TY - JOUR A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Bremser, Wolfram A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Klein-Hartwig, Karin A1 - Rasenko, Tatjana A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oat flakes: development of a certified reference material N2 - Trichothecene mycotoxins, with T-2 and HT-2 toxins being the main representatives of the type A subgroup, are naturally and worldwide occurring contaminants frequently found in grain-based food and feed. Due to the high consumption of these products and the potential health risk associated herewith, concerns about the safety and quality of food and feed have increased over the last decades at both governmental and consumer levels. Since it is not possible to avoid their occurrence, tremendous efforts have been performed to identify and monitor mycotoxins in food and feed to make their consumption safe. However, suitable certified reference materials (CRMs) intended for quality assurance and quality control purposes are still lacking for many mycotoxin-matrix combinations. Therefore, in the framework of a European Reference Material (ERM®) project, the first CRM for T-2 and HT-2 toxin in ground oat flakes (ERM®-BC720) was developed according to the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of ERM®-BC720 development, including sample preparation, homogeneity and stability studies and value assignment, is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fractions was based upon an in-house study using high-performance liquid chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Simultaneously, an interlaboratory comparison study involving 24 expert laboratories was conducted in order to support the in-house certification study. The certified values and their corresponding expanded uncertainties (k=2) for both T-2 and HT-2 toxin in ERM®-BC720, traceable to the international system of units, are (82±4) µg kg-1 and (81±4) µg kg-1, respectively. KW - Type A trichothecenes KW - Fusarium toxins KW - Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry KW - Food analysis KW - European Reference Material KW - Quality assurance PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8251-4 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 407 IS - 11 SP - 2997 EP - 3007 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-33073 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gillatt, J. A1 - Julian, K. A1 - Brett, K. A1 - Goldbach, M. A1 - Grohmann, J. A1 - Heer, B. A1 - Nichols, K. A1 - Roden, K. A1 - Rook, T. A1 - Schubert, T. A1 - Stephan, Ina T1 - The microbial resistance of polymer dispersions and the efficacy of polymer dispersion biocides - A statistically validated method N2 - The biodeterioration of water-based manufactured formulations, such as polymer dispersions, is a major problem for the producing companies and the users of such products. Industrial preservatives, also known as biocides, are therefore used to protect these and similar products from the effects of microorganisms, predominantly bacteria and yeasts. In the absence of internationally recognised standard methods for determining the resistance of polymer dispersions to microbial growth and the efficacy of biocides used in them, protocols for testing other products, e.g., paints, have been adapted, and other methods produced by manufacturing companies, test laboratories, and academic institutions have been used. Often these do not take into account the specific nature of the materials being tested, the types of organism commonly causing contamination, and the conditions that the polymer dispersions will be exposed to during manufacture, storage, and use. By conducting a series of round-robin, collaborative tests, the member organisations of the International Biodeterioration Research Group Polymer Dispersion Working Group have identified the bacteria that commonly infect polymer dispersions, defined the main parameters necessary for a standard method of test, and developed a protocol that is robust, repeatable, and reproducible. The recommended test involves three repeat inoculations of the material with a previously determined mix of seven Gram-negative bacteria and evaluation of living cells by a simple plating technique. The work reported here, carried out by nine participating laboratories, is a final statistical validation and suggests that the method is eminently suitable as a standard test method. KW - Biocides KW - Biodeterioration KW - IBRG KW - Polymer dispersions KW - Test method PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.028 SN - 0964-8305 VL - 104 SP - 32 EP - 37 PB - Elsevier CY - Barking AN - OPUS4-33852 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Stephan, Ina ED - Lang, A. ED - Zimmer, J. T1 - Einführung in die biologische Wirksamkeitsprüfung von Bioziden im Materialschutz KW - Biozide KW - Materialschutz KW - Wirksamkeitsprüfung KW - Biocide KW - Material preservation KW - Efficiency test PY - 2015 SN - 9783861021940 SP - 48 EP - 50 PB - Deutsches Historisches Museum CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-35411 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ammann, Dominic A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Nehls, Irene T1 - Stability of ethyl glucuronide in hair reference materials after accelerated aging N2 - Two different hair reference materials, one produced from authentic hair displaying an ethyl glucuronide (EtG) content of about 25 pg/mg and one obtained by fortification of blank hair to an EtG level of 85 pg/mg were submitted to accelerated aging between 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C for periods between one and 24 months. Subsequently, the EtG content was determined in the aged samples and untreated reference samples stored at -22 degrees C under repeatability conditions following the so-called isochronous approach. The EtG content remained stable even at 40 degrees C for 24 months and at 60 degrees C over six months. This is in contrast to many organic analytes contained in trace concentrations in diverse matrices. A slight but significant increase of the recovered EtG in case of authentic hair samples having been exposed for 24 months between 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C may be due to a temperature-driven process that allows increased recoveries of the physiologically embedded EtG. KW - Alcohol marker KW - Micropulverization KW - HPLC-MS/MS KW - Fortification KW - Long term stability PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.015 SN - 0379-0738 SN - 1872-6283 VL - 257 SP - 337 EP - 340 PB - Elsevier Ireland Ldt. CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-34940 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittrich, Bettina A1 - Wartig, K.-A. A1 - Hofmann, D. A1 - Mülhaupt, R. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - The influence of layered, spherical, and tubular carbon nanomaterials' concentration on the flame retardancy of polypropylene N2 - The characteristic influences of increasing concentrations of graphene, expanded graphite (EG), carbon black (CB), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) are investigated on pyrolysis, reaction to small flame, burning behavior, and on electrical, thermal, and rheological properties of flame retarded polypropylene (PP-FR). The property-concentration dependency is different for the various material properties, as threshold, linear, and leveling off functions were observed. Increasing concentrations of carbon nanoparticles resulted in a decrease in the electrical resistivity of the polymer by crossing the percolation threshold. The developing nanoparticle network changes melt flow behavior for small shear rates, increases thermal conductivity and therefore, affects the UL 94 classification and oxygen index. The onset temperature of PP decomposition is shifted to temperatures up to 37°C higher; the peak heat release rate is reduced by up to 74% compared to PP-FR. Both effects leveled off with increasing particle concentration. Among the four carbon nanomaterials tested, graphene presents superior influence on composite properties over the tested concentration range and outperforms commercial CB, MWNT, and EG. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1230–1241, 2015. KW - Graphene KW - Flame retardancy KW - Concentration dependency KW - Nanocomposite KW - Carbon nanomaterial PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23027 SN - 0272-8397 SN - 1548-0569 VL - 36 IS - 7 SP - 1230 EP - 1241 PB - Society of Plastics Engineers CY - Manchester, NH AN - OPUS4-33619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Leinitz, Sarah A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten ED - Ludwig, H.-M. T1 - Einfluss der Partikelvolumenfraktion auf die Rheologie und die Effektivität von Polysaccharid-Stabilisierern in Gegenwart von Polycarboxylatether-Fließmitteln N2 - Zur Untersuchung der Wirkungsweise von ST ohne und in Gegenwart von FM wurden Untersuchungen an Zementleimen mit unterschiedlichen Φρ und variierten St-Modifikationen durchgeführt. Folgendes kann zusammengefasst werden: Mit zunehmendem Φρ nimmt der Einfluss aller beobachteten ST auf To und Πpl gegenüber dem wässrigen System ab. Bei hohem Φρ reduzieren alle ST Πpl. Diutan Gum und die hochmodifizierte Stärke können aber ein erhöhtes -r0 bewirken. In Gegenwart von FM werden ST insbesondere bei höheren FM-Dosierungen wirksam mit Bezug auf erhöhtes Πpl. Erhöhtes t0 erzielten nur ST-DG und ST-npg. Setzfließmaßversuche konnten darüber hinaus zeigen, dass Stärken besonders effektiv wirken, wenn der Feststoffgehalt sehr hoch ist, während Diutan Gum eine höhere Wirksamkeit aufweist, wenn höhere Wassergehalte im System sind. Die Wirkungsweise von ST ist sehr stark von p und der Gegenwart von FM abhängig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen. dass für Stärken die Modifikation eine sehr große Rolle spielen kann und dass weitere Untersuchungen zeigen müssen, inwieweit ST auf bestimmte Anwendungen maßgeschneidert werden können. T2 - 19. Ibausil - Internationale Baustofftagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 16.09.2015 KW - Fließmittel KW - Stabilisierer KW - Polycarboxylatether KW - Polysaccharide KW - Rheologie PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-00-050225-5 VL - 1 SP - 1-1263 EP - 1-1270 AN - OPUS4-34869 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Leinitz, Sarah A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten ED - Malhotra, V. M. ED - Gupta, P. R. ED - Holland, T. C. T1 - Effects of particle volume fraction and size on polysaccharide stabilizing agents N2 - Polysaccharides modify the rheological properties of cement based systems. Depending upon their chemistry, molecular architecture, and adsorption tendency, they have different modes of action. Some polysaccharides like diutan gum have strong effect on the fluid phase; others like starch strongly interact with particles. This paper presents effects of diutan gum and starches in presence of polycarboxylates. Rheometric investigations with varied particle volume fractions and increasing coarse aggregate diameters were conducted. The results show that starches have stronger influence on the rheology at high particle volume fractions than diutan gum. At lower particle volume fractions this trend is inverted. Experiments with aggregates sizes up to 16 mm (0.63 in.) indicate that stabilizing agent influences on the effects of aggregates on yield stress were small; however up to 1.0 mm (0.04 in.), a significant effect on the plastic viscosity could be observed, which levelled off at larger diameters. T2 - 11th International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 12.07.2015 KW - Diutan gum KW - Starch KW - Polysaccharides KW - Polycarboxylate ether KW - Volume fraction PY - 2015 SN - 9781942727224 SP - SP-302-03, 39 EP - 52 AN - OPUS4-36861 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Priebe, Nsesheye Susan A1 - Uzoegbo, H. C. A1 - Makunza, J. K. ED - Malhotra, V. M. ED - Gupta, P. R. ED - Holland, T. C. T1 - Admixture concepts for the Sub-Saharan African environment with indigenous raw materials N2 - The economic use of chemical admixtures depends on supply chains. Therefore, in most regions ins sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the use of admixtures is not common practice. This amplifies the unfavorable framework for concrete construction such as fragmentary supply chains, high local cement prices, and unfavorable construction site facilities in this region significantly. The use of superplasticizer (SP) and stabilizing agents (STA) can enhance the concrete technology in SSA, since they can disassociate the concrete quality from external boundary influences. After providing a general overview of the peculiarities of the SSA boundary framework, economic concepts are provided, how existing material solutions can be significantly improved by the use of SPs and STAs based on locally available materials such as lignosulphonates and cassava starch. Finally a three step optimization process is described that helps developing flowable concrete based on materials that can be accessed in most locations in SSA. T2 - 11th International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 12.07.2015 KW - Lignosulfonate KW - Polycarboxylate ether KW - Robustness KW - Self-compacting concrete KW - Sub-Saharan Africa PY - 2015 SN - 9781942727224 N1 - Geburtsname von Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. - Birth name of Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. SP - SP-302-37, 491 EP - 505 AN - OPUS4-36860 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Paul, Astrid A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Ziegert, Christof ED - Priebe, Nsesheye Susan ED - Schmidt, Wolfram T1 - Earthen panels - Quality control for an industrially prefabricated building component made of natural raw materials N2 - In the past few years, the share of earthen building materials used in constructions in Central Europe has increased. That is due to growing acknowledgement of its qualities regarding balancing of humidity, absorption of odours and acoustical insulation. To regulate these (mostly indoor) uses, the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) has published norms for adobe, earth mortar for masonry and earth plaster. In addition to these traditional building materials, earthen panels have been developed. As an ecological alternative to gypsum plaster boards, they combine climatic advantages of traditional materials with economic advantages of industrial processing, i.e. prefabrication and drywall techniques. Earthen panels are a composite layered material, comparable to Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC). Most products contain an inner layer of reed tubes which improve the tensile strength and reduce the weight. Often, one or both surfaces are reinforced with a fibrous net to prevent cracks in the plastering that is usually applied on top. Additives range from straw to expanded clay. Special panels contain waxes that improve their heat storage capacity or water pipes to allow the usage as flat heating and cooling systems. T2 - 1st Symposium on Knowledge Exchange for Young Scientists (KEYS) CY - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania DA - 09.06.2015 KW - Earthen panel KW - Quality control KW - Industrial prefabrication KW - Building component KW - Natural raw material PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-9817149-3-7 N1 - Geburtsname von Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. - Birth name of Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. SP - 189 EP - 192 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36857 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schwaar, Timm T1 - Entwicklung von multidimensionalen Hochdurchsatzmethoden zur Analyse von partikelbasierten Peptidbibliotheken N2 - Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer Methode zur Hochdurchsatzanalyse von partikelgebundenen Split-and-Mix-Peptidbibliotheken. Dabei wurde ein System entwickelt, das Partikelbibliotheken in kurzer Zeit auf ihre Bindung zu einem Zielmolekül hin untersucht und im nächsten Schritt eine direkte „Ein-Partikel“-Sequenzierung der Peptide von der festen Phase ermöglicht. Die Analyse der Bindung eines Zielmoleküls an ein selektiv bindendes Peptid wurde dabei in einem Modellsystem simuliert. Dazu wurde FITC-markiertes Neutravidin 3 mit festphasengebundenen biotinylierten und nicht-biotinylierten Peptiden inkubiert. Die Bindung von Neutravidin-FITC an die biotinylierten Peptide konnte erfolgreich mittels eines Fluoreszenzmikroskops nachgewiesen werden, wobei diese Methode für eine Hochdurchsatzanalyse ungeeignet war. So wurde die Analyse des Fluoreszenzassays auf einen Microarrayscanner übertragen (siehe Abbildung 33). Dies gelang erfolgreich wobei die hohe Eigenfluoreszenz des Tentagel-Harzes zu falsch positiven Ergebnissen führte. Mit einem Wechsel zum längerwelligen Fluoreszenzfarbstoff ATTO-633 konnten falsch positive Ergebnisse vermieden werden. Somit wurde die zeitintensive Fluoreszenzanalyse von einem Fluoreszenzmikroskop erfolgreich auf einen Microarrayscanner übertragen, welcher in kurzer Zeit (ca. 5 min pro Objektträger) eine Vielzahl an peptidbeladenen Partikeln gleichzeitig analysieren kann. KW - Peptide KW - OBOC library KW - MALDI-TOF-MS KW - Sequencing KW - Ladder sequencing KW - Solid-phase peptide synthesis KW - SPPS KW - Microarray KW - Fluorescence label KW - Polymer beads KW - Tentagel KW - Merrifield KW - Split and mix technology PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 80 PB - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54644 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Myrach, Philipp A1 - Neding, Benjamin ED - J. Grosch, ED - E.J. Mittemeijer, T1 - Wärmebehandlung und zerstörungsfreie Prüfung: Oberflächenrisse mit der Laser-Thermografie finden N2 - Die Thermografie als zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren erlaubt das Erkennen einer Vielzahl von Defekten in unterschiedlichsten Werkstoffen. Hierzu ist zum einen eine Energiequelle erforderlich, welche einen Wärmestrom im Werkstück erzeugt, und zum anderen eine Infrarot-Kamera, welche den orts- und zeitabhängigen Temperaturverlauf der Werkstückoberfläche analysiert. Neue Ansätze unter Verwendung von Lasern ermöglichen nun auch die Prüfung auf winzige Oberflächenrisse. Die aktuelle Grenze der Nachweisempfindlichkeit für mittels klassischer Thermografie nur schwer prüfbare hochreflektierende Metalloberflächen liegt mit Rissbreiten und -tiefen bis hinunter in den Sub-Mikrometerbereich und damit im Bereich der fluoreszierenden Magnetpulver- und Eindringprüfung. Dabei sind jedoch weder Verbrauchsmittel, noch eine Oberflächenpräparation notwendig und eine Prüfung kann berührungslos und automatisiert über Entfernungen bis in den Meter-Bereich erfolgen. Bei der Wärmebehandlung und insbesondere beim Randschichthärten mittels Laserstrahlung stehen ebenfalls hochleistungsfähige Energiequellen zur Erzeugung intensiver dynamischer Temperaturgradienten zur Verfügung. Damit eröffnet sich unmittelbar die Möglichkeit der Integration der thermografischen Prüfung in die Fertigung. Der Beitrag stellt die neuesten Entwicklungen der vielversprechenden Laser-Thermografie-Technik vor und zeigt, warum deren Einsatz potentiell die Standardprüfverfahren Magnetpulver- bzw. Eindringprüfung für eine Reihe von Prüfproblemen beerben könnte. KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Thermografie KW - Infrarot-Sensor KW - Rissprüfung KW - Lasertechnik KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Thermography KW - Thermal infrared sensor KW - Crack inspection KW - Laser techniques PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/105.110264 SN - 0341-101x SN - 1867-2493 VL - 70 IS - 4 SP - 190 EP - 195 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-34189 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Untersuchungen zum Merkmalstransfer bei der Behandlung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche N2 - In Deutschland fallen aktuell über 5 Mio. Tonnen Hausmüllverbrennungsaschen (HMVA) pro Jahr an. Aus diesen werden nur ca. 8 % Metalle (davon ca. 1 % NE-Metalle) zurückgewonnen. Zur Beurteilung des Wertstoffpotentials werden die HMVA nach standardisierten Vorschriften beprobt, für die Analytik vorbehandelt/vorbereitet/aufgearbeitet und auf ihre Inhaltsstoffe analysiert. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Probenvorbehandlung und -vorbereitung gelegt, wobei der Merkmalstransfer von der Ausgangs-(Feld-)Probe über die Laborprobe und die Prüfprobe bis zur Mess-(Analysen-) Probe am Beispiel von NE-Metallen einer nassaufbereiteten HMVA untersucht wurde. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Hilfe statistischer Methoden bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Verteilung der NE-Metalle in den einzelnen Schritten der Probenbehandlung elementspezifisch ist. Bei Blei ist ein Erhalt der Merkmalsverteilung über alle Behandlungsschritte erkennbar. Bei Kupfer nehmen die Konzentrationen in den aufeinander folgenden Behandlungsschritten deutlich ab. Die Ursache könnte das in der Feinfraktion enthaltene metallische Kupfer mit seinen spezifischen Eigenschaften sein. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- More than 5 billion tons of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (MSWI BA) are generated by incineration per year in Germany. Currently only 8 % of metals (of these 1 % are non-ferrous metals) are recovered from MSWI BA. For characterization of recovery potential, MSWI BA samples have to be taken, pre-treated and analyzed according to standardized methods. This manuscript focuses on sample pre-treatment and preparation of a MSWI BA sample aiming to investigate the characteristics transfer over the process of sub-sampling from the original (field) sample to the laboratory sample, test sample until the analytical sample. All results have been evaluated with statistical methods. The results show that influence of each single pre-treatment and preparation step on metal content differs for the individual metals. For lead a conservation of characteristics distribution can be observed, while for copper a continuous decline of solid concentration is observed over all preparation steps. One possible reason may be the fact that copper is mainly contained in the fine fraction as metallic copper with specific properties. KW - Hausmüllverbrennungsasche KW - Probenvorbehandlung und -vorbereitung KW - Merkmalstransfer KW - NE-Metalle KW - Statistische Auswertung PY - 2015 SN - 0027-2957 SN - 1863-9763 VL - 1 SP - 22 EP - 26 PB - Erich Schmidt CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-32566 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meggyes, Tamás ED - Birke, V. ED - Naidu, R. T1 - Effective cleanup of groundwater contaminated with radionuclides using permeable reactive barriers N2 - The mining of natural resources always causes environmental impacts such as land use, large quantities of waste, destruction of habitat, impairment of groundwater regime, and quite possibly contamination of soil, water, or air (Dudka and Adriano 1997). The environmental impact of mining cannot be estimated easily. The concept of total material requirement (TMR) is an attempt to quantify the environmental impact of materials. TMR is the sum of domestic and imported primary natural resources and their hidden flows (Adriaanse et al. 1997). Hidden flows are often not considered in environmental analyses because they are attributed with no cost. However, overburden from mining, earth moving for construction, and soil erosion are major sources of ecological damage. From the mining of minerals to the final products, a number of process steps take place (exploration, mine site development, extraction, milling, washing, concentration, smelting, refining, fabrication), each step being connected to other input flows such as energy or other resources. The hidden flows for metals related to metal ore mining have been investigated by Halada et al. (2001). Table 9.1 lists the data for some metals, together with the data for some other minerals and fuels. The TMR in the United States in the 1990s was between 80 and 100 tonnes per capita; in the European Union (EU-15) approximately 50 tonnes per capita (Bringezu 2002). KW - Grundwasser KW - Uran KW - Reaktive Wände KW - Radionuklide KW - Biomineralisierung PY - 2015 SN - 978-1-4822-2447-4 SN - 978-1-4822-2448-1 SP - Chapter 9, 151 EP - 176 PB - CRC Press AN - OPUS4-32525 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stegemann, Robert A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Sharatchandra Singh, W. A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Ein Blick auf die Metal Magnetic Memory Methode nach ISO 24497 durch die Lupe hochauflösender GMR-Sensorik N2 - Die Messung spontaner magnetischer Streufelder ferromagnetischer Materialien wird als neue, Metal Magnetic Memory (MMM) genannte, Methode der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (ZfP) angesehen, Schädigungen frühzeitig vorherzusagen. Die MMM Methode versucht, die sich gleichzeitig mit der Schadensentwicklung ausbildende lokale magnetische Struktur für die ZfP zu nutzen und zwar schon vor der eigentlichen Rissinitiierung. Das zugehörige Regelwerk ISO 24497 verspricht neben der Detektion von Mikrorissen und Inhomogenitäten des Werkstoffgefüges auch die Bestimmung des (Eigen-) Spannungszustandes. Neue, an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung für die ZfP angepasste GMR (Giant Magneto Resistance)-Sensorik erlaubt Magnetfeldmessungen mit einer Ortsauflösung im Mikrometerbereich. Mit höherer Ortsauflösung zeigen sich Unterschiede, jedoch keine Widersprüche zu bisher publizierten Daten. Ihnen wesentlich ist, dass es einige verwertbare Hinweise auf einen Zusammenhang von Restfeldmagnetisierung und Materialeigenschaften gibt. T2 - DACH-Jahrestagung 2015 CY - Salzburg, Austria DA - 11.05.2015 KW - GMR KW - Metal Magnetic Memory KW - ZfP KW - Materialwissenschaft PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-940283-68-9 IS - DGZfP BB 152 SP - Poster 1, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-33728 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf T1 - Reduction of natural resource use by improving resource efficiency N2 - Improving resource efficiency at the end-of-life stage is illustrated in this paper by the example of materials recovery from waste, here from residues out of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). With mechanical treatment valuable materials like ferrous and non-ferrous metals and secondary construction material can be extracted from MSWI bottom ash. The potential contribution on the resource efficiency will be discussed. T2 - 12th International Conference on Ecomaterials CY - Tainan, Taiwan DA - 08.11.2015 KW - secondary raw material KW - resource efficiency KW - raw material equivaltent KW - bottom ash PY - 2015 SP - 5 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-35509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Structuring of LTCC substrates by a combination of pressure-assisted sintering and hot-embossing N2 - A novel technology for the structuring of LTCC surfaces is introduced. The material is shaped in a zero-shrinkage process by embossing a glassy carbon mold into the softened LTCC directly after termination of the shrinkage. Three commercially available LTCC compositions (Ceramtape GC, Heratape CT707, and DP951) were tested. Diverse raised and lowered structures including rings, grids, and characters were fabricated. Different material behavior was observed for the tested compositions. Promising results were achieved with Ceramtape GC. Embossing of precise, 40 µm deep circular cavities and 50 µm high raised characters is demonstrated. Processing of 100 × 100 mm² substrates is possible. DP951 showed very good moldability, but also unwanted material displacement due to evaporating lead. A high displacement capacity but uneven heights of embossed structures were observed on CT707 samples. SEM investigations proved the precise transfer of surface contours from the mold to the LTCC. Thereby, the high potential of the hot-embossing process for micro-patterning of LTCC is illustrated. T2 - 11th International Conference and Exhibition on Ceramic Interconnects and Ceramic Microsystem Technologies (CICMT 2015) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 20.04.2015 KW - LTCC KW - Glass-like carbon PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.4071/CICMT-THA24 SN - 2380-4491 VL - 2015 IS - CICMT SP - 000297 EP - 000303 AN - OPUS4-40135 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fabry, Çağtay A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Sensorgestütztes MSG-Engspaltschweißen mit modifizierter Prozessführung (IGF-Nr. 17.923N / DVS-Nr. 03.111) N2 - Präsentation von Versuchsaufbau und Ergebnissen zu IGF-Projekt 17.923N. Darstellung einer Methodik zur automatisierten Regressionsmodellierung eines Lichtbogensensors zur Höhenführung mittels künstlicher neuronaler Netze durch Einbindung optischer Sensorik als Referenzmesswert. T2 - Sitzung DVS AG V 2.4 „Schweißen mit abschmelzender Elektrode MIG/MAG” CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.04.2018 KW - MSG-Engspaltschweißen KW - Automatisierung KW - Lichtbogensensorik KW - Künstliche neuronale Netze KW - Digitalisierung PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-44543 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fabry, Çağtay A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Datenerfassung und -analyse zur Prozessüberwachung und -regelung beim Lichtbogenschweißen N2 - Der Beitrag stellt am Beispiel eines für adaptive MSG-Lichtbogen-Engspaltschweißungen im Dickblech-Bereich entwickelten Versuchsstandes ein Automatisierungskonzept für vernetzte kommerziell verfügbare Anlagenkomponenten über ein zentrales echtzeitfähiges Steuersystem auf Basis des EtherCAT-Protokolls vor. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf der Eignung für Aufgaben im Bereich der Qualitätssicherung sowie Forschung und Entwicklung leistungsfähiger Algorithmen zur Prozessüberwachung und -regelung. Die sich daraus ergebende Vielzahl zu messender und steuernder Parameter stellen vor allem in Verbindung mit präzisen und hochfrequenten Messgeräten höchste Anforderungen an die Datenverarbeitung sowohl in Echtzeit als auch zur Auswertung nach dem Prozess. Die Einbindung etablierter Programmiertools wie MATLAB/Simulink in gängigen Automatisierungsstandards ermöglichen flexible und innovative Forschungsarbeit. Durch die automatisierte Datenerfassung in einer übergelagerten Datenbank stehen die Messungen sämtlicher Schweißvorgänge jederzeit zur Entwicklung neuer Abläufe zur Prozessteuerung und -regelung oder zur Verbesserung der bestehenden Algorithmen zur Verfügung, was insbesondere den sukzessiven Aufbau komplexer Regressionsmodelle aus der Anwendung heraus ermöglicht. Als Applikationsbeispiel wird die Entwicklung eines dynamischen Lichtbogensensors vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die Versuchsdurchführung mit dem Ziel der Ableitung nichtlinearer Regressionsmodelle erfolgt automatisiert mithilfe eines optischen Sensors. Der Vorteil dieses Verfahrens liegt dabei neben der schnellen Umsetzbarkeit in der direkten Korrelation der Messwerte zu realen physikalischen Systemgrößen und der schnellen Adaption auf unterschiedliche Schweißparameter und -prozesse. T2 - Roboter 2015 CY - Nürnberg, Germany DA - 16.09.2015 KW - Lichtbogenschweißen KW - Prozessüberwachung PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-945023-45-7 N1 - Serientitel: DVS-Berichte – Series title: DVS-Berichte IS - 317 SP - 17 EP - 23 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-34584 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Rücker, Werner T1 - System identification of inverse, multimodal and nonlinear problems using evolutionary computing - Application to a pile structure supported on nonlinear springs N2 - This paper deals with the system identification of a mechanical structure supported by nonlinear springs subjected to an external load. If all mechanical parameters of the system were known, the displacement of the system subjected to this load could be easily calculated. However, the monitoring applications often deal with the inverse problem. The loads and displacements of the system are known and certain mechanical Parameters of the system are sought. The solution of such inverse problems can be difficult, especially when they have a nonlinear and multimodal character, which often makes them appear intractable at first sight. However, evolutionary computing can be applied to solve this inverse, nonlinear and multimodal problem. Sometimes a prior knowledge exists on certain system properties, which is difficult to implement into analytical or numerical solvers. This knowledge can play a decisive role in identifying the System properties and it can be easily included as a boundary condition when applying evolutionary algorithms. This article discusses how and under what conditions the unknown spring resistances can be identified. The practical application of this procedure is exemplified here with the mechanical system of a pile foundation. KW - Evolutionary computing KW - Inverse problem KW - Multimodal solution KW - System identification KW - Pile monitoring PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.07.034 SN - 0141-0296 SN - 1873-7323 VL - 101 SP - 609 EP - 620 AN - OPUS4-39310 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kühn, A. A1 - Wedell, R. A1 - Mory, D. T1 - Integrierte Systeme (RFA und LIBS) zur Düngemittelgewinnung und zum Management der Bodenfruchtbarkeit N2 - Aufgrund der natürlichen und vom Menschen verursachten Heterogenität von Böden erfordert der Erhalt und die Verbesserung ihrer Fruchtbarkeit durch landwirtschaftliche Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen sorgfältig geplante Ent-scheidungen, die auf einer detaillierten Erfassung der Bodeneigenschaften und einem vertieften Verständnis der Bodenprozesse beruhen. Es ist bekannt, dass die konventionelle, flächen-einheitliche Bewirtschaftung Ertragsver-luste durch zu geringe Bewirtschaftungsintensität (z. B. Düngung) auf einen Teil der Fläche verursacht, während andere Teile des Feldes zu hohe Dosen erhalten und es dadurch zu Verschwendung von Ressourcen und zu Um-weltbelastungen kommt. Trotz der Verfügbarkeit von Technologien für ortsspezifische Düngung ist die Akzeptanz ortsspezifischer Bewirtschaftung (Precision Agriculture) in der Praxis noch gering. Ein wesentlicher Grund dafür ist das Fehlen von kostengünstigen Methoden zur Erfassung der bewirtschaftungsrelevanten Bodenmerkmale. So-wohl für die elementanalytische Untersuchung von Böden als auch für die Untersuchung von Ausgangsmaterialien (z.B. Klärschlammaschen) für ihre Verwendung als Dünger ist eine zuverlässige Analytik und Prozessüberwachung erforderlich. T2 - 11. Kolloquium Arbeitskreis Prozessanalytik CY - Wien, Austria DA - 30.11.2015 KW - LIBS KW - Online-RFA KW - Düngemittelgewinnung KW - Bodenfruchtbarkeit KW - BONARES PY - 2015 SP - 23 EP - 24 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38843 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Herzel, Hannes ED - Lederer, J. ED - Laner, D. ED - Rechberger, H. ED - Fellner, J. T1 - Phosphorus flows in German sewage sludge ashes and potential recovery technologies N2 - Phosphorus (P) is essential for all forms of life and cannot be substituted. It is one of the macro nutrients applied in form of mineral or organic fertilizers in agricultural crop production. Mineral P fertilizers are generally based on phosphate rock, a limited resource. Western Europe completely depends on imports as it has no own relevant phosphate mines. The most abundant phosphate deposits are located only in a few countries such as Morocco, China, South Africa and the United States of America. Furthermore, phosphate rock and as a consequence mineral P fertilizers are often contaminated with the toxic elements cadmium and uranium. In Order to substitute phosphate rock P-bearing waste streams are investigated for their potential to be recyded as fertilizers. Wastewater is one of the important P-bearing waste streams that were in the focus of research in the last 10 years. German wastewater is e.g. a carrier of approx. 70,000 t of phosphorus per year. T2 - International workshop on technospheric mining - Mining the technosphere - drivers and barriers, challenges and opportunities CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 01.10.2015 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-85234-132-3 SP - 77 EP - 80 AN - OPUS4-34542 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Krüger, Oliver ED - Schuhmann, R. T1 - Technische Prozesse zur Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen N2 - Klärschlammaschen weisen hohe Gehalte an Phosphor auf, dieser ist allerdings schlecht für Pflanzen verfügbar. Des Weiteren enthalten sie Schwermetalle die vor dem Einsatz als Düngemittel entfernt werden müssen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden in den letzten Jahren nasschemische und thermochemische Verfahren entwickelt und zum Teil bereits in Demonstrationsanlagen getestet. Ein thermochemischer Verfahrensansatz wird in diesem Beitrag näher vorgestellt. Klärschlammaschen werden mit Klärschlamm als Reduktionsmittel und Natriumsulfat als Aufschlussmittel im Drehrohrofen thermisch behandelt. Bei diesem Prozess wird pflanzenverfügbares NaCaPÜ4 gebildet, unerwünschte Elemente wie As, Cd, Hg und Pb werden zum Teil über die Gasphase separiert. Die Ergebnisse eines Demonstrationsversuchs werden vorgestellt. N2 - Sewage sludge ashes exhibit high phosphorus mass fractions. However, the availability of phosphorus to plants is poor. Furthermore, sewage sludge ashes contain eco-toxicologically relevant heavy metals that have to be removed prior to agricultural application. ln front of this background several wet-chemical and thermo-chemical processes were developed in the last years and some of them were already successfully demonstrated in large scale. A thermo-chemical approach is presented in this article. Sewage sludge ashes are mixed with dry sewage sludge as reductant and sodium sulfate. Düring thermal treatment in a rotary kiln at approx. 950°C plant available NaCaPCU is formed. Furthermore undesired elements such as As, Cd, Hg and Pb are separated via the gas phase. Results of demonstration trials are presented. T2 - 8. CMM-Tagung 2015 - Innovative Feuchtemessung in Forschung und Praxis - Material - Prozesse - Systeme CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 07.10.2015 KW - Klärschlammasche KW - Phoshorrückgewinnung PY - 2015 N1 - Serientitel: Innovative Feuchtemessung in Forschung und Praxis – Series title: Innovative Feuchtemessung in Forschung und Praxis SP - 251 EP - 262 AN - OPUS4-34859 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Geißler, Daniel A1 - Behnke, Thomas A1 - Kaiser, Martin A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Critical review of the determination of photoluminescence quantum yields of luminescent reporters N2 - A crucial variable for methodical performance evaluation and comparison of luminescent reporters is the photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ pl). This quantity, defined as the number of emitted photons per number of absorbed photons, is the direct measure of the efficiency of the conversion of absorbed photons into emitted light for small organic dyes, fluorescent proteins, metal–ligand complexes, metal clusters, polymeric nanoparticles, and semiconductor and up-conversion nanocrystals. Φ pl determines the sensitivity for the detection of a specific analyte from the chromophore perspective, together with its molar-absorption coefficient at the excitation wavelength. In this review we discuss different optical and photothermal methods for measuring Φ pl of transparent and scattering systems for the most common classes of luminescent reporters, and critically evaluate their potential and limitations. In addition, reporter-specific effects and sources of uncertainty are addressed. The ultimate objective is to provide users of fluorescence techniques with validated tools for the determination of Φ pl, including a series of Φ pl standards for the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions, and to enable better judgment of the reliability of literature data. KW - Fluorescence KW - Photoluminescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Organic dye KW - Nanoparticle KW - Quantum dot KW - Up-conversion nanocrystal KW - Optical probe KW - Standard KW - Quality assurance KW - Integrating sphere spectroscopy KW - Photoacoustic spectroscopy KW - Thermal lensing KW - Nanocavity PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8130-z SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 407 IS - 1 SP - 59 EP - 78 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-32406 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lipiec, E. A1 - Bambery, K. R. A1 - Lekki, J. A1 - Tobin, M.J. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Whelan, D. R. A1 - Wood, B. R. A1 - Kwiatek, W.M. T1 - SR-FTIR Coupled with principal component analysis shows evidence for the cellular bystander effect N2 - Synchrotron radiation-Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis was used as an independent modality to monitor the cellular bystander effect. Single, living prostate cancer PC-3 cells were irradiated with various numbers of protons, ranging from 50–2,000, with an energy of either 1 or 2 MeV using a proton microprobe. SR-FTIR spectra of cells, fixed after exposure to protons and nonirradiated neighboring cells (bystander cells), were recorded. Spectral differences were observed in both the directly targeted and bystander cells and included changes in the DNA backbone and nucleic bases, along with changes in the protein secondary structure. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the variance in the entire data set. The percentage of bystander cells relative to the applied number of protons with two different energies was calculated. Of all the applied quantities, the dose of 400 protons at 2 MeV was found to be the most effective for causing significant macromolecular perturbation in bystander PC-3 cells. PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1667/RR13798.1 SN - 0033-7587 SN - 1938-5404 VL - 184 IS - 1 SP - 73 EP - 82 PB - Radiation Research Society CY - Great Falls, Va. AN - OPUS4-33798 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Stemann, Jan A1 - Holldack, K. A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Lipiec, E. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermal treatment of chromium (III) oxide with carbonates analyzed by far-infrared spectroscopy PY - 2015 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 1210 EP - 1214 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-34635 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Schäfers, F. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Chemical state of chromium, sulfur, and iron in sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers N2 - As an essential element of all life forms, phosphorus (P) is vital to the fertilizer industry. With decreasing quantity and quality of phosphate rock resources, recycling P-fertilizers from wastewater is of increasing interest. The P-fertilizer products of a recently developed thermochemical process for P recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) were investigated by chromium, sulfur, and iron K-edge X-ray near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. This paper focuses the formation and prevention of toxic chromium(VI) and toxic sulfides during the thermochemical processes. Reducing conditions prevent the oxidation of chromium(III) in the SSA to toxic chromium(VI). Sulfides formed under the reducing conditions are nontoxic iron sulfides. Hematite (Fe2O3) present in the SSA is reduced to magnetite (Fe3O4). A gentle post-treatment at 400 °C under oxidizing conditions converts the iron sulfides into plant-available iron sulfates. This oxidative post-treatment does not form undesired chromium(VI) compounds. KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Chromium KW - Sulfur KW - Iron PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00678 SN - 2168-0485 VL - 3 IS - 10 SP - 2376 EP - 2380 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-34166 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Eicher, N. A1 - Hermann, L. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Mallon, J. A1 - Schaaf, M. A1 - Stemann, J. T1 - Comparative review of ash processes N2 - This report gives technological information about processes for the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash including mass- and energy balance, process conditions and product quality. The information in this report aim at giving an overview on different concepts for the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash and are intended to allow a general qualitative comparison between the different technical approaches. This report also describes the technological backgrounds of the processes that were furthermore investigated by life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. However, most process data stated in this report are site specific data. The LCA/LCC study includes the definition of a common base line for all processes, detailed process modeling and plausibility assessments. Results of the LCA/LCC-studies are reported in deliverables D9.2 und D10.1. PY - 2015 UR - http://p-rex.eu/uploads/media/P-REX_D4_1_Comparative_review_of_ash_processes.pdf SP - 1 EP - 30 AN - OPUS4-34858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus fertilizer from sewage sludge ashes by thermochemical treatment - Benefits and challenges N2 - Mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizers are solely produced from phosphate rock. Europe completely depends on imports since there are no relevant phosphate rock deposits on the continent. Furthermore, phosphate rock is contaminated with heavy metals such as Cd and U that pollute the farmlands and pose environmental risks. Sewage sludge ash (SSA) might be a promising source for recycling fertilizer since it contains large amounts of P (up to 13 %). However, fertilizer from SSA has to comply with the respective ordinances, particularly the heavy metal limit values stated in the fertilizer ordinance, and requires sufficient P bioavailability. Thus, we conducted a complete survey of SSA from German mono-incineration facilities and developed a thermochemical treatment for SSA to reduce toxic elements and increase P bioavailability. T2 - RAMIRAN 2015 - 16th International conference Rural-Urban Symbiosis CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 08.09.2015 PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-941492-95-0 SP - TA EP - O_20, 33 AN - OPUS4-34311 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langfeld, Kirsten A1 - Wilke, Antje A1 - Sut, Aleksandra A1 - Greiser, Sebastian A1 - Ulmer, B. A1 - Andrievici, V. A1 - Limbach, P. A1 - Bastian, Martin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Halogen-free fire retardant styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers using synergistic aluminium diethylphosphinate-based combinations N2 - Multicomponent flame retardant systems containing aluminum diethylphosphinate in thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are investigated (oxygen index, UL 94, cone calorimeter, and mechanical testing). Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis illuminate the interactions in the condensed phase. Thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are a challenge for flame retardancy (peak heat release rate at 50 kW m-2 > 2000 kW m-2, oxygen index = 17.2 vol%, no UL-94 horizontal burn rating) since it burns without residue and with a very high effective heat of combustion. Adding aluminum diethylphosphinate results in efficient flame inhibition and improves the reaction to small flame, but it is less effective in the cone calorimeter. Its efficacy levels off for amounts >~25 wt%. As the most promising synergistic system, aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate was identified, combining the main gas action of aluminum diethylphosphinate with condensed phase mechanisms. The protection layer was further improved with several adjuvants. Keeping the overall flame retardant content at 30 wt%, aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate/titanium dioxide and aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate/boehmite were the best approaches. An oxygen index of up to 27 vol% was achieved and a horizontal burn rating in UL 94 with immediate self-extinction; peak heat release rate decreased by up to 85% compared to thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers, to <300 kW m-2. KW - Flame retardancy KW - Aluminium phosphinate KW - Thermoplastic elastomers KW - Cone calorimetry KW - Flammability PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904114565581 SN - 0734-9041 SN - 1530-8049 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 157 EP - 177 PB - Sage CY - London AN - OPUS4-32692 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frasca, Daniele A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Huth, Christian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Multifunctional multilayer graphene/elastomer nanocomposites N2 - Elastomers are usually reinforced and employed in different applications. Various different nanoparticles, including layered silicates, carbon nanotubes, and expanded graphite, are currently being used as nanofiller. Multilayer Graphene (MLG) is proposed as promising nanofiller to improve the functional properties of Chlorine-Isobutylene-Isoprene Rubber (CIIR), Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR), Natural Rubber (NR) and Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (SBR) at low concentrations. MLG is constituted by only approximately 10 graphene sheets. Nanocomposites with extremely low MLG content (3 phr) showed evident improvement in rheological, mechanical and curing properties. The Young's modulus of the nanocomposites increased more than twice in comparison with the unfilled rubbers. MLG also improved the weathering resistance of the different rubbers. The nanocomposites conserved their initial mechanical properties against weathering exposure. KW - Elastomer KW - Nanocomposite KW - Multilayer graphene PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.050 SN - 0014-3057 SN - 1873-1945 VL - 71 SP - 99 EP - 113 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-33843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yin, Huajie A1 - Dittrich, Bettina A1 - Farooq, Muhammad A1 - Kerling, S. A1 - Wartig, K.-A. A1 - Hofmann, D. A1 - Huth, Christian A1 - Okolieocha, C. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Carbon-based nanofillers/poly(butylene terephthalate): thermal, dielectric, electrical and rheological properties N2 - The influence of distinct carbon based nanofillers: expanded graphite (EG), conducting carbon black (CB), thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the thermal, dielectric, electrical and rheological properties of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was examined. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PBT nanocomposites is independent of the filler type and content. The carbon particles act as nucleation agents and significantly affect the melting temperature (Tm), the crystallization temperature (Tc) and the degree of crystallinity of PBT composites. PBT composites with EG show insulating behaviour over the tested concentration range of 0.5 to 2 wt.-% and hardly changed rheological behaviour. CB, CNT and TRGO induce electrical conductivity to their particular PBT composites by forming a conducting particle network within the polymer matrix. CNT reached the percolation threshold at the lowest concentration (<0.5 wt.-%), followed by TRGO (<1 wt.-%) and CB (<2 wt.-%). With the formation of a particle network, the flow behaviour of composites with CB, CNT and TRGO is affected, i.e., a flow limit occurs and the melt viscosity increases. The degree of influence of the carbon nanofillers on the rheological properties of PBT composites follows the same order as for electrical conductivity. Electrical and rheological results suggest an influence attributed to the particle dispersion, which is proposed to follow the order of EG<< CBα || <0 0 1>sp . However, also the discovered precipitated particles are characterized by the same crystallographic orientation relationship to the respective ferritic parent grain. The habit of the precipitates is best described by a lath morphology with their main axis parallel to <1 0 0> of ferrite. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been applied to characterize the oxide layer in micrometer scale. The clearly smaller precipitates were subsequently investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specimens have been prepared by focused ion-beam (FIB) milling at an area previously characterized by EBSD. They cover the ferritic base material, but mainly the precipitation zone and the Fe–Cr spinel layer. Energy filtered selected area diffraction (SAD) in the conventional (C)TEM and high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) imaging in the scanning (S)TEM mode were employed in the characterization of the specimens. T2 - PTM 2015 - International conference on solid-solid phase transformations in inorganic materials CY - Whistler, BC, Canada DA - 28.06.2015 KW - Precipitation KW - Nano-crystals KW - Oxidation KW - Phase transformation KW - EBSD KW - TEM PY - 2015 SP - 379 EP - 386 AN - OPUS4-34444 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Compilation and evaluation of the pressure-assisted master sintering surface for low-temperature cofired ceramics N2 - Pressure-assisted sintering (PAS) is an established procedure for the production of low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) without lateral shrinkage and minimal shrinkage tolerances for automotive and high-frequency applications. To develop a feasible model for the prediction of densification during that process, master sintering curves (MSCs) for the commercial LTCC DP951 were generated from thermomechanical analysis (TMA) data in the pressure regime from 2 to 500 kPa. Strain mainly related to creep deformation of the LTCC was identified by evaluation of the strain rate and was discarded for the determination of MSC parameters. It was found that no creep occurred at any pressure up to a relative density of 0.9. Different pressure levels can be modeled with the same activation energy of 400 kJ/mol. Densification curves predicted by the model were in good agreement with experimental data. Based on MSCs, the pressure-assisted master sintering surface was compiled to illustrate the influence of pressure on densification. The results show that the MSC approach is a suitable method to feasibly predict the densification of LTCC during PAS. KW - LTCC KW - Low temperature co-fired ceramics KW - Master sintering curve KW - Activation energy KW - DP951 PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13732 SN - 0002-7820 SN - 1551-2916 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. VL - 98 IS - 11 SP - 3503 EP - 3508 PB - Blackwell Publishing CY - Malden AN - OPUS4-34795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin A1 - Solomun, Tihomir A1 - Wellhausen, Robert A1 - Herrmann, S A1 - Seitz, H A1 - Meyer, Susann A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Zeman, J. A1 - Uhlig, F A1 - Smiatek, J A1 - Sturm, Heinz T1 - Influence of the Compatible Solute Ectoine on the Local Water Structure: Implications for the Binding of the Protein G5P to DNA N2 - Microorganisms accumulate molar concentrations of compatible solutes like ectoine to prevent proteins from denaturation. Direct structural or spectroscopic information on the mechanism and about the hydration shell around ectoine are scarce. We combined surface plasmon resonance (SPR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the local hydration shell around ectoine and its influence on the binding of a gene-S-protein (G5P) to a single-stranded DNA (dT(25)). Due to the very high hygroscopicity of ectoine, it was possible to analyze the highly stable hydration shell by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Corresponding molecular dynamics simulation results revealed a significant change of the water dielectric constant in the presence of a high molar ectoine concentration as compared to pure water. The SPR data showed that the amount of protein bound to DNA decreases in the presence of ectoine, and hence, the protein-DNA dissociation constant increases in a concentration-dependent manner. Concomitantly, the Raman spectra in terms of the amide I region revealed large changes in the protein secondary structure. Our results indicate that ectoine strongly affects the molecular recognition between the protein and the oligonudeotide, which has important consequences for osmotic regulation mechanisms. KW - Aqueous solution KW - Biological structure KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Organic osmolytes KW - High throughput KW - Gene-5 protein KW - Amino acid KW - Water structure PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b09506 SN - 1520-6106 SN - 1089-5647 SN - 1520-5207 VL - 119 IS - 49 SP - 15212 EP - 15220 AN - OPUS4-35800 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kormunda, M. A1 - Fischer, Daniel A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Sebik, M. A1 - Pavlik, J. A1 - Esser, N. T1 - Deposition and characterization of single magnetron deposited Fe:SnOx coatings N2 - Coatings deposited by magnetron co-sputtering from a single RF magnetron with a ceramic SnO2 target with iron inset in argon plasma were studied. The mass spectra of the process identified Sn+ and SnO+ species as the dominant species sputtered from the target, but no SnO2+ species were detected. The dominant positive ions in argon plasma are Ar+ species. The only detected negative ions were O-. Sputtered neutral tin related species were not detected. Iron related species were also not detected because their concentration is below the detection limit. The concentration of iron dopant in the tin oxide coatings was controlled by the RF bias applied on the substrate holder while the discharge pressure also has some influence. The iron concentration was in the range from 0.9 at.% up to 19 at.% increasing with the substrate bias while the sheet resistivity decreases. The stoichiometry ratio of O/(Sn + Fe) in the coatings increased from 1.7 up to 2 in dependence on the substrate bias from floating bias (- 5 V) up to - 120 V of RF self-bias, respectively. The tin in the coatings was mainly bonded in Sn4 + state and iron was mainly in Fe2 + state when other tin bonding states were detected only in a small amounts. Iron bonding states in contrary to elemental compositions of the coatings were not influenced by the RF bias applied on the substrate. The coatings showed high transparency in the visible spectral range. However, an increased metallic behavior could be detected by using a higher RF bias for the deposition. The X-ray diffraction patterns and electron microscopy pictures made on the coatings confirmed the presence of an amorphous phase. KW - Metal oxides KW - Transparent conductive oxides (TCO) KW - Magnetron KW - Optical properties KW - Ellipsometry KW - XPS characterzation PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.11.009 SN - 0040-6090 VL - 595 IS - Part A SP - 200 EP - 208 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-35281 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sikora, A. A1 - Bartczak, D. A1 - Geißler, Daniel A1 - Kestens, V. A1 - Roebben, G. A1 - Ramaye, Y. A1 - Varga, Z. A1 - Palmai, M. A1 - Shard, A.G. A1 - Goenaga-Infante, H. A1 - Minelli, C. T1 - A systematic comparison of different techniques to determine the zeta potential of silica nanoparticles in biological medium N2 - The surface charge density of nanoparticles plays an important role in the way they interact with biological systems. The ability to measure the surface charge density of nanoparticles in biological media is therefore of importance in understanding the magnitude of such interactions. There are a number of methods which may be used to assess surface charge density through the measurement of electrophoretic mobility. In order to better understand the comparability of these methods, the ζ-potential of silica nanoparticles in water, buffer and serum-based biological medium was measured by one ensemble and two particle-by-particle techniques: electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and zeta particle tracking analysis (z-PTA). To allow the comparability of results from different techniques, test samples were prepared according to an established protocol, although some variations were necessary to meet specific instrument requirements. Here we compare, for the first time, measurement results from the different techniques and discuss how modifications related to parameters such as environmental pH, dilution factor and presence of biomolecules influence the charge measurements. PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY02014J SN - 1759-9660 SN - 1759-9679 VL - 7 IS - 23 SP - 9835 EP - 9843 PB - RSC Publ. CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-34966 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Hartelt, Manfred A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Höhm, S. A1 - Rosenfeld, A. A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Tribological performance of femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on titanium and a high toughness bearing steel N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) were processed on steel (X30CrMoN15-1) and titanium (Ti) surfaces by irradiation in air with linear polarized femtosecond laser pulses with a pulse duration of 30 fs at 790 nm wavelength. For the processing of large LIPSS covered surface areas (5 mm × 5 mm), the laser fluence and the spatial spot overlap were optimized in a sample-scanning geometry. The laser-processed surfaces were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), white light interference microscopy (WLIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Spatial LIPSS periods between 450 and 600 nm were determined. The nanostructured surface regions were tribologically tested under reciprocal sliding conditions against a 10-mm diameter ball of hardened 100Cr6 steel. Paraffin oil and engine oil were used as lubricants for 1000 sliding cycles at 1 Hz with a normal load of 1.0 N. The corresponding wear tracks were analyzed by OM and SEM. In particular cases, the laser-generated nanostructures endured the tribological treatment. Simultaneously, a significant reduction of the friction coefficient and the wear was observed in the laser-irradiated (LIPSS-covered) areas when compared to the non-irradiated surface. The experiments reveal the potential benefit of laser surface structuring for tribological applications. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser processing KW - Tribology KW - Metals PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.111 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 336 SP - 21 EP - 27 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-32861 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhm, S. A1 - Herzlieb, M. A1 - Rosenfeld, A. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on silicon upon polarization controlled two-color double-pulse irradiation N2 - Two-color double-fs-pulse experiments were performed on silicon wafers to study the temporally distributed energy deposition in the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). A Mach-Zehnder interferometer generated parallel or cross-polarized double-pulse sequences at 400 and 800 nm wavelength, with inter-pulse delays up to a few picoseconds between the sub-ablation 50-fs-pulses. Multiple two-color double-pulse sequences were collinearly focused by a spherical mirror to the sample. The resulting LIPSS characteristics (periods, areas) were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. A wavelength-dependent plasmonic mechanism is proposed to explain the delay-dependence of the LIPSS. These two-color experiments extend previous single-color studies and prove the importance of the ultrafast energy deposition for LIPSS formation. PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.000061 SN - 1094-4087 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 61 EP - 71 PB - Optical Society of America CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-32405 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Höhm, S. A1 - Rohloff, M. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Rosenfeld, A. ED - Sakabe, S. ED - Lienau, C. ED - Grunwald, R. T1 - Formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on dielectrics and semiconductors upon double-femtosecond laser pulse irradiation sequences N2 - The formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on different materials (silicon, fused silica, quartz) with linearly polarized fs-laser irradiation is studied experimentally. In dielectrics, the importance of transient excitation stages in the LIPSS formation is demonstrated by using (multiple) cross-polarized double-fs-laser-pulse irradiation sequences. A characteristic decrease of the spatial LIPSS periods is observed for double-pulse delays of less than 2 ps along with a characteristic 90°-rotation of the LIPSS orientation. PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-319-12216-8 SN - 978-3-319-12217-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12217-5_5 SN - 2192-1970 N1 - Serientitel: Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics – Series title: Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics SP - Chapter 5, 85 EP - 99 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-32541 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Javdanitehran, M. A1 - Erdmann, Maren A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Ziegmann, G. T1 - Analyzing the network formation and curing kinetics of epoxy resins by in situ near-infrared measurements with variable heating rates N2 - Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) turned out to be well suited for analyzing the degree of cure for epoxy systems. In contrast to dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), where the released heat of reaction determines the degree of epoxy conversion indirectly, NIR spectroscopy is able to determine the conversion directly by analyzing structural changes. Therefore, a new heatable NIR cell was equipped with an integrated thermocouple, which enables the real sample temperature to be controlled and monitored in situ during epoxy curing. Dynamic scans at different heating rates were used for kinetic modelling, to define kinetic parameters and to predict real curing processes. The kinetic models and their parameters were validated with an isothermal and a more complex multi-step curing scenario. Two available commercial epoxy systems based on DGEBA were used with an anhydride and with an amine hardener. NIR results were compared with DSC data. The simulated conversion predicted with a model fitted on the basis of NIR and DSC dynamic scans showed good agreement with the conversion measured in the isothermal curing validation test. Due to the proven reliability of NIR in measuring the reaction progress of curing, it can be considered a versatile measurement system for in situ monitoring of component production in the automotive, aerospace and wind energy sectors. KW - Epoxy resins KW - Curing kinetics KW - Near-infrared spectroscopy KW - DSC PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2015.08.008 SN - 0040-6031 SN - 1872-762X VL - 616 SP - 49 EP - 60 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-34187 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhm, S. A1 - Herzlieb, M. A1 - Rosenfeld, A. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures on fused silica upon cross-polarized two-color double-fs-pulse irradiation N2 - The dynamics of the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on fused silica upon irradiation with linearly polarized fs-laser pulses (50 fs pulse duration) is studied by cross-polarized two-color double-fs-pulse experiments. In order to analyze the relevance of temporally distributed energy deposition in the early stage of LIPSS formation, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer was used for generating multiple double-pulse sequences at two different wavelengths (400 and 800 nm). The inter-pulse delay between the individual cross-polarized pulses of each sequence was systematically varied in the sub-ps range and the resulting LIPSS morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the polarization of the first laser pulse arriving to the surface determines the orientation and the periodicity of the LIPSS. These two-color experiments further confirm the importance of the ultrafast energy deposition to the silica surface for LIPSS formation, particularly by the first laser pulse of each sequence. The second laser pulse subsequently reinforces the previously seeded spatial LIPSS characteristics (period, orientation). KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Double-pulse experiments KW - Ultrafast optical techniques KW - Mach-Zehnder interferometer PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.09.101 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 336 SP - 39 EP - 42 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-32860 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seuthe, T. A1 - Grehn, M. A1 - Mermillod-Blondin, A. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Eberstein, M. T1 - Requirements on glasses for femtosecond-laser based micro-structuring N2 - In this work, glasses with systematically varied compositions were manufactured and irradiated by single Ti:sapphire fs-laserpulses (800 nm, 120 fs), focused at the surface and into the bulk of the glass materials. The samples were tested for their ablation threshold fluence as well as for structural changes using µ-Raman-spectroscopy. Correlations between the glass composition, the material-ablation on the glass surface and the permanent changes of the refractive index inside the glass volume after the irradiation by fs-laser pulses were obtained. The results show, that the structural modifications found at the surface of the glasses and inside its volume are closely related. However, while the ablation threshold fluence of the glass surface primarily depends on the glass dissociation energy, the permanent refractive index change inside the volume is rather determined by its ability for absorbing the fs-laser pulses and the subsequent relaxation processes. The results of this work provide some guidance on how the glass composition can be varied in order to optimize the fs-laser induced modification of dielectrics. T2 - 11th International Conference on Ceramic Interconnect & Ceramic Microsystems Technologies CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 20.04.2015 PY - 2015 SN - 978-1-5108-0456-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.4071/CICMT-TA24 SP - 47 EP - 53 PB - Curran CY - Red Hook, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-34755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Morys, Michael A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Revealing the inner secrets of intumescent chars by advanced small scale tests combined with µ-CT N2 - Testing of intumescent coatings for Steel is usually done in intermediate scale or even full scale experiments and is hence quite expensive. We developed two complementary small scale tests, simulating fully developed Tire. First is a strongly modified electrical muffle furnace, which is now able to follow the Standard temperature-time curve (according EN 1363-1) for 90 min in a very accurate manner. Düring the experiment backside temperatures are recorded and the growth of the char is observed with a custom made high temperature endoscope. Second is a testing apparatus based on a propane-oxygen-bumer for direct severe flame impingement of coated samples, reaching temperatures far above 1500 °C. Our small scale samples are coated Steel plates of a size of 75 x 75 x 2 mm3. The structure-propertyrelation between additives, thermal properties and morphology of the char were examined using a well determined series of samples consisting of basic composition mixed with different additives. With the burner-testing-apparatus we studied the behavior of a high performance coating, which shows a transformation of the carbonaceous char into a ceramic foam at temperatures as high as 1600 °C. Nondestructive micro-computed tomography was used to characterize the morphology of the char. According to the structure of the foams we used different analytic methods like cell-detection or wallthickness-analysis. Additional scanning electron and optical microscopy were performed. The combination of the CT-data with the measured backside temperatures of the different samples provides us a deep understanding of the interaction between isolating properties and morphology of intumescent chars. T2 - Fire and materials 2015 - 14th International conference and exhibition CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 02.02.2015 PY - 2015 SP - 478 EP - 483 PB - Interscience Communications AN - OPUS4-32710 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leng, Jing A1 - Purohit, Purv A1 - Kang, N. A1 - Wang, D.-Y. A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Structure-property relationships of nanocomposites based on polylactide and MgAl layered double hydroxides N2 - Nanocomposites based on poly(ʟ-lactide) (PLA) and organically modified MgAl Layered Double Hydroxides (MgAl-LDH) were prepared by melt blending and investigated by a combination of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS, WAXS), and dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). Scanning microfocus SAXS investigations show that the MgAl-LDH is homogeneously distributed in the matrix as stacks of 6 layers and/or partly exfoliated layers. DSC and WAXS show that the degree of crystallinity decreases linearly with the content of LDH. The extrapolation of the dependencies (DSC and WAXS) to zero estimates a limiting concentration of LDH CCri of ca. 21 wt% where the crystallization of PLA is completely suppressed by the nanofiller. The dielectric behavior of neat PLA show two relaxation regions, a β-relaxation at low temperatures related to localized fluctuations and the α-relaxation at higher temperatures due to the dynamic glass transition. The dielectric spectra of the nanocomposites show several additional relaxation processes compared to neat PLA which are discussed in detail. For the nanocomposites around 260 K (ƒ = 1 kHz) an additional process is observed which intensity increases with increasing concentration of LDH. This process is mainly attributed to the exchanged dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) molecules which are adsorbed at the LDH layers and form a mixed phase with the polymer close to the layers and stacks. An analysis of this process provides information about the molecular dynamics in the interfacial region between the LDH layers and the PLA matrix which reveal glassy dynamics in this region. In the temperature range around 310 K (ƒ = 1 kHz) a further process is observed. Its relaxation rate has an unusual saddle-like temperature dependence. It was assigned to rotational fluctuations of water molecules in a nanoporous environment provided by the LDH filler. Above the glass transition temperature a further process is observed at temperatures above. It is related to Maxwell/Wagner/Sillars polarization due to the blocking of charges at the nanofiller. KW - Polymer based nanocomposites KW - Polylactide KW - Layered double hydroxides KW - Dielectric spectroscopy PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.008 SN - 0014-3057 SN - 1873-1945 VL - 68 SP - 338 EP - 354 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-33257 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, J.L. A1 - Lutomski, C.A. A1 - El-Baba, T.J. A1 - Siriwardena-Mahanama, B.N. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Allen, M. J. A1 - Trimpin, S. T1 - Matrix-assisted ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry: Selective analysis of a europium-PEG complex in a crude mixture N2 - The analytical utility of a new and simple to use ionization method, matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS) is used to characterize a 2-armed europium(III)-containing poly(ethylene glycol) (Eu-PEG) complex directly from a crude sample. MAI was used with the matrix 1,2-dicyanobenzene, which affords low chemical background relative to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI). MAI provides high ion abundance of desired products in comparison to ESI and MALDI. Inductively coupled plasma-MS measurements were used to estimate a maximum of 10% of the crude sample by mass was the 2-arm Eu-PEG complex, supporting evidence of selective ionization of Eu-PEG complexes using the new MAI matrix, 1,2-dicyanobenzene. Multiply charged ions formed in MAI enhance the IMS gas-phase separation, especially relative to the singly charged ions observed with MALDI. Individual components are cleanly separated and readily identified, allowing characterization of the 2-arm Eu-PEG conjugate from a mixture of the 1-arm Eu-PEG complex and unreacted starting materials. Size-exclusion chromatography, liquid chromatography at critical conditions, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, and ESI-IMS-MS had difficulties with this analysis, or failed. KW - Matrix-assisted ionization ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry KW - Europium KW - Poly(ethylene glycol) KW - Size-exclusion chromatography KW - Liquid chromatography at critical conditions KW - Electrospray ionization KW - Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization KW - Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry KW - ESI KW - MALDI KW - SEC PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-015-1233-8 SN - 1044-0305 VL - 26 IS - 12 SP - 2086 EP - 2095 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-35283 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hörold, Andreas A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Gettwert, V. A1 - Korzen, Manfred T1 - Protecting the structural integrity of composites in fire: Intumescent coatings in the intermediate scale N2 - The fire behaviour of light-weight material used in structural applications is regarded as the main challenge to be solved for mass transportation. The task is to perform realistic experiments, including a mechanical test scenario under fully developed fires, to improve the material's reliability in structural applications. Our approach utilises an intermediate-scale test set-up (specimen size 500 × 500 mm) to apply realistic compressive loads and fully developed fires directly to one side of a carbon-fibre-reinforced sandwich composite. Three different intumescent coatings were applied to sandwich structures and compared to a bench-scale study. The results emphasise intumescent coatings as a promising method to sustain fire resistance, multiplying the time to failure. Nevertheless, the realistic intermediate-scale test using severe direct flame application underlines the extremely short failure times when the actual composite components are tested without any additional insulation. KW - Carbon-fibre-reinforced KW - Fire stability KW - High-temperature properties KW - Mechanical testing KW - Fully developed fire KW - Post-crash scenario PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684415609791 SN - 0731-6844 SN - 1530-7964 VL - 34 IS - 24 SP - 2029 EP - 2044 PB - Technomic Publ. Co. CY - Westport, Conn. AN - OPUS4-35120 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Structuring of LTCC Substrates by a Combination of Pressure-Assisted Sintering and Hot Embossing N2 - A novel technology for the structuring of low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) surfaces is introduced. The commercial LTCC Ceramtape GC is shaped in a zero-shrinkage process by embossing a glass-like carbon mold into the softened LTCC during pressure-assisted sintering. Diverse raised and lowered structures including rings, grids, and characters were fabricated. It was found that de-airing of mold cavities is crucial for the molding of embossments. De-airing is possible through pore channels in the LTCC if embossing is performed at intermediate temperatures. The influence of LTCC viscosity on the mold filling behavior during the formation of raised structures is discussed. For accurate molding and proper densification of the LTCC, hot embossing with 0.41 MPa at 775 °C and subsequent heating under load to 850 °C is proposed. Embossing of precise, 40 µm deep circular cavities and 50 µm high raised bars and characters is demonstrated. Thereby, the high potential of the hot-embossing process for micro-patterning of LTCC is illustrated. KW - low temperature co-fired ceramics KW - glass-like carbon KW - hot-embossing KW - pressure-assisted sintering PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2015-00051 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. VL - 06 IS - 04 SP - 273 EP - 278 AN - OPUS4-35420 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Rizzo, F. T1 - Nano-sized precipitates in an Fe-13Cr alloy formed under oxidizing water vapor atmosphere N2 - Oxidation of a Fe-13Cr alloy under water vapor at 600 °C produced a zone of nano-sized precipitation underneath the outside scale formed by iron oxides and Fe‒Cr spinel. The majority of the spinel layer shows a mixed orientation relationship to the ferritic matrix {100}α || {100}sp & <011>α || <001>sp. However, also the discovered precipitated particles are characterized by the same crystallographic orientation relationship to the respective ferritic parent grain. The habit of the precipitates is best described by a lath morphology with their main axis parallel to <100> of ferrite. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in an scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been applied to characterize the oxide layer in the micrometer scale. The clearly smaller precipitates were subsequently investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specimens have been prepared by focused ion-beam (FIB) milling at an area previously characterized by EBSD. They cover the ferritic base material, but mainly the precipitation zone and the Fe‒Cr spinel layer. Energy filtered selected area diffraction (SAD) in the conventional (C)TEM and high-angle annular darkfield (HAADF) imaging in the scanning (S)TEM mode were employed in the characterization of the specimens. T2 - International Conference on Solid-Solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Materials (PTM) 2015 CY - Whistler, British Columbia, Canada DA - 28.06.2015 KW - Precipitation KW - Oxidation KW - Microscopy KW - Topotactic transformation KW - Spinel PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-42169 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Kraemer, R. A1 - Deglmann, P. A1 - Gaan, S. A1 - Senz, R. T1 - A new molecular understanding of the thermal degradation of PA 66 doped with metal oxides: Experiment and computation N2 - The thermal molecular degradation of polyamide 66 (PA 66) doped with (partially supported) metal oxide particles (Fe2O3, ZnO, Al2O3) was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using common analysis techniques like thermogravimetry coupled with IR-spectroscopic evolved gas analysis (TGA-FTIR). Using pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), qualitative conclusions were drawn about the complex hydrocarbon products. However, the combination of TGA with solid-phase extraction, followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS), allows qualitative and even semi-quantitative conclusions about the decomposition pathway of PA 66 in the presence of various metal oxide particles. The investigations under inert conditions showed that the presence of metal particles increases the rate of decarboxylation and deamination reactions, as well as the formation rate of cyclopentanone and pyridine derivatives. These species are a consequence of various condensation reactions. The condensation reactions release a large amount of water, thus triggering the hydrolysis of PA 66. Molecular thermal degradation mechanisms were developed for the main decomposition as well as for the condensation reactions and supported by quantum chemical calculations. The catalytic effect of the metal oxides in PA 66 increases in the following order: PA 66 = PA 66 – Al2O3 < PA 66 – Fe2O3 < PA 66 – ZnO. KW - PA 66 KW - Metal oxide particles KW - Thermal degradation KW - Solid-phase extraction KW - Molecular modeling PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.011 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 120 SP - 340 EP - 356 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - London AN - OPUS4-33806 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Sahre, Mario A1 - Stockmann, Jörg M. A1 - Weise, Matthias T1 - Visualisierung von Oberflächenverunreinigungen und Schichtartefakten N2 - Die Oberflächentechnik ist eine Schlüsseltechnologie in nahezu zu allen industriellen Branchen. Mit Ausnahme der mechanischen Stabilität, die das Substrat bereitstellt, werden verschiedenartigste Funktionen materialsparend, zum Teil hochintegriert mit maßgeschneiderten Schichtdesigns unter Ausnutzung von Nano- und Quanteneffekten auf Oberflächen appliziert. Ein Großteil der Fertigungskosten in der Mikro- und Nanotechnik wird durch Reinräume und die Umsetzung ausgeklügelter Reinigungsstrategien zur Vermeidung von Restverschmutzungen und partikulären Belegungen verursacht, da diese unweigerlich zum Bauteilversagen führen. Die Validierung des Reinigungszustandes ist somit von zentraler Bedeutung für die Schichtqualität und Produktfunktionalität. Dies gilt in Abhängigkeit von der Applikation und den vertikalen Schicht- bzw. lateralen Strukturdimensionen sowohl für Fertigungsprozesse im Reinraum als auch für solche in robuster Umgebung. In der Praxis kommt es häufig vor, dass man mikroskopisch scheinbar saubere Substrate erst durch die Beschichtung „enttarnt" und dann Defekte oft mit bloßem Auge sichtbar werden. Noch problematischer ist der Einbau von Verunreinigungen während der Schichtabscheidung, die zunächst nicht sichtbar sind, dann aber zum Bauteilversagen führen. T2 - 11. ThGOT - Thementage Grenz- und Oberflächentechnik CY - Zeulenroda-Triebes, Germany DA - 15.09.2015 KW - Imaging Ellipsometrie KW - Mikroskopie KW - Schleimpflug-Optik PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-00-046056-2 SP - 15.9.2015, Block B, 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-34280 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jin, Z. A1 - Geißler, Daniel A1 - Qiu, X. A1 - Wegner, Karl David A1 - Hildebrandt, N. T1 - A rapid, amplification-free, and sensitive diagnostic assay for single-step multiplexed fluorescence detection of microRNA N2 - The importance of microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation for the development and progression of diseases and the discovery of stable miRNAs in peripheral blood have made these short-sequence nucleic acids next-generation biomarkers. Here we present a fully homogeneous multiplexed miRNA FRET assay that combines careful biophotonic design with various RNA hybridization and ligation steps. The single-step, single-temperature, and amplification-free assay provides a unique combination of performance parameters compared to state-of-the-art miRNA detection technologies. Precise multiplexed quantification of miRNA-20a, -20b, and -21 at concentrations between 0.05 and 0.5 nm in a single 150 mL sample and detection limits between 0.2 and 0.9 nm in 7.5 mL serum samples demonstrate the feasibility of both highthroughput and point-of-care clinical diagnostics. KW - Clinical diagnostics KW - FRET KW - MicroRNA KW - Multiplexing KW - Time-gated fluorescence detection PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201504887 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 54 IS - 34 SP - 10024 EP - 10029 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-44837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bierstedt, Andreas A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Riedel, Jens T1 - Characterization of two modes in a dielectric barrier discharge probe by optical emission spectroscopy and time-of-flight-mass spectrometry N2 - Among the large number of new ambient ionization schemes in the last few years, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has witnessed special attention. In this contribution a versatile dual mode DBD is introduced and characterized by means of optical emission spectroscopy and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A direct comparison of the individual results from spectroscopy, spectrometry and transient current/voltage consumption gives evidence for the existence of two individual operational mechanisms. The first is driven by rapid transient changes in the potential difference between the two electrodes over time (usually denoted as the homogeneous mode), while the second is caused at high static potential differences (leading to filamentary discharges). The transient versus steady-state characteristics of the individual discharge origin suggest the driving force for the current flow to be inductive and capacitive, respectively. In most cases of dielectric barrier plasmas both discharge types coexist as competitive ion formation channels, however, detailed plasma characteristics of DBDs operated under different conditions allow for a clear distinction of the individual contributions. In this way, two characteristic product channels for the ionization of ambient water could be observed resulting in the generation of either preferentially protonated water clusters or ammonium water clusters. Careful tuning of the operation parameters of the discharge device allows an operation predominated by either of the two modes. As a consequence, facile switching into the desired operational mode results in either protonated molecules or ammoniated molecules of the analyte. Plasma characteristics for both moieties were evaluated and cross-correlated on the basis of several factors including: the production of reagent ions, the individual appearance of current/voltage profiles, UV/Vis spectroscopy, voltage and flux dependence and the individual response to test compounds. Although the filamentary mode has been already discussed in the literature to induce fragmentation processes, no experimental evidence for analyte dissociation could be found in the case of the test compounds used KW - Dual mode KW - Dielectric barrier discharge KW - Ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry KW - Emission spectroscopy KW - Ionization PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C5JA00332F SN - 0267-9477 SN - 1364-5544 VL - 30 IS - 12 SP - 2496 EP - 2506 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-35092 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschat, Carsten A1 - Stindt, Arne A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Riedel, Jens T1 - Mass spectrometry of levitated droplets by thermally unconfined infrared-laser desorption N2 - An ionization scheme for fast online mass spectrometric interrogation of levitated droplets is presented. That renewed method comprises the output of an a Er:YAG laser at λ = 2.94 µm which is in resonance with the OH stretch vibration band of solvents like water and alcohols. A temporal pulse width larger than the time needed for pressure redistribution and also above the temperature redistribution time constant was found to lead to soft evaporation/ionization. Despite these mild desorption conditions, no additional postionization is found to be needed. Accordingly, the ionization is found to be very soft resulting in entirely intact analyte ions and concentration dependent cluster ions. Resulting mass spectra of small amino acids and large antibiotics are presented showing the versatility of the introduced technique. Above a critical mass of m ≈ 1 kDa, the formed ions carry multiple charges as it is typical for thermospray or electrospray ionization. The detection technique enables fast contactless analysis of the chemical composition of levitated microreactors and, thus, paves the way for future contactless reaction monitoring. KW - Laser desorption ionization KW - Levitated droplets KW - Ambient mass spectrometry PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01495 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 87 IS - 16 SP - 8323 EP - 8327 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-35134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seifert, Stephan A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Kneipp, Janina T1 - Taxonomic relationship of pollen from MALDI TOF MS data using multivariate statistics N2 - Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been suggested as a promising tool for the investigation of pollen, but the usefulness of this approach for classification and identification of pollen species has to be proven by an application to samples of varying taxonomic relations. KW - MALDI mass spectrometry KW - Pollen KW - Multivariate statistics PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7207 SN - 0951-4198 SN - 1097-0231 VL - 29 SP - 1145 EP - 1154 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-35296 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Karrasch, S. A1 - Jörres, R. A1 - Ehret, M. A1 - Herbig, B. A1 - Schierl, R. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Langner, J. A1 - Nowak, D. ED - Hildenbrandt, Sibylle ED - Rieger, Monika A. T1 - Untersuchung möglicher gesundheitlicher Gefährdungen durch Drucker- und Kopierer-Emissionen Teil 1 und 2 N2 - Teil 1: In der Öffentlichkeit werden immer wieder mögliche gesundheitliche Auswirkungen von Laserdruckeremissionen diskutiert. Um diese möglichen Auswirkungen genauer zu analysieren, wurden die Effekte 75-minütiger Expositionen von sogenannten Low-Emittern (LE, Untergrund 2000-4000 UFP/cm3) gegenüber High-Emittern (HE, 100.000 UFP/cm3) untersucht. Teil 2: Mögliche gesundheitliche Auswirkungen von Laserdruckeremissionen sind immer wieder Gegenstand öffentlicher Aufmerksamkeit. Die dabei auftretenden potenziellen psychologischen Aspekte, wurden in einem standardisierten Szenario mittels 75-minütiger Expositionen gegenüber Low-Emittern (LE, Untergrund 2000-4000 UFP/cm3) und High-Emittern (HE, 100.000 UFP/cm3) untersucht. T2 - 55. Jahrestagung der DGAUM 2015 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 18.03.2015 KW - Gesundheitsgefährdung KW - Laserdrucker KW - Bürogeräte KW - Partikel KW - Emissionen PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-9817007-1-8 SP - 357 EP - 489 PB - Geschäftsstelle der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Arbeitsmedizin und Umweltmedizin e. V. CY - München AN - OPUS4-38751 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Kaudelka, Sven T1 - Einfluss von Beschädigungen auf das Brandverhalten von WDVS N2 - Nach dem großen Baustellenbrand in Frankfurt 2012 hatte die Bauministerkonferenz (BMK) beschlossen, das Brandverhalten von Wärmedämmverbundsystemen [WDVS] hinsichtlich von Brandquellen vor der Fassade zu untersuchen. Die Feuerwehr Frankfurt hat eine Sammlung von Bränden, bei denen WDVS beteiligt waren, initiiert. Wertet man diese Sammlung hinsichtlich der Brandentstehung aus, fällt auf, dass von den insgesamt 57 Bränden 79 % (45 Brände) vor der Fassade begannen. 25 dieser 45 Brände wurden durch brennenden Müll oder Müllcontainer ausgelöst. Die meisten der gesammelten Brände (50) waren in den letzten fünf Jahren (2010 - 2014). Auf Grund dieser Erkenntnisse wurden an der BAM Müilcontainer (aus Plastik) hinsichtlich ihrer Entflammbarkeit und Wärmefreisetzung untersucht. Außerdem wurden im Auftrag der BMK Müllcontainer hinsichtlich ihrer Wärmefreisetzung und Brandentwicklung im Großversuch an der MFPA Leipzig untersucht. Mit Hilfe dieser Voruntersuchungen wurde eine Brandquelle identifiziert, die Zündquellen wie einen brennenden, Müllcontainer oder kleinere Ansammlungen von Sperrmüll repräsentiert: Es wurde eine 200 kg Holzkrippe gewählt, da die Holzkrippe bessere Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse darstellt als z.B. ein Müllcontainer. Mit dieser Zündquelle wurden Großversuche an der MFPA Leipzig mit einem zugelassenen WDVS durchgeführt. Das WDVS zeigte unter diesen Prüfbedingungen ein nicht akzeptables Brandverhalten. Die folgenden zwei Versuche wurden mit Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt, die eine signifikante Verbesserung des Brandverhaltens brachten. Zusätzlich wurde an der BAM eine Serie von Brandversuchen im Kieinmaßstab in der Single Burning Item (SBI) Prüfeinrichtung durchgeführt. Dabei wurde die auf das WDVS wirkende Wärmefreisetzungsrate variiert und der Einfluss von Grad und Größe von Beschädigungen der Putzschicht hinsichtlich des Brandverhaltens untersucht. Deutliche Unterschiede im Brandverhalten konnten sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ nachgewiesen werden. Neben der den Versuchsbedingungen zugrunde liegenden Wärmefreisetzungsrate konnten Art und Lage der Beschädigung in der Putzschicht als auch brandbeeinflussende Größen charakterisiert und beschrieben werden. T2 - FeuerTRUTZ Brandschutzkongress 2015 CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 18.02.2015 KW - Fassaden KW - Brandschutz KW - WDVS KW - Polystyrol PY - 2015 SP - Kap. 2.2, 269 EP - 279 AN - OPUS4-33341 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vasilic, Ksenija A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten A1 - Roussel, N. T1 - Numerical modelling of SCC flow through reinforced sections T1 - Numerische Simulation des Fließverhaltens von SVB durch bewehrte Querschnitte N2 - The study introduces the porous medium model for the simulation of concrete flow through highly-reinforced sections. It shows that numerical simulations can predict concrete behavior during casting and help to avoid expensive mistakes. N2 - Bei der hier dargestellten Untersuchung wird das Modell des porösen Mediums auf die Simulation des Fließverhaltens von Beton durch Querschnitte mit hohem Bewehrungsgrad angewandt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass mit Hilfe numerischer Simulationen das Verhalten des Betons während der Betonage prognostiziert und kostspielige Fehler vermieden werden können. PY - 2015 SN - 0373-4331 SN - 1865-6528 N1 - Sprachen: Deutsch/Englisch - Languages: German/English VL - 81 IS - 03 SP - 50 EP - 55 PB - Bauverl. CY - Gütersloh AN - OPUS4-33151 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten T1 - Kusum-Kontrollkarten mit V-Maske in der Prozesssteuerung N2 - Seit Juli 2014 liegt die EN 206:2014 als neue Betonnorm vor. Neben kleineren Änderungen ergibt sich hierdurch als einschneidende Änderung zur Vorgängerversion EN 206-1:2008 ein ergänzendes Konzept zur Konformitätsbewertung der Druckfestigkeit von Beton. An dieser Stelle werden neben dem bekannten Mittelwertkriterium alternativ sogenannte Kontrollkartenverfahren möglich. Für die Konformitätsbewertung stellt in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere die Kusum-Methode (kumulierte Summen, aus dem Englischen cusum – cumulative sum) ein Novum dar. Weiterführende Informationen zu Kusum-Methode in der Konformitätsbewertung können der Literatur entnommen werden. Eigentlich ist die Kusum-Methode aber nicht für die Konformitätsbewertung entwickelt worden, sondern vielmehr für die Produktionskontrolle. Der Unterschied zwischen Konformitätsbewertung und Produktionskontrolle ergibt sich daraus, dass die Konformitätskontrolle eine Bedeutung für die öffentliche Sicherheit hat und dass eindeutige technische Grenzwerte vorliegen müssen, die nicht unterschritten werden dürfen, während die Produktionssteuerung ein Werkzeug mit frei wählbaren Grenzwerten für Hersteller ist. Der Handlungsbedarf ist für die Produktionskontrolle optional und ergibt sich in der Regel aus Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtungen. PY - 2015 SN - 1439-7706 IS - 4 SP - 38 EP - 44 PB - ad-media-Verl. CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-33580 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram T1 - Wirkungsweise verschiedener Fließmittel N2 - In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten hat sich die Betonbauweise beträchtlich von einer Massenanwendung hin zu einer innovativeren, zukunfts- und leistungsorientierten Werkstofftechnologie weiterentwickelt. Heutzutage besteht Beton nicht mehr länger nur aus Zement, Wasser und Gesteinskörnungen, sondern kann unter Anwendung von Zusatzstoffen und chemischen Zusatzmitteln erheblich verbessert werden. Gleichzeitig beschränken die Betonspezifikationen sich nicht mehr auf den Elastizitätsmodul und Druckfestigkeit, sondern Beton kann ebenfalls zur Erfüllung zahlreicher Anwendungskriterien wie Dauerhaftigkeit, Verarbeitbarkeit, Ästhetik, Brandverhalten und vieler anderer mehr beitragen. Gleichzeitig ist jedoch die Zusammensetzung von Beton wegen der Vielzahl an interagierenden Mischungskomponenten komplizierter geworden. Das Verständnis der Auswirkungen der veränderten Mischungskomponenten ist eine Herausforderung, aber auch der Schlüssel zu einer innovativen Betontechnologie. PY - 2015 SN - 1439-7706 VL - 3 SP - 2 EP - 6 PB - ad-media-Verl. CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-33727 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Grünewald, S. A1 - Ferrara, L. A1 - Dehn, F. T1 - Design of concrete for high flowability: progress report of fib task group 4.3 N2 - Flowable concretes can differ significantly from traditional vibrated concrete. Concrete types like self-compacting concrete (SCC), ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) and high performance fibre reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCCs) require novel mix design approaches. This has consequences for the production and the performance in the hardened state. Mix designs for flowable concretes can incorporate a wide variety of innovative admixtures or components: e.g. superplasticisers increase the flowability and allow for significant reduction of the water content, shrinkage compensating admixtures or superabsorbent polymers support sound and damage free curing processes, viscosity modifying admixtures enhance the robustness, and new fibre types allow for sophisticated and tailored structural performance. The new Model Code has limitations regarding the application of flowable concrete, e.g. thresholds for the minimum aggregate size and the maximum strength. Provisions are added to include fibres for structural design. fib Task Group 4.3 aims at facilitating the use of innovative flowable materials for designing concrete structures and considers three aspects of flowable concrete: material properties, production effects and structural boundary conditions and performance. This paper reports about the progress of fib TG 4.3 related to the mix design of flowable concrete and discusses the present state-of-the-art concerning admixtures and robustness. T2 - fib Symposium (Proceedings) - Concrete - Innovation and design CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 18.05.2015 KW - Admixtures KW - Fib model code KW - Fibres KW - Flowable concrete KW - Mix design KW - Robustness PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-33800 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram T1 - Mode of action of different superplasticisers N2 - Over the course of the last decades, concrete construction has significantly changed from mass application towards sophisticated more innovative, future oriented, and performance based materials technology. Today concrete no longer consists of cement, water, and aggregates, but can be enhanced significantly by using supplementary additions and chemical admixtures. At the same time the concrete specifications are no longer limited to Young’s modulus and compressive strength, but concrete may need to be designed for a multiple of application criteria such as durability, workability, optics, fire behaviour, and many more. However at the same time, the composition of concrete has become more complex due to the higher number of mutually interacting mixture constituents. Understanding the effects of changed mixture constituents is challenging but a good understanding is the key to innovative concrete technology. PY - 2015 SN - 1437-9023 IS - 3 SP - 2 EP - 6 PB - ad-media-Verl. CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-33581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo ED - Priebe, Nsesheye Susan ED - Schmidt, Wolfram T1 - Earthen building materials: Hydraulic lime based grout for retrofitting and CEBs stabilised with geopolymer binders N2 - From the last decades the earth construction has a growing interest due to the high sustainability (low C02 emissions), thermal and acoustic performance, fire resistance and cost of the raw material (soil). In fact, earth construction can constitute a feasible solution for a more sustainable construction industry in developed countries. Nowadays the research areas on earthen construction focus from one side on the improvement of the materials for new buildings, on the other side on the Conservation of existing architectural heritage. Historical earthen buildings are often damaged by static or dynamic loads in form of extensive cracking. All too often these cracks are insufficiently or inappropriately repaired, if at all, because of lack of knowledge and/or technology. In particular, the behaviour of crack repair by grouting poses a challenge in earthen materials and demands specific requirements for the grouting mortar, such as low water content, good water retention, low shrinkage, etc. Cracks in earthen construction can be repaired by grouting to re-establish structural continuity, and can also be used to consolidate voids and gaps, or as a complement to other strengthening techniques such as the introduction of tie-rods. In the framework of earthen materials for new constructions, the major drawback is that traditional earthen materials are typically considered as non-standard. The great variability and heterogeneity of the properties of the available soils, the lack of quality control in the manufacturing of the earthen materials and in the construction process can be pointed out as the main reasons behind this Situation. Furthermore, only few countries issued Standards and recommendations supporting earth construction, discouraging the design of earth construction by the technical community in countries where these documents are absent. T2 - KEYS 2015 - 1st Symposium Knowledge Exchange for Young Scientists CY - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania DA - 09.06.2015 KW - Earthen building materials KW - Hydraulic lime based grout KW - Compressed earth blocks KW - Geopolymer binders PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-9817149-3-7 N1 - Geburtsname von Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. - Birth name of Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. SP - 141 EP - 144 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-33606 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Priebe, Nsesheye Susan A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten ED - Amziane, Sofiane ED - Sonebi, M. ED - Charlet, K. T1 - Efficiency of high performance concrete types incorporating bio-materials like rice husk ashes, cassava starch, lignosulfonate, and sisal fibres N2 - Over the last decades concrete has evolved from a simple mass construction material towards a sophisticated multi-component system. The design parameters for the mixture composition of concrete have significantly increased from strength based towards overall or specific performance based. As a result the variety of concrete has increased yielding a number of special concrete technologies such as Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), High-Performance Concrete (HPC), Strain Hardening Cement Based Composites (SHCC), and many others. Due to their complex mixture compositions and a multitude of possible interactions between constituents, these concrete types are preferably composed of special components like well-defined powders and sophisticated chemical admixtures. This makes such concrete technology expensive and limits their application to regions with the required material supply chains. The paper puts focus on materials, which are less well studied in conjunction with high performance concrete, but which are available in many developing countries, and in particular sub-Saharan Africa. The paper shows how sec can be designed without polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer and well defined fillers, but with lignosulphonate, cassava starch and rice husk ash. The positive effect of well processed rice husk ashes is demonstrated. Furthermore results are presented of SHCC where typical components like polyvinyl alcohol fibres and fluy ash are replaced by sisal fibres and limestone filler, respectively. The results point out that high performance concrete applications do not have to be limited to a boundary framework with availability of well-defined raw material supply structures and sophisticated admixtures or fibres. Concepts are presented how innovative concrete technologies can be developed based on indigenous materials. T2 - ICBBM 2015 - 1st International conference on bio-based building materials CY - Clermont-Ferrand, France DA - 22.06.2015 KW - Corrosion potential KW - Chloride migration KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Water absorption KW - Freeze-thaw PY - 2015 SN - 978-2-35158-154-4 N1 - Serientitel: Rilem proceedings – Series title: Rilem proceedings N1 - Geburtsname von Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. - Birth name of Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. IS - PRO 99 SP - 208 EP - 214 AN - OPUS4-33583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram T1 - Steuerung der Mischung N2 - Seit den 1980er Jahren hat sich die Auswahl der zur Modifizierung des Verhaltens und der Leistungsfähigkeit von Beton erhältlichen Zusätzen erheblich verbreitet. Für viele Anwendungen ist die Steuerung der Rheologie PY - 2015 SN - 0014-7699 IS - 5 SP - 50 EP - 55 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-33577 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram T1 - Controlling the mix - Rheology is critical to optimising cement-based compositions N2 - Since the 1980s the range of additives available to modify the behaviour and performance of concrete has greatly expanded. For many applications, control of concrete rheology is critical to obtaining the best performance. The impact of different concrete admixtures on rheology and other factors affecting their selection are discussed. PY - 2015 SN - 0930-3847 IS - 5 SP - 24 EP - 28 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-33679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Freitas, R. A1 - Almeida, Ângela A1 - Calisto, V. A1 - Velez, C. A1 - Moreira, A. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Esteves, V.I. A1 - Wrona, F. J. A1 - Soares, A.M.V.M. A1 - Figueira, E. T1 - How life history influences the responses of the clam Scrobicularia plana to the combined impacts of carbamazepine and pH decrease N2 - In the present study, the bivalve Scrobicularia plana, collected from two contrasting areas (pristine location and mercury contaminated area), was selected to assess the biochemical alterations imposed by pH decrease, carbamazepine (an antiepileptic) and the combined effect of both stressors. The effects on oxidative stress related biomarkers after 96 h exposure revealed that pH decrease and carbamazepine induced alterations on clams, with greater impacts on individuals from the contaminated area which presented higher mortality, higher lipid peroxidation and higher glutathione S-transferase activity. These results emphasize the risk of extrapolating results from one area to another, since the same species inhabiting different areas may be affected differently when exposed to the same stressors. Furthermore, the results obtained showed that, when combined, the impact of pH decrease and carbamazepine was lower than each stressor acting alone, which could be related to the defence mechanism of valves closure when bivalves are under higher stressful conditions. KW - Ocean acidification KW - Biomarkers KW - Oxidative stress KW - Bivalves KW - Pharmaceutical drugs PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.023 SN - 0269-7491 SN - 0013-9327 SN - 1873-6424 VL - 202 SP - 205 EP - 214 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-33818 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gärtner, Stefanie A1 - Carvalho, J.J. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Garbe, L.-A. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Polyclonal murine and rabbit antibodies for the bile acid isolithocholic acid N2 - Bile acids are relevant markers for clinical research. This study reports the production of antibodies for isolithocholic acid, the isomer of the extensively studied lithocholic acid. The IgG titer and affinity maturation were monitored during the immunizations of three mice and two rabbits. In both animal models, polyclonal antibodies with a high selectivity and affinity were produced. The development of a direct competitive ELISA with a test midpoint of 0.69 ± 0.05 µg/L and a measurement range from 0.09–15 µg/L is reported. Additionally, the crystal structure of isolithocholic acid is described for the first time. KW - ELISA KW - Crystal structure KW - Competitive assay KW - Immunization monitoring KW - 3ß-hydroxy-5ß-cholanic acid PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/15321819.2014.924419 SN - 1532-1819 SN - 1532-4230 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 233 EP - 252 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Philadelphia, Pa. AN - OPUS4-31836 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hernández-Gómez, R. A1 - Chamorro, C. R. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Segovia, J. J. A1 - Villamañán, M. A. A1 - Martín, M. C. T1 - Experimental determination of the density of two synthetic natural gas-type mixtures N2 - Experimental characterization of the thermodynamic behavior of multicomponent gas mixtures of accurately known composition is of great importance for testing the current reference equation of state for natural gases and related mixtures, GERG-2008. Natural gas composition may change considerably due to the diversity of origins, or the possibility to incorporate hydrogen, biogas or other non-conventional energy gases. Thus, the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance: Metrology in Chemistry and Biology (CCQM) of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) launched a key comparison on primary standard mixtures for natural gases of this particular characteristics. One mixture is a hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixture (13 components, x(H2) = 0.03) with low calorific value to facilitate support to power-to-gas applications, which often involve blending hydrogen with natural gas. The other mixture resembles a typical liquefied natural gas (“LNG”, 9 components) with high calorific value. T2 - 19th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY - Boulder, CO, USA DA - 21.06.2015 KW - GERG-2008 equation of state KW - Density KW - Natural gas-type mixtures KW - Hydrogen-enriched natural gas KW - Liquefied natural gas PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hernández-Gómez, R. A1 - Chamorro, C. R. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Segovia, J. J. A1 - Villamañán, M. A. A1 - Martín, M. C. T1 - Experimental determination of (p, ρ, T) data for binary mixtures of methane and helium N2 - The GERG-2008 and AGA8-DC92 equations of state enable the calculation of thermal and caloric properties for natural gases and other related mixtures consisting of up to 21 pure components. Experimental characterization of the thermodynamic behavior of gas binary mixtures is of great importance because most of the binary systems were taken into account by using adjusted reducing functions for density and temperature. Only for those binary mixtures for which sufficient accurate experimental data were available, specific departure functions were developed. For the binary mixture methane-helium no departure function was developed so far. This work studied the thermodynamic behavior of two gravimetrically prepared methane-helium binary mixtures through accurate (p, ρ, T) experimental data obtained by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling. T2 - 19th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY - Boulder, CO, USA DA - 21.06.2015 KW - GERG-2008 equation of state KW - Binary mixture KW - Density data PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gabriel, Stefan A1 - Steinhoff, R.F. A1 - Pabst, M. A1 - Schwarzinger, C. A1 - Zenobi, R. A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Improved analysis of ultra-high molecular mass polystyrenes in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using DCTB matrix and caesium salts N2 - Rationale The ionization of polystyrenes in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is typically achieved by the use of silver salts. Since silver salts can cause severe problems, such as cluster formation, fragmentation of polymer chains and end group cleavage, their substitution by alkali salts is highly desirable. Methods The influence of various cations (Ag+, Cs+ and Rb+) on the MALDI process of polystyrene (PS) mixtures and high mass polystyrenes was examined. The sample preparation was kept as straightforward as possible. Consequently, no recrystallization or other cleaning procedures were applied. Results The investigation of a polystyrene mixture showed that higher molecular polystyrenes could be more easily ionized using caesium, rather than rubidium or silver salts. In combination with the use of DCTB as matrix a high-mass polymer analysis could be achieved, which was demonstrated by the detection of a 1.1 MDa PS. Conclusions A fast, simple and robust MALDI sample preparation method for the analysis of ultra-high molecular weight polystyrenes based on the use of DCTB and caesium salts has been presented. The suitability of the presented method has been validated by using different mass spectrometers and detectors. KW - MALDI KW - Mega-dalton KW - Ionization KW - Caesium KW - Polystyrene KW - DCTB PY - 2015 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rcm.7197/full DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7197 SN - 0951-4198 SN - 1097-0231 VL - 29 IS - 11 SP - 1039 EP - 1046 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-33191 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindner, Uwe A1 - Lingott, Jana A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Jiang, W. A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Analysis of Gadolinium-based contrast agents in tap water with a new hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ZIC-cHILIC) hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry N2 - Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were optimised for the direct determination of gadolinium-based contrast agents in tap water. In comparison to our previous work, a new developed zwitterionic HILIC column (ZIC-cHILIC) was used for speciation of Gd-containing contrast agents. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the five contrast agents Gd-BOPTA, Gd-DPTA-BMA, Gd-BT-DO3A, Gd-DOTA and Gd-DTPA are in the range of 5–12 ng Gd per litre. Additionally, a new internal standard, Pr-DOTA, was investigated to correct intensity drifts, minor and major changes in the sample volumes and possible matrix effects. With the speciation method described, tap water samples from the area of Berlin were analysed and for the first time, three Gd species, Gd-BT-DO3A, Gd-DOTA and Gd-BOPTA, were found in tap water samples at concentrations of about 10–20 ng Gd per litre. These are the same Gd species which have been previously detected predominantly in surface waters of the Berlin area. KW - Gadolinium-based contrast agents KW - Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) KW - Speciation KW - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) KW - Internal standard KW - Berlin tap water PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8368-5 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 407 IS - 9 SP - 2415 EP - 2422 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-32982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nadejde, C. A1 - Neamtu, M. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Ababei, G. A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Catalytical degradation of relevant pollutants from waters using magnetic nanocatalysts N2 - The catalytic efficiency of two magnetically responsive nanocatalysts was evaluated for the Degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Yellow 84 (RY84) azo dyes using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant undervery mild conditions (atmospheric pressure, room temperature). In order to obtain the nanocatalysts, thesurface of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, prepared by a co-precipitation method, was further modified with ferrous oxalate, a highly sensitive non-hazardous reducing agent. The sensitized nanomaterials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry, and used in the catalytic wet hydrogen peroxideoxidation (CWHPO) of RB5 and RY84, in laboratory-scale experiments. The effect of important variables such as catalyst dosage, H2O2 concentration, and contact time was studied in the dye Degradation kinetics. The results showed that it was possible to remove up to 99.7% dye in the presence of 20 mM H2O2 after 240 min of oxidation for a catalyst concentration of 10 g L−1at 25◦C and initial pH value of 9.0.CWHPO of reactive dyes using sensitized magnetic nanocatalysts can be a suitable pre-treatment methodfor complete decolorization of effluents from textile dyeing and finishing processes, once the Optimum operating conditions are established. T2 - 10th International Conference On Physics Of Advanced Materials (ICPAM-10) CY - Iasi, Romania DA - 22.09.2014 KW - Sensitized magnetic nanocatalysts KW - Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation KW - Reactive azo dye degradation PY - 2015 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433215000483 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.01.036 SN - 0169-4332 VL - 352 SP - 42 EP - 48 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-38760 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nadejde, C. A1 - Neamtu, Mariana A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Ababei, G. A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Characterization and application of Green Fenton-like catalysts for the removal of water pollutants N2 - Three types of magnetite-chitosan/iron oxalate/iron citrate nanoparticles (NP) were evaluated as magnetic heterogeneous catalysts for water treatment. T2 - PTIM 2015, 1st International Caparica Conference on Pollutant Toxic Ions and Molecules CY - Caparica, Portugal DA - 02.112015 KW - Bisphenol A degradation KW - Nanocatalysts KW - Characterization KW - Fenton oxidation KW - Wastewater PY - 2015 SN - 978-989-99361-6-4 SP - 186 EP - 187 PB - Proteomass AN - OPUS4-40082 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nadejde, C. A1 - Neamtu, M. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Ababei, G. A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Green Fenton-like magnetic nanocatalysts: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic application N2 - Five iron oxalate core–shell magnetite nanoparticles catalysts are evaluated as magnetic heterogeneous materials. Simple and efficient procedures for the preparation of magnetic iron oxalate coated nanoparticles are presented. The catalysts are fully characterized using various investigation techniques. Additionally, the formation of photo-sensitized oxygen by spin-trapping using electron spin resonance is investigated. The catalytic activity of two model substrates (carbamazepine and bisphenol A) is also evaluated. The effect of operational parameters (catalyst and H2O2 concentration, UVA light) on the degradation performance of the oxidation process is investigated. The obtained reaction rates depend on the nature of the compound and increase with iron oxide shell thickness of the catalyst. Moreover, these materials show a significant activity during two consecutive tests. The optimum experimental parameters are found to be 1.0 g L-1 of catalysts, 10 mM H2O2, under UVA irradiation. More than 99% of both substrates are removed after 30 min of reaction time under the experimental conditions given above. The results obtained show that the catalysts are suitable candidates for the removal of pollutants in wastewaters by means of the Fenton heterogeneous reaction. KW - Magnetic core–shell nanocatalysts KW - Characterization KW - Fenton oxidation KW - Micropollutants KW - Water treatment PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.04.050 SN - 0926-3373 SN - 1873-3883 VL - 176-177 SP - 667 EP - 677 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-33820 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neamtu, Mariana A1 - Nadejde, C. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Ababei, G. A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Green Fenton-like magnetic nanocatalysts: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic application N2 - Five iron oxalate core–shell magnetite nanoparticles catalysts are evaluated as magnetic heterogeneous materials. Simple and efficient procedures for the preparation of magnetic iron oxalate coated nanoparticles are presented. The catalysts are fully characterized using various investigation techniques. Additionally, the formation of photo-sensitized oxygen by spin-trapping using electron spin resonance is investigated. The catalytic activity of two model substrates (carbamazepine and bisphenol A) is also evaluated. The effect of operational parameters (catalyst and H2O2 concentration, UVA light) on the degradation performance of the oxidation process is investigated. The obtained reaction rates depend on the nature of the compound and increase with iron oxide shell thickness of the catalyst. Moreover, these materials show a significant activity during two consecutive tests. The optimum experimental parameters are found to be 1.0 g L−1 of catalysts, 10 mM H2O2, under UVA irradiation. More than 99% of both substrates are removed after 30 min of reaction time under the experimental conditions given above. The results obtained show that the catalysts are suitable candidates for the removal of pollutants in wastewaters by means of the Fenton heterogeneous reaction. KW - Five iron oxalate core–shell magnetite nanoparticles catalysts are evaluated as magnetic heterogeneous KW - Characterization KW - Micropollutants PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.04.050 SN - 0926-3373 SN - 1873-3883 VL - 176-177 SP - 667 EP - 677 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-40072 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nadejde, C. A1 - Neamtu, Mariana A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Ababei, G. A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Green Fenton-like catalysts for the removal of water pollutants N2 - Two types of surface modified magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, coated with either tannic acid (TA) or dissolved natural organic matter (NOM), were evaluated as magnetic heterogeneous catalysts. Simple and efficient procedures for the synthesis of the magnetic catalysts were employed, their properties being fully assessed by various characterization techniques. The catalytic activity in heterogeneous oxidation of aqueous solutions containing Bisphenol A (BPA) over the catalysts was comparatively studied. The optimum experimental parameters were: 1g/L of catalysts, 10 mM H2O2, under UV irradiation. The highest mineralization rates were observed for Fe3O4-TA catalyst. More than 80% of BPA were removed after 30 minutes of reaction time under the specified experimental conditions. The results showed that the obtained catalysts are suitable candidates for the removal of pollutants in wastewaters by means of heterogeneous reaction T2 - TechConnect World Innovation Conference Nanotech 2015 CY - Washington, DC, Maryland, USA DA - 14.06.2015 KW - Nanocatalysts KW - Characterization KW - Fenton oxidation KW - Wastewater KW - Bisphenol A degradation PY - 2015 SN - 978-1- 4987-4733-2 SN - 978-1-4987-4728-8 VL - 2 SP - 87 EP - 90 PB - CRC Press, Taylor&Francis Group AN - OPUS4-40074 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Künstler dürfen auch weiterhin mit Cadmium Gelb malen N2 - Seit 1829 wird die Farbe Cadmium Gelb in der Malerei verwendet, Cadmium Rot seit 1907. Wegen ihrer Klarheit und Leuchtkraft werden diese Farben von vielen Künstlern geschätzt. Aus Schweden kommt nun der Vorstoß, die Cadmium-Farben zu verbieten, weil das Schwermetall Cadmium zur Verunreinigung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen führen könnte. Sie beraten die Europäische Chemikalienagentur ECHA, die für das Verbotsverfahren zuständig ist. Müssen Künstler in naher Zukunft auf Cadmium Gelb und Cadmium Rot verzichten? KW - Cadmium KW - Mineraldünger KW - Klärschlamm PY - 2015 SN - 0939-9259 VL - 573 SP - 22 EP - 23 PB - Informationsdienst Kunst, Verwaltungsleitung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-32826 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sut, Aleksandra A1 - Greiser, Sebastian A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Interactions in multicomponent flame-retardant polymers: Solid-state NMR identifying the chemistry behind it N2 - Distinct approaches are used to reduce the fire risks of polymers, a key issue for many industrial applications. Among the variety of approaches, the use of synergy in halogen-free multicomponent systems is one of the most auspicious. To optimize the composition of such flame-retardant systems it is essential to understand the mechanisms and the corresponding chemistry in the condensed phase. In this work different methods are used, including cone calorimeter, thermogravimetry (TG), and TG-FTIR, with the main focus on the solid-state NMR analysis of the solid residues. The structural changes in the condensed phase of two thermoplastic elastomer systems based on copolymer styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (TPE-S) were investigated: TPE-S/aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) and TPE-S/AlPi/zinc borate (ZB)/poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO). Strong flame inhibition is synergistically combined with protective layer formation. 13C-, 27Al-, 11B- and 31P MAS NMR (magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) experiments using direct excitation with a single pulse and 1H–31P cross-polarization (CP) were carried out as well as double resonance techniques. Magnesium phosphates were formed during the pyrolysis of TPE-S/AlPi/MH, while for the system TPE-S/AlPi/ZB/PPO zinc phosphates and borophosphates were observed. Thus, the chemistry behind the chemical interaction was characterized unambiguously for the investigated systems. KW - Synergy KW - Solid-state NMR KW - Flame retardancy KW - SEBS KW - Aluminium diethylphosphinate KW - Magnesium hydroxide KW - Zinc borate KW - Poly(phenylene) oxide PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.08.018 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 121 SP - 116 EP - 125 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-34306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Olberg, Sina A1 - Senz, R. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Comparison of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in complex aqueous matrices N2 - Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) are well-established sample preparation methods for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. However, complex matrices especially characterized by slurry particles and dissolved organic matter (DOM) can hamper the extraction of PAH with both SBSE and SPME and lead to different results. Thus, we produced aqueous eluates from PAH-contaminated soils differing in particle size distribution and organic matter content and determined the PAH concentration in the eluates with both SBSE and SPME. Furthermore, we tested the influence of filtration on the PAH analysis. The excess finding of PAH with SBSE compared to SPME ranged from −16.6 to 24.5 %. The differences increased after filtration. We found a strong positive correlation of the excess finding to the total organic carbon content (TOC) and a negative one to the pH value. The results indicate that SBSE is less affected by complex matrices than SPME. KW - Leaching tests KW - Complex environmental samples KW - Stir bar sorptive extraction KW - Solid phase microextraction KW - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2670-5 SN - 0049-6979 SN - 0043-1168 VL - 226 IS - 12 SP - 397, 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-34971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mekonnen, Tessema Fenta A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Investigating metabolic transformation processes of pesticides N2 - Within a class of agrochemical residues, pesticides are significant concern due to their various adverse effects on people, animals and the environmental systems. Once they entered to food or to the environment, the parent compound is transformed to metabolites which have different toxicity profiles. Activities like food cooking and waste water treatment (WWT) may lead to produce more toxic metabolites than the parent substances. Online coupling of electrochemistry with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (EC-HPLC-MS) is one of the most promising and powerful techniques for metabolite studies which exploited widely for pharmaceuticals so far [1]. However, data on the application of EC-HPLC-MS to simulate environmental transformation products, the fate of contaminants and their metabolic pathways are rare. The oxidation of analyte of interest on the EC, separate the metabolites on HPLC and identifying them by MS gives enormous advantages to identify the contaminants transformation products [2]. Thus, applying this technique (EC-MS, EC-HPLC-MS, and HPLC-EC-MS) for transformation products of pesticide residues is urgently needed. The main interest of this study will be investigating the electrochemical oxidative degradation products, simulating to in-vitro metabolites and transformation processes of selected pesticides in food and environmental samples. The parent pesticides’, like carbamates and abamectin, oxidation by EC, product metabolites identification and their fates will be discussed using electrochemistry coupled to HPLC-MS techniques. T2 - 44. Deutscher Lebensmittelchemikertag CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 14.09.2015 KW - Pesticides KW - EC-MS KW - Transformation products PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34953 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlegel, M.C. A1 - Stroh, Julia A1 - Malaga, K. A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Pathway of a damaging mechanism - Analyzing chloride attack by synchrotron based X-ray diffraction N2 - Typically, the changes of the phase compositions due to the chemical attack are studied in-situ only by chemical analysis or microscopy. In this study, the chloride transport and binding in the cement matrix in different cementitious materials was analyzed by synchrotron based X-ray diffraction (SyXRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Sample materials consisting of cement paste were embedded in high concentrated sodium chloride solution over different time spans. Afterwards, the phase and chemical compositions were determined. The high spatial resolution and the information about the chloride distribution offer a detailed view of chloride binding in the cement matrix and allow the conclusions about the degradation mechanisms. The results are discussed related to the influence of different supplementary cementitious materials on the damaging mechanism. KW - Portland cement KW - In-situ KW - X-Ray diffraction KW - EDX KW - Durability KW - Chloride attack PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2015.03.021 SN - 1293-2558 SN - 1873-3085 VL - 44 SP - 45 EP - 54 PB - Elsevier Masson SAS CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-33171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Holger A1 - Knizia, Christian A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - An insight into fractionated environmental water samples to understand matrix effects in immunoassays N2 - N4-acetyl-SMX is the most important cross-reacting compound for the SMX-ELISA with concentrations of 1064 - 2488 ng/L in influent wastewater and 40 - 160 ng/L in effluent wastewater. The ELISAgrams for estrone show less interfering signals than for SMX. ELISAgrams of SMX and estrone display in effluent wastewater more interfering signals than in influent wastewater. T2 - ANAKON CY - Graz, Austria DA - 23.03.2015 KW - Estrone KW - LC-ELISA KW - Matrix effects KW - Sulfamethoxazole PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-38533 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haldorai, Y. A1 - Kharismadevi, D. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Shim, J.-J. T1 - Properties of chitosan/magnetite nanoparticles composites for efficient dye adsorption and antibacterial agent N2 - Chitosan (CS)/iron oxide (Fe3O4) composites were prepared using a chemical precipitation method. The CS/Fe3O4 composite was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and zeta-potential measurements. The Composite was used to remove methyl orange (MO) dye from an aqueous solution. The factors affecting the adsorption capacity, such as adsorption time, absorbent dosage and solution pH were investigated. The results suggested that the composite was an effective adsorbent for the removal of MO dye from its aqueous solution. Kinetics studies showed that the adsorption process was consistent with a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorbent efficiency was unaltered, even after five cycles of reuse, and the adsorbent could be recollected easily using a magnet. In addition, the composite exhibited a superior antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli; 82 % within 24 h, as measured by the colony forming units. KW - Chitosan KW - Fe3O4 KW - Composite material KW - Adsorbent KW - Antibacterial agent PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-014-0368-9 SN - 0256-1115 SN - 1975-7220 VL - 32 IS - 8 SP - 1688 EP - 1693 PB - Springer US CY - New York AN - OPUS4-35894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Holger A1 - Knizia, Christian A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - An insight into fractionated environmental water samples to understand matrix effects in immunoassays N2 - N4-acetyl-SMX is the most important cross-reacting compound for the SMX-ELISA with concentrations of 1064 - 2488 ng/L in influent wastewater and 40 - 160 ng/L in effluent wastewater. The ELISAgrams for estrone show less interfering signals than for SMX. ELISAgrams of SMX and estrone display in effluent wastewater more interfering signals than in influent wastewater. T2 - ANAKON CY - Graz, Austria DA - 23.03.2016 KW - Sulfamethoxazole KW - Estrone KW - LC-ELISA KW - Matrix effects PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35792 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nadejde, C. A1 - Neamtu, M. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Ababei, G. A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Tannic acid- and natural organic matter-coated magnetite as green Fenton-like catalysts for the removal of water pollutants N2 - The use of magnetic materials as heterogeneous catalysts has attracted increasing attention in the last years since they proved to be promising candidates for water treatment. In the present study, two types of surface-modified magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, coated with non-hazardous naturally occurring agents—either tannic acid (TA) or dissolved natural organic matter—were evaluated as magnetic heterogeneous catalysts. Chemical synthesis (co-precipitation) was chosen to yield the nanocatalysts due to its well-established simplicity and efficiency. Subsequently, the properties of the final products were fully assessed by various characterization techniques. The catalytic activity in heterogeneous oxidation of aqueous solutions containing a model pollutant, Bisphenol A (BPA), was comparatively studied. The effect of operational parameters (catalyst loading, H2O2 dosage, and UV light irradiation) on the Degradation performance of the oxidation process was investigated. The optimum experimental parameters were found to be 1.0 g/L of catalysts and 10 mM H2O2, under UV irradiation. The highest mineralization rates were observed for Fe3O4-TA catalyst. More than 80 % of BPA was removed after 30 min of reaction time under the specified experimental conditions. The obtained results showed that the two catalysts studied here are suitable candidates for the removal of pollutants in wastewaters by means of heterogeneous reaction using a green sustainable treatment method. KW - Nanocatalysts KW - Photo-Fenton oxidation KW - Wastewater KW - Bisphenol A degradation KW - Environment KW - Mitigation PY - 2015 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11051-015-3290-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3290-0 VL - 17 IS - 12 SP - 476 (1) EP - 476 (10) PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-38758 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Börno, Fabian A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Deiting, D. A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Direct multi-elementanalysis of plastic materials via solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy N2 - In this work the determination of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe and Sb as organic and inorganic additives in in-house plastic materials (ABS, LDPE) using electrothermal vaporization combined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy is described. The influence of CCl2F2 as gaseous halogenation modifier was investigated. Especially for the carbide forming elements the sensitivity was improved and the memory effects were significantly reduced. Calibration was performed by external calibration and standard addition with aqueous standard solutions added directly into the sample boats. Absolute limits of detection (3s-criterion) range between 0.1 ng (Cd) and 9 ng (Fe) which corresponds to relative values of 0.1 mg kg-1 and 1.6 mg kg-1, respectively, taking 5 mg as typical sample mass. The detection limits are sufficient to monitor the element contents of plastic materials according to European directives such as European directive on the safety of toys. The developed ETV-ICP-OES method allows a fast analysis with a high sample throughput (3 minutes per analysis), low sample consumption and good trueness and precision for the analyzed elements. Sample preparation is reduced to ashing the samples in a muffle furnace. Furthermore, measurements are possible regardless of the chemical form in the additives. For verification the results obtained with the developed method were compared with measurement results of independent methods ICP-MS/OES after digestion. In addition Cd, Cr and Pb were determined in a solid plastic reference material BAM-H010 to confirm the applicability and accuracy of the method. PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ja00442f SN - 0267-9477 SN - 1364-5544 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-32581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kling e Silva, Lucas A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - CARACTERIZAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA PRÉ E PÓS DEFORMAÇÃO DE AÇOS DE CONSTRUÇÃO NÃO LIGADOS ATRAVÉS DA TÉCNICA BITTER (FERROFLUIDO) T1 - Magnetic characterization before and after deformation of non-alloyed contruction steels using bitter technic N2 - The plastic deformation results in irreversible microstructure changes in the steel, which can be considered as the initial stage of the fracture process. However, detecting, monitoring and evaluating, damage states and small defects non-destructively in advance still proves challenging. Dubov reported the phenomenon of the spontaneous emergence of weak magnetic fields in ferritic structural steel and pipelines, which originate due to heterogeneous mechanical and / or thermal stresses. This observation is not associated with induced phase transformations by deformation and appears to be a promising tool for the prior characterization of damage in ferromagnetic steels. To provide a better understanding of the physical bases of the process, the magnetic microstructure of such materials and a change of magnetic domains after undergoing plastic deformation were studied. A colloidal solution with paramagnetic particles in the nanometer range (ferrofluid), which allowed, through the Bitter technique, not only to observe a change in size of the magnetic domains of the material, but also changes in their morphology. Ferritic steels with their concentrations of carbon in its composition (0.12%; 0.17% and 0.45%) were studied in this work. T2 - 15° ENEMET - ABM Week 2015 CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil DA - 17.08.2015 KW - Magnetic Domains KW - Bitter Technique KW - Steels KW - Ferrofluid PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.5151/1516-392X-26931 SN - 2594-4711 VL - 15 IS - 15 SP - 2942 EP - 2950 PB - Blucher Preceedings CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil AN - OPUS4-48875 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - HORECA, Hochwertiges Recycling von Aschen aus der Müllverbrennung mittels eines innovativen Nassaufbereitungsverfahrens für eine ressourcenschonende und umweltverträgliche Verwertung N2 - Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (HMVA) hinsichtlich der Menge und der Qualität generierter Fraktionen optimiert. Die Optimierung wurde vom Projektpartner Evers und Co. GmbH durchgeführt. Neben der für die Wirtschaftlichkeit relevanten Rückgewinnung von Metallen stand die Qualität der mineralischen Fraktionen im Vordergrund. Die Mineralik stellt mengenmäßig den größten Anteil an HMVA dar und sollte weitestgehend für einen möglichen Einsatz als Baustoff nutzbar gemacht werden. Dafür musste insbesondere der Chlorid- und Sulfatgehalt reduziert werden. Gut wasserlösliche Substanzen können durch die nass-mechanische Aufbereitung über das Prozesswasser ausgetragen und unerwünschte Elemente im Filterkuchen angereichert und entsorgt werden. KW - Rostasche KW - Nassaufbereitung PY - 2015 VL - KF2201051MF2 SP - 1 EP - 34 AN - OPUS4-52424 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Werner A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Biedermann, K. A1 - Bräcker, W. A1 - Engelmann, B. A1 - Zanzinger, H. T1 - Sind BAM-Zulassung und CE-Kennzeichnung im Wesentlichen gleichwertig? - Der Nachweis des Standes der Technik gemäß Deponieverordnung für Geotextilien und geotextilverwandte Produkte, Teil 2 N2 - Im ersten Teil dieses Aufsatzes wurde gezeigt, dass nur ein Teil der für den Deponiebau wesentlichen technischen Eigenschaften in den europäisch harmonisierten Bauproduktnormen DIN EN 13252 und DIN EN 13257, die der CE-Kennzeichnung der Geotextilien (GTX) und geotextilverwandten Produkte (GTP) zugrunde liegen, erfasst werden. Um eine im Wesentlichen vorhandene Gleichwertigkeit der Produkteigenschaften überhaupt abwägen zu können, müssen aber sämtliche relevanten Eigenschaften bekannt sein. Dies erfordert für CE-gekennzeichnete Produkte zusätzliche Prüfungen auf der Grundlage der DepV-Liste der Kriterien und Einwirkmechanismen (Anhang 1, Nummer 2.1.1, DepV). In diesem Teil werden die Tabellen C1 und C2 sowie die Tabelle D aus dem ersten Teil, in denen die Eigenschaften der harmonisierten europäischen Normen (hEN) den Anforderungen der DepV gegenübergestellt wurden, in technischer Hinsicht näher erläutert. N2 - A comparison of the harmonized technical specifications (in our case the harmonized European standards (hEN), namely DIN EN 13252 and DIN EN 13257), on which the CE-marking of geotextiles and geotextile-related products is based, with the German landfill ordinance (DepV) shows that only a few of the essential technical characteristics actually relevant for landfill constructions are considered in these standards. To be able to ponder about the equivalency of products with respect to their properties, all relevant properties have to be known. Therefore, additional tests based on the DepV-list of criteria and mechanisms of action (Annex 1, no. 2.1.1) are necessary for CE-marked products. This was discussed in the first part of this article. In this part, the tables C1, C2 and D of the first part, which listed and compared the requirements of the hEN and the DepV, are discussed in more technical details. KW - Deponieverordnung KW - BAM-Zulassung KW - Geokunststoffe KW - CE-Kennzeichnung PY - 2015 SN - 0027-2957 SN - 1863-9763 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 36 EP - 41 PB - Erich Schmidt CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-32694 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holm, Olaf A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Innovative treatment trains of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany N2 - The industrial sector of bottom ash (BA) treatment from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany is currently changing. In order to increase the recovery rates of metals or to achieve a higher quality of mineral aggregates derived from BA, new procedures have been either implemented to existing plants or completely new treatment plants have been built recently. Three treatment trains, which are designated as entire sequences of selected processing techniques of BA, are introduced and compared. One treatment train is mainly characterized by usage of a high speed rotation accelerator whereas another is operating completely without crushing. In the third treatment train the BA is processed wet directly after incineration. The consequences for recovered metal fractions and the constitution of remaining mineral aggregates are discussed in the context of legislative and economical frameworks. Today the recycling or disposal options of mineral residues still have a high influence on the configuration and the operation mode of the treatment trains of BA despite of the high value of recovered metals. T2 - Sardinia 2015 - 15th International waste management and landfill symposium CY - S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy DA - 05.10.2015 KW - MSWI KW - Bottom ash KW - Treatment train KW - High velocity impact crushing KW - Wet treatment KW - Recovery rates KW - Non-ferrous metals KW - Mineral aggragates KW - Recycling KW - Secondary construction material PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-34936 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rohn, Holger T1 - The VDI guideline series 4800 resource efficiency: an approach for increasing resource efficiency with the aim of conservation of natural resources in the industrial sector N2 - In 2011, the German Association of Engineers (VDI) started working on a set of guidelines towards increased resource efficiency. These guidelines represent a framework that defines resource efficiency and outlines considerations for the producing industry. A special guideline for SMEs is included as well as guidelines on methodologies for evaluating resource use indicators, such as the cumulative raw material demand of products and production systems. Resource efficiency, defined here as the ratio of specific quantifiable use to natural resource consumption, can be evaluated by defining a function which expresses the specific use and quantifies the resource requirements through a set of indicators (use of raw materials, energy, water, land and ecosystem services including sinks). The results from this also depend on the system boundary parameters and the allocation rules for by-products and waste treatment options. Optimising resource use is possible at all stages of a product’s or production system’s life cycle chain (raw material extraction, production and manufacturing, use and consumption, and the end-of-life stage). VDI guidelines are widely accepted across Germany’s industrial sector and therefore represent an important means of mainstreaming resource efficiency in this target area. As well as providing a methodological framework, the guidelines describe strategies and measures towards increasing resource efficiency, and they enable industrial producers and service providers to identify potential areas of improvement. The full article presents an overview of the methodology and contents of these guidelines and discusses their impact in achieving absolute reductions in the industrial use of natural resources. T2 - World Resources Forum 2015 CY - Davos, Switzerland DA - 11.10.2015 KW - Resource Efficiency KW - Life cycle thinking KW - Products and production systems KW - Standardization PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35674 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aldrabee, A. A1 - Wriekat, A. A1 - Abu Saleem, K. A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Non-destructive SR-XRF analysis of ancient Mamluk-Ayyubid glazed pottery fragments from Karak Castle, Jordan N2 - Sixteen Ayyubid-Mamluk glazed pottery sherds were analyzed in order to identify and characterize the elemental composition to determine their provenance. The tested sherds were collected from the historical site of Karak Castle, southern Jordan. Chemical analysis for the sixteen samples has been carried out using Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (SR-XRF) Technique. Furthermore, the semiquantitative analysis of the elements Fe – Cu – Zn – Br – Rb – Sr – Y – Zr – Nb – Mo – Pd – Ag – Cd and Pb has been performed for the samples based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and hierarchical Cluster Analysis with Bray-Curtis in order to define grouping of different glazed pottery by obtaining information on their similarity and clustering. The results of chemical analysis provided persuasive evidence that the Karak Castle pottery sherds have at least three different sources of provenance. KW - BAMline KW - Karak Castle KW - Synchrotron KW - XRF PY - 2015 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 157 EP - 163 AN - OPUS4-43489 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nowak, S.H. A1 - Bjeoumikhov, A. A1 - Von Borany, J. A1 - Buchriegler, J. A1 - Munnik, F. A1 - Petric, M. A1 - Renno, A.D. A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Scharf, O. A1 - Strüder, L. A1 - Wedell, R. A1 - Ziegenrücker, R. T1 - Examples of XRF and PIXE imaging with few microns resolution using SLcam® a color X-ray camera N2 - We present results of recent development of the color X-ray camera, type SLcam®, allowing detection of X-ray images with few microns resolution. Such spectral resolution is achieved with the use of high-quality polycapillary optics combined with sub-pixel resolution. Imaging of Siemens star resolution test chart reveals that the resolution limit of SLcam® can go down to nearly 5µm. Several real sample examples of measurements carried out at the laboratory, synchrotron, and particle-induced X-ray emission beamlines are shown. This is the first time SLcam® is used as particle-induced X-ray emission detector. KW - X-ray KW - Color X-ray camera KW - CXC KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - BESSY KW - BAMline PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2590 SN - 0049-8246 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 135 EP - 140 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-33170 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eschlböck-Fuchs, S. A1 - Huber, N. A1 - Ahamer, C. M. A1 - Hechenberger, J. G. A1 - Kolmhofer, P. J. A1 - Heitz, J. A1 - Rössler, R. A1 - Demidov, Alexander A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Pedarnig, J. D. T1 - Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the analysis of slags in industrial steel production N2 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a fast and versatile technique for (semi) quantitative element analysis of solids, liquids, gases, and particulate matter. The LIBS method is used for optical sensing in various branches of industrial production. In the contribution we review some of our recent results on LIBS analysis of slags from secondary metallurgy in industrial steel making. Major oxides in steel slags are measured at-line and after homogenization using a calibration-free (CF) method. Two approaches for CF analysis based on the Boltzmann plot method and on the calculation of synthetic spectra are compared for the analysis of quaternary oxides. We also present the research in cooperation with our industrial partners in the process-analytical chemistry network PAC. T2 - 11. Kolloquium Arbeitskreis Prozessanalytik CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 30.11.2015 KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) KW - Process analytical technology KW - Steel slag PY - 2015 PB - Plandruck+ Gesellschaft m.b.H. CY - Wien AN - OPUS4-39005 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Glaus, Reto A1 - Riedel, Jens A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Insight into the formation of molecular species in laser-induced plasma of isotopically labeled organic samples N2 - Recently, the detection of molecular species in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has gained increasing interest, particularly for isotopic analysis. In LIBS of organic materials, it is predominantly CN and C2 species that are formed, and multiple mechanisms may contribute to their formation. To gain deeper insight into the formation of these species, laser-induced plasma of 13C and 15N labeled organic materials was investigated in a temporally and spatially resolved manner. LIBS on fumaric acid with a 13C labeled double bond allowed the formation mechanism of C2 to be investigated by analyzing relative signal intensities of 12C2, 12C13C, and 13C2 molecules. In the early plasma (<5 µs), the majority of C2 originates from association of completely atomized target molecules, whereas in the late plasma, the increased concentration of 13C2 is due to incomplete dissociation of the carbon double bond. The degree of this fragmentation was found to be up to 80% and to depend on the type of the atmospheric gas. Spatial distributions of C2 revealed distinct differences for plasma generated in nitrogen and argon. A study of the interaction of ablated organics with ambient nitrogen showed that the ambient nitrogen contributed mainly to CN formation. The pronounced anisotropy of the C15N to C14N ratio across the diameter of the plasma was observed in the early plasma, indicating poor initial mixing of the plasma with the ambient gas. Overall, for accurate isotope analysis of organics, LIBS in argon with relatively short integration times (<10 µs) provides the most robust results. On the other hand, if information about the original molecular structure is of interest, then experiments in nitrogen (or air) with long integration times appear to be the most promising. KW - Laser-induzierte Plasmaspektroskopie KW - Ablation KW - Emission KW - Isotopenmarkierung PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02926 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 87 IS - 19 SP - 10131 EP - 10137 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-35226 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shabanov, Sergej V. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Modeling chemical reactions in laser-induced plasmas N2 - Under the assumption of local thermal equilibrium, a numerical algorithm is proposed to find the equation of state for laser-induced plasmas (LIPs) in which chemical reactions are permitted in addition to ionization processes. The Coulomb interaction in plasma is accounted for by the Debye–Hückel method. The algorithm is used to calculate the equation of state for LIPs containing carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and argon. The equilibrium reaction constants are calculated using the latest experimental and ab initio data of spectroscopic constants for the molecules N2 ,C2 ,Si2 ,CN,SiN,SiC and their ions. The algorithm is incorporated into a fluid dynamic numerical model based on the Navier–Stokes equations describing an expansion of LIP plumes into an ambient gas. The dynamics of LIP plumes obtained by the ablation of SiC, solid silicon, or solid carbon in an ambient gas containing N2 and Ar is simulated to study formation of molecules and molecular ions. KW - Laser-induzierte Plasmaspektroskopie KW - Numerische Simulation KW - Chemische Reaktion KW - Elektronische Spektren PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-015-9445-0 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 121 IS - 3 SP - 1087 EP - 1107 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-35225 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Marti, J.M. A1 - Butler, K.M. A1 - Rossi, R. A1 - Idelsohn, S.R. A1 - Onate, E. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Modelling the vertical UL 94 test: competition and collaboration between melt dripping, gasification and combustion N2 - An experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on the fire behaviour of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) in the vertical UL 94 scenario is presented. Four PC/ABS blends were discussed, which satisfy different UL 94 classifications due to the competing effects of gasification, charring, flame inhibition and melt flow/dripping. For numerical investigation, the particle finite element method (PFEM) is used. Its capability to model the complex fire behaviour of polymers in the UL 94 is analysed. The materials' properties are characterised, in particular the additives impact on the dripping behaviour during thermal exposure. BDP is an efficient plasticiser; adding PTFE prevents dripping by causing a flow limit. PFEM simulations reproduce the dripping and burning behaviour, in particular the competition between gasification and dripping. The thermal impact of both the burner and the flame is approximated taking into account flame inhibition, charring and effective heat of combustion. PFEM is a promising numerical tool for the investigation of the fire behaviour of polymers, particularly when large deformations are involved. Not only the principal phenomena but also the different UL 94 classifications and the extinction times are well predicted. KW - Melt dripping KW - UL 94 KW - Particle finite element method (PFEM) KW - Simulation KW - Bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) KW - Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) KW - Bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2257 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 39 IS - 6 SP - 570 EP - 584 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-34285 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stebbings, R. A1 - Wang, L. A1 - Sutherland, J. A1 - Kammel, M. A1 - Gaigalas, A.K. A1 - John, M. A1 - Roemer, B. A1 - Kuhne, Maren A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Braun, M. A1 - Engel, A. A1 - Dikshit, D.K. A1 - Abbasi, F. A1 - Marti, G.E. A1 - Sassi, M.P. A1 - Revel, L. A1 - Kim, S.-K. A1 - Baradez, M.-O. A1 - Lekishvili, T. A1 - Marshall, D. A1 - Whitby, L. A1 - Jing, W. A1 - Ost, V. A1 - Vonsky, M. A1 - Neukammer, J. T1 - Quantification of cells with specific phenotypes I: Determination of CD4+ cell count per microliter in reconstituted lyophilized human PBMC prelabeled with anti-CD4 FICT antibody N2 - A surface-labeled lyophilized lymphocyte (sLL) preparation has been developed using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells prelabeled with a fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. The sLL preparation is intended to be used as a reference material for CD4+ cell counting including the development of higher order reference measurement procedures and has been evaluated in the pilot study CCQM-P102. This study was conducted across 16 laboratories from eight countries to assess the ability of participants to quantify the CD4+ cell count of this reference material and to document cross-laboratory variability plus associated measurement uncertainties. Twelve different flow cytometer platforms were evaluated using a standard protocol that included calibration beads used to obtain quantitative measurements of CD4+ T cell counts. There was good overall cross-platform and counting method agreement with a grand mean of the laboratory calculated means of (301.7 ± 4.9) µL-1 CD4+ cells. Excluding outliers, greater than 90% of participant data agreed within ±15%. A major contribution to variation of sLL CD4+ cell counts was tube to tube variation of the calibration beads, amounting to an uncertainty of 3.6%. Variation due to preparative steps equated to an uncertainty of 2.6%. There was no reduction in variability when data files were centrally reanalyzed. Remaining variation was attributed to instrument specific differences. CD4+ cell counts obtained in CCQM-P102 are in excellent agreement and show the robustness of both the measurements and the data analysis and hence the suitability of sLL as a reference material for interlaboratory comparisons and external quality assessment. KW - CD4+ cell counting KW - Relative concentration measurement KW - Lyophilized cells KW - Flow cytometry KW - Standard measurement procedure KW - Measurement of uncertainty KW - Human immunodeficiency virus-1 KW - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome KW - Reference material PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.22614 SN - 0196-4763 SN - 1552-4922 SN - 1552-4930 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 244 EP - 253 PB - Wiley-Liss CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-32847 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pereira, P.M.R. A1 - Korsak, B. A1 - Sarmento, B. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Fernandes, R. A1 - Tomé, J.P.C. T1 - Antibodies armed with photosensitizers: from chemical synthesis to photobiological applications N2 - Targeting photosensitizers to cancer cells by conjugating them with specific antibodies, able to recognize and bind to tumor-associated antigens, is today one of the most attractive strategies in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This comprehensive review updates on chemical routes available for the preparation of photo-immunoconjugates (PICs), which show dual chemical and biological functionalities: photo-properties of the photosensitizer and the immunoreactivity of the antibody. Moreover, photobiological results obtained with such photo-immunoconjugates using in vitro and in vivo cancer models are also discussed. KW - Therapeutische Antikörper KW - Krebstherapie KW - Photodynamische Therapie KW - Konjugate KW - Porphyrine KW - Phthalocyanine KW - Chlorine KW - Kopplungsmethoden PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ob02334j SN - 1477-0520 SN - 1477-0539 VL - 13 IS - 9 SP - 2518 EP - 2529 PB - RSC CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-32734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -