TY - CONF A1 - Weltschev, Margit A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Brandt, S. T1 - Compatibility of high density polyethylene grades with bioethanol-gasoline blends and biodiesel N2 - Biofuels including ethanol and biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) represent an important renewable fuel alternative to petroleum-derived transport fuels. Increasing biofuels use would have some benefits, such as a reduction in oil demand and greenhouse gas emissions, and an improvement in air quality. Materials compatibility is a major concern whenever the fuel composition is changed in a fuel System. The aim of this work is to study the interaction between high density polyethylene (HDPE) grades and biofuels such as E85 (fuel with 85 % ethanol) and biodiesel. 10 I jerricans made of two different polyethylene grades were filled with E85 and biodiesel and exposed to temperatures of 20°C and 40°C for one year. Tensile properties (tensile strength, breaking elongation and elasticity modulus) were determined in accordance with EN ISO 527-2 at 23±2 °C once a month, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate possible changes. The tensile properties of HDPE jerrican cuttings decreased, but not significantly, after immersion in E85 and biodiesel. In particular, the elasticity modulus of the polyethylene grades was reduced after exposure to biodiesel. Pin impression tests according to EN ISO 16101 were performed with test specimens of a HDPE grade in White Spirit, E85 and biodiesel. Measurements of the remaining tensile strength showed that biofuels had a stronger effect than White Spirit. The FTIR spectra of HDPE jerrican cuttings showed that immersion tests for one year with E85 at 20°C and 40°C only caused an increase in the peak of 1585 cm'1 (C=C Stretching vibrations) in the Chemical structure of HDPE. The FTIR spectra of HDPE jerrican cuttings showed that immersion tests for one year with biodiesel at 20°C and 40°C led to a broadening of the C=O peak of 1740 cm'1 and the appearance of the hydroxyl group at 3500 cm'1. Both results are explained by secondary degradation products of the polyethylene decomposition process caused by the temperature and unsaturated fatty acid content in the biodiesel since biodiesel decomposes quickly at elevated temperatures. The broadening of the C=O peak to 1740 cm'1 can be attributed to aldehyde carbonyl and ester Carbonyl groups mutually overlapping. Measurements of the melt flow rate (MFR) showed an increase in the MFR with immersion time in biodiesel due to the unsaturated fatty acid formed in the biodiesel. Diffusions of oxygen and rapeseed methyl ester increase the Chemical impact on polyethylene grades. T2 - EUROCORR 2012 - The European corrosion congress CY - Istanbul, Turkey DA - 09.09.2012 PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-26534 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schalk, H. A1 - Bienert, K. A1 - Molkenthin, A. A1 - Goldschmidt, Sebastian A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Quality control of hydrophobic coatings with an integrated marker element by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) N2 - Reinforced concrete structures are affected by damage, caused e.g., by freeze-thaw effects or corrosion. Most damage processes are triggered by moisture transport including soluble substances. Hydrophobic coatings can be used for prevention of such damage, but quantitative on-site quality assurance methods are so far missing. A way to overcome this problem is to integrate marker substances into the coating, which can be detected by spectroscopic methods. Different types of marker elements have been tested. It can be shown that transition metals are best suited for the task. Currently a LIBS (Laser Induces Breakdown Spectroscopy) system is developed for the measurement of penetration depth and content of the hydrophobic coating via the marker element in the peripheral zone of concrete. T2 - 2nd International conference Micro Durability - Microstructural-related durability of cementitious composites CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands DA - 11.04.2012 KW - Hydrophobierung KW - Laser Induced Breakdown Spektroskopie (LIBS) KW - Qualitätskontrolle PY - 2012 SN - 978-2-35158-129-2 N1 - Serientitel: RILEM proceedings – Series title: RILEM proceedings VL - PRO83 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-27534 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gabler, M. A1 - Tkachenko, Viktoriya A1 - Küppers, S. A1 - Kuka, G.G. A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Milwich, M. A1 - Knippers, J. ED - Peters, K.J. ED - Ecke, W. ED - Matikas, T.E. T1 - Automatically produced FRP beams with embedded FOS in complex geometry: process, material compatibility, micromechanical analysis, and performance tests N2 - The main goal of the presented work was to evolve a multifunctional beam composed out of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) and an embedded optical fiber with various fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBG). These beams are developed for the use as structural member for bridges or industrial applications. It is now possible to realize large scale cross sections, the embedding is part of a fully automated process and jumpers can be omitted in order to not negatively influence the laminate. The development includes the smart placement and layout of the optical fibers in the cross section, reliable strain transfer, and finally the coupling of the embedded fibers after production. Micromechanical tests and analysis were carried out to evaluate the performance of the sensor. The work was funded by the German ministry of economics and technology (funding scheme ZIM). Next to the authors of this contribution, Melanie Book with Röchling Engineering Plastics KG (Haren/Germany) and Katharina Frey with SAERTEX GmbH & Co. KG (Saerbeck/Germany) were part of the research group. T2 - Smart sensor phenomena, technology, networks, and systems integration 2012 (SPIE-Proceedings) CY - San Diego, USA DA - 26.04.2012 KW - Engineering KW - Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) KW - Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) KW - Optical fibers KW - Embedded sensors KW - Sensor-matrix interaction PY - 2012 SN - 978-0819490032 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.915489 N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings of SPIE – Series title: Proceedings of SPIE VL - 8346 SP - 83460B-1 - 83460B-14 AN - OPUS4-27727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Hindersmann, I. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Smart Bridge The duraBASt test bridge equipped with RFID-based sensors N2 - The duraBASt area at the highway intersection “Köln-Ost” is a large test field for road testing. It includes the duraBASt test bridge which is approximately 66 m long and 14.25 m broad. This bridge is part of the “road in the 21st Century” project and is equipped with several sensors for structural health monitoring. This feasibility study is carried out to investigate the prerequisites necessary for the constraction of intelligent bridges in the foture. Embedded sensors are able to measure quantities such as temperature, strain, moisture, corrosion, etc. In the presented work, the focus is set on passive RFID-based sensors. The communication and energy supply are realised by a mobile transmitter through the concrete cover. Hence, no cables or batteries are required. The sensors are designed to withstand the alkaline environment in concrete. Thus, moisture and corrosion values are measurable for several decades. T2 - 10th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management CY - Online meeting DA - 11.04.2021 KW - RFID based sensors KW - Embedded sensors KW - Bridge Monitoring PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429279119-321 VL - 2021 SP - 2353 EP - 2358 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-53816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Poltavtseva, Marina A1 - Mietz, Jürgen T1 - Electrochemical investigation of carbon-based conductive coatings for application as anodes in ICCP system of reinforced concrete structures N2 - Carbon‐based conductive coatings are complex composites, consisting of an organic or inorganic binder and conductive carbon components, for application as anodes in impressed current cathodic protection systems of reinforced concrete structures. The electrochemical properties of three coatings at different humidity and in saturated calcium hydroxide solution were studied by electrochemical methods, such as electrochemical impedance measurement, measuring of open circuit potential over time and galvanostatic polarization. The dissolved organic and inorganic carbons in electrolyte solution were quantified by using a photometric method. The structures of the coatings were investigated before and after the electrochemical tests by microscopy and scanning electron microscope/EDX analysis. The results of the electrochemical impedance measurements show that the tested coatings all have a relatively low resistance, which is between 100 and 200V. The binder and the surface porosity influence the degradation behavior of those coatings. Especially the organic binder reacts with the strong alkaline medium under dissolving of organic carbon. T2 - EUROCORR 2014 - European corrosion congress CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 08.09.2014 KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - ICCP PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-89746-159-8 SP - O-7489, 481 EP - O-7489, 481 AN - OPUS4-31430 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Investigation of chloride-induced pitting corrosion of steel in concrete by a combination of electrochemical methods with X-ray tomography N2 - Steel in concrete is protected by the alkaline pore water environment and the resulting formation of a protective passive layer against corrosion. Adverse environmental conditions due to carbonation or chloride ingress can destroy the passive layer on the steel surface. Corrosion processes starting in those areas lead to uniform corrosion or local corrosion like pitting corrosion. In comparison to uniform corrosion pitting corrosion is a form of increased local corrosion and thus leads to a progressive reduction in cross-section of the reinforcing steel. The corrosion products are first absorbed by the pores of the concrete matrix, without causing visible external changes at the concrete surface. T2 - EUROCORR 2014 - European corrosion congress CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 08.09.2014 KW - Corrosion KW - Rebar KW - Chloride KW - Pitting corrosion PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-89746-159-8 SP - O-7207, 274-275 AN - OPUS4-31431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hussels, Maria-Teresa A1 - Chruscicki, Sebastian A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Distributed acoustic fibre-optic sensors for condition monitoring of pipelines N2 - Industrial piping systems are particularly relevant to public safety and the continuous availability of infrastructure. However, condition monitoring systems based on many discrete sensors are generally not well-suited for widespread piping systems due to considerable installation effort, while use of distributed fibre-optic sensors would reduce this effort to a minimum. Specifically distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is employed for detection of third-party threats and leaks in oil and gas pipelines in recent years and can in principle also be applied to industrial plants. Further possible detection routes amenable by DAS that could identify damage prior to emission of medium are subject of a current project at BAM, which aims at qualifying distributed fibre optic methods such as DAS as a means for spatially continuous monitoring of industrial piping systems. Here, first tests on a short pipe are presented, where optical fibres were applied directly to the surface. An artificial signal was used to define suitable parameters of the measurement system and compare different ways of applying the sensor. T2 - Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors CY - Limerick, Ireland DA - 31.05.2016 KW - fibre-optic condition monitoring KW - distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) KW - pipeline monitoring KW - sensor application PY - 2016 SN - 978-1-5106-0219-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2236809 SN - 0277-786X VL - Vol. 9916 SP - Article Number: 99162Y PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, Washington USA AN - OPUS4-37234 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Mietz, Jürgen T1 - Hydrogen evolution on galvanized rebar in fresh concrete with different chromate-reduced cements N2 - The reduction of the chromate contents in cements affects the electrochemical reactions of galvanized reinforcing steels in fresh concrete. It is important to investigate the critical conditions in the first hours following the pouring of the concrete. T2 - EUROCORR 2015 - European corrosion congress CY - Graz, Austria DA - 06.09.2015 KW - Hydrogen evolution KW - Concrete KW - Galvanized rebar KW - Reinforcement KW - Chromate PY - 2015 SP - paper 9_703 AN - OPUS4-34619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zeps, Robert A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Spoormaker, T. T1 - Experimental investigation on the self-heating and decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene in a 100-dm³-reactor N2 - In the industry there is a lack of data on the Minimum Ignition Temperature of decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene in industrial sized equipment. In order to determine the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene in large scale vessels, a facility was designed and constructed. Tests were carried out in a cylindrical reactor with a volume of 100 dm³ with initial pressures of 5 and 10 bar(a). In agreement with previous experiments with small scale cylindrical vessels, the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene was observed to decrease with the initial pressure. The current paper describes the test setup and summarizes the experimental results achieved. The effect of the reactor adjustment (vertical or horizontal) is discussed. Moreover, simplified equations from the Semenov thermal explosion theory are used to attempt extrapolations of previous and current data on the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene to other initial pressures and vessel volumes. T2 - Hazards XXIII Symposium CY - Southport, UK DA - 12.11.2012 KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Self-heating KW - Large-scale reactor PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-85295-557-4 N1 - Serientitel: Symposium Series – Series title: Symposium Series N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 158 IS - Paper 08 SP - 48 EP - 55 AN - OPUS4-27056 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Zeps, Robert A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Spoormaker, T. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - The explosive decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene: large scale tests and simulations N2 - There is a lack of data on the self-ignition behaviour of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) in industrial sized equipment. In order to assess the tendency of TFE for decomposition in large scale vessels, , a facility was designed and constructed. Tests were carried out in a cylindrical reactor with a volume of 100 L with initial pressures of 5 and 10 bar(a). The effect of the reactor adjustment (vertical or horizontal) was taken into account. The current work describes the test set up and summarizes the experimental results achieved. Furthermore, this paper reports on a numerical model for the prediction of the self -heating of TFE in closed vessels, which was previously developed for small scale reactors and has been here validated for larger dimensions with the experiments performed in the new facility. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Self-heating KW - Large-scale reactor KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 1 EP - 6(?) PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -