TY - CONF A1 - Quercetti, Thomas T1 - Drop Testing of a New Package Design for the Transport of SNF from German Research Reactors N2 - A new dual purpose cask design was developed for the safe transport and interim storage of spent fuel elements of German research reactors. In the framework of the safety assessment within the package approval procedure the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) as competent authority performed a series of drop tests according with the IAEA Transport Regulations. The package consists of a cylindrical thick-walled ductile cast iron cask body closed by a bolted lid system with metallic seals. A lid and bottom sided impact limiter consisting of a wood/steel construction limit the mechanical impact loading. The full-scale test specimen was equipped with a basket and assembled with dummy-fuel elements. The package and test specimen, respectively have a total mass of approximately 24 metric tons. The mechanical drop test program included three 9m free drop tests, in horizontal, vertical and oblique cask orientation onto the lid system. Additionally, a 1m-puncture bar drop test followed the horizontal drop test to consider an IAEA-drop test sequence. The horizontal and vertical drop tests were performed at a temperature of minus 40°C. During the oblique drop test the upper impact limiter was heated up to +80°C. The tests were conducted onto an unyielding target, fulfilling the IAEA requirements. The test specimen was considerably instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers. Transient strains at selected locations of the inner and outer container walls, of the primary and secondary lid, as well as of the corresponding lid bolts were measured during the drop tests. Furthermore, decelerations in different locations at the cask body and the lids were measured. The complex geometrical deformation of the impact limiters due to the impact were determined by optical 3D- measurements. Before and after the drop tests the leakage rate of the lid system was determined by helium leakage testing. The experimental results contribute to the evaluation of the package response to mechanical tests, demonstrating safety under normal and accident conditions of transport and especially to the verification of the dynamic finite-element model of the package used in the package design safety report. T2 - PATRAM 2019 CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 04.08.2019 KW - SNF KW - Drop testing KW - New package design PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50623 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico T1 - Auswirkungen beim Versagen von Energiespeichern - Druckbehälter und Lithium-Ionen-Batterien N2 - Immer wieder kommt es bei Bränden zum Bersten von Propan- und Acetylenflaschen. Im Falle eines Behälterversagens stellen diese eine enorme Gefährdung für die Einsatzkräfte dar. Die BAM beschäftigt sich seit vielen Jahren mit den Auswirkungen im Falle eines solchen Behälterversagens. Der erste Teil des Beitrages stellt die Arbeit der BAM auf diesem Gebiet vor und zeigt verschiedene Handlungsoptionen auf, um das Risiko für Einsatzkräfte zu verringern. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrages werden die aktuellen Aufgaben und bisherigen Aktivitäten zur Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien vorgestellt. Weiterhin werden die Versuchsmöglichkeiten auf dem BAM TTS und die derzeit im Aufbau befindlichen messtechnischen Systeme zur Quantifizierung der Auswirkungen beim Versagen von Lithiumbatterien dargestellt. T2 - Gemeinsame Fortbildungsveranstaltung der Fachvereinigung Arbeitssicherheit e. V. sowie der gesetzlichen Unfallversicherungen, Berufsgenossenschaften der Bauwirtschaft Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.10.2019 KW - Behälterversagen KW - LPG KW - Lithiumbatterien KW - Alternative Antriebe KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtung PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49476 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Martin T1 - Maintenance and periodic inspections for packagings not requiring CA-approval N2 - In this presentation the main requirements of BAM-GGR 016 regarding maintenance and periodic inspections were explained. BAM ensures during acceptance of the quality management program that specific and relevant instructions for maintenance and periodic inspections are developed and handed to the operator of the packaging. Examples are given. T2 - FORO Iberoamericano CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 25.11.2019 KW - Maintenance KW - Periodic inspections KW - Radioactive material KW - Package PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50049 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oesch, Tyler T1 - In-situ Röntgencomputertomographie für mechanische, thermische und hydraulische Prozesse N2 - Die Präsentation demonstriert die Fähigkeiten der Röntgencomputertomographie (CT) zur Identifizierung quantitativer Materialeigenschaften wie Faserorientierung und Korrosionsverteilung sowie die Implementierung von CT-Daten innerhalb numerischer Simulationen. Die besondere Stärke der CT, als zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren, ermöglicht es, das Materialverhalten und den Versagensprozess während mechanischer, hydraulischer und thermischer Prozesse zu beobachten. Die Ergebnisse einer Reihe von Ex-situ und In-situ Testprogrammen unter Bedingungen wie mechanische Belastung, Wassertransport und thermische Exposition, stellen die Nutzungsmöglichkeiten dieser Verfahren in Kombination mit der CT in eindrucksvoller Weise dar. T2 - InnoTesting Konferenz CY - Wildau, Germany DA - 21.02.2019 KW - Röntgencomputertomographie (CT) KW - In-situ Prüfverfahren KW - Feuchtigkeitsmessung KW - Digitale Bildkorrelation (DVC) KW - Faserverstärkter Beton (FRC) PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47442 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander T1 - Intelligente Geokunststoffe – Nachhaltige Zustandsüberwachung durch ortsaufgelöste faseroptische Messsysteme N2 - Vorstellung von Entwicklungsarbeiten zum Thema sensorbasierte Geokunststoffe mit integrierten faseroptischen Sensoren. T2 - IAB-Baustoff-FORUM 2019 CY - Weimar IAB, Germany DA - 06.03.2019 KW - Faseroptischer Sensor KW - Verteilter Sensor KW - Ortsaufgelöste Messung KW - Intelligente Geokunststoffe PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47508 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aris, Stephan T1 - Aktueller Stand der Normung von Gasflaschenventilen N2 - Im Vortrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Normung von Gasflaschenventilen vorgestellt. Dieser umfasst nationale, europäische und internationale Normen, die größtenteils im Bereich der Gefahrgutbeförderung verbindlich anzuwenden sind. T2 - 26. Jahrestreffen BAM/DIN/DVFG/IGV CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.02.2019 KW - Normung KW - ADR KW - Gasflaschenventile PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47470 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz: Zündgefahren durch Funken - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum Explosionsschutz N2 - Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. Bei Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen als auch die abgetrennten Partikel können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. Zur Festregung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm EN 13463-1:2009 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt. unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann. T2 - Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten (Veranst.-Nr.: E-H050-06-561-9), Haus der Technik CY - Essen, Germany DA - 25.06.2019 KW - Funken KW - Mechanisch erzeugte Funken KW - nichtelektrische Funken KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz KW - Schlagfunken PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48541 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lin, Xuebao T1 - Weathering Resistance of Halogen-free Flame Retardance in E&E Polymeric Materials N2 - Nowadays, various polymeric materials are used in E&E applications with sufficient flame retardance by adding rather different flame retardants. It doesn’t matter whether cables are used outdoor or are installed indoor as building products, the weathering exposures such as UV radiation, humidity and variation in temperature occur and influence the flame-retardant property. Recently, the lifetime of the flame retardance itself becomes an increasingly important factor. In this work, several devices were used to perform accelerated artificial ageing simulating different environment exposures. The comprehensive and global understanding of the durability of flame retardance in dependence on the weathering or ageing conditions is still a matter of discussion. Therefore, the weathering resistance of various halogen-free fire-retarded polymers was investigated in this work. Polymeric systems with different kinds of fire retardants were chosen, including various fire retardant mechanisms. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) blends with high amounts of inorganic flame retardant such as aluminum hydroxide (ATH), boehmite and synergists, which mainly dilutes the polymer resin work as heat sink and cooling agent, and enhance residue formation was examined. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) was modified with melamine cyanurate (MC), which mainly acts by changed melt flow and dripping behavior as well as fuel dilution. Additionally, aluminum diethylphosphinate and boehmite are induced as assistant flame retardant. Furthermore, glass fiber reinforced Polyamide 66 (PA) was investigated containing different kinds of aluminum diethylphosphinate based flame retardant mixtures, which acts by flame inhibition and additional char formation. The degradation of the surface was analyzed after the different weathering conditions. Most of the specimens exhibited an intensive material degradation at the top surface accompanied by a distinct discoloration, e.g. getting darker or showing yellowing. The weathering of the EVA samples lead to numerous cracks (already) after 4000 h. The corresponding changes in the chemical structure was investigated by ATR FT-IR for all materials. The flammability was investigated by cone calorimeter, UL-94 burning chamber, and oxygen index (LOI) using plate and bar specimens. The flame retardance of most of the materials studied degrades only slightly or were rather stable for the investigated exposure times. Interestingly, also some opposite results were found. EVA modified by different inorganic flame retardants such as ATH achieved higher LOI after exposing in the humidity chamber and the accelerated oxidation under water in the autoclaves. It is suggested that the particle size of ATH and boehmite plays an important role, when these flame retardants agglomerate at the surface during accelerated weathering. Both materials, EVA and TPU, were also investigated as cable jackets. While EVA modified with inorganic flame retardants exhibits low-smoke and non-dripping fire behavior, TPU flame-retarded with MC yields cables with pronounced melt-dripping. Cone calorimeter tests were carried out using cable rafts of the size of 100 mm * 100 mm as well as our self-made cable module test, which simulates the vertical full-scale test of a bundle of cables at the bench-scale. Both methods were used to investigate the weathering resistance of the flame retardance in cables. The results of the cable module test for the flame-retarded EVA cables were only slightly affected even when a long time hydrothermal ageing was carried out. This is because of inorganic residue which just delays the fire growth but does not extinguish. However, for the flame-retarded TPU cable jackets, the cable module test exhibited an accelerated fire spread and a melt-dripping behavior which was promoted by weathering exposure. T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Cable KW - Flame retardant KW - Weathering resistance KW - Durability KW - ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Thermoplastic polyurethane KW - Flammability PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame Retardant Polyurethane: An Old, an Actual, and a Future Challenge N2 - This paper is based mainly on the results of two different projects performed in the group of the author recently (2016-2019). The three external partners involved in these two projects are competent in the preparation of FPUF (ICL IP America), RPUF (Department of Industrial Engineering, Padova University), and TPU (Fraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit LBF, Darmstadt) as well as for the specimen preparation. Systematically varied sets of materials were prepared as the key basic for scientific discussion, varying the kind and combination of flame retardant, PUR structure, density, and blowing agent. A multimethodical approach based on thermogravimetry (TGA), TGA coupled with evolved gas analysis (TGA-FTIR) and pyrolysis GC-MS was used for investigating the pyrolysis. The flammability was addressed using oxygen index (OI) and testing in UL 94 burning chamber in vertical and horizontal set-up. The fire behaviour was addressed by using a cone calorimeter. Beyond these methods according to the state of the art, key experiments were performed. We addressed the dripping and the two-stage burning of TPU using a self-designed apparatus and specific data evaluation, the foam burning through quenching burning samples, using different special sample holders, and measuring temperature profiles within the burning foams. The investigation is made round by intensive analysis of the fire residues, such as comprehensive investigation of the morphology. Result on the pyrolysis (TGA-FTIR, Pyrolysis-GC/MS), flammability (UL 94, LOI), and fire behaviour (cone calorimeter) of TPU and flame retardant TPUs are shown. We discuss in detail the characteristic of PUR decomposition: the low tendency to char, and the specific two step decomposition and how these characteristics control the regimes in fire behaviour. We demonstrate that the different burning regimes are controlled by different pyrolysis products and effective heat of combustions. The resulting formation of pool fires as well as the formation of dripping is discussed in detail. The latter quite important to understand the flame retardancy applied with respect to achieve the UL 94 classification V0 nondripping or V0 non-flaming dripping. Rigid and flexible PUR foams and their flame retarded versions are investigated for different densities. Water and pentane-blown foams are compared as well as PUR and polyisocyanurate-polyurethane (PIR) foams. Horizontal testing in the cone calorimeter is used and the vertical foam specimen holder as well. Self-designed set-ups within the cone calorimeter enable a better inside in the pyrolysis front running through the foam samples as well as the development of the temperature gradient inside the foam during the fire test. The morphology change during burning was characterised by the means of quenching burning foams with liquid nitrogen and investigating the cross sections with scanning electron microscope. In sum, a rather comprehensive study was performed to work out the principle fire phenomena controlling the fire behaviour of PUR foams in a very systematic and significant way. Promising flame retardancy approaches are discussed. The importance of either combining the drain of fuel and flame inhibition or charring into an effective protection layer/multicellular structure is underlined. This contribution focusses the general conclusions and trends. It tries to increase the understanding of the specific and demanding challenge to develop flame retardant PUR materials. T2 - Interflam 2019, 15th International Interflam Conference CY - Egham, UK DA - 01.07.2019 KW - Polyurethane KW - Flame retardant KW - Dripping KW - Flammability KW - Pool fire KW - Pyrolysis KW - Decomposition KW - Foams PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48557 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Understanding flame retardant modes of action: a wellspring for evidence-based development N2 - Although the main flame retardant modes of action are known, in practise the detailed scientific understanding usually falls short, when it comes to modern multicomponent systems, the important tiny optimizations, or quantifying in terms of specific fire properties. The description of the flame retardant modes of action remains usually vague and fragmentary. This talk tries to deliver thought-provoking impulses how the understanding of the fire behaviour and flame retardancy can be utilized to direct the development of future flame retardant polymer products. Some overseen details are picked up as well as rethinking of concepts memorised long ago is encouraged to discover something new. Furthermore, the talk tries to fill the gap between flame retardant modes of action and fire performance constituting a product. This talk promotes the evidence-based development of flame retardant polymers T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Flame retardant KW - Modes of action KW - Fire behaviour PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pospiech, D. T1 - Decomposition and combustion behavior of lignin-containing polyesters: development of new carbon fiber precursors and flame retarded polyester fibers N2 - Our approach includes the preparation of blends of preferably liquid-crystalline polyesters with Lignin, but also the synthesis of new polyesters with Lignin-related monomer units. While most studies employ pulped Lignin directly, we first purified the Kraft Lignin by fractionation, followed by chemical modification of the terminal OH groups. Acetylation results in the reduction of glass transition temperatures (Tg) below 200°C, improved processability in the melt with complete melting of the Lignin sample, and higher thermostability. These Lignin fractions were melt-mixed in a mini-twin-screw extruder with polyesters. The chemical structure of the polyesters was systematically varied between poly(ethylene terephthalate), (PET); poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-oxybenzoate), (PET/HBA); liquid crystalline polyesters with fully aromatic structure; and polyesters with Lignin-related monomers like ferulic and vanillic acid). The polymer influence on the blending behavior with Lignin was examined. SEM revealed phase-separated blends with partial compatibilization of the phases indicated by the shift of Tg’s. The influence of the polyester and the Lignin on decomposition and combustion was accessed by thermogravimetry (TGA), TGA-FTIR and pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and compared to the decomposition of polyesters. The main focus was to achieve melt-spinnable blends for fibres with improved flame retardancy or as precursors for carbon fibers. Blends of Lignin fractions with the aromatic-aliphatic polyesters (here preferably PET/HBA) were successfully spun into fibers with lab-scale melt-spinning equipment. X-ray measurements revealed orientation of the fibers with Lignin. The E-moduli raised with increasing purity of the Lignin fractions (e.g., by removal of reducing sugars). The structure of the polymer matrix determines the decomposition and combustion behavior of the blends with Lignin. Incorporation of aliphatic subunits reduces the amount of remaining char formed in TGA and PCFC from about 40-45 wt% for fully aromatic polyesters to 18-25 wt% for semiaromatic polyesters (at almost comparable carbon content in the polymer), while the maximum temperature of combustion decreased from 480-530°C for the former to 410-465°C for the latter. Lignin fractionation and acetylation yields samples with high char content (36 wt%) and extremely low heat release capacity (80-90 kJ/gK) with combustion maximum temperature at 405°C. Lignin/ PET/HBA blends combine the low HRC with intermediate char and offer interesting opportunities for polyester fibers with improved flame retardancy without adding P-containing FRs. The flame retardancy behavior was explored by limiting oxygen index measurements on injection-molded parts and fibers. T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Lignin KW - Polyesther KW - Flame retardant PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lenz, J. T1 - Novel phosphonates as flame retardants for polymers N2 - As a potential substitute for currently used halogenated flame retardants we explored the synthesis of dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO) and derivatives. BPPO is a cyclic phosphonate and was synthesized by a simple, three-component condensation using 2,2´-biphenol, phosphorus trichloride and water by improving a procedure given by Natchev. Subsequently, BPPO was employed in phospha-Michael additions in line with the known synthesis of DOPO-compounds to double bonds. These reactions result in novel phosphorus-containing compounds with flame retardant activíty. The chemical structure of the unsaturated compounds was systematically varied yielding non-reactive flame retardants (without functional groups) from acrylates and diesters, and reactive (with functional groups) flame retardants from p-benzoquinone. The use of the phosphonate BPPO and its derivatives as flame retarding additives has not been described yet. The BPPO ring is highly reactive. Therefore, it is supposed that it mainly acts in the gas phase. The new phosphonates were applied as additives for improving the flame retardancy of rigid PUR/PIR foams with triethyl phosphate (TEP) as plasticizer. The foam characteristics like density, cell integrity, pore size and mechanical properties were investigated. The burning properties of the foams were analyzed in the vertical flame spread according to DIN 4102 and by cone calorimetry. The relevant parameters depended on the phosphorus content, which is illustrated for PIR foams with ethyl 3-(6-oxidodibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-yl)propanoate (X, Z = H; Y = OEt; EA-BPPO) as FR additive. At comparable P-content, the EA-BPPO additive reached the PHHR-values of the benchmark foam with TEP and triphenyl phosphate as FR additive. With increased P-content the values were further reduced. TML and MARHE parameters showed a similar tendency. The FR additives dispersed well in the formulation and had no significant influence on foam density, cell integrity and pore size compared to the reference sample. T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Phosphonate KW - Flame retardant KW - PUR foams PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schalau, Bernd T1 - Die neue VDI Richtlinie 3783 Blatt 1 N2 - Die VDI 3783 Blatt 1 befindet sich in der Überarbeitung. Der Modellwechsel auf ein Langranges Partikelmodell hat weitreichende Auswirkungen auch auf den Prüfaufwand durch die Behörden. Es wird der aktuelle Bearbeitungsstand vorgestellt. T2 - Behörden-Erfahrungsaustausch CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 03.06.2019 KW - Störfall-Verordnung KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtung PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48538 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - Untersuchungen zum Zündverhalten von N2O/CO2/Öl-Gemischen in Kältemaschinen N2 - Lachgas kann als Medium in Kälteanwendungen unter -50 °C eingesetzt werden. Da ein explosionsartiger Zerfall von Lachgas bei erhöhtem Druck möglich ist, sind bei entsprechenden Anwendungen Explosionsgefahren zu beachten. Im Vortrag wurden die Voraussetzungen und die Einflussgrößen für den explosionsartigen Zerfall von Lachgas, wie Temperatur, Druck, Geometrie und Zündenergie vorgestellt und diskutiert. Weiterhin wurden Versuchsergebnisse zur Untersuchung des Einflusses geringer Mengen an brennbaren Komponenten (Propan und Öl-Nebel) auf die Explosionseigenschaften vorgestellt und die Stabilisierung der Gemische durch Beimischung von Kohlendioxid diskutiert. T2 - Informations-Treffen Kälteanwendungen unter -50 °C CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 05.02.2019 KW - Lachgas KW - Kältemaschinen KW - Explosionsschutz PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48558 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tabaka, Weronika T1 - Bench-scale fire stability testing – The most effective method to investigate structural integrity of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites N2 - Fire resistance testing of components made of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) composites usually demands intermediate-scale or full-scale testing. In this study a bench-scale test is presented as practicable and efficient method to assess the improvement in structural integrity of CFRP with different protective coatings during fire. T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Composite in Fire KW - Fire Stability KW - Bench-scale Fire Testing KW - Intumescencent Coatings KW - Nanopaper PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grätz, Rainer T1 - Neue Technische Regeln zum Explosionsschutz N2 - Im Jahre 2015 wurden u.a. zur Umsetzung der Europäischen Richtlinien 2009/104/EG und 1999/92/EG die Neufassungen der beiden für den Explosionsschutz wichtigsten Verordnungen, der Gefahrstoffverordnung (GefStoffV) und der Betriebssicherheitsverordnung (BetrSichV), veröffentlicht und der Explosionsschutz neu aufgeteilt. Anforderungen an den Arbeitsschutz werden überwiegend in der GefStoffV behandelt, während Aspekte der erstmaligen Prüfung vor Inbetriebnahme sowie der wiederholenden Prüfungen Teil der BetrSichV sind. Durch diese Neuordnung wurde eine Überarbeitung der Technischen Regeln (Techn. Regeln zur GefStoffV (TRGS) und Techn. Regeln zur BetrSichV (TRBS)), die den Explosionsschutz zum Inhalt haben, notwendig. T2 - 15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium 2019 CY - Brunswick, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Technische Regeln KW - Explosionsschutz PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48535 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Robens-Radermacher, Annika T1 - Efficient reliability analysis coupling important sampling using adaptive subset simulation and PGD model reduction N2 - The key point of structural reliability analysis is the estimation of the failure probability (Pf), typically a rare event. This probability is defined as the integral over the failure domain which is given by a limit state function. Usually, this function is only implicit given by an underlying finite element simulation of the structure. It is generally not possible to solve the integral for Pf analytically. For that reason, simulation-based methods as well as methods based on surrogate modeling (or Response surface methods) has been developed. Nevertheless, these variance reducing methods still require a few thousand calculations of the underlying finite element model, making reliability Analysis computationally expensive for real applications. T2 - GAMM - Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik e.V. CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 18.02.2019 KW - PGD model reduction PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Coelho Lima, Isabela T1 - Identification of model deficiencies in model parameter calibration N2 - Accurate and reliable assessment of transportation infrastructures (e.g. bridges) are crucial for ensuring public safety. Simulation-based engineering analyses can be used to assess and predict the health state of structures. Although some of the structural parameters necessary for such simulations cannot be directly measured, they can be inferred from Non-Destructive Testing data, in a typical inverse problem formulation. However, any prediction based on engineering models will never be an exact representation of reality, since many sources of uncertainties can be present: poor physical representation of the problem (model bias); measurement errors; uncertainty on inferred parameters; etc. Uncertainty quantification is, therefore, of utmost importance to ensure reliability of any decision based on the simulations. This paper investigates the application of the Modular Bayesian framework to perform structural parameter calibration while estimating a function for the model bias. The data for tests comes from an experimental setup and is represented as a combination of a physics-based model, a model bias term and an additive measurement error (considered to be known). In this approach, the inference problem is divided into 3 modules: the first and the second estimate the optimal hyper-parameters of Gaussian Processes (GP) to replace the physics-based and the model bias term, respectively; the third computes the posterior distribution of the structural parameters of interest, taking into account the GPs from the previous modules. By computing a bias-correction function and calibrating the parameters, the modular framework aims at improving the accuracy of the predictions. T2 - UNCECOMP 2019 CY - Crete, Greece DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Model Bias KW - Uncertainty quantification KW - Modular Bayesian KW - Structural Model Calibration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Philipp T1 - Waves in inhomogeneous meshes N2 - Elastic waves in inhomogeneous meshes avoiding numerical artifacts Elastic waves in solids resulting from damage processes, e.g. microcracking are used to monitor the integrity of structures. The numerical modelling of these acoustic Emission processes is hindered by the different scales involved. Crack opening is a fast process and the size of the damaged zone is small, leading to small time steps and fine meshes in a numerical finite element simulation. On the other hand the relevant wave Propagation takes place on a much larger spatial scale, e.g covering the distance between Emission source and sensor. To avoid numerical oscillations, the mesh size at the emission source has to be coupled to its time scale. Using higher order spectral elements can be beneficial with respect to the needed number of degrees of freedom. To make the computation of an acoustic emission process feasible one is lead to coarsening the mesh for larger distances to the source. Solution components with a higher frequency will be reflected at mesh density steps. The mesh coarsening has to be done in a way to avoid or minimize this kind of reflections. To get more insight into the propagation characteristics of the numerical solution, dispersion curves are calculated for different element types assuming a structured mesh with constant element size. Coupling two meshes with different mesh densities will then lead to frequency dependent reflections at the boundary similar to the coupling of different materials. The starting mesh density is dictated by the acoustic emission source time scale. The largest allowable mesh size needs to resolve the components of propagating signal with the highest frequency, smallest wavelength which is given by the bandwidth of the sensor. Still coarser meshes may be used when high frequency components are propagated by a different method. T2 - COMPDYN 2019 CY - Crete, Greece DA - 24.06.2019 KW - FEM KW - Waves KW - Dispersion PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A computational scheme for assessing driving N2 - The systematization of the analysis, based on the software proposed in this paper, could contribute to integrally improve the sustain ability of the transportation. T2 - Computing Conference 2019 CY - London, UK DA - 15.07.2019 KW - Computational KW - Scheme KW - Assessing KW - Driving PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48587 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -