TY - JOUR A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Asadi, S. A1 - Hernandez Bennetts, V. A1 - Lilienthal, A.J. A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Monitoring of CCS areas using micro unmanned aerial vehicles (MUAVs) N2 - Carbon capture & storage (CCS) is one of the most promising technologies for greenhouse gas (GHG) management. However, an unsolved issue of CCS is the development of appropriate long-term monitoring systems for leak detection of the stored CO2. To complement already existing monitoring infrastructure for CO2 storage areas, and to increase the granularity of gas concentration measurements, a quickly deployable, mobile measurement device is needed. In this paper, we present an autonomous gas-sensitive micro-drone, which can be used to monitor GHG emissions, more specifically, CO2. Two different measurement strategies are proposed to address this task. First, the use of predefined sensing trajectories is evaluated for the task of gas distribution mapping using the micro-drone. Alternatively, we present an adaptive strategy, which suggests sampling points based on an artificial potential field (APF). The results of real-world experiments demonstrate the feasibility of using gas-sensitive micro-drones for GHG monitoring missions. Thus, we suggest a multi-layered surveillance system for CO2 storage areas. T2 - GHGT 11 - Greenhouse gas control technologies conference CY - Kyoto, Japan DA - 18.11.2012 KW - Gas-sensitive micro-drone KW - Gas distribution mapping KW - Sensor planning KW - Artificial potential field KW - CCS PY - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-289119 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.320 SN - 1876-6102 VL - 37 SP - 4182 EP - 4190 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-28911 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Grabolle, Markus A1 - Pauli, Jutta A1 - Spieles, Monika A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Relative and absolute determination of fluorescence quantum yields of transparent samples N2 - Luminescence techniques are among the most widely used detection methods in the life and material sciences. At the core of these methods is an ever-increasing variety of fluorescent reporters (i.e., simple dyes, fluorescent labels, probes, sensors and switches) from different fluorophore classes ranging from small organic dyes and metal ion complexes, quantum dots and upconversion nanocrystals to differently sized fluorophore-doped or fluorophore-labeled polymeric particles. A key parameter for fluorophore comparison is the fluorescence quantum yield (Φf), which is the direct measure for the efficiency of the conversion of absorbed light into emitted light. In this protocol, we describe procedures for relative and absolute determinations of Φf values of fluorophores in transparent solution using optical methods, and we address typical sources of uncertainty and fluorophore class-specific challenges. For relative determinations of Φf, the sample is analyzed using a conventional fluorescence spectrometer. For absolute determinations of Φf, a calibrated stand-alone integrating sphere setup is used. To reduce standard-related uncertainties for relative measurements, we introduce a series of eight candidate quantum yield standards for the wavelength region of ~350–950 nm, which we have assessed with commercial and custom-designed instrumentation. With these protocols and standards, uncertainties of 5–10% can be achieved within 2 h. PY - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-294202 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2013.087 SN - 1754-2189 SN - 1750-2799 VL - 8 IS - 8 SP - 1535 EP - 1550 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - Basingstoke AN - OPUS4-29420 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neuschaefer-Rube, U. A1 - Illemann, J. A1 - Sturm, M. A1 - Bircher, B. A1 - Meli, F. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei T1 - Validation of a fast and traceable radiographic scale calibration of dimensional computed tomography N2 - A fast and highly precise method of determining the geometrical scale factor of computed tomography (CT) measurements has been validated successfully by Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), the Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS) and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) within the scope of AdvanCT (Advanced Computed Tomography for dimensional and surface measurements in industry), a project funded in the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR). The method has been developed by PTB and requires only two radiographic images of a calibrated thin 2D standard (hole grid standard) from two opposite directions. The mean grid distance is determined from both radiographs. From this and with the help of the calibration result, the radiographic scale and therefore the voxel size is determined. The procedure takes only a few minutes and avoids a time-consuming CT scan. To validate the method, the voxel sizes determined via this method were compared with voxel sizes determined from CT scans of calibrated objects. Relative deviations between the voxel sizes in the range of 10−5 were achieved with minimal effort using cone-beam CT systems at moderate magnifications. KW - Dimensional metrology KW - Voxel size KW - Industrial CT KW - Geometrical magnification PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-553271 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac74a3 SN - 0957-0233 VL - 33 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-55327 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. T1 - Development of an analysis and testing concept for the evaluation of impact targets in the mechanical safety testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The mechanical and geometrical properties of impact targets greatly influence the outcome of a drop test. The International Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) as well as ISO 2248 describe the characteristics of impact targets for drop tests of dangerous goods packagings. According to these regulations, the impact target’s surface needs to be unyielding, under testing conditions non-deformable, flat, and integral with a mass at least 50 times that of the heaviest packaging to be tested. The problem is that many production facilities, especially manufacturers of corrugated fibreboard boxes, do not have their own testing device with the required 50 times mass ratio of the impact target for a regulation compliant drop test during series production. Furthermore, at UN level it is considered necessary to revise these requirements. In the present paper, the impact target requirements are examined in detail and compared with those in other technical areas (e.g., impact target for container for the transport of radioactive materials). A research method is being developed to investigate the dependency between the mass ratio of the packaging and the target as well as the damage resistance of a drop tested package in relation to specific design characteristics. The results are of high relevance for industry purposes and intended to ensure a uniform level of safety assessment for the mechanical testing of dangerous goods packagings. KW - Corrugated fibreboard boxes KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Impact target KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549660 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2656 SN - 0894-3214 SN - 1099-1522 VL - 35 IS - 9 SP - 689 EP - 700 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-54966 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arinchtein, A. A1 - Ye, M.-Y. A1 - Yang, Q. A1 - Kreyenschulte, C. A1 - Wagner, Andreas A1 - Frisch, M. A1 - Brückner, A. A1 - Kondratenko, E. A1 - Kraehnert, R. T1 - Dynamics of Reaction-Induced Changes of Model-Type Iron Oxide Phases in the CO2-Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis N2 - Iron-based catalysts are employed in CO2-FTS due to their ability to convert CO2 into CO in a first step and their selectivity towards higher hydrocarbons in a second CO hydrogenation step. According to the literature, iron carbides represent the active phase for hydrocarbon formation and are claimed to emerge in the presence of CO. We propose nanostructured FeOx films as model systems to assess information about the complex phase transformations during CO2-FTS. Mesoporous hematite, ferrihydrite, maghemite, maghemite/magnetite films were exposed to CO2-FTS atmospheres at 20 bar and 300°C. Up to three distinct phases were observed depending on the timeon-stream (TOS): a sintered maghemite/magnetite phase, a carbidic core-shell structure, and a low-crystalline, needle-type oxide phase. Our findings indicate that the formation of an intermediary maghemite/magnetite phase, predominant after short TOS (30 h), precedes the evolution of the carbide phase. Yet, even after prolonged TOS (185 h), no full conversion into a bulk carbide is observed. KW - Nanostructured FeOx films KW - CO2 KW - Scanning Auger Spectroscopy PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549709 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202200240 SN - 1867-3880 VL - 14 IS - 14 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-54970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koyutürk, B. A1 - Farber, E. A1 - Wagner, F. A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick A1 - Eisenberg, D. T1 - A simple decagram-scale synthesis of an atomically dispersed, hierarchically porous Fe–N–C catalyst for acidic ORR N2 - Carbons doped with iron and nitrogen (Fe–N–Cs) are highly promising electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions in the oxygen, nitrogen and carbon cycles. Containing no platinum group metals, they nevertheless compete with platinum-based catalysts in crucial fuel cell reactions, such as oxygen reduction in acid. Yet deployment of Fe–N–Cs in fuel cells requires also a flow-enhancing pore structure, and a scalable synthesis procedure – a rarely-met combination of requirements. We now report such a simple synthesis of over 10 g of an Fe–N–C catalyst with high activity towards oxygen reduction in acid. Atomically-dispersed Fe–N4 active sites were designed orthogonally and simultaneously with hierarchical micro-, meso- and macroporosity, by exploiting a dual role of magnesium ions during pyrolysis. Combining the “active site imprinting” and “self-templating” strategies in a single novel magnesium iminodiacetate precursor yielded a catalyst with high specific surface area (SSA > 1600 m2 g−1), a flow-enhancing hierarchical porosity, and high relative abundance of the most desirable D1-type Fe–N4 sites (43%, by Mössbauer spectroscopy at 4.2 K). Despite the relatively low iron contents, the catalysts feature halfwave potentials up to 0.70 V vs. RHE at pH 1 and a mass activity of 1.22 A g−1 at 0.8 V vs. RHE in RDE experiments. Thanks to the simple and scalable synthesis, this active and stable catalyst may serve as a workhorse in academic and industrial research into atomically-dispersed ORR electrocatalysis. KW - Catalysis KW - Fe-N-C catalysts KW - Fuel Cells KW - Electrochemistry PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550113 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta00925k SN - 2050-7488 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-55011 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Titirici, M. A1 - Baird, S. G. A1 - Sparks, T. D. A1 - Yang, S. M. A1 - Brandt-Talbot, A. A1 - Hosseinaei, O. A1 - Harper, D. P. A1 - Parker, R. M. A1 - Vignolini, S. A1 - Berglund, L. A. A1 - Li, Y. A1 - Gao, H.-L. A1 - Mao, L.-B. A1 - Yu, S.-H. A1 - Díez, N. A1 - Ferrero, G. A. A1 - Sevilla, M. A1 - Szilágyi, P. Á. A1 - Stubbs, C. J. A1 - Worch, J. C. A1 - Huang, Y. A1 - Luscombe, C. K. A1 - Lee, K.-Y. A1 - Luo, H. A1 - Platts, M. J. A1 - Tiwari, D. A1 - Kovalevskiy, D. A1 - Fermin, D. J. A1 - Au, H. A1 - Alptekin, H. A1 - Crespo-Ribadeneyra, M. A1 - Ting, V. P. A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick A1 - Barrio, J. A1 - Westhead, O. A1 - Roy, C. A1 - Stephens, I. E. L. A1 - Nicolae, S. A. A1 - Sarma, S. C. A1 - Oates, R. P. A1 - Wang, C.-G. A1 - Li, Z. A1 - Loh, X. J. A1 - Myers, R. J. A1 - Heeren, N. A1 - Grégoire, A. A1 - Périssé, C. A1 - Zhao, X. A1 - Vodovotz, Y. A1 - Earley, B. A1 - Finnveden, G. A1 - Björklund, A. A1 - Harper, G. D. J. A1 - Walton, A. A1 - Anderson, P. A. T1 - The sustainable materials roadmap N2 - Our ability to produce and transform engineered materials over the past 150 years is responsible for our high standards of living today, especially in the developed economies. Yet, we must carefully think of the effects our addiction to creating and using materials at this fast rate will have on the future generations. The way we currently make and use materials detrimentally affects the planet Earth, creating many severe environmental problems. It affects the next generations by putting in danger the future of economy, energy, and climate. We are at the point where something must drastically change, and it must change NOW. We must create more sustainable materials alternatives using natural raw materials and inspiration from Nature while making sure not to deplete important resources, i.e. in competition with the food chain supply. We must use less materials, eliminate the use of toxic materials and create a circular materials economy where reuse and recycle are priorities. We must develop sustainable methods for materials recycling and encourage design for disassembly. We must look across the whole materials life cycle from raw resources till end of life and apply thorough life cycle assessments based on reliable and relevant data to quantify sustainability. KW - Electrochemistry KW - Fe-N-C catalysts KW - Fuel cells KW - Catalysis PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550126 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7639/ac4ee5 SN - 2515-7639 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 98 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-55012 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid on high‐density polyethylene containers as a laboratory test N2 - In a laboratory test, transparent high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) jerrycans have been exposed to both UV radiation and 55 wt‐% nitric acid solution at (41 ± 2)°C, for up to 20 days. For comparison, UV radiant exposure (21 days) and nitric acid exposure (up to 6 weeks) were performed separately, at nearly equal temperatures. The damages are compared with FTIR spectroscopy in ATR and HT‐gel permeation chromatography(GPC) on a molecular level and with hydraulic internal pressure testing as a component test. For the used jerrycans, relevant oxidation can only be found after the combined exposure. This is caused by the decomposition of nitric acid into nitrous gases by UV radiation, which is also observed at lower concentrations (28 wt‐%). After 6 days of laboratory exposure, this is rated as critical, which corresponds to about 1/10 year in Central Europe, according to the UV radiant exposure. The gradual increase in oxidative damage shows the reproducibility of the test. KW - Molecular mass distribution KW - High-density polyethylene KW - Nitric acid KW - UV radiation PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550141 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2673 SN - 0894-3214 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-55014 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Belenguer, A. A1 - Lampronti, G. A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Sanders, J. T1 - Quantitative reversible one pot interconversion of three crystalline polymorphs by ball mill grinding N2 - We demonstrate here using a disulfide system the first example of reversible, selective, and quantitative transformation between three crystalline polymorphs by ball mill grinding. This includes the discovery of a previously unknown polymorph. Each polymorph is reproducibly obtained under well-defined neat or liquid-assisted grinding conditions, revealing subtle control over the apparent thermodynamic stability. We discovered that the presence of a contaminant as low as 1.5% mol mol−1 acting as a template is required to enable all these three polymorph transformations. The relative stabilities of the polymorphs are determined by the sizes of the nanocrystals produced under different conditions and by surface interactions with small amounts of added solvent. For the first time, we show evidence that each of the three polymorphs is obtained with a unique and reproducible crystalline size. This mechanochemical approach gives access to bulk quantities of metastable polymorphs that are inaccessible through recrystallisation. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Polymorph KW - XRD PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549934 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CE00393G SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-54993 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gupta, P. A1 - Karnaushenko, D. D. A1 - Becker, C. A1 - Okur, I. E. A1 - Melzer, M. A1 - Özer, B. A1 - Schmidt, O. G. A1 - Karnaushenko, D. T1 - Large Scale Exchange Coupled Metallic Multilayers by Roll-to-Roll (R2R) Process for Advanced Printed Magnetoelectronics N2 - Till now application of printed magnetoelectronics is hindered by lack of large area exchange coupled metallic multilayers required to produce printable magneto-sensory inks. Large-scale roll-to-roll (R2R) fabrication process is an attractive approach owing to its capabilities for high volume, high throughput, and large area manufacturing. Precise and high performance R2R sputtering technology is developed to fabricate large area giant magnetoresistive (GMR) thin-films stacks that contain 30 metallic bilayers prepared by continuous R2R sputtering of Co and Cu sequential on a hundred meters long polyethylene terephthalate (PET) web. The R2R sputtered Co/Cu multilayer on a 0.2 × 100 m2 PET web exhibits a GMR ratio of ≈40% achieving the largest area exchange coupled room temperature magneto-sensitive system demonstrated to date. The prepared GMR thin-film is converted to magnetosensitive ink that enables printing of magnetic sensors with high performance in a cost-efficient way, which promotes integration with printed electronics. An average GMR ratio of ≈18% is obtained for 370 printed magnetic sensors. The realized precise R2R sputtering approach can also be extended to a wide range of hybrid thin-film material systems opening up a path for new functional inks applied with printing technologies. KW - Printed Electronics KW - Flexible Magnetic Sensors KW - Roll-to-Roll Processing KW - Functional Materials KW - Upscaling PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552344 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202200190 SN - 2365-709X SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim, Deutschland AN - OPUS4-55234 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -