structure solution
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646099
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ce00572h
SN - 1466-8033
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-64609
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lopes, Chrystal
A1 - Casali, Lucia
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Leyssens, Tom
A1 - Dupray, Valérie
A1 - Brandel, Clement
A1 - Cartigny, Yohann
T1 - Efficient racemization of the pharmaceutical compound Levetiracetam using solvent-free mechanochemistry
N2 - We present the racemization of an active pharmaceutical ingredient Levetiracetam using a novel approach. We demonstrate the design of a 100% solvent-free process that proceeds by high energy milling inside a regular mixer mill. The kinetics of the racemization process is drastically improved compared to the solution-based approach and illustrates the tremendous potential of mechanochemistry. In this study, we highlight the importance of mixing efficiency regarding data reproducibility, and we show, in particular, that water contamination has a negative impact on the reaction rate. Moreover, in situ X-ray diffraction gives us first insights into the mechanisms involved in the solid state during the mechanochemical racemization process.
KW - Mechanochemistry
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646108
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d4mr00103f
SN - 2976-8683
VL - 2
IS - 1
SP - 83
EP - 90
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-64610
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scharek, Vera M.
A1 - Kröger, Tommy
A1 - Keil, Karin
A1 - Traub, Heike
A1 - Meermann, Björn
T1 - A new elemental analytical approach for microplastic sum parameter analysis—ETV/ICP-MS with CO2
N2 - Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants and are considered one of the main challenges of our time. However, a fast and comprehensive analytical approach for MP analysis in complex matrices traceable to SI units is still lacking. In this context, we report a fast screening tool for the sum parameter analysis of MPs using electrothermal vaporization (ETV) coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In our proof-of-concept study, we observed size-independent detection of MPs as peaks above the 13C+ signal background in the nano- to micrometer range without limitations regarding the polymer type. Quantification of the 13C+ MP signals was accomplished via an external gas calibration utilizing dynamic dilution of carbon dioxide with argon, yielding recovery rates of 80–96% for MP reference material (RM) of polymer types commonly found in the environment. The applicability to a soil sample was demonstrated through spiking experiments with a polyethylene (PE) MP RM in soil. The limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 0.13 µg C, equaling the detection of a single spherical low-density-PE particle of about 70 µm, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.42 µg C.
KW - ETV/ICP-MS
KW - Mikroplastik
KW - Summenparameter
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646418
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-06146-x
SN - 1618-2642
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-64641
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bayerl, C.
A1 - Shahryari, M.
A1 - Reiter, R.
A1 - Proß, V.
A1 - Lehmann, K.
A1 - Kühl, A. A.
A1 - Becker, Dorit
A1 - Schulz, Andreas
A1 - Infante Duarte, C.
A1 - Taupitz, M.
A1 - Geisel, D.
A1 - Tzschätzsch, H.
A1 - Saatz, Jessica
A1 - Traub, Heike
A1 - Asbach, P.
T1 - Quantitative Analysis of Gadolinium Deposits in Liver Tissue of Patients After Single or Multiple Gadolinium-based Contrast Agent Application
N2 - Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging. Concerns exist regarding gadolinium deposition and its potential histopathologic tissue alterations, especially after repeated administrations of linear, less stable GBCAs. This study aimed to quantify gadolinium mass fractions in liver specimens of subjects exposed to GBCAs in correlation with histopathologic features.
In this study, mass fractions of gadolinium in human liver specimens from 25 subjects who underwent liver tumor resection surgery and had received GBCA (1 to 9 times over 4 years), were quantitatively analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Histomorphology was assessed based on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS).
Our results suggest that after intravenous administration of GBCA, a small fraction of gadolinium is retained in the liver over a time period of at least several weeks. A relationship was observed between Gadolinium retention and the number of GBCA administrations, but not with the cumulative dose and the degree of fatty liver disease.
KW - ICP-MS
KW - Contrast agent
KW - Gadolinium
KW - Liver
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646608
DO - https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000001254
SN - 1536-0210
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CY - Philadelphia, Pa.
AN - OPUS4-64660
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lozano-Martín, Daniel
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Chamorro, César R.
T1 - Evaluation of Reference Equations of State for Density Prediction in Regasified LNG Mixtures Using High-Precision Experimental Data
N2 - This study evaluates the performance of three reference equations of state (EoS), AGA8-DC92, GERG-2008, and SGERG-88, in predicting the density of regasified liquefied natural gas (RLNG) mixtures. A synthetic nine-component RLNG mixture was gravimetrically prepared. High-precision density measurements were obtained using a single-sinker magnetic suspension densimeter over a temperature range of (250 to 350) K and pressures up to 20 MPa. The experimental data were compared with EoS predictions to evaluate their accuracy. AGA8-DC92 and GERG-2008 showed excellent agreement with the experimental data, with deviations within their stated uncertainty. In contrast, SGERG-88 exhibited significantly larger deviations for this RLNG mixture, particularly at low temperatures of (250 to 260) K, where discrepancies reached up to 3 %. Even at 300 K, deviations larger than 0.4 % were observed at high pressures, within the model’s uncertainty, but notably higher than those of the other two EoSs. The analysis was extended to three conventional 11-component natural gas mixtures (labeled G420 NG, G431 NG, and G432 NG), previously studied by our group using the same methodology. While SGERG-88 showed reduced accuracy for the RLNG mixture, it performed reasonably well for these three mixtures, despite two of them have a very similar composition to the RLNG. This discrepancy is attributed to the lower CO2 and N2 content typical in RLNG mixtures, demonstrating the sensitivity of EoS performance to minor differences in composition. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate EoS models for accurate density prediction in RLNG applications.
KW - Regasified LNG
KW - Equation of state
KW - Density
KW - Gravimetric preparation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646506
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-025-03669-4
SN - 0195-928X
VL - 46
SP - 1
EP - 25
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
CY - Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-64650
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Baasch, Benjamin
A1 - Groos, Jörn
A1 - Heusel, Judith
A1 - Noll, Martin
T1 - Data-driven sparse coding for onboard condition monitoring of railway tracks
N2 - Continuous monitoring of the rail condition plays an important role in railway maintenance and the planning of noise- and vibration-reducing measures. Rail monitoring can be carried out efficiently using vibro-acoustic measurements with onboard sensors. However, this approach generates large amounts of acoustic and vibration data, which makes real-time transmission, processing and storage a challenge. This paper presents a sparse coding framework applied in the time–frequency domain that aims to overcome these challenges by significantly reducing the amount of data while preserving important information for rail defect detection and diagnosis. The Short-Time Fourier Transform is used as a preprocessing step to transform raw signals into a time–frequency representation, capturing the non-stationary characteristics of the signals. The spectrum at each time window is then represented by a sparse linear combination of basis spectra, which form a dictionary. Online sparse dictionary learning is used to create a data-driven, adaptive representation tailored to the frequency characteristics of vibro-acoustic signals related to rail defects. Experimental data acquired with a microphone and an accelerometer mounted on the wheelset of a tram are used to evaluate the framework. The experimental results show that the framework is able to achieve high compression rates and reduce noise. A reduction in data size of 98% was obtained without loss of relevant information. The proposed approach offers significant advantages for modern railway condition monitoring systems. It is scalable for large amounts of data, energy efficient and suitable for real-time implementation. By reducing data bottlenecks, it enables efficient track monitoring with on-board sensors. This work thus contributes to the development of intelligent and cost-effective solutions for infrastructure management.
KW - Railway
KW - Noise and vibration
KW - Condition monitoring
KW - Sparse coding
KW - Sparse dictionary learning
KW - Compressed sensing
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645038
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113542
SN - 0888-3270
VL - 241
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64503
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krenek, S.
A1 - Eisermann, R.
A1 - Failleau, G.
A1 - Lu, Xin
A1 - Thomas, P.
A1 - Kjeldsen, H.
A1 - Anhalt, K.
T1 - Fibre-optic thermometry to support the clean energy transition
N2 - The measurement and control of temperature plays a key role in achieving the European Green Deal targets for a low carbon energy system. Fibre-optic thermometry is an emerging technology that can improve temperature measurement in extreme environments for energy providers and industry due to its distributed sensing and immunity to electromagnetic fields. Various applications for optimisation and monitoring in the energy sector are described, covering the whole range from energy generation to transmission and consumption. However, fibre-optic thermometers have cross sensitivities to other quantities (e.g., strain and humidity) and ageing effects that need to be investigated, quantified and minimised to obtain traceable and reliable measurements. This is particularly important so that applications in critical infrastructure can benefit from future measurements that are not possible with conventional sensors. The European INFOTherm project aims to overcome the limitations that currently prevent the widespread use of fibre-optic thermometry by creating a dedicated European metrology infrastructure for research, development and calibration. First results on measurement uncertainty, improvement of measurement techniques and practical field tests are presented.
KW - Industrial processes optimisation
KW - Fibre-optic thermometry
KW - Distributed temperature sensing
KW - Traceability
KW - Thermal energy storage
KW - Electrical grid resilience
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640075
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2025-0044
SN - 2196-7113
VL - 92
IS - 9-10
SP - 392
EP - 405
PB - De Gruyter Brill
AN - OPUS4-64007
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dominguez-Bureos, Marco
A1 - Sens-Schönfelder, Christoph
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Hadziioannou, Céline
T1 - Stress- and Time-dependent Variations of Elastic Properties for Integrity Assessment in a Reinforced Concrete Test Bridge
N2 - In lab experiments, it has been observed that the stress–and time-dependent elastic properties of a complex material at a structural scale perform accordingly to its composition at a microstructural level. We seek complementary practices to the current wavefield-based non-destructive testing techniques to assess not only the integrity level of civil structures but also the microstructural elements that contribute to it. In this paper, we study the systematic evolution of elastic properties of concrete as an alternative to investigate the density of micro imperfections in an outdoor-conditioned concrete structure. We estimate 5-second relative velocity changes in four locations on a Test bridge subjected to the action of vertical impulsive sources, at different prestressing levels (dynamic effects at different static conditions). We describe the structure’s stress- and time-dependent elastic response by means of acoustoelastic effect and Slow-dynamic processes, respectively. We also estimate the conventional ultrasound pulse velocity and perform a cooperative integrity analysis of the structure using the three elastic phenomena. Our findings reveal: 1) The presence of soft microstructures and their orientation’s influence on the acoustoelastic effect and Slow-dynamics in field-conditioned concrete structures. 2) The relation of low ultrasound pulse velocities with high acoustoelastic effect and high magnitudes and variability of Slow-dynamics. 3) Different elastic behaviours on the north and south spans of the bridge, suggesting different heterogeneity levels on the analysed locations of the concrete beam.
KW - Concrete
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Nonlinear
KW - Elastic properties
KW - Damage
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640064
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-025-01257-y
SN - 0195-9298
VL - 44
IS - 4
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-64006
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Hensel, J.
T1 - Effect of heat control on mechanical properties and residual stresses at the transition zone of component and substrate in hybrid DED‑arc manufacturing
N2 - In hybrid additive manufacturing, components or semi-finished products manufactured by conventional primary forming are enhanced or modified by additive manufactured structures. However, systematic investigations focusing on the critical transition area between the specific properties of the substrate (like high-strength) and the additively manufactured component, made of specific filler material, are still lacking. The focus of the present study was to determine the influence of heat control on the Δt8/5 cooling time, the distortion, the mechanical properties, and the residual stresses in the transition area of hybrid-additive components. This contributed to the knowledge regarding the safe avoidance of cold cracking, excessive distortion, a reduction in yield stress, and the implementation of hybrid DED-arc manufacturing. The heat control was varied by means of heat input and working temperature such that the Δt8/5 cooling times corresponded to the recommended processing range. The heat input has a greater influence on the cooling time in the transition area than the working temperature. Working temperature and the total energy applied per layer have a significant effect on component distortion. The lowest working temperature of 100 °C in combination with the highest total energy per layer leads to significantly greater distortion compared to manufacturing with a high working temperature of 300 °C and low total energy per layer. In addition, the longitudinal residual compressive stresses in the sensitive transition area are reduced from − 500 MPa to approx. − 200 MPa by adjusting the working temperature from 100 to 300 °C. Such complex interactions must be clarified comprehensively to provide users with easily applicable processing recommendations and standard specifications for an economical hybrid additive manufacturing of components made, for example, of high-strength steels in the transition area.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Rhodes Island, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Hybrid additive manufacturing
KW - DED-arc
KW - Heat control
KW - High-strength metals
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630415
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02036-z
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-63041
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chaurasia, Prashant Kumar
A1 - Fabry, Çağtay
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - De, Amitava
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Automated in situ monitoring and analysis of process signatures and build profiles during wire arc directed energy deposition
N2 - Wire arc directed energy deposition (DED-Arc) is an emerging metal additive manufacturing process to build near-net shaped metallic parts in a layer-by-layer with minimal material wastage. Automated in situ monitoring and fast-responsive analyses of process signatures and deposit profiles during DED-Arc are in ever demand to print dimensionally consistent parts and reduce post-deposition machining. A comprehensive experimental investigation is presented here involving real-time synchronous measurement of arc current, voltage, and the deposit profile using a novel multi-sensor monitoring framework integrated with the DED-Arc set-up. The recorded current–voltage transients are used to estimate the time-averaged arc power, and energy input in real time for an insight of the influence of wire feed rate and printing travel speed on the deposit characteristics. A unique attempt is made to represent the geometric profiles of the single-track deposits in a generalized mathematical form corresponding to a segmented ellipse, which has exhibited the minimum root-mean-square error of 0.03 mm. The dimensional inconsistency of multi-track deposits is evaluated quantitatively in terms of waviness using build profile monitoring and automated estimation, which is found to increase with an increase in step-over ratio and energy input. For the multi-track mild steel deposits, the suitable range of step-over ratio for the minimum surface waviness is observed to lie between 0.6 and 0.65. Collectively, the proposed framework of synchronized process monitoring and real-time analysis provides a pathway to achieve dimensionally consistent and defect-free parts, and highlights the potential for closed-loop control systems for a wider industrial application of DED-Arc.
KW - Additive Manufacturing
KW - Arc welding
KW - DED-arc
KW - Real-time monitoring and control
KW - Dimensional inconsistency
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642029
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01333-9
SN - 2363-9512
SP - 1
EP - 20
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
CY - Cham
AN - OPUS4-64202
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Koniorczyk, M.
A1 - Bednarska, Dalia
A1 - Wieczorek, A.
A1 - Materak, K.
T1 - Probabilistic approach to concrete durability based on combined stochastic differential equations and Monte Carlo method
N2 - Cementitious materials are often exposed to aggressive environments, which have a significant impact on their durability. Proper prediction of concrete corrosion helps to apply the right measures and technologies, to extend the service life of structures. Carbonation and cyclic freezing are recognized among the most common corrosive factors for concrete. Their progress is linked to the penetration of CO2 and water into the concrete structure. Due to the random arrangement of aggregates and cement paste, concrete is an inhomogeneous material. Therefore, the progress of carbonation and frost-induced damage should be treated as random variables with appropriate probabilistic parameters. Experimental studies on concrete carbonation and freezing were conducted in accordance with the standards EN 12390–12 and EN 12390–9. As observed in the experiments, the progress of carbonation and frost damage of concrete could be described by zigzag, not necessarily monotonic functions. Stochastic differential equations (SDE) were employed to predict the behavior of concrete exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations and cyclic freezing. The stochastic model consisted of a drift term, which described the general trend of concrete durability exposed to carbonation and frost cycles, as well as a diffusion term, which accounted for the stochastic features of inhomogeneous concrete microstructure. The Euler–Maruyama approximation with Milstein improvement was applied to model the realization of the stochastic changes in concrete microstructure/durability. The proposed approach predicted experimental results with high accuracy. The application of the Monte Carlo (MC) method with 100,000 SDE realizations allowed to calculate the statistical parameters of the processes, such as concrete carbonation and freezing cycles. The probabilistic parameters, such as expected values and standard deviations, calculated using the SDE_MC approach, were in good agreement with experimental results for both problems, i.e. decelerating concrete carbonation and accelerating concrete scaling.
KW - Concrete durability
KW - Concrete carbonation
KW - Concrete scaling
KW - Time-dependent random variable
KW - Stochastic differential equations
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643417
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-025-01335-y
SN - 2083-3318
VL - 25
IS - 5-6
SP - 1
EP - 31
PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG
CY - Schweiz
AN - OPUS4-64341
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sunder, S.
A1 - Jauregui Rozo, Maria
A1 - Deshpande, H.
A1 - Neyer, A.
A1 - Papaiya, V.
A1 - Meinel, Dietmar
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
A1 - Ruckdäschel, H.
T1 - Char to the Rescue: Processing and Transfer of Flame-Retardant Epoxy Resins, Adjusting the Fire Behavior and Post-Fire Structural Integrity of Glass Fiber Composites
N2 - Epoxy (EP) glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRCs) are extensively used in structural applications due to their excellent thermal and mechanical properties, but their inherent flammability limits fire-safe deployment. While numerous studies examine the flame retardancy of resins or individual composite systems, comprehensive studies evaluating simultaneous improvements in flame retardancy and post-fire mechanical integrity, specifically through prepreg processing, remain challenging. This study investigates the effectiveness and transferability of phosphorus-based flame retardant (FR) systems to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and EP novolac resin matrices and their corresponding bidirectional glass fiber composites via prepregs. The FRs are chosen based on varying modes of action: ammonium polyphosphate with inorganic silicate (APP/InSi) primarily acts in the condensed phase (CP), and aluminum diethyl phosphinate with zinc hydroxystannate (AldietPO2/ZHS) is known to demonstrate both gas-phase (GP) and CP activity. Fire residues are tailored to compensate for structural defects from fire exposure. EP novolac, with higher aromaticity and cross-linking, possesses better inherent flame resistance compared to DGEBA. The novolac composites containing AldietPO2/ZHS simultaneously showed the highest retention of flexural properties after fire exposure and the best fire safety index. The experimental values of the post-fire flexural properties in the composites calibrated damage parameters in two theoretical models.
KW - Composites
KW - DGEBA
KW - Epoxy novolac
KW - Post-fire
KW - Prepregs
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643752
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.20250692
SN - 2642-4169
SN - 2642-4150
VL - 63
IS - 20
SP - 4295
EP - 4309
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-64375
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rockel, Daniel
A1 - Sanchez Olivares, G.
A1 - Calderas, F.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Two heads are better than one: Aluminum trihydroxide / phosphorous flame retardant combination in natural waste fiber biocomposites
N2 - Future polymeric materials that replace fossil fuel-based engineering plastics demand the use of renewable sources as well as the implementation of key properties such as flame retardancy, processing, and mechanical properties. This study focuses on the combination of aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) and phosphorus-based flame retardants in compositable thermoplastic starch reinforced with sustainable multifunctional leather waste fibers. The flame retardants engender different flame-retardant modes of action, improving overall performance when combined. The partial substitution of ATH with phosphorous flame retardant allowed a reduction in flame retardant loading. Materials with 90 phr of ATH reached a limiting oxygen index of 31.5 vol.-% and a UL-94 rating of V-1, whereas the combination of 73 phr ATH and 7 phr of diphenyl ocytyl phosphate achieved a V-0 rating and a slightly reduced peak of heat release rate. This study demonstrates the potential of multicomponent systems implementing waste fiber–reinforced biocomposites.
KW - Biocomposites
KW - Flame retardancy
KW - Phosphorous flame retardants
KW - Synergism
KW - Sustainability
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639084
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108938
SN - 0142-9418
SN - 1873-2348
VL - 150
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-63908
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kadoke, Daniel
A1 - Kruse, Julius
T1 - Effect of Ti microalloying on the local strain behavior of cross-weld tensile samples determined by digital image correlation
N2 - High-strength low-alloyed (HSLA) steels with yield strength / proof stress ≥ 600 MPa are the basis of modern light-weight steel constructions. Indeed, the economic and ecological benefits strongly depend on their processability in terms of welding. In this context, the use of highly productive welding processes and suitable welding consumables is of vital interest and requires a fundamental understanding of the microstructural changes in the HSLA steel and especially the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the welded joint. Microalloying elements, such as Ti or Nb, are essential to achieve the desired mechanical properties. To analyse the weldability, three-layer welds were performed using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and critical microstructures, such as areas of the HAZ that exhibit significant softening or hardening, were identified. The effect of the softened HAZ region on failure was evaluated using cross-weld tensile specimens. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used for in-situ monitoring of the development and accumulation of the local strains in different HAZ regions during tensile testing. Using a specially designed mirror system, the local strains of the microstructure zones on the top and bottom of the weld were recorded simultaneously. In addition, the analysis of the local deformation helps to understand the effects of the softened HAZ on the global strain, the reduction in area, the fracture position, and the overall fracture behavior.
KW - High-strength structural steel
KW - Microalloying influences
KW - HAZ-softening
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - Constraint effect
KW - Thermodynamic simulation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643558
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02185-1
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-64355
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dell’Avvocato, G.
A1 - Amiel, S.
A1 - Maillard, S.
A1 - Mayr, G.
A1 - Oswald-Tranta, B.
A1 - Colinas, E.
A1 - Svantner, M.
A1 - Bouteille, P.
A1 - Huillery, R.
A1 - Galietti, U.
A1 - Deganova, L.
A1 - Caulier, Y.
A1 - Ziegler, Mathias
ED - Sakagami, T.
ED - Inoue, H.
T1 - Advancing Active Thermography for NDT: The Role of Standardization
N2 - Infrared thermography, particularly its active form, is increasingly used in various industries in non-destructive testing (NDT). To support its broader adoption, structured standardization efforts have been developed within CEN/TC 138/WG11 and coordinated with ISO. Key standards—such as EN 16714, EN 17119, and EN 17501—define principles, procedures, and equipment requirements. Current activities include finalizing the draft on induction thermography, revising EN 17119, and developing new projects on optical lock-in, laser weld inspection, and thermal diffusivity. Standardization enhances comparability, reliability, and certification, making thermography a robust and scalable solution within the global NDT framework.
T2 - AITA 2025
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - Active thermography
KW - Non-destructive testing (NDT)
KW - Standardization
KW - CEN/TC 138/WG11
KW - Infrared inspection
KW - Industrial qualification
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643972
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025129030
VL - 129
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-64397
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Poka, Konstantin
A1 - Ali, Sozol
A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander
A1 - Schröder, Jakob
A1 - Khambayat, Jiganesh
A1 - Scholz, Maik
A1 - Saeed, Waleed
A1 - Merz, Benjamin
A1 - Epperlein, Martin
A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai
T1 - Reduction of extraneous variance in powder bed fusion with laser beam of metals by means of advanced digital preprocessing
N2 - Data-driven quality assurance and reproducibility are critical for advancing the industrial maturity of Powder Bed Fusion with Laser Beam of Metals (PBF-LB/M). This study addresses the extraneous variance in scan vectors that arises even for identical cross sections of nominally identical components but located at different positions on the build platform. This inherent variance, common across most PBF-LB/M machines, is caused by scan vector computation relative to the machine coordinate origin and subsequent projection of the resulting pattern onto individual component cross sections. In this work, scan vectors are computed still following conventional slicing, but relative to the workpiece origin of each component, using an EOS M 300-4. This digital preprocessing approach homogenizes fabrication conditions, ensuring that anomalies, such as scan vector overlaps, occur consistently across identical components. The impact during fabrication is assessed through powder bed imaging, melt pool monitoring, and operational data from the multilaser PBF-LB/M machine. Components are manufactured from AlSi10Mg for each scan vector computation origin and subsequently qualified using x-ray computed tomography, optical coordinate measurement, and optical surface measurement. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted, comparing the results in terms of component density, geometric accuracy, and surface roughness to those obtained using conventional preprocessing. Based on these findings, practical recommendations are provided, focusing on achieved quality criteria to identify potential drawbacks, while also considering the life cycle analysis of fabrication. Finally, the study emphasizes the significance of consistent scan vector provisioning for identical components placed at different build platform positions, assuming no roll or pitch during nesting.
T2 - ICALEO
CY - Orlando, FL, USA
DA - 13.10.2025
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Data management
KW - 3D printing
KW - Laser fabrication
KW - Life cycle analysis
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642104
DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001890
SN - 1042-346X
VL - 37
IS - 4
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - American Institute of Physics Publishing
CY - New York
AN - OPUS4-64210
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dalichow, Dirk
A1 - Blaschke, Jil
A1 - Wilsch, Gerd
A1 - Völker, Tobias
T1 - Revolutionizing Concrete Analysis and Maintenance with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
N2 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a valuable complement to established methods for the chemical analysis of concrete. Compared to conventional techniques, LIBS enables spatially resolved imaging of harmful ion distributions within the cementitious matrix. It allows the simultaneous detection of all relevant ions and degradation mechanisms, facilitating a better understanding of interacting processes. The benefits of multi-element analysis are illustrated through selected examples that highlight the method’s superior information content. Ion penetration profiles are recorded at a resolution of 0.25 mm, providing high-quality input data for service life modelling. Instead of drill dust, a 50 mm core sample is used. The measurement is automated, requires no chemical reagents or elaborate sample preparation, and is completed within minutes.
KW - LIBS
KW - Durability
KW - Ion transport profiling
KW - Concrete analysis
KW - Service life assessment
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642846
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/31656
SN - 1435-4934
VL - 30
IS - 10
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - NDT.net GmbH & Co. KG
AN - OPUS4-64284
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heide, Maximilian
A1 - Reifenrath, Jonas
A1 - Herrmann, Alexander
A1 - Engelhard, Carsten
T1 - Fast and Sustainable Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Screening in Over-the-Counter and Prescription Drug Products by Surface-Assisted Plasma-Based Desorption/Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
N2 - Fast chemical analysis of pharmaceutical preparations is important for quality assurance, counterfeit drug detection, and consumer health. While quantitative methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) are powerful, there is a need for sustainable and environmentally friendly methods, which require less chemicals and produce less waste. Here, solvent-free ambient desorption/ionization (ADI) MS methods are attractive because they do not require time-consuming chromatography, produce little to no chemical waste, and, thus, contribute to green chemistry practice. In addition, sample throughput can be higher compared to HPLC-MS. In this study, a method for direct analysis of single- and multi agent drugs using a plasma-based ADI source (flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow, FAPA) coupled to high-resolution (HR) MS was developed and optimized for best performance. The approach is rapid and only requires analytes to be in solution (only a few µL) before application onto thin-layer chromatography (TLC) surfaces, specifically dimethyl (RP2-) and cyano (CN-) modified silica, for surface-assisted (SA) FAPA-HRMS measurements. No chromatographic separation was required, and the TLC plates served only as sample carriers. A broad variety of 19 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was carefully selected to cover analgesics, anesthetics, antibiotics, antiepileptics, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, expectorants, opioids, peripheral vasodilators, stimulants, and sympathomimetics. Fast screening and identification of APIs was performed by SA-FAPA-HRMS. Typically, the protonated molecular ion ([M+H]+) was the most abundant species, while some compounds (codeine, metamizole, phenoxymethylpenicillin, and torasemide) did show some degree of fragmentation. As a proof-of-principle application, benzocaine was directly detected in saliva samples post-intake of a lozenge. Time-resolved semi-quantitative screening was performed. The limit of detection for benzocaine in saliva was 8 ng/mL (48.4 fmol) using internal standard calibration and CN-HPTLC plates. In addition, direct quantification of artificially spiked saliva was performed with minimal sample preparation. Here, SA-FAPA-HRMS with a CN-HPTLC sample substrate yielded best performance (20.02±0.52 µg/mL, RSD=2.6%, deviation of -1.9% from the theoretical value) compared to RP2-TLC (18.97±1.37 µg/mL, RSD=7.2%, -7.0%), and HPLC-UV (18.51±0.03 µg/mL, RSD=0.2%, -9.3%) results. In conclusion, SA FAPA HRMS is considered attractive for rapid and sustainable analysis of pharmaceuticals with potential in non-invasive patient monitoring.
KW - Mass Spectrometry
KW - Pharmaceuticals
KW - Green Chemistry
KW - Ambient Desorption/Ionization
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640718
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D5AY01050K
SN - 1759-9660
VL - 17
IS - 18
SP - 7799
EP - 7809
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-64071
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hörmann, Anja F.
A1 - Simon, Miriam
A1 - Brückner, Christoph
A1 - Rogers, Sarah E.
A1 - Porcar, Lionel
A1 - Hoffmann, Ingo
A1 - Gradzielski, Michael
T1 - Line tension controls the spontaneous formation of vesicles
N2 - Mixtures of the zwitterionic surfactant TDMAO and the anionic surfactant LiPFOS spontaneously self-assemble into well defined vesicles. The size of these vesicles is determined by the ratio of bending rigidity and line tension. By partially charging TDMAO, and thereby moving more to a catanionic system, the size of these vesicles can be controlled. Using stopped flow small angle neutron scattering we monitor the kinetics of vesicle formation and obtain their final size. Neutron spin echo spectroscopy allows for an independent measurement of the vesicle’s bending rigidity. Combining this bending rigidity with the radius of newly formed vesicles, which is determined by the ratio of bending rigidity and line tension, we can determine the line tension. We find that it is the line tension that controls the trend in size of the vesicles. In summary, this means that here one has a surfactant mixture that delivers well-defined vesicles, whose size is controlled by the electrostatic interactions of the head groups.
KW - Self-assembly
KW - Small unilamellar vesicles
KW - Small-angle neutron scattering
KW - Line tension
KW - Neutron spin-echo spectroscopy
KW - Stopped-flow
KW - Bending rigidity
KW - Surfactant mixture
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646964
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SM00600G
SN - 1744-683X
VL - 21
IS - 43
SP - 8360
EP - 8367
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-64696
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Fayis Kalady, Mohammed
A1 - Schultz, Johannes
A1 - Weinel, Kristina
A1 - Wolf, Daniel
A1 - Lubk, Axel
T1 - Geometry-dependent localization of surface plasmons on random gold nanoparticle assemblies
N2 - Assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) support hybridized modes of localized surface plasmons (LSPs), which delocalize in geometrically well-ordered arrangements. Here, the hybridization behavior of LSPs in geometrically completely disordered two-dimensional arrangements of Au NPs fabricated by an e-beam synthesis method is studied. Employing electron energy loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope and numerical simulations, the disorder-driven spatial and spectral localization of the coupled LSP modes that depends on the NP thickness is revealed. Below a NP thickness of 0.4 nm, localization increases toward higher hybridized LSP mode energies. In comparison, above 10 nm thickness, a decrease of localization toward higher mode energies is observed. In the intermediate thickness regime, a transition of the energy dependence of the localization between the two limiting cases, exhibiting a mode energy with minimal localization, is observed. It is shown that this behavior is mainly driven by the energy and thickness dependence of the polarizability of the individual NPs.
KW - Gold Nanoparticles
KW - Surface plasmons
KW - Electron enerdy loss spectroscopy (EELS)
KW - scanning transmission electron microscopy
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647230
DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/44nk-6bp2
SN - 2643-1564
VL - 7
IS - 043053
EP - 4
PB - American Physical Society
AN - OPUS4-64723
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hilgenfeldt, Verena
A1 - Rübner, Katrin
A1 - Hahn, Andreas
A1 - Steinmetz, Heidrun
T1 - Methodology for Assessing Phosphorus Adsorption Kinetics in Novel Constructed Wetland Materials
N2 - Although various special materials have been studied for their potential for phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands, varying methodologies make direct comparisons of adsorption capacities observed in laboratory experiments difficult. This paper aims to establish a methodology for determining the optimal ratio of phosphate to material mass for different materials and for achieving the necessary contact time for adsorption isotherms. To minimise the number of experiments required, pretests over 24 h should be repeated to determine the phosphate-specific ratios until they show around 60% of the initial concentration. The tested materials included lava sand and expanded sand (ExS), which showed saturating kinetics curves after 24 to 48 h. However, aggregates containing calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) phases (autoclaved aerated concrete AAC, sand–lime brick SLB, and hydrothermal granules HTG) did not show saturating curves, complicating contact time determination. Consequently, adsorption velocity is proposed to identify the phase with the lowest adsorption rate, which is then used as the contact time in adsorption isotherm experiments. Using this method, adsorption times of 48 h were observed for HTG and SLB, while that for AAC was 24 h. This methodology is intended as an initial approach to establish a common basis for researchers investigating novel materials and make the results comparable.
KW - CSH
KW - Phosphate elimination
KW - Material evaluation
KW - Contact time experiments
KW - Methodology development
KW - Filter substrates
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647443
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/purification1020007
SN - 3042-6197
VL - 1
IS - 2
SP - 1
EP - 20
PB - MDPI AG
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-64744
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Müller, Constanze
A1 - Seher, Julia
A1 - Pniok, Nicole
A1 - Dreisow, Bianca
A1 - Rübner, Katrin
T1 - Formulation and characterization of repair mortars for sandstone with lightweight aggregates made from masonry rubble
N2 - This paper deals with the study of different lime-based repair mortars for the conservation of sandstone objects in the context of monument preservation. New types of lightweight aggregates, which were manufactured from masonry rubble, were used to develop these repair mortars. This allows for recycling of construction and demolition waste while helping to conserve natural resources. As part of this work, the mortars were comprehensively characterised in terms of their chemical, physical, mechanical and hygric properties, such as bulk density, pore structure, strength, water absorption, shrinkage and carbonation. All mortars are lightweight mortars with bulk densities of about 1300 kg/m³. They achieve high porosities of around 50 %. At the same time, the mortars exhibit sufficient compressive strengths ranging from 1.8 to 11.3 MPa. The compressive strength depends on the degree of carbonation of the mortars and increases with sample age. The analysis of the pore structure shows that the mortars mainly contain macropores. The large number of capillary pores, with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 1000 μm, results in a good water absorption behaviour. The evaluation of the results proves that the repair mortars are compatible with Cotta sandstone.
KW - Repair mortar
KW - Lime mortar
KW - Lightweight aggregates
KW - Sandstone
KW - Stone conservation
KW - Recycling
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647431
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143378
SN - 0950-0618
VL - 494
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64743
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mishra, Rajesh K.
A1 - Minussi, F.B.
A1 - Kumari, Priyanka
A1 - Shahi, Rohit R.
A1 - Yadav, R.P.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Araújo, E.B.
T1 - Effect of sintering temperature on structural, microstructural, and dielectric properties of (Co0.2Fe0.2Ni0.2Al0.2Ti0.2)3O4 multi-cations high entropy oxides
N2 - The study reports the effect of sintering temperature on structural, microstructural, and dielectric properties of (Co0.2Fe0.2Ni0.2Al0.2Ti0.2)3O4 spinel high-entropy oxides (HEOs) synthesized through the solid-state mechanochemistry method. The sintering of the ceramic powders was accomplished at three different temperatures (1000 ◦C, 1100 ◦C, and 1250 ◦C), followed by air quenching. XRD analysis along with Le-Bail refinement confirms that 1100 ◦C and 1250 ◦C sintered oxides comprised of a single cubic spinel phase (Fd3m), while 1000 ◦C sintered oxide contains constituent oxides and a spinel phase. The phase formation of oxides sintered at 1100 ◦C and 1250 ◦C has also been confirmed by Raman spectroscopic analysis. Microstructural analysis revealed that the aggregated particle size increases with the rise in sintering temperature. With the change in sintering temperature, the dielectric behavior of the ceramic changed extensively. The 1100 ◦C sintered ceramic exhibits high frequency-dependent behavior, whereas the 1250 ◦C sintered ceramic yields low frequency-dependent behavior. The 1250 ◦C sintered HEO exhibits low-loss tangent (tan δ = 0.01) with higher dielectric permittivity (εʹ = 44) at high frequency (1 MHz) compared to the 1100 ◦C sintered ceramic and many other conventional dielectrics.
Fractal concept and impedance analysis have been employed to correlate the microstructure-dielectric property relation of (Co0.2Fe0.2Ni0.2Al0.2Ti0.2)3O4 spinel HEOs. The found Hurst exponent values for both different temperature-sintered HEOs are less than 0.5, indicating the anti-persistent behavior. This signifies that the height variations at neighboring pixels are negatively correlated. The present work is of fundamental importance in employing fractal analysis for the first time on spinel HEOs and correlating their properties. It also shows that processing conditions can effectively tailor the dielectric properties of the materials.
KW - Multi-cations high entropy oxide
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Spinel structure
KW - Fractal and impedance spectroscopic analysis
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647584
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.09.256
SN - 0272-8842
VL - 51
IS - 27
SP - 55341
EP - 55354
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64758
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Homann, Christian
A1 - Peeters, Régis
A1 - Mirmajidi, Hana
A1 - Berg, Jessica
A1 - Fay, Michael
A1 - Rodrigues, Lucas Carvalho Veloso
A1 - Radicchi, Eros
A1 - Jain, Akhil
A1 - Speghini, Adolfo
A1 - Hemmer, Eva
T1 - Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of morphology-controlled luminescent lanthanide-doped Gd2O2S nanostructures
N2 - Gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S) is an attractive material of demonstrated suitability for a variety of imaging applications, leveraging its magnetic, scintillating, and luminescent properties, particularly when doped with optically active lanthanide ions (Ln3+). For many of these applications, control over size and morphology at the nanoscale is crucial. This study demonstrates the rapid microwave-assisted Synthesis of colloidal Ln2O2S (Ln = Gd and dopants Yb, Er, Tb) nanostructures in as little as 20 min. Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, as well as Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including elemental mapping via energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), unveiled the key role of elemental sulphur (S8) in the reaction mixtures for materials growth. By systematically varying the Ln-to-S ratio from 1 : 0.5 to 1 : 15, controlled morphologies ranging from triangular nanoplatelets to berry- and flower-like shapes were achieved. Doping with Er3+/Yb3+ endowed the nano-triangles with upconverting and near-infrared emitting properties. Tb3+-doped Gd2O2S exhibited the characteristic green Tb3+ emission under UV excitation, while also showing X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL), rendering the material interesting as a potential nano-scintillator.
KW - Upconversion
KW - Microwave-assisted synthesis
KW - Synthesis
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Nano
KW - Particle
KW - NIR
KW - XRD
KW - X-ray fluoressence
KW - Morphology control
KW - Raman
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647907
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TC01646K
SN - 2050-7526
VL - 13
IS - 35
SP - 18492
EP - 18507
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-64790
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Döring, Sarah
A1 - Tscheuschner, Georg
A1 - Flemig, Sabine
A1 - Weller, Michael G.
A1 - Konthur, Zoltán
T1 - Cost-Effective Method for Full-Length Sequencing of Monoclonal Antibodies from Hybridoma Cells
N2 - Background: Monoclonal antibodies play an important role in therapeutic and analytical applications. For recombinant expression, the coding sequences of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains are required. In addition, cloning antibody sequences, including constant regions, reduces the impact of hybridoma cell loss and ensures preservation of the naturally occurring full antibody sequence. Method: We combined amplification of IgG antibody variable regions from hybridoma mRNA with an advanced method for fulllength cloning of monoclonal antibodies in a simple two-step workflow. Following Sanger sequencing and evaluation of consensus sequences, the best matching variable, diversity,
and joining (V-(D-)J) gene segments were identified according to identity scores from IgBLAST reference sequences. Simultaneously, the mouse IgG subclass was determined at the DNA level based on isotype-specific sequence patterns in the CH1 domain. Knowing the DNA sequence of V-(D-)J recombination responsible for the complementary determining region 3 (CDR 3), variable region-specific primers were designed and used to amplify the corresponding antibody constant regions. Results: To verify the approach, we applied it to the hybridoma clone BAM-CCMV-29-81 and obtained identical full-length antibody
sequences as with RNA Illumina sequencing. Further validation at the protein level using an established MALDI-TOF MS-fingerprinting protocol showed that five out of six genetically encoded CDR domains of the monoclonal antibody BAM-CCMV-29-81 could be efficiently correlated. Conclusion: This simple, streamlined method enables the cost-effective determination of the full-length sequence of monoclonal antibodies from hybridoma cell lines, with the added benefit of obtaining the DNA sequence of the antibody ready for recombinant expression.
KW - Full-length antibody sequencing
KW - Hybridoma cell loss
KW - MALDI-TOF MS
KW - Immunoglobulin isotyping
KW - RNA Illumina sequencing
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639599
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/antib14030072
SN - 2073-4468
VL - 14
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-63959
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krebs, N.
A1 - Demleitner, M.
A1 - Albuquerque, R.Q.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
A1 - Ruckdäschel, H.
T1 - Bayesian Optimization of flame-retardant performance in a high-Tg epoxy resin system
N2 - Polymeric materials are widely used due to their mechanical properties and cost-effectiveness, but their inherent flammability requires effective flame-retardant additives to meet safety standards. Optimizing multicomponent flame-retardant formulations is challenging due to the vast experimental space. This study applies Bayesian Optimization (BO) to optimize flame-retardant formulations in high glass transition temperature (Tg) epoxy resins. Aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) was systematically combined with three synergists: zinc stannate (ZnSt), a silicone-based additive (DowSil), and low-melting glass frits (Ceepree). BO-guided experimental design expanded from 16 initial formulations to a total of 28, minimizing the Maximum Average Rate of Heat Emission (MARHE) under the constraint of Total Smoke Production (TSP) < 17 m2 using the epsilon-constraint method. BO revealed non-linear synergistic interactions: ZnSt significantly reduced smoke production while AlPi effectively lowered heat release. The optimized formulation (BO7) achieved the lowest MARHE (122 kW/m2) while maintaining acceptable smoke levels, establishing a new Pareto front. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of BO in accelerating the development of synergistic, halogen-free flame-retardant polymer systems, offering a scalable and sustainable approach to polymer formulation design.
KW - Machine learning
KW - Epoxy resin
KW - Bayesian optimization
KW - Flame retardancy
KW - Cone calorimeter
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641070
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2025.114210
SN - 0927-0256
SN - 1879-0801
VL - 260
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-64107
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Talis, Torben
A1 - Pfafferott, Marie
A1 - Esche, Erik
A1 - Repke, Jens‐Uwe
T1 - Recipe‐Free Synthesis of Optimal Operation Trajectories for Batch Processes Based on Process Models
N2 - AbstractBatch processes are usually operated following recipes, which are based on experience and expert knowledge. This ensures feasible and safe operation, because process constraints are indirectly included in the recipe. However, the recipe structure itself constrains the solution space and might exclude other more efficient trajectories. Therefore, the hidden constraints are explicitly formulated, and the arising optimization problem is solved without using prior knowledge in the form of recipes. Case studies are performed on rigorous models of a batch reactor and a batch distillation column. It is demonstrated that the optimization problem formulated as a smoothed dynamic nonlinear programming problem outperforms a mixed‐integer formulation. Finally, a multi‐objective case is investigated that strongly outperforms a recipe‐based benchmark.
KW - Batch process operation
KW - Control vector parameterization
KW - Nonlinear optimization
KW - Sequential optimization
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642012
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.70029
SN - 0009-286X
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley-VHC
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-64201
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Voss, Heike
A1 - Zahedi-Azad, Setareh
A1 - Ernst, Owen C.
A1 - Lucaßen, Jan
A1 - Mann, Guido
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Boeck, Torsten
A1 - Martin, Jens
A1 - Schmid, Martina
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Chemical vapor deposition of indium precursors for solar microabsorbers using continuous laser radiation
BT - A, Materials science & processing
N2 - Localized deposition of indium on an amorphous glass surface covered with a thin molybdenum layer is demonstrated utilizing laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition. A continuous-wave laser causes a temperature rise on the molybdenum layer resulting in the selective aggregation of liquid and ultimately crystalline structures of indium. The formation sites of the indium are determined by the decomposition of gaseous trimethylindium. The deposited indium islands can serve as precursors and could be further processed into compound semiconductors like CuInSe2 for micro-concentrator solar cells. The experimental investigations were supported by theoretical simulations of the laser heating process to calculate the local temperature distribution on the surface of the molybdenum-covered glass substrate.
KW - Laser-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition
KW - CW Laser
KW - Indium Islands
KW - Micro-concentrator Solar Cell
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641069
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08895-z
SN - 0947-8396
VL - 131
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg [u.a.]
AN - OPUS4-64106
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Xu, Alan
A1 - Moschetti, Michael
A1 - Miskovic, David
A1 - Wei, Tao
A1 - Ionescu, Mihail
A1 - Wang, Zhiyang
A1 - Palmer, Tim
A1 - Bhattacharyya, Dhriti
A1 - He, Peidong
A1 - Li, Xiaopeng
A1 - Gludovatz, Bernd
A1 - Ferry, Michael
T1 - Improved irradiation resistance of a low activation refractory medium entropy alloy, VCrFeW0.2, for fusion applications demonstrated by micro-tensile testing
N2 - An, as cast, VCrFeW0.2 refractory medium entropy alloy (RMEA) was designed for fusion reactor divertor applications, focusing on reduced cost, low activation and compositional stability (low transmutation rates). The as-cast alloy was irradiated to a fluence of 5.6 × 10^17 ions/cm^2 at room temperature with 5 MeV helium ions whose energy have been uniformly attenuated to 0.4 MeV and 5 MeV via energy degradation device prior to sample irradiation. Pre and post irradiation, its mechanical properties were evaluated micro-tensile testing. Prior to irradiation, the VCrFeW0.2 alloy demonstrated good strength and ductility, with a yield strength of 1464 MPa and strain to UTS (\sigma_UTS) of 4.6 %, maintaining comparable strength to pure tungsten (1403 MPa) but with greater strain to UTS (1.3 %). Post irradiation, the VCrFeW0.2 alloy exhibited remarkable damage resistance; its strength increased by only ∼160 MPa, and it retained strain to UTS with a \sigma_UTS of 2.9 %. It performed better than pure tungsten tested under identical irradiation conditions where there was ∼1800 MPa increase in yield strength and a complete loss of plasticity. The micro-tensile results were supported by nanoindentation tests and Vickers hardness testing was also undertaken to show the yield strength values are representative of macro scale, bulk behavior. TEM and comparison with existing literature on RMEA/RHEA are presented here to understand the reason for difference in performance between VCrFeW0.2 alloy and pure tungsten.
KW - Refractory medium entropy alloys
KW - Fusion reactor materials
KW - Irradiation resistance
KW - Micro-tensile testing
KW - Helium ion damage
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645322
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107481
SN - 0263-4368
VL - 134
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Netherlands
AN - OPUS4-64532
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ukrainczyk, Neven
A1 - Bernard, Thomas
A1 - Babaahmadi, Arezou
A1 - Huang, Liming
A1 - Zausinger, Christoph
A1 - Soive, Anthony
A1 - Bonnet, Stéphanie
A1 - Georget, Fabien
A1 - Mrak, Maruša
A1 - Dolenec, Sabina
A1 - Völker, Tobias
A1 - Suraneni, Prannoy
A1 - Wilson, William
T1 - Test methods for chloride diffusivity of blended cement pastes: a review by RILEM TC 298-EBD
N2 - The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is an important part of the roadmap for reducing CO2 emissions and extending the service life of reinforced concrete structures. To accelerate the adoption of SCMs, the RILEM Technical Committee 298-EBD evaluates scaled-down cement paste test methods to assess the effect of SCM on resistance to chloride and sulfate ingress and reactivity, which are critical to concrete durability. This review focuses on methods for measuring chloride diffusivity and is divided into four sections: diffusivity models and parameters, diffusion test methods (including NMR and chloride measurements), migration test methods and implications for future research. Key insights highlight the complexities of multi-species ionic and molecular diffusion/migration, including various binding interactions, and compares the different measurement methodologies. The review also addresses the test scale and aggregate effects, noting the pros and cons of testing at the paste, mortar, and concrete scales. The review underscores the need for further investigation into testing protocols and the influence of SCM on chloride diffusion, emphasizing that comprehensive testing across different scales provides complementary information for assessing durability performance.
KW - Chloride ingress
KW - Diffusion tests
KW - Migration test
KW - Cement paste
KW - Concrete
KW - Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM)
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645889
DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02809-4
SN - 1359-5997
VL - 58
IS - 10
SP - 1
EP - 35
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-64588
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Frenzel, Olivia
A1 - Westphalen, Tanja
A1 - Kaminski, Katja
A1 - Kluge, Stephanie
A1 - Bücker, Michael
A1 - Piechotta, Christian
T1 - Evaluation and Validation of an Accelerated Weathering Procedure to Characterise the Release of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Under Exposure to Simulated Environmental Conditions
N2 - Bisphenol A (BPA) has been listed as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) due to its endocrine-disrupting properties according to REACH in 2017. European competent authorities have prepared a REACH restriction proposal to reduce BPA levels in the environment. The proposed limit for the concentration of free BPA and other bisphenols in articles is 10 mg kg−1. If exceeded, migration testing can demonstrate that no more than 0.04 mg L−1 is released from the product or material over its lifetime. German authorities are drafting a new restriction proposal after the original was temporarily withdrawn. The residual and migration limits mentioned above were key requirements from the previous restriction proposal. Numerous national and international standards exist for assessing how environmental factors affect the physical and chemical properties of products and materials—such as notch impact strength and tensile strength—but these standards do not cover the release of pollutants. A standardised procedure that covers all aspects of artificial weathering and monitors the subsequent release of pollutants is necessary, especially in the context of the regulation of these substances. An accelerated weathering procedure was established for non-protected samples. This material was not intended for outdoor applications. The testing procedure applied a typical weathering scenario that represents Central European climate conditions. The procedure was validated and applied to samples under distinct quality assurance aspects. Released BPA is quantified via an organic isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method. In parallel, identical samples were weathered outdoors on a weathering rack. Haze and yellowness index are measured to compare outdoor and weathering chamber results.
KW - Artificial weathering
KW - Polycarbonate
KW - Bisphenol A
KW - Simulated environmental conditions
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645020
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910361
SN - 2076-3417
VL - 15
IS - 19
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - MDPI AG
AN - OPUS4-64502
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Fischer, Tim
A1 - Huber, Norbert
T1 - Designing microcompression experiments for nanoporous metals via computational plasticity
N2 - Micropillar compression testing is essential for understanding bulk metal plasticity at small scales and has emerged as a key technique for evaluating nanoporous metals like nanoporous gold (NPG). To support experimental design, we present a computational plasticity study on single crystal NPG micropillars, systematically examining four extrinsic factors: pillar height-to-diameter ratio, taper angle, friction coefficient, and misalignment angle. The study reveals that NPG exhibits similar trends to its bulk counterpart but is less prone to post-yield buckling in unstable crystal orientations. For optimal NPG pillar stability, an aspect ratio of is recommended and a moderate taper angle to prevent artificial stiffening and yielding. Even minimal friction enhances stability, while buckling is mainly governed by misalignment, requiring to also avoid underestimating the elastic modulus.
KW - Nanoporous gold
KW - Microcompression
KW - Plasticity
KW - Finite element method
KW - Micromechanics
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645317
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114550
SN - 0264-1275
VL - 258
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64531
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -