TY - JOUR A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Jürgens, Maria A1 - Uhlemann, Patrick A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Experimental data from service-like creep-fatigue experiments on grade P92 steel N2 - This article refers to the research article entitled “Creep-Fatigue of P92 in Service-Like Tests with Combined Stress- and Strain-Controlled Dwell Times” [1]. It presents experimental mechanical data from complex service-like creep-fatigue experiments performed isothermally at 620 °C and a low strain amplitude of 0.2 % on tempered martensite-ferritic grade P92 steel. The data sets in text file format provide cyclic deformation (min. and max. stresses) and the total (hysteresis) data of all recorded fatigue cycles for three different creep-fatigue experiments: 1) a standard relaxation fatigue (RF) test with symmetrical dwell times of three minutes introduced at minimum and maximum strain, 2) a fully strain-controlled service-like relaxation (SLR) test combining these three-minute peak strain dwells with a 30-minute dwell in between at zero strain, and 3) a partly stress-controlled service-like creep (SLC) test combining the three-minute peak strain dwells with 30-minute dwells at constant stress. Such service-like (SL) tests with additional long-term stress- and strain-controlled dwell times are non-standard, rare, and expensive, making these data very valuable. They may be used to approximate cyclic softening in the technically relevant range, for the design of complex SL experiments, or for detailed analyses of stress-strain hystereses (e.g., for stress or strain partitioning methods, for the determination of hysteresis energies (work), inelastic strain components, etc.). In addition, the latter analyses may supply important input for advanced parametric lifetime modeling of components under creep-fatigue loading or model calibration parameters. KW - Tempered martensite-ferritic steel KW - Creep KW - Stress relaxation KW - Creep-fatigue KW - Dwell times PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-578407 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109333 SN - 2352-3409 VL - 49 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-57840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of the environmental impact N2 - Knowledge of the long-term leaching behavior of potentially harmful substances is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of reusing municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in construction, i.e., as a road base layer. BA fractions obtained from wet-processing aiming at the improvement of environmental quality were used to investigate the mobility of relevant substances. Eluates from laboratory-scaled leaching procedures (column percolation and lysimeters) were analyzed to learn about the long-term release of substances. Unsaturated conditions and artificial rainwater (AR) were used in the lysimeter tests to simulate field conditions. In addition, batch test eluates were generated at usual liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) for compliance testing purposes. A variety of cations and anions was measured in the eluates. The wet treatment reduces the leaching of chloride and particularly sulfate by more than 60%. The release of typical contaminants for the treated MSWI BA such as the heavy metals Cu and Cr was well below 1% in the conducted leaching tests. An increase in the Sb concentration observed in the lysimeter experiments starting at L/S 0.75 L/kg and in the column experiment at L/S 4 L/kg is assumed to be related to decreasing concentrations of Ca and thus to the dissolution of sparingly soluble calcium antimonate. The same leaching mechanism applies with V, but the concentration levels observed are less critical regarding relevant limit values. However, on the long term the behavior of Sb could be problematic for the application of MSWI BA in construction. KW - MSWI bottom ash KW - Leaching KW - Batch tests KW - Lysimeter KW - Antimony PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508421 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01086-2 SN - 1877-2641 VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 7055 EP - 7065 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50842 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Abis, M. A1 - Bruno, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Grönhom, R. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - Fiore, S. ED - Medici, F. T1 - A Novel Dry Treatment for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash for the Reduction of Salts and Potential Toxic Elements N2 - The main obstacle to bottom ash (BA) being used as a recycling aggregate is the content of salts and potential toxic elements (PTEs), concentrated in a layer that coats BA particles. This work presents a dry treatment for the removal of salts and PTEs from BA particles. Two pilotscale abrasion units (with/without the removal of the fine particles) were fed with different BA samples. The performance of the abrasion tests was assessed through the analyses of particle size and moisture, and that of the column leaching tests at solid-to-liquid ratios between 0.3 and 4. The results were: the particle-size distribution of the treated materials was homogeneous (25 wt % had dimensions <6.3 mm) and their moisture halved, as well as the electrical conductivity of the leachates. A significant decrease was observed in the leachates of the treated BA for sulphates (44%), chlorides (26%), and PTEs (53% Cr, 60% Cu and 8% Mo). The statistical analysis revealed good correlations between chloride and sulphate concentrations in the leachates with Ba, Cu, Mo, and Sr, illustrating the consistent behavior of the major and minor components of the layer surrounding BA particles. In conclusion, the tested process could be considered as promising for the improvement of BA valorization. KW - Bottom ash KW - Dry treatment KW - Municipal solid waste PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552161 SN - 978-3-0365-3063-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113133 SP - 57 EP - 71 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-55216 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf ED - Ludwig, C. ED - Matasci, C. ED - Edelmann, X. T1 - Recovery of metals from waste, an example for the resource cycle N2 - Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) consists of eiemental metals in considerable amounts. The fine fraction < 4 mm additionally contains chemically bound metals (oxides, carbonates, Silicates). Separation prospects with techniques as in ore processing (flotation, density separation, bioleaching, hydrothermal solution) are discussed. During alteration after wet extraction mineral material with hydraulic properties form coatings on almost all particles of the bottom ash and complicate separation procedures. ln addition bottom ash from MSWI is a heterogeneaus material. For sufficient enrichment different concerted treatment steps seemed to be essential associated with an uncertainty of economic viability. The utilisation of metal compounds present in bottom ash as secondary raw material depends on the energy- and resource-efficiency of the enrichment processes. Therefore energy and material flow considerations are presented. KW - Recyclable material KW - Recycling technology KW - Waste management PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-347572 UR - http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/213010 SN - 978-3-9521409-6-3 SP - 289 EP - 293 AN - OPUS4-34757 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Nassmechanische Aufbereitung von Bauschutt‐Brechsand mit der Setztechnik – ein Schritt auf dem Weg zum Ersatzbaustoff T1 - Wet-Mechanical Processing of Crushed-Sand from Construction-Waste - A First Step Towards a Circular Building Material N2 - Das Recycling von gemischten Baustoffen führt neben der Herstellung von Gesteinskörnungen parallel zu einem stärker schadstoffbelasteten Stoffstrom, der circa ein Drittel der ursprünglichen Masse ausmacht. Dieser sogenannte Brechsand endet derzeit in der Deponierung und wird somit der Kreislaufwirtschaft entzogen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht nun die Aufbereitung dieses Materials unter Verwendung einer Setzmaschine im Pilotmaßstab. Hierbei wird die Eignung dieser Technik evaluiert und das Aufbereitungsprodukt als möglicher Ersatzbaustoff untersucht. N2 - Besides the generation of aggregates, recycling of mixed construction and demolition waste leads to a more polluted side stream accounting for up to one third of the input materials. This so-called crushed sand often ends up in landfills and is hence lost for a circular economy. This article reports about the processing of this material using a pilot plant jig. The suitability of jigging technology is evaluated, and the product is analyzed as possible circular building material. KW - Aufbereitung KW - Ersatzbaustoff KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft KW - Setzmaschine KW - Umweltverträglichkeit PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585978 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202300019 SN - 0009-286X VL - 95 IS - 12 SP - 1916 EP - 1924 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-58597 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maisels, A. A1 - Hiller, A. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Chemical Recycling for Plastic Waste: Status and Perspectives N2 - Industrial-scale mechanical recycling of plastics has been established for years, but has technical and economic limits. Chemical recycling processes lead back to monomers or to the raw materials, so that in the end new goods can be produced for all areas of application of plastics. The variety of chemical recycling processes is large. The capacities of the plants are still low today. The profitability of the plants is strongly influenced by the price of oil; the profitability limit is currently between 50 and 60 US $ per barrel. KW - Chemical recycling KW - Plastic waste KW - Circular economy KW - Pyrolysis KW - Solvolysis PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565700 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.202200024 SN - 2196-9744 VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 541 EP - 555 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-56570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Jürgens, Maria A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Creep-fatigue of P92 in service-like tests with combined stress- and strain-controlled dwell times N2 - Complex service-like relaxation- and creep-fatigue tests with strain- and stress-controlled dwells and fatigue cycle durations of approx. 2200 s were performed exemplarily on a grade P92 steel at 620 ◦C in this study. The results indicate deviations in the prevailing creep mechanisms of long-term relaxation and creep dwells, affecting subsequent dwells, load shifts, and the macroscopic softening behavior quite differently. In addition, fracture surfaces and longitudinal metallographic sections reveal intergranular crack growth for complex loading with stress-controlled dwells, whereas complex strain-controlled tests enhance oxidation and transgranular crack propagation. These findings substantiate the limited transferability of relaxation-fatigue to creep-fatigue conditions. KW - Tempered martensite-ferritic steel KW - P92 KW - Dwell periods KW - Creep-fatigue interaction KW - Stress relaxation PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-564239 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.107381 SN - 0142-1123 VL - 168 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-56423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chubarenko, B. A1 - Kileso, A. A1 - Esiukova, E. A1 - Pinchuk, V. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Dataset on geosynthetic material debris contamination of the South-East Baltic shore N2 - The database gives information on the contamination of the shore of the South-Eastern Baltic with the debris of geosynthetic materials for the period 2018–2020. This new type of coastal pollution enters the natural environment due to the destruction of coastal protection structures and construction activities. The database contains sections: (1) a list of types of geosynthetic material residues, their photographic images and photographs illustrating examples of finds in natural conditions [1 List_geosynthetic_debris_SEB], (2) monitoring data on the contamination of the beach strip with the debris of geotextiles, braids from gabions, geocontainers (big bags), geocells and geogrids for the beaches of the South-Eastern Baltic for the period 2018–2020 [2 Monitoring_geosynthetic_debris_SEB]; (3) statistical distributions of the found geosynthetic debris by size [3 Scales_geosynthetic_debris_SEB] and (4) results of test surveys on the shores of Lithuania and Poland adjacent to Kaliningrad Oblast. All data refer to the beaches of the Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), including the Russian parts of the Vistula and Curonian Spits, but also contains information on a one-time assessment of the pollution of the beaches of the adjacent territories: the Polish shore from the Poland-Russia border on the Vistula Spit to the mouth of the Vistula River, the Lithuanian shore from the border Lithuania-Russia on the Curonian Spit to the border of Latvia-Lithuania. Materials were collected during field surveys within the ERANET-RUS_Plus joint project EI-GEO, ID 212 (RFBR 18-55-76002 ERA_a, BMBF 01DJ18005). KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotextiles KW - Contamination KW - Marine littering PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-541947 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107778 SN - 2352-3409 VL - 40 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Elsevier Inc. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54194 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Knobloch, Tim A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Process Induced Preheating in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Monitored by Thermography and Its Influence on the Microstructure of 316L Stainless Steel Parts N2 - Undetected and undesired microstructural variations in components produced by laser powder bed fusion are a major challenge, especially for safety-critical components. In this study, an in-depth analysis of the microstructural features of 316L specimens produced by laser powder bed fusion at different levels of volumetric energy density and different levels of inter layer time is reported. The study has been conducted on specimens with an application relevant build height (>100 mm). Furthermore, the evolution of the intrinsic preheating temperature during the build-up of specimens was monitored using a thermographic in-situ monitoring set-up. By applying recently determined emissivity values of 316L powder layers, real temperatures could be quantified. Heat accumulation led to preheating temperatures of up to about 600 °C. Significant differences in the preheating temperatures were discussed with respect to the individual process parameter combinations, including the build height. A strong effect of the inter layer time on the heat accumulation was observed. A shorter inter layer time resulted in an increase of the preheating temperature by more than a factor of 2 in the upper part of the specimens compared to longer inter layer times. This, in turn, resulted in heterogeneity of the microstructure and differences in material properties within individual specimens. The resulting differences in the microstructure were analyzed using electron back scatter diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results from chemical analysis as well as electron back scatter diffraction measurements indicated stable conditions in terms of chemical alloy composition and austenite phase content for the used set of parameter combinations. However, an increase of the average grain size by more than a factor of 2.5 could be revealed within individual specimens. Additionally, differences in feature size of the solidification cellular substructure were examined and a trend of increasing cell sizes was observed. This trend was attributed to differences in solidification rate and thermal gradients induced by differences in scanning velocity and preheating temperature. A change of the thermal history due to intrinsic preheating could be identified as the main cause of this heterogeneity. It was induced by critical combinations of the energy input and differences in heat transfer conditions by variations of the inter layer time. The microstructural variations were directly correlated to differences in hardness. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - In-situ process monitoring KW - Thermography KW - Heat accumulation KW - Inter layer time KW - Cellular substructure PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-529240 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071063 VL - 11 IS - 7 SP - 1063 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-52924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oster, Simon A1 - Breese, Philipp Peter A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Altenburg, Simon T1 - A deep learning framework for defect prediction based on thermographic in-situmonitoring in laser powder bed fusion N2 - The prediction of porosity is a crucial task for metal based additive manufacturing techniques such as laser powder bed fusion. Short wave infrared thermography as an in-situ monitoring tool enables the measurement of the surface radiosity during the laser exposure. Based on the thermogram data, the thermal history of the component can be reconstructed which is closely related to the resulting mechanical properties and to the formation of porosity in the part. In this study, we present a novel framework for the local prediction of porosity based on extracted features from thermogram data. The framework consists of a data pre-processing workflow and a supervised deep learning classifier architecture. The data pre-processing workflow generates samples from thermogram feature data by including feature information from multiple subsequent layers. Thereby, the prediction of the occurrence of complex process phenomena such as keyhole pores is enabled. A custom convolutional neural network model is used for classification. Themodel is trained and tested on a dataset from thermographic in-situ monitoring of the manufacturing of an AISI 316L stainless steel test component. The impact of the pre-processing parameters and the local void distribution on the classification performance is studied in detail. The presented model achieves an accuracy of 0.96 and an f1-Score of 0.86 for predicting keyhole porosity in small sub-volumes with a dimension of (700 × 700 × 50) μm3. Furthermore, we show that pre-processing parameters such as the porosity threshold for sample labeling and the number of included subsequent layers are influential for the model performance. Moreover, the model prediction is shown to be sensitive to local porosity changes although it is trained on binary labeled data that disregards the actual sample porosity. KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M, L-PBF) KW - Selective Laser Melting (SLM) KW - SWIR thermography KW - Online monitoring KW - Flaw detection KW - Machine learning KW - Convolutional neural networks (CNN) PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575148 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-023-02117-0 SN - 0956-5515 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-57514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -