TY - CONF A1 - Kasch, Thomas T1 - Assessment Criteria to Evaluate Test Results on Compatibility of Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen Service Based on BAM’s Safety Philosophy N2 - The general requirement, that nonmetallic materials for oxygen service must be tested and found suitable for their intended use in plants and components is the current state of technical safety. However, numerous requests of manufacturers, sales offices, and users show, that there is still a strong need for information on how these materials are tested and evaluated. Based on more than 60 years of expertise, this paper provides background information on BAM’s test approach. It explains why BAM applies additional assessment criteria on nonmetallic materials for certain use conditions. Hence, the test schedule as well as the final evaluation shall reflect the practical application in a more customer-related way in combination with a higher safety level. That is the demand of BAM’s safety philosophy. T2 - 15th international symposium on flammability and sensitivity of materials in oxygen-enriched atmospheres CY - Online meeting DA - 03.05.2022 KW - Oxygen compatibility KW - Background information on test approaches KW - Evaluation of test results KW - Assessment criteria KW - BAM’s safety philosophy PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54887 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Assessment approaches of mechanical behavior of SNF under transport package test conditions N2 - German packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by German authority BAM for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure. Specific test conditions will be analyzed with regard to assumptions to be used in the activity release and criticality safety analysis. In particular the different failure modes of the fuel rods, which can cause release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments, have to be properly considered in these assumptions. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible. The application of sophisticated numerical models requires extensive experimental data for model verification, which are in general not available. The gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellets, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally, and require a conservative approach. In this context some practical approaches based on experiences by BAM within safety assessment of packages for transport of spent fuel will be discussed. Ongoing research activities to investigate SNF mechanical behavior in view of gas and fissile material release under transport loads are presented. T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Spent fuel KW - Cladding failure KW - Criticality analysis KW - Encapsulation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39908 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wander, Lukas T1 - Assessment and validation of various flow cell designs for quantitative online NMR spectroscopy N2 - Compact nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instruments make NMR spectroscopy and relaxometry accessible in industrial and harsh environments for reaction and process control. Robust field integration of NMR systems have to face explosion protection or integration into process control systems with short set-up times. This paves the way for industrial automation in real process environments. The design of failsafe, temperature and pressure resistant flow through cells along with their NMR-specific requirements is an essential cornerstone to enter industrial production plants and fulfill explosion safety requirements. NMR-specific requirements aim at full quantitative pre-magnetization and acquisition with maximum sensitivity while reducing sample transfer times and dwell-times. All parameters are individually dependent on the applied NMR instrument. Luckily, an increasing number of applications are reported together with an increasing variety of commercial equipment. However, these contributions have to be reviewed thoroughly. The performance of sample flow cells commonly used in online analytics and especially for low-field NMR spectroscopy was experimentally and theoretically investigated by 1H-NMR experiments and numerical simulations. Here, we demonstrate and discuss an automated test method to determine the critical parameters of flow through cells for quantitative online NMR spectroscopy. The setup is based on randomized setpoints of flow rates in order to reduce temperature related effects. Five flow cells and tubings were assessed and compared for high-field as well as low-field NMR spectrometers. T2 - Small Molecule NMR Conference (SMASH) CY - Baveno, Italy DA - 17.09.2017 KW - Online NMR spectroscopy KW - Reaction monitoring KW - Flow cell KW - Process control KW - SMASH PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-419485 UR - http://www.smashnmr.org/conference/program AN - OPUS4-41948 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bronsert, Jeffrey T1 - Assessment and optimisation of bridge transition zones on the basis of a numerical model for train-track-bridge interaction T2 - EURODYN 2014 IX International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Oporto, Portugal DA - 2014-06-30 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-31154 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thöns, Sebastian T1 - Assessment and monitoring of reliability and robustness of offshore wind energy converters T2 - ESREL 2008 CY - Valencia, Spain DA - 2008-09-22 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18076 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rücker, Werner A1 - Rohrmann, Rolf T1 - Assessment and Damage Detection for Offshore Wind Turbines and Infrastructures T2 - IRIS - Current Praxis Workshop CY - Thessaloniki, Greece DA - 2009-03-30 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20663 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tütken, T. A1 - Tatzel, Michael A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Rosner, M. T1 - Assessing δ26Mg in bioapatite as proxy for faunivory N2 - Knowledge about feeding behavior is essential to determine trophic interactions and reconstruct predator-prey relationships in modern and past foodwebs. Traditionally, nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) of collagen are used to quantify the ingestion of animal protein, however collagen usually does not preserve over geological time scales. To infer the diet of extinct vertebrates from fossil material more resistant dietary proxies such as Ca and Mg isotopes are needed, which are major elements in the bioapatite of bones and teeth. Magnesium is a bio-essential element that replaces calcium in the bioapatite lattice and bone and enamel δ26Mg values of extant mammals increase systematically along the foodchain [1, 2]. The existing δ26Mg data, however, is scarce, in particular with respect to carnivores, thus still limiting the capability of this dietary proxy to reliably determine trophic differences between plant- and animal-feeders. To better constrain trophic-level effects recorded in Mg isotopes, we analyzed δ26Mg of bioapatite from modern mammals with a focus on faunivores, both carnivores and as yet unexplored insectivores. The trophic level effect of δ26Mg is influenced by the geological substrate which causes isotope variability in δ26Mg of faunal remains between different ecosystems [1, 2]. Therefore, as first-order proxy for sample provenance and to assess potential influences of the bedrock substrate of the animals´ habitats on δ26Mg of bones and teeth, we measured the 87Sr/86Sr on the same specimens. This information will enable us to refine trophic level effects and determine whether δ26Mg can be used to distinguish different faunivores isotopically. This will be of paramount importance for dietary reconstructions of trophic niches in fossil foodwebs. [1] Martin et al. (2014) Geochmica Cosmochimica Acta 130, 12-20. [2] Martin et al. (2015) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, 430-435. T2 - Goldschmidt CY - Paris, France DA - 13.08.2017 KW - Magnesium stable isotopes KW - Isotope fractionation KW - Trophic level KW - 87Sr/86Sr KW - Provenance PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41535 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thöns, Sebastian T1 - Assessing the Value of Structural Health Monitoring T2 - ICOSSAR 2013, 11th International Conference on Structural Safety & Reliability CY - New York, NY, USA DA - 2013-06-16 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28820 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Assessing the safety of new technologies: Summary of Project AGIL N2 - In Additive Manufacturing everybody is talking about Free Form, Unconventional Design, Re-thinking Components, “Think out of the box”. However, there are a few outstanding question: a) What are the material properties ? They certainly differ from literature values for conventional materials; b) How about the microstructure? It is different from conventional materials. Does it stay so with ageing? How does it form? c) Do we properly take residual stress into account? We often blame them for our ignorance about failure scenarios. d) Do we apply tailored heat treatments? Very often, we follow conventional schedules… This talk describes the summary of the efforts carried out within the BAM Project AGIL. At BAM, we aimed to thoroughly investigate the microstructure and how it evolves as a function of load and temperature (service), to determine the material properties after different process and service conditions, to properly determine residual stress and the way it impacts mechanical properties and component performance, to properly quantify the impact of (unavoidable?) defects, and to determine heat treatments tailored to the process-specific material (stress relieve, microstructure homogenization etc.). The Project AGIL was and is intimately coupled with the project ProMoAM, dealing with online monitoring of AM processes. T2 - Workshop In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufactured Alloys CY - Online meeting DA - 19.04.2021 KW - Mechanical properties KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Residual Stress KW - Microstructure KW - Fatigue KW - Creep PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Assessing the performance of intumescent coatings using bench-scaled cone calorimeter T2 - European Coatings Conference - Fire Retardant Coatings CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-14 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis T1 - Assessing the low cycle fatigue behaviour of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V: Challenges and first results N2 - The understanding of process-microstructure-property-performance (PMPP) relationships in additive manufacturing (AM) of metals is highly necessary to achieve wide-spread industrial application and replace conventionally manufactured parts, especially regarding safety-relevant applications. To achieve this understanding, reliable data and knowledge regarding material’s microstructure-property relationships (e.g. the role of defects) is needed, since it represents the base for future more targeted process optimizations and more reliable calculations of performance. However, producing reliable material data and assessing the AM material behaviour is not an easy task: big challenges are e.g. the actual lack of standard testing methods for AM materials and the occasional difficulties in finding one-to-one comparable material data for the conventional counterpart. This work aims to contribute to end this lack of reliable material data and knowledge for the low cycle fatigue behaviour of the most used titanium alloy in aerospace applications (Ti-6Al-4V). For this purpose, two sets of test specimens were investigated. The first set was manufactured from cylindrical rods produced by an optimized DED-L process and the second was manufactured from a hot formed round bar. The test specimens were cyclically loaded until failure in the low-cycle-fatigue (LCF) regime. The tests were carried out according to ISO 12106 between 0.3 to 1.0 % axial strain amplitude from room temperature up to 400°C. The LCF behaviour is described and compared between materials and with literature values based on cyclic deformation curves and strain-based fatigue life curves. Besides, the parameters of Manson-Coffin-Basquin relationship were calculated. The microstructures (initial and after failure) and fracture surfaces were comparative characterized. Thereby, the focus lied on understanding the role of grain morphology and defects on the failure mechanisms and fatigue lifetimes. For this latter characterization, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro computed tomography (µCT) were used. T2 - 4th International Symposium on Fatigue Design and Material Defects CY - Online meeting DA - 26.05.2020 KW - Ti-6Al-4V KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Low cycle fatigue KW - Micro computed tomography KW - Microstructure PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50893 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wan, Wei T1 - Assessing the FRET Acceptor Potential of Various BODIPY Dyes for Europium as the FRET Donor T2 - International Bunsen Discussion Meeting on Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Life Sciences CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 2011-03-27 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23937 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Saif-Ur-Rehman, Saif-Ur-Rehman T1 - Assessing Structural Failure in Extrusion-based 3D Concrete Printing Using Plasticity Models N2 - 3D concrete printing (3DCP) brings automation in construction, reduces material usage, increases design flexibility, and eliminates the need for formwork. However, it is a complex process involving various parameters that are often defined by trial and error. This can lead to unforeseen failures during the print, such as buckling or yielding. Computational modeling can be used in the design stage to predict and prevent failure, during printing for real-time process control, and afterwards to assess how variations during printing affect the final structure. The structural failure during the print is primarily governed by how concrete behaves at the material level, making the choice of constitutive model crucial. Plasticity models are commonly used to assess buildability, with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion being a widely used approach [1]. However, its suitability for modeling fresh concrete for 3DCP, under such loading conditions and varying material properties is still an open research question. Furthermore, experimental studies have shown that fresh concrete exhibits non-linear behavior before failure [2], which is usually not considered in structural simulations of 3DCP. This work investigates the influence of plasticity models on different structural failure modes observed in 3DCP, specifically elastic buckling and plastic collapse. The non-linear behavior of fresh concrete is accounted for by incorporating non-linear isotropic hardening into the plasticity models. A Von-Mises plasticity model and a Mohr-Coulomb model with a hyperbolic smooth approximation are implemented, both incorporating non-linear hardening. An objective stress rate formulation is adopted to consider geometric non-linearity for accurate buckling predictions. As freshly deposited layers structurate over time, an age-dependent model is implemented to capture the stiffness and strength evolution of printed layers. To simulate the layer-by-layer process, a pseudo-density-based activation method is used, allowing sequential activation of layers as printing progresses. Model parameters are identified for different ages using Bayesian inference via inverse finite element modeling by numerically replicating stress-strain data from uniaxial compression tests on samples at different ages. Printing simulations are conducted for thin-walled and cylindrical structures, demonstrating the influence of choice of plasticity model on buckling behavior and material failure. T2 - The Fifth International Conference on Simulation for Additive Manufacturing (SIM-AM 2025) CY - Pavia, Italy DA - 9.09.2025 KW - 3D Concrete Printing KW - Material Modeling KW - Plasticity KW - Simulation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64361 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Saif-Ur-Rehman, Saif-Ur-Rehman T1 - Assessing Structural Failure in Extrusion-based 3D Concrete Printing Using Plasticity Models N2 - 3D concrete printing (3DCP) brings automation in construction, reduces material usage, increases design flexibility, and eliminates the need for formwork. However, it is a complex process involving various parameters that are often defined by trial and error. This can lead to unforeseen failures during the print, such as buckling or yielding. Computational modeling can be used in the design stage to predict and prevent failure, during printing for real-time process control, and afterwards to assess how variations during printing affect the final structure. The structural failure during the print is primarily governed by how concrete behaves at the material level, making the choice of constitutive model crucial. Plasticity models are commonly used to assess buildability, with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion being a widely used approach. However, its suitability for modeling fresh concrete for 3DCP, under such loading conditions and varying material properties is still an open research question. Furthermore, experimental studies have shown that fresh concrete exhibits non-linear behavior before failure, which is usually not considered in structural simulations of 3DCP. This work investigates the influence of plasticity models on different structural failure modes observed in 3DCP, specifically elastic buckling and plastic collapse. The non-linear behavior of fresh concrete is accounted for by incorporating non-linear isotropic hardening into the plasticity models. A Von-Mises plasticity model and a Mohr-Coulomb model with a hyperbolic smooth approximation are implemented, both incorporating non-linear hardening. An objective stress rate formulation is adopted to consider geometric non-linearity for accurate buckling predictions. As freshly deposited layers structurate over time, an age-dependent model is implemented to capture the stiffness and strength evolution of printed layers. To simulate the layer-by-layer process, a pseudo-density-based activation method is used, allowing sequential activation of layers as printing progresses. Model parameters are identified for different ages using Bayesian inference via inverse finite element modeling by numerically replicating stress-strain data from uniaxial compression tests on samples at different ages. Printing simulations are conducted for thin-walled and cylindrical structures, demonstrating the influence of choice of plasticity model on buckling behavior and material failure T2 - 11th GACM Colloquium on Computational Mechanics 2025 CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 21.09.2025 KW - 3D concrete printing KW - Von-Mises plasticity KW - Mohr-Coulomb plasticity KW - Constitutive modeling KW - Non-linear hardening KW - Objective stress rate KW - Finite element modeling KW - Bayesian inference PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64360 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Westin, Elin T1 - Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless weld metal: WRC '92 predictions vs. practical measurements N2 - The weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ’92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FN). This study aims to assess the reliability of the WRC ’92 diagram for weld metals with FN > 50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been PVD-coated with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was evaluated using image analysis, FERITSCOPE® and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While predictions from the WRC ’92 diagram were deemed acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, albeit with slightly higher FN values, wider scatter, and the conversion factor from FN to vol.-% is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. These findings underscore the need for improved prediction tools and appropriate measurement methods for assessing ferrite content in duplex weld metals. T2 - Annual Assembly and International Conference CY - Rhodes, Greece DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Duplex steel KW - Ratio austenite / ferrite KW - WRC diagram PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60771 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kromm, Arne T1 - Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless steel weld metals: WRC '92 predictions vs. practical measurements N2 - The weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ’92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FN). This study aims to validate the reliability of the WRC ’92 diagram for weld metals with FN > 50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been PVD-coated with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was assessed using image analysis, FERITSCOPE® and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While the WRC ’92 diagram predictions were deemed accurate to acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, though the values were higher, and scatter was wider, and the conversion factor is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting Comission IX-H CY - Incheon, Republic of Korea DA - 12.03.2024 KW - Duplex Stainless Steel KW - Ferrite KW - WRC 92 PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59750 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Andresen, Elina T1 - Assessing dissolution of upconverting nanoparticles by TEM, EDXS, potentiometry and fluorometry N2 - Inorganic lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) constitute an emerging class of near-infrared (NIR)-excitable luminescent reporters for bioimaging, fluorescence assays, sensors in bioanalysis, and optical thermometry as well as phosphors for photovoltaic and security applications.1 However, the use of UCNPs in bioimaging and cellular studies requires biocompatible particles. One possible cause of UCNP toxicity is the release of potentially harmful fluoride fluoride and lanthanide ions as revealed by dilution studies in aqueous environments, particularly under high dilution conditions.2-5 To address this issue, suitable surface coatings preventing such effects in combination with fast screening methods suited for online in situ analysis are desired. Here we present a systematic study of differently sized β-NaYF4:Yb,Er nanocrystals stabilized with different surface coatings and different hydrophilic ligands varying in binding strength to the surface atoms in various aqueous environments at different temperatures. T2 - E-MRS Fall Meeting 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Dissolution KW - Nanomaterial KW - Upconversion nanoparticle KW - Lanthanide KW - Photoluminescence PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-56231 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Assessing different types of silica networks for the complete protection of nir luminescent molecular rubies from oxygen quenching in air N2 - The application of emerging luminophores such as near-infrared (NIR) emissive earth-abundant chromium(III) (CrIII) complexes and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) systems in air as optical reporters for bioimaging or photonic materials for energy conversion requires simple and efficient strategies for their complete protection from luminescence quenching by oxygen. Therefore, we explored the influence of sol-gel synthesis routes on the oxygen protection efficiency of the resulting core and core/shell silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), utilizing the molecular ruby-type luminophores CrPF6 ([Cr(ddpd)2](PF6)3; ddpd = N,N’-dimethyl- N,N’-dipyridin-2-ylpyridin-2,6-diamine) and CrBF4 ([Cr(ddpd)2](BF4)3) with their oxygen-dependent, but polarity-, proticity-, viscosity-, and concentration-independent luminescence as optical probes for oxygen permeability. The sol-gel chemistry routes we assessed include the classical Stöber method and the underexplored larginine approach, which relies on the controlled hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in a biphasic cyclohexane/water system with the catalyst l-arginine. As demonstrated by luminescence measurements of air- and argon-saturated dispersions of CrPF6- and CrBF4-stained SiO2 NPs of different size and particle architecture, utilizing the luminescence decay kinetics of argon-saturated solutions of CrPF6 and CrBF4 in acetonitrile (ACN) as benchmarks, only SiO2 NPs or shells synthesized by the l-arginine approach provided complete oxygen protection of the CrIII complexes under ambient conditions. We ascribe the different oxygen shielding efficiencies of the silica networks explored to differences in density and surface chemistry of the resulting nanomaterials and coatings, leading to different oxygen permeabilities. Our l-arginine based silica encapsulation strategy can open the door for the efficient usage of oxygen-sensitive luminophores and TTA-UC systems as optical reporters and spectral shifters in air in the future. T2 - eMRS Strasbourg CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 26.05.2025 KW - Quality assurance KW - Fluorescence KW - Nano KW - Particle KW - Synthesis KW - Quantum yield KW - NIR KW - Mechanism KW - Characterization KW - Electron microscopy KW - Silica KW - Oxygen sensing KW - Surface KW - Doping KW - Lifetime KW - Cr(III) complex PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63300 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Anne-Christine T1 - Assessing co-selection of biocide and antibiotic resistance in wastewater microbial communities N2 - Biocides are used for a wide range of purposes, including disinfectants or preservatives. Biocides play a major role in the prevention of microbial infections in healthcare and animal husbandry. The use of biocides often leads to the discharge of active biocidal substances into wastewater streams, causing the exposure of wastewater microbial communities to subinhibitory concentrations. In turn, it is known that wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria. Since similar mechanisms confer resistance to biocides and antibiotics, exposure to biocides can result in co-selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria in WWTP due to biocides. Here, we investigate the magnitude and the drivers of co-selection of antibiotic resistance in natural wastewater microbial communities upon biocide exposure. Microbial communities will be sampled at the WWTP Ruhleben in Berlin and characterized regarding their biocide and antibiotic resistance. Changes in the resistance level after exposure to different biocides will be determined by enumerating resistant and non-resistant E. coli and heterotrophic bacteria on selective plates with and without several biocides and antibiotics. Moreover, we are establishing a synthetic community comprising about 100 environmental E. coli isolates each with different antimicrobial resistance traits. Each isolate will be tagged with a unique DNA-barcode. All isolates will be pooled and exposed to different biocides at various concentrations. The barcode labeling enables us to determine the abundance of each isolate at the beginning and end of the experiment by transposon-tag sequencing. The project results will inform risk assessment of the effects of biocidal residues on antimicrobial resistance selection in WWTP. The project is part of the BIOCIDE consortium funded within the call on Aquatic pollutants by JPI-AMR, JPI-OCEANS and JPI-WATER. T2 - 6th International Symposium onn the Environmental Dimension of Antibiotic Resistance - EDAR 6 CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 22.09.2022 KW - Antibiotic resisitance KW - Biocide KW - Wastewater KW - Risk assesment PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56796 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gallo, Emanuela T1 - Assessing Cable Reaction to Fire by New Intermediate-Scale Method T2 - FRPM 2015, 15th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2015-06-22 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33629 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hinchliffe, Daniel T1 - Assesing the Ecodesign Review Process T2 - Global Conference of Cleaner Production and Sustainable Consumption CY - Sitges, Spain DA - 2015-11-01 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34918 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Assesing rail damage in turns due to lateral load transfer N2 - A testing procedure is proposed and used, to estimate the rail damage potentials of variations in both, the height of the cargo´s center of gravity and the railway car suspension´s spring constant. The experimental setup consisted of a tilt table that slowly exerted an increasing lateral acceleration on a two-axle bogie-type vehicle equipped with a spring supported container. The potential damaging effect derived from the resulting lateral load transfer, was assessed on the basis of the fourth-power law. Results suggest that the cargo having a higher center of gravity could be more damaging to the outside rail when compared with the effect of the shorter center of gravity of the cargo, in arrange from0.94% to 3.17%, as a function of the spring constant of the suspension. Consequently, and comparatively, there would be a long-term damaging effect on the rail when having a cargo with a higher center of gravity, so that specific cargo, having a high center of gravity, would be more aggressive to the infrastructure. On the other hand, for the range of time rate changes of the lateral acceleration, it was not found a consistent trend regarding the effect of the value of the spring constant on the magnitude of the load transfers. T2 - ASME 2024 CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 17.11.2024 KW - Rail demage KW - Lateral load transfer PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Aspekte eines umfassenden Sicherheitskonzepts für Treibgasspeichersysteme T2 - Abschlusskolloquium zum Vorhaben "CNG-Fahrzeuge" des BMU, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-11-18 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-6023 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Aspekte einer digitalen Lebenslaufakte (Impulsvortrag) N2 - Durch Einsatz neuer Technologien im Transport von komprimiertem Wasserstoff konnte eine Verdreifachung des Nutzlastverhältnisses erreicht werden. Diese neuen Speicher auf den Transportfahrzeugen müssten aber anders auf ihre Sicherheit überprüft werden, als dies heute gefordert wird. Mit dem Markthochlauf Wasserstoff vervielfacht sich zudem die Anzahl der Transporteinheiten. Da sich im Zuge der neuen H2-Transportfahrzeuge aber auch die Anzahl der einzelnen Speicher pro Fahrzeug etwa verzwanzigfacht hat, kommen die Kapazitäten für die erforderliche wiederkehrende Prüfung an ihre Grenzen. Dies könnte evtl. durch eine entsprechende Erhöhung der Prüfkapazitäten gelöst werden. Da dies aber weder praktisch machbar ist noch technisch wirklich sinnvoll, müssen alternative Ansätze z.B. durch digital erfasste zerstörungsfreie Prüfkonzepte gesucht werden. Hierzu bedarf es aber einer Lebenslaufakte, die beginnend von der Definition einer Bauweise über die Baumusterprüfung, Zulassung, Herstellung, erstmalige Prüfung, Verwendung und wiederkehrenden oder begleitenden Prüfungen bis zum Verschrotten alle Daten erfassen und verwalten kann. Eine solche Lebenslaufakte könnte auch als eine Art digitaler Produktpass (DPP) verstanden werden. T2 - QI-digital Forum 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.10.2023 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Lebenslaufakte KW - Digitaler Produktpass DPP KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58559 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Aspekte der Versuchsplanung von Säulenversuchen - Möglichkeiten der Optimierung und Fallbeispiele T2 - Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Boden- und Abfallbereich, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-11-09 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22396 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Aspekte der sicherheitstechnischen Begutachtung von Zwischen- und Endlagerbehältern T2 - 1. RAM-Behältersicherheitstage 2009 CY - Berlin-Horstwalde, Germany DA - 2009-03-26 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19149 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scharf, Holger T1 - Aspekte der Qualitätssicherung bei der Herstellung und Anwendung von Referenzmaterialien für die Analytik von Sedimenten und Böden T2 - 7. Chemisches Kolloquium der Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1997-11-04 PY - 1997 AN - OPUS4-3311 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Subaric-Leitis, Andreas T1 - Aspekte der Prüfung und Kalibrierung von Martenshärteprüfgeräten im Makrobereich T2 - VMPA-Arbeitskreis Prüfmaschinen und Prüfgeräte CY - Oberaula, Germany DA - 2010-06-17 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22459 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Subaric-Leitis, Andreas T1 - Aspekte der Messunsicherheitsbestimmung in der Härteprüfung T2 - 5. Zwick-Roell-Härte-Symposium CY - Ulm, Germany DA - 2011-07-05 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24959 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Aspekte der Konzeption der sicherheitstechnischen Nachweisführung - Mechanische Nachweisführung innerhalb der verkehrsrechtlichen Bauartprüfung T2 - 2. RAM-Behältersicherheitstage 2010, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-03-18 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-23148 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Aspekte der Erschütterungsprognose bei Bahnlinien: Quasi-Statik und Achsfolge, unregelmäßiger Schotter und Boden, Wellenausbreitung bei Tunneln und Besonderheiten bei Bürogebäuden N2 - Erschütterungen, die durch Eisenbahnverkehr erzeugt werden, breiten sich durch den Erdboden aus und regen benachbarte Gebäude zu Schwingungen an. Es wurde ein Prognoseverfahren für Bahnerschütterungen ent-wickelt, das mit einfachen Modellen schnell Ergebnisse liefert. Dies sind physikalische Modelle, zum Beispiel 1-dimensionale Modelle mit Übertragungsmatrizen für die Fahrzeug-Fahrweg-Boden-Wechselwirkung und für die Gebäude-Boden Wechselwirkung. Damit werden die komplexen Verhältnisse bei der Emission (dem Zusammen¬wirken von Fahrzeug und Fahrweg), bei der Transmission durch den homogenen oder geschichteten Boden und bei der Immission in Gebäuden näherungsweise erfasst. In (Auersch, 2020) wird gezeigt, dass diese einfachen Prognosemodelle die Ergebnisse von detaillierten Modellen wie der Finite-Element-Randelement-Methode für das Gleis, die Wellenzahlintegrale für den Boden und 3-dimensionale Finite-Element-Modelle für das Gebäude gut wiedergeben können. Dies entspricht auch der Absicht, die Prognosemodelle aus den Ergebnissen der Detailmodelle abzuleiten. Die drei Prognoseteile werden getrennt berechnet, aber es werden physikalisch sinn¬volle Schnittstellen verwendet. Für die Emission und Transmission sind es die auf den Untergrund wirkenden Erregerkräfte von Fahrzeug und Fahrweg, für die Transmission und Immission sind es die Freifeldamplituden des Bodens. T2 - 17. D-A-CH-Tagung Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2021 KW - Erschütterungen KW - Emission KW - Transmission KW - Immission PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53314 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Subaric-Leitis, Andreas T1 - Aspekte der Ergebnisunsicherheit im Prüfwesen T2 - 260. PTB-Seminar: Berechnung der Messunsicherheit - Empfehlungen für die Praxis CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-03-21 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24958 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Duffner, Eric T1 - Aspekte der Bauteilprüfung, Bauteilsicherheit und Zulassung im Kompetenzzentrum H2SAFETY@BAM N2 - Der Vortrag zeigt den Weg des Themas Wasserstoff von Adolf Martens bis zum Kompetenzzentrum H2SafetyBAM, die zugehörigen Kompetenzfelder, deren Ziele und verantwortliche Personen. Der Hauptteil reflektiert den Aspekt des Markthochlaufes von Wasserstofftechnologien und zeigt einen Maßnahmenkatalog von der Risikosteuerung über die Konsequenzbegrenzung bis zu probabilistische Ansätzen in der Bewertung von Prüfergebnissen und der Wirkung von Mindestanforderungen. T2 - DVGW-Kongress H2-Sicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 26.02.2022 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Markthochlauf KW - Monte-Carlo-Simulation KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt KW - Alterung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54609 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Aspekte der Bauteilprüfung, Bauteilsicherheit und Zulassung im Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety N2 - Der Vortrag stellt das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety der BAM vor und zeigt Aspekte besonderer Kompetenz des Zentrums mit Blick auf das Kompetenzfeld TestCert. Beginnend mit dem H2-Unfall auf dem Tempelhofer Feld in 1894 wird dargestellt welche Bedeutung Sicherheitsfragen zu Wasserstoff für das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety haben. Danach wird die Struktur und die Arbeitsschwerpunkte erläutert und die verantwortlichen Personen kurz vorgestellt. Das Kompetenzfeld TestCert wird vertieft erläutert und hier insbesondere auf Sicherheitsaspekte des Markthochlaufes hingewiesen. Darauf aufbauend werden die statistischen Aspekte eines Markthochlaufes wie auch die der Streuung einer Population und deren Alterung dargelegt. Zuletzt kommt der Hinweis auf das Potential der Bewertung von Baumusterprüfkriterien mithilfe der Monte-Carlo-Simulation. T2 - DVGW Kongress "H2 Sicherheit" CY - Online meeting DA - 27.01.2021 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - Markthochlauf KW - Sicherheit KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Alterung KW - Zulassungskriterium PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53152 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baer, Wolfram T1 - Aspekte der analytischen bruchmechanischen Bauteilbewertung N2 - Am Beispiel eines abgesetzten zylindrischen Bauteils (Achsschenkel) werden Probleme der analytischen bruchmechanischen Bauteilbewertung diskutiert. Als Basis-philosophie wird ein Fail Safe-Kriterium (kontrolliertes Versagen) angesetzt. Die Forderung ist, dass sich der Achsschenkel, bevor er bricht, in einem Ausmaß plastisch verformen kann, bei dem der Fahrer bemerkt, dass mit seinem Fahrzeug etwas nicht in Ordnung ist. Um das zu gewährleisten, muss der Werkstoff einen bestimmten Riss-widerstand aufweisen. Dazu werden im hier vorgestellten ersten Teil des Projektes mittels FEM Rissspitzenbeanspruchungen in Abhängigkeit von der Auslenkung des Zylinders und angenommener Rissgrößen ermittelt. Diese finden als Zielgrößen in der weiteren Analyse Anwendung. Da eine einfach umzusetzende Lösung angestrebt wird, werden zusätzlich analytische Rechnungen an Ersatzgeometrien (halbunendliche Platte und Vollzylinder), aber mit den realen Spannungen am Bauteil durchgeführt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ergebnisse wegen des Steifigkeitsunterschieds zwischen Bauteil und Ersatzgeometrie unvertretbar konservativ sind. Alternativ wird ein hybrides Konzept vorgestellt, für das die Modellparameter mittels FEM bestimmt werden. Es liefert sehr genaue Ergebnisse. Im Rahmen der analytischen Rechenvorschrift können die Lösungen auf andere Werkstoffe übertragen werden, ohne dass zusätzliche FEM-Analysen notwendig sind. T2 - 54. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 22.02.2022 KW - Bauteilbewertung KW - Fail-safe KW - Analytisches Modell KW - FEM PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54408 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Aspects on Long Term Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel and High Active Waste in Germany T2 - PATRAM 2010 (16th Internationl Symposium on the Packaging and Transport of Radioactive Material) CY - London, England DA - 2010-10-03 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22239 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Oertzen, Alexander T1 - Aspects of the pyrotechnics directive in Europe T2 - Treffen zur Europäischen Pyrotechnikrichtlinie, organisiert vom italienischen Pyrotechnikverband CY - Città Sant'Angelo, Italy DA - 2007-03-10 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Linnemann, Konrad T1 - Aspects of spent fuel behavior assessment for transport packages N2 - Transport packages for spent nuclear fuel have to be assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by BAM for the authority assessment of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure of German package designs. In particular, cracks or failures in the fuel rod cladding can occur under regulatory transport conditions. These defects can cause the release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments into the package cavity and have to be considered properly in the safety analysis. Another issue is the transport of defective fuel rods. One concept is to use special canisters which can be handled like fuel assemblies. This concept requires additional assessment concerning drying, sealing and the mechanical and thermal design of such canisters. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible. The simplified approaches to consider conservatively spent fuel behavior currently accepted by BAM are presented here. T2 - International Conference on the Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors: An Integrated Approach to the Back End of the Fuel Cycle CY - Wien, Austria DA - 15.06.2015 KW - Transport packages KW - Spent fuel assessment PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-38101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Linnemann, Konrad T1 - Aspects of spent fuel behavior assessment for transport packages N2 - Transport packages for spent nuclear fuel have to be assessed with respect to specific transport conditions. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by BAM for the authority assessment of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure. T2 - SNL/BAM Workshop 2015 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.10.2015 KW - Transport packages KW - Spent fuel assessment PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-38103 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reiche, I. T1 - Aspects of Safety Assessments for Package Designs with Additional Equipment T2 - 14th Int. Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2004-09-20 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-6027 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nehrig, Marko T1 - Aspects of Gas Generation Caused by Residual Water inside ILW Packages T2 - Ramtrans 2015 10th International Conference on Radioactive Materials Transport and Storage CY - Oxford, UK DA - 2015-05-19 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33450 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zekhnini, Khalid A1 - Seifert, Lando T1 - Aspects of corrosion protection in the maritime sector– Focus of Current research of BAM for H2Mare N2 - Germany has set itself the task of becoming a world leader in the field of green hydrogen technologies and is promoting the transition to a hydrogen economy. The H2Mare flagship project is exploring the offshore production of green hydrogen and other power-to-X products. One of the most important goals is the safe and cost-efficient operation of offshore infrastructures, where a service life of at least 25 years is aimed at. However, the corrosive environment towards metallic materials presents challenges in marine areas. The atmosphere at one location could be affected by the distance to the sea level and does not have the same corrosivity for all exposed kinds of materials. The research of the durabilitty of different materials and corrosion protection systems by weathering campaigns and laboratory experiments aims to close this gap of knowledge. BAM‘s mandate is to make the data available to the responsible operators through standardisation to ensure safety and cost efficiency. T2 - H2Mare Conference 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.06.2024 KW - Atmospheric Corrosion KW - Offshore KW - Wind energy KW - Marine Corrosion KW - Laboratory Container KW - Corrosion protecting system KW - Sediment KW - Green Hydrogen PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60225 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bremser, Wolfram T1 - Aspects of Certified Reference Materials T2 - ECA International Workshop on Reference Standards CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-11-13 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3692 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin T1 - Aspects of Assessment of Packages with Wood Filled Impact Limiters during Fire Tests N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood, encapsulated by steel sheets. These impact limiters shall ensure that the transport casks meet the mechanical and thermal IAEA regulatory test requirements. According to the accident conditions of transport it is mandatory to expose the specimens to a cumulative effect by mechanical and thermal impacts. The mechanical tests consist of a free drop from 9 m onto a flat unyielding target and a 1 m drop onto a puncture bar. After damage caused by mechanical test sequences the package has to withstand a severe fire scenario. Corresponding to the IAEA advisory material it is required that the impact attitudes for the 9 m drop test and for the puncture test have to be such as to produce maximum damage, taking into account the thermal test. Moreover, any damage, which would give rise to increased radiation or loss of containment or affect the confinement system after the thermal test, should be considered. During and following the thermal test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally. Different works from the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) and BAM show that additional energy supply from a pre-damaged impact limiter to the cask could occur. This effect should be considered within the safety assessment of the containment. Thermal effects at the closure system of the cask, which might result in an elevated activity release, have to be excluded. BAM conducted small scale tests with wood filled metal buckets showing continuing combustion processes during the cooling down phase. These test results are presented. As not much is known about smouldering processes in wood filled impact limiters, it is highly complex to define pre-damage of impact limiters, which are conservative, regarding the maximum damaging energy flow from the impact limiter to the containment system. More research has to be done to develop models to examine the effects of smouldering impact limiters on the containment of packages for the transport of radioactive material. Aspects of assessment and its difficulties are shown. BAM as a competent authority for the approval of transport casks for radioactive material in Germany operates the test facilities to examine the issue of mechanical damage, combustion and heat transfer for such kind of package systems. For this purpose the knowledge from real drop tests with casks of a mass partly over 100 tons was transferred to a test application. A thermal test will take place with a wood filled test specimen with a diameter of about 2.3 meters. The aim is to understand the phenomena of smouldering under the consideration of relevant regulatory boundary conditions. The process of smouldering is described with regard to the requirements in the thermal assessment of safety of packages for the transport of radioactive material. Requirements concerning the pre-damage of packages for the maximum damage of impact limiters are discussed. Parameters influencing the smouldering process are identified. T2 - WM 2017 Conference CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 05.03.2017 KW - Fire test KW - Wood KW - Combustion KW - Smouldering KW - Smoldering KW - Impact limiter KW - Shock absorber KW - Thermal test KW - IAEA PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43170 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard T1 - Aspects of accuracy in the application of X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques to ceramics and catalysts T2 - Workshop "Accuracy in X-ray powder diffraction" of the Researsh Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) CY - Daejeon, South Korea DA - 2002-11-19 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-3753 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zencker, Uwe T1 - ASME-Regelwerksentwicklung zu numerischen Nachweismethoden N2 - Es wird über die Weiterentwicklung des ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) – Regelwerks berichtet. Relevant für das Design von Behältern ist ASME BPVC (ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code) Section III Division 3. In den ASME BPVC in der Fassung von 2015 wurden dehnungsbasierte Bewertungskriterien aufgenommen. Eine dehnungsbasierte Bewertung erfordert die genaue Kenntnis der aufgetretenen Dehnungen, d.h. speziell möglichst genaue numerische Berechnungen der Behälterbeanspruchungsszenarien. Daher sind regulatorische Vorgaben notwendig für die Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Auswertung numerischer Simulationen. In einer Arbeitsgruppe (ASME Special Working Group on Computational Modeling for Explicit Dynamics) werden dazu Leitlinien für die Anwendung numerischer Berechnungsverfahren entwickelt. Im Vortrag werden diese Leitlinien vorgestellt. T2 - 5. RAM-Behältersicherheitstage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.03.2016 KW - ASME KW - Regelwerk KW - Leitlinien KW - Numerische Nachweismethoden KW - Numerische Berechnungsverfahren PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35991 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stahl, E. T1 - ASHES-nutrient recycling from the thermo-chemical processing of waste bagasse and straw - Clips from a German-Brazilian collaborative research project N2 - The challenge of the project ASHES is focused on the recycling of nutrients from residues of thermochemical processing of by-products of sugar cane industry (bagasse/straw) in Brazil to increase the energy efficiency of thermal conversion and to enable the recycling of process ashes as fertilisers. Dry lignocellulosic biomass (straw, bagasse) are combusted, gasified and subsequently combined with post-thermochemical treatment in the AshDec process to increase the plant availability of phosphorus. Different fertilizer formulations are granulated/pelletized and tested regarding their storage/handling characteristics. T2 - Biomass Ash 2018 CY - Kopenhagen, Denmark DA - 06.06.2018 KW - Bagasse KW - Nutrient KW - Recycling PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45652 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung; Gefährlich oder nicht? N2 - In Deutschland fallen aktuell pro Jahr über 5 Mio. Tonnen Hausmüllverbrennungs-aschen (HMVA) an. Eine Verwertung dieser Aschen und Schlacken ist in Deutschland möglich und findet überwiegend im Deponiebau statt. Für die Verwertung sind in der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung Eluatgrenzwerte für Schwermetalle und einige andere Parameter vorgesehen. Der Umgang mit HMVA könnte durch eine Einstufung als gefährlicher Abfall erschwert werden. Maßgeblich für die Einstufung eines Abfalls als gefährlich oder ungefährlich sind die gefahrenrelevanten Eigenschaften HP 1 bis HP 15 nach Anhang III der Richtlinie 2008/98/EG über Abfälle mit dort festgelegten Konzentrationsgrenzen. Für HMVA ist im Wesentlichen nur der Parameter HP 14 (Ökotoxizität) von Bedeutung. Dafür sind entscheidend die Gehalte an chemischen Verbindungen mit den Gefahrenhinweiscodes (hazard statement code, HSC) H400, H410, H411, H412 und H413. Eine detaillierte Diskussion zu den übrigen Gefahreneigenschaften bei HMVA findet sich in der Literatur. Die Einstufung als gefährlicher Abfall erfolgt nach festgelegten Rechenregeln. Die BAM bearbeitet ein durch das UBA gefördertes Forschungsprojekt zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Analysedaten zu Aschen und Schlacken aus Abfallverbrennungsanlagen. Die Ergebnisse des Vorhabens sollen bei der Weiterentwicklung des vorhandenen Konzeptes für eine bundeseinheitlichen Untersuchung und abfallrechtlichen Einordnung von Aschen und Schlacken aus deutschen Abfallverbrennungsanlagen unterstützend herangezogen werden. Im Vortrag werden Verfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung der einstufungsrelevanten Verbindungen vorgestellt: 1.) der Praxisleitfaden von ITAD und IGAM, 2.) Methode basierend auf der Bioverfügbarkeit und 3.) Methode basierend auf Speziierungsanalyse. T2 - Jahrestreffen 2023 der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen AuW und TRO CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 06.03.2023 KW - Rostasche KW - Speziierungsanalyse KW - Abfallbehandlung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57346 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Lichte der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung N2 - Im Rahmen eines vom Umweltbundesamt geförderten Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob die Abtrennung der Feinfraktion (0-2 mm) eine Verbesserung der umweltrelevanten Eigenschaften bewirkt und somit HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. In Deutschland wird die Rostasche durch Nassentschlackungssysteme aus dem Feuerraum ausgetragen. Durch den Kontakt mit Wasser setzen direkt hydraulische Reaktionen ein, die eine vollständige Abtrennung der Feinfraktion unmöglich machen. Das wurde bereits in den 1990er Jahren erkannt und führte zur Entwicklung des ABB InRec Verfahrens mit Trockenentaschung als ersten Verfahrensschritt. Auch damals war das Ziel eine möglichst inerte Rostasche für die Verwertung zu erzeugen. In den letzten Jahren wurden in der Schweiz Trockenentaschungssystem installiert, hier vor allem um die Rückgewinnung von elementaren Metallen auch in der Feinfraktion zu verbessern. Welche Potenziale sich dabei erschließen lassen, wurde in einem anderen UBA-Projekt untersucht. Im Rahmen unserer Arbeiten wurde versuchsweise trockene Rostasche an einer Anlage in Süddeutschland genommen und im Labor untersucht. Im Vortrag werden die Ergebnisse zum Auslaugverhalten und zur Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (Ökotoxizität) vorgestellt. T2 - Jahrestreffen 2024 der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Abfallbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (AuW) und Gasreinigung (GAS) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 25.03.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ersatzbaustoffe PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59985 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rübner, Katrin T1 - Aschen aus dem Altpapierrecycling N2 - Sortierrückstände, Faserreststoffe und Schlämme aus der Altpapieraufbereitung und dem Deinking werden gegenwärtig entweder deponiert oder einer energetischen Verwertung zugeführt. Es gibt Bemühungen, die Reststoffe kontrolliert bei Temperaturen zwischen 700 °C und 800 °C zu calcinieren, um dadurch direkt einen metakaolinhaltigen puzzolanisch wirkenden Zementbestandteil oder Betonzusatzstoff herzustellen. Üblicherweise erfolgt die Verbrennung der Papierreststoffe aber beim Papierrecycler bzw. –hersteller in dezentralen Heizkraftwerken, in denen mittels Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung Strom, Wärme und Dampf erzeugt werden. Der auf die Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung optimierte Prozess verläuft bei Temperaturen von 950°C bis 1000 °C. Dabei bilden sich aus dem amorphen Metakaolin bereits wieder inerte Verbindungen. Pro Tonne verbranntem Papierreststoff fallen etwa 240 kg Papierasche (PA) in Form einer Mischung aus Kessel- und Elektrofilteraschen an. Die Papierasche wird etwa zu 16 % in der Ziegelherstellung und zu 52 % in der Rohmehlproduktion der Zementindustrie kostenpflichtig entsorgt. Mit 26 % werden große Anteile der Papierasche deponiert. Mit den Zielen der Anhebung der Verwertungsquote der Papierasche, der Reduzierung der Entsorgungskosten und einer qualitativ höherwertigen Verwendung der Asche unter Ausnutzung ihrer spezifischen Eigenschaften, stehen Papieraschen im Mittelpunkt verschiedener Forschungsarbeiten. Die in den Untersuchungen verwendete Papierasche liegt als feinkörniges Material in einem breiten Kornband mit Partikelgrößen zwischen 0,5 µm und 100 µm vor. In Abhängigkeit von der Materialcharge beträgt die Feststoffdichte der Asche 2,63-2,67 g/cm³ und ihre spezifische Oberfläche liegt bei 2,6-5,0 m²/g. Die Papierasche kommt mit den Anteilen der Hauptoxide von 49-59 M.-% CaO, 22-28 M.-% SiO2 und 13-14 M.-% Al2O3 der Zusammensetzung eines Portlandzements nahe, sie ist jedoch etwas kalkärmer und tonerdereicher. In Abhängigkeit von der Herstellungs- und Lagerungshistorie enthält sie zwischen 3 M.-% und 15 M.-% Freikalk (CaO). Mittels Röntgenbeugungsanalyse werden Calcit (CaCO3), Gehlenit (Ca2Al(AlSi)O7), Portlandit (Ca(OH)2) und Belit (Ca2SiO4), Quarz (SiO2) und Talk Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 als Hauptmineralphasen der Papierasche identifiziert. In einigen PA-Chargen werden zusätzlich Freikalk (CaO), Tricalciumaluminat (Ca3Al2O6) und geringe amorphe Anteile gefunden. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaften werden von der Papierasche auch hydraulische Eigenschaften erwartet, die eine Verwendung als Bindemittel allein oder Bindemittelkomponente im Gemisch mit Portlandzement oder anderen Zusatzstoffen nahe legen. Erste Untersuchungen an der Papierasche dienten der mineralogischen, chemischen, umweltanalytischen und betontechnologischen Charakterisierung der Papierasche, von Zement-PA- und Flugasche-PA-Gemischen. Anschließende Studien befassten sich mit dem Einsatz von Papierasche als Zementzumahlstoff, Zusatz in erdfeuchten Betonen und als Bodenverfestigungsmittel. Im Vortrag werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeiten vorgestellt und die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Papierasche als Baustoff im Hinblick auf ihre technologische und nachhaltigkeitsbezogene Eignung bewertet. T2 - Workshop Ressourcen und Recycling im Themenfeld Umwelt CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.01.2017 KW - Papierasche KW - Altpapierrecycling KW - Baustoff KW - Bindemittelersatz PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39200 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -