TY - CONF A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kluge, Martin T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchungen zu Schäden an Membranabdeckungen im Biogasbereich N2 - Bei Störfallauswirkungsbetrachtungen an Biogasanlagen muss das Versagen der Membranabdeckung des Fermenters untersucht werden. Hierbei sind insbesondere Risse in derselben hinsichtlich des austretenden Massenstromes an Biogas zu bewerten, ebenso wie der durch eine Zündung resultierende Flammenstrahl. Zurzeit existieren für Membranabdeckungen jedoch keine Erkenntnisse zu realistischen Ausflussziffern für die Massenstromberechnung. Im Leitfaden KAS-32 wird für Störfallauswirkungsbetrachtungen für die Berechnung des austretenden Massenstromes eine Ausflussziffer von 1 und eine „Leckfläche" von 0,6 m2 vorgegeben. Die Anwendbarkeit verfügbarer Modelle zur Berechnung des Flammenstrahls ist bisher ebenso ungeklärt. Um diese Fragestellungen zu untersuchen, wurden in der BAM Versuche zur Bestimmung der Ausflussziffer, sowie der Zündung des austretenden Gases an einem 80 m3 Sack zur Speicherung von Biogas durchgeführt, der aus demselben Material besteht wie die in Biogasanlagen verwendeten Membranabdeckungen. T2 - 14. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 07.11.2019 KW - Biogas KW - Ausflussziffer KW - Membranabdeckung PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-89746-220-5 VL - 2019 SP - 142 EP - 152 AN - OPUS4-50857 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bayane, I. A1 - Long, Lijia A1 - Thöns, Sebastian A1 - Brühwiler, E. T1 - Quantification of the conditional value of SHM data for the fatigue safety evaluation of a road viaduct N2 - Fatigue safety verification of existing bridges that uses ‘‘re-calculation’’ based on codes, usually results in insufficient fatigue safety, triggering invasive interventions. Instead of “re-calculation”, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) should be used for the assessment of the existing bridges. Monitoring systems provide data that can reduce uncertainties associated with the fatigue loading process and the structural resistance. The objective of this paper is to quantify the value of the SHM system implemented in a 60-years-old road viaduct to investigate its fatigue safety, through modeling of the fundamental decisions of performing monitoring in conjunction with its expected utility. The quantification of the conditional value of information is based on the decision tree analysis that considers the structural reliability, various decision scenarios as well as the cost-benefit assessments. This leads to a quantitative decision basis for the owner about how much time and money can be saved while the viaduct fulfills its function reliably and respects the safety requirements. The originality of this paper stands in the application of the value of information theory to an existing viaduct considering the fatigue failure of the system based on the monitoring data and the cost-benefit of monitoring method. T2 - 13th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 26.05.2019 KW - Fatigue safety KW - Value of information PY - 2019 SP - 275 EP - 288 CY - Seoul, South Korea AN - OPUS4-50809 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaumann, P. A1 - Schürmann, K. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Automatically Welded Tubular X-Joints - Welding Procedure and Prediction of the Technical Fatigue Crack Location N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper ad-dresses the welding process of automated manufactured tubular X-joints. Additionally, fatigue tests of the automatically welded tubular joints are presented focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. The detected location of the technical crack is compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch con-sidering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress ap-proach. T2 - 29th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference CY - Honolulu, Hawaii, USA DA - 16.06.2019 KW - Notch stress approach KW - Tubular X-joints KW - Automated manufacturing KW - Fatigue tests KW - Structural stress approach PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-880653-85-2 SP - 4098 EP - 4105 AN - OPUS4-51848 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaumann, P. A1 - Schürmann, K. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Prediction of the Initial Fatigue Crack Location of Automatically Welded Tubular Joints for Jacket Support Structures N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints com-bined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper addresses fatigue tests of automatical-ly welded tubular X-joints focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. For this X-joint, the detect-ed location of the technical crack is then compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch considering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress approach. Additionally, the fatigue prone hot spot according to both approaches is compared for a typical offshore jacket double-K-joint to emphasize the significance of the presented outcomes for the existing offshore structures. Besides, the welding process of the automated manufactured tubular X-joints is presented. T2 - 7th International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC) CY - Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA DA - 02.09.2019 KW - Lightweight Design KW - Jacket Support Structures KW - Arc Welding Automation KW - Fatigue KW - Offshore Wind PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-138-38696-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429426506-100 VL - 2019 SP - 575 EP - 580 AN - OPUS4-51847 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, T. A1 - Murtuz, A. K. M. G. A1 - Hafiz, A. A1 - Dusicka, P. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst ED - Gabrijel, I. ED - Grosse, C. ED - Skazlić, M. T1 - Post-earthquake damage evaluation of concrete structures using ultrasonic monitoring: A proof-of concept laboratory study N2 - In earthquake-prone regions such as the Pacific Northwest, damage assessment tools are needed to enable safety evaluations to support recovery. Currently, damage assessment is performed primarily by visual inspection and is often impossible for structural members that are inaccessible, such as deep foundations or interior members hidden by cladding. This study explores the possibility of using embedded ultrasonic transducers to monitor reinforced concrete members for damage progression under earthquake loading. A novel methodology is proposed where changes in the member condition due to an increase in the earthquake-type loading of a full-scale column-foundation specimen are correlated with changes in the recorded ultrasonic waveforms. The discussed preliminary analysis of the ultrasonic signals is based on wave propagation velocity, changes in the coda wave portion, and maximum amplitude of the signals. Three embedded transducers were used to continuously monitor the laboratory specimen during destructive testing. This paper provides an overview of the proposed methodology, outlines the laboratory experiment, and discusses some preliminary observations. T2 - International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures (SMSS 2019) CY - Rovinj, Croatia DA - 20.3.2019 KW - Concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Ultrasound KW - earthquake PY - 2019 SN - 978-2-35158-227-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07258-1_84 SP - 112 EP - 119 PB - RILEM Publications S.A.R.L. CY - Paris, France AN - OPUS4-47679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst ED - Gabrijel, Ivan ED - Grosse, Christian ED - Skazlić, Marijan T1 - Ultrasonic monitoring of structural concrete elements N2 - Ultrasonic transmission measurements are used to monitor concrete elements mostly on a laboratory scale since decades. Recently, coda wave interferometry, a technique adapted from seismology, has been introduced to civil engineering experiments. It can be used to reveal subtle changes in concrete samples and even large construction elements without having a transducer directly at the location where the change is taking place. The methodology works best with embedded transducers to avoid coupling issues or excessive environmental influence. These transducers can be used for newly built and existing structures. Recently, large concrete beams have been equipped with a network of transducers and loaded until failure. Using code wave interferometry, it was possible to visualize stress fields and damaged areas. This paper gives an overview of the state of the art, recent results achieved at BAM and a task list for further results and development. T2 - International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures (SMSS 2019) CY - Rovinj, Croatia DA - 20.3.2019 KW - Concrete KW - Ultrasound KW - Monitoring KW - coda wave interferometry PY - 2019 SN - 978-2-35158-227-5 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - RILEM Publications S.A.R.L. CY - Paris, France AN - OPUS4-47677 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kurth, Lutz T1 - Determination of measures for a safe production depending on the hazardous properties of explosive substances (pyrotechnic compositions) N2 - During manufacturing and production processes of pyrotechnic compositions, semi-finished devices and regular pyrotechnic articles an inadvertent reaction or even explosion cannot be fully excluded. The optimization of the design of the involved single work processes can only reduce the risk of such a scenario. For doing so, one must consider the respective properties regarding thermal, mechanical, chemical and electrostatic sensitivities of the compositions being processed. One major key parameter in reducing the risks of such an event is to minimize the consequences, if the likelihood of this event cannot be further reduced. Minimizing the consequences in cases of unintended explosions during production processes comprises of construction measures regarding buildings (different walls, orientation etc.), increasing safety distances to other buildings, and lowering the maximum net explosive masses and the number of people per room or production process. Important criteria for defining and setting protection measures are the so-called ‘hazard groups’ (in German ‘Gefahrgruppen’), net explosive masses and the main impacts or hazards (such as blast pressure, heat/radiation and debris). This paper aims at presenting some approaches used in Germany to minimize the impacts of possible reactions or inadvertent explosions during production processes of pyrotechnic compositions and articles in work spaces. This includes also the determination of safety distances and discussions on reducing thermal impacts. T2 - 17th International Symposium on Fireworks CY - Puerto Vallarta, Mexico DA - 06.05.2019 KW - Hazard group KW - Explosions KW - Manufacturing KW - Pyrotechnic KW - Safety PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-988778-05-1 VL - 2019 SP - 202 EP - 216 AN - OPUS4-48032 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kurth, Lutz T1 - The assessment of the dangerous characteristics of pyrotechnic Composition and articles (for safe production) N2 - To minimize hazards during manufacturing and production processes of pyrotechnic compositions, semifinished and regular pyrotechnic articles, related properties of the pyrotechnic compositions must be determined and assessed with focus on those parameters that influence the exothermic reactions and explosion phenomena. Estimated impacts of these reactions as well as the sensitivities towards Initiation by thermal, mechanical or electrostatic stresses are relevant for this assessment. Since the 50s of the last century so-called ‘Hazard Groups’(in German ‘Gefahrgruppen’) of pyrotechnic compositions were defined, to assess these properties which aim was to set appropriate safety measures for production purposes. This system of Hazard Groups is currently under review to determine if they are still relevant with the latest composition developments in this field and still represent the state of the art. Several necessary changes and new approaches have already been identified. The new system will contain the following Hazard Groups, all with associated protection measures: 1.1 (and further sub-groups 1.1-1, 1.1-2 and 1.1-3), 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. This structure is aligned to the international principles for the classification of such substances according to the TDG and GHS regulations. New or updated test and assessment criteria for these (sub-) groups are under development, and comprise of aspects such as sensitivity towards friction, impact, temperature and explosion effects. This paper aims at giving an overview of this system of hazard Groups in Germany to optimize production safety including pyrotechnic compositions. An overview of this system is given along with example cases for testing and assessment, including a short differentiation of the energetic processes during the reactions. T2 - 17th International Symposium on Fireworks CY - Puerto Vallarta, Mexico DA - 06.05.2019 KW - Sensitivities KW - Pyrotechnic KW - Assessment KW - Explosion phenomena PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-988778-05-1 VL - 2019 SP - 217 EP - 228 AN - OPUS4-48035 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreier, Andy A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Comparison of solution approaches for distributed humidity sensing in perfuorinated graded-index polymer optical fibers N2 - We compare four different sensing solutions suitable for distributed fiber optic humidity sensing in per uorinated graded-index polymer optical fibers (PFGI-POFs). Compared to silica fbers, polymer optical fibers over advantageous beneffits including signifficantly higher break down strain, fracture toughness and humidity sensitivity. Various humidity-related effects in PFGI-POFs have been reported in the last years including measured attenuation and length changes as well as Brillouin frequency and Bragg wavelength shifts. The four aforementioned methods could serve as a basis for distributed and quasi-distributed humidity sensing and are described here closely with an emphasis on plausible cross effects to temperature and strain. The main focus of this paper lies on the comparison of four approaches with regard to method complexity, sensitivity to humidity, spatial resolution, real-time capability and effort to compensate for cross effects. T2 - SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 01.04.2019 KW - Distributed sensing KW - Humidity KW - Polymer optical fibre PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-5106-2723-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2522307 SN - 0277-786X SN - 1996-756X SP - 1102808-1 EP - 1102808-9 PB - SPIE AN - OPUS4-47844 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Experimental modeling of railway car wheel-forces during turning N2 - An experimental testing rig has been proposed to study the dynamic interaction between a liquid cargo and the carrying vehicle during turning maneuvers. The basic operational principle of the testing rig consists in simulating the lateral accelerations associated to turning maneuvers through the use of a tilt table. While the experimental capabilities of the testing rig include the analysis of the effects of the cars on the whole transport infrastructure, including sleepers and ballast, a first use of the rig considered the effect of sloshing cargo on the level of dynamic forces transmitted to the rails. Such test was used to validate a simplified theoretical approach consisting of a two degree-of-freedom double pendulum mechanical system, where a simple pendulum, representing the sloshing cargo, is articulated to the spring-supported vehicle chassis, which is modelled as an inverted torsional pendulum. While the theoretical results exhibit a high correlation with the experimental data, the main discrepancy between both outputs, relates with the frequency of the residual vibration, once the lateral acceleration input is ceased. Such difference in frequency, would imply an underestimation of the number of loading cycles to which the infrastructure is subjected. On the other hand, the peak values are within acceptable difference levels. T2 - IEEE/ASME Joint Rail Conference CY - Snowbird, Utah, USA DA - 09.04.2019 KW - Railway KW - Wheel-forces KW - Turning PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-47880 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Braml, T. T1 - Non-destructive testing in civil engineering: A valuable source of information for reliability assessments N2 - The reassessment of bridges is becoming increasingly important. The basic requirement for analyses of structural safety is reliable knowledge about individual structures. This paper introduces the new approach to evaluate the quality of measured data gained from non-destructive testing (NDT) to provide reliable, objective, and relevant information about existing bridges. The purpose is to relate this validated knowledge to probabilistic analyses. Bridging the gap between NDT and numerical reassessments indicates reduced numerical uncertainties and residual service time extensions. This paper deals with an application of this approach using measurement data collected by ultrasonic technique at a prestressed concrete bridge. T2 - IABSE Symposium 2019 CY - Guimarães, Portugal DA - 27.03.2019 KW - NDT KW - Measurement KW - Structural safety KW - Uncertainty KW - Existing bridges PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-85748-163-5 VL - 112 SP - 1132 EP - 1139 PB - IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering) CY - Zurich, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-47815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Vehicle-track-soil interaction and train-induced ground vibration – Theory and measurements in Germany, Switzerland and France N2 - Three measurement campaigns of train-induced ground vibrations are evaluated for the vehicle-track-soil interaction. Ground vibrations, track vibrations and vehicle vibrations have been measured for train passages and impulse excitation and compared with theoretical results. The soil and the track-soil system are calculated by wavenumber integrals. The influence of the vehicle is introduced by a substructure method. By comparing theory and measurement the different components of excitation force and ground vibration can be analysed, the quasi-static excitation, track-alignment errors, the out-of-roundness of wheels, the wheel and rail roughness, and moreover, scattered axle impulses and ineffective high-frequency parts of the wheelset accelerations and forces. T2 - Recent Advance in Structural Dynamics CY - Lyon, France DA - 15.04.2019 KW - Vehicle-track-soil interaction KW - Train-induced ground vibration KW - Vibration measurements PY - 2019 SP - 810 EP - 821 PB - University of Southampton CY - Southampton AN - OPUS4-47892 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vahlsing, Thorsten A1 - Raum, Hanne A1 - Casperson, Ralf A1 - Pohl, Rainer A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Beilken, D. A1 - Dilz, K. A1 - Rühe, S. T1 - FE-simulation of eddy current signals produced from basic model cracks for running surface rail defects N2 - Non-destructive testing for surface crack detection and head check depth quantification at the gauge corner of railway tracks can be achieved using eddy current methods. With the extension of the tested zone to the running surface, rail defect signal types other than head checks can be measured. Due to their mostly irregular shape, a quantitation based on a calibration against regular test cracks of varying depth may not be linear. Estimates of the expected influence of more complex crack patterns may be obtained by a finite element simulation of sufficiently simple limiting cases, like two displaced or intersecting cracks or a simply branched or flexed crack. As a first step, a 3D finite element model of the HC10 eddy current probe distributed by Prüftechnik Linke und Rühe (PLR), Germany was built and verified against measured results from an (easily fabricated) reference block with isolated long cracks. T2 - 15th Railway Engineering Conference CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 03.07.2019 KW - Finite element analysis KW - Eddy current testing KW - Rail inspection PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-48529 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir T1 - Measurement of slab track behaviour at different sites N2 - Measured train passages and hammer impacts in combination with track-soil calculation have been successfully used for the detection of damaged slab tracks. This approach is now extended to intact slab and ballast tracks. The vibrations of many tracks have been measured at several levels from rail, sleeper, track plate, base plate, base layer to the subsoil by velocity or acceleration sensors. The time histories have to be integrated once or twice to get the displacements. The displacement signals include an arbitrary time-dependent shift which must be eliminated or respected in the interpretation. On the other hand, the calculation of slab and ballast tracks have been done in frequency-wavenumber domain. The displacements along the track and the frequency-dependent compliance transfer functions can be calculated. The latter can be compared with the results of the hammer impacts on the track. The deformation of the track can be transformed to time histories for a whole train and compared to the measured train passages. Many slab (and ballast) tracks have been measured at different sites. The displacements of the tracks are presented, and the following parameters have been analysed in the measurement results: slab track vs. ballast track, different types of slab tracks, damaged slab tracks, different trains, switches at different measuring points, an elastic layer, the mortar layer, different soils at different places. The soil should have the dominant influence on the track-plate displacements. Slab and ballast track yield also big differences in maximum displacement and width of deformation. Some of the preceding aspects will be analysed in comparison of measurement and theory. T2 - 26th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV26) CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 07.07.2019 KW - Displacements KW - Slab track KW - Train passage KW - Hammer impact KW - Vibration measurements PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-9991810-0-0 SN - 2329-3675 SP - T15RS01_316_1 EP - T15RS01_316_8 PB - Canadian Acoustical Association CY - Montreal, Kanad AN - OPUS4-48498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Al-Neshawy, F. A1 - Ferreira, M. A1 - Bohner, E. A1 - Ojala, T. A1 - Sjöblom, V. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Effner, Ute A1 - Puttonen, J. T1 - Design, Construction and NDT of a Mock-up for Reinforced Concrete Walls in NPP N2 - Construction methods, environmental stressors, and aging factors are the main causes for defects of reinforced concrete in nuclear power plants (NPP). These defects are typically occurred as corrosion of reinforcement steel, delamination, cracks, malfunction of post-tensioning or steel composite systems etc. Some of the challenges for assessing the performance of these structures by nondestructive testing methods (NDT) are that the assessment could be performed only during the annual overhauls when testing is time-limited and uncertainty of the accuracy and reliability of the available NDT testing devices combined with the lack of the international uniformity of the methods used for NDT tests. To overcome these challenges, a mock-up wall representing a section of the concrete containment of the NPP was built. The mock-up wall included simulated defects, which mimic the most common types of defects in NPP concrete structures such as dimensional errors, honeycombing, delamination, defects adjacent to the steel liner and voids in grouted tendon ducts for the post-tensioned structures. This paper introduces the design and construction of the wall including the concrete properties, reinforcement, tendon ducts and the types of the simulated defects. The paper also introduces the NDT methods and techniques that are suitable for assessing the condition of the mock-up wall under the real environmental conditions. These techniques include mechanical methods as rebound hammer, ultrasonic and electromagnetic methods. This mock-up wall will enable to investigate reliably available NDT methods and experts’ skills providing also an important and very much need educational platform for future NDE experts. T2 - SMIRT-25 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 04.08.2019 KW - NDE KW - Defects KW - Thick-walled KW - Concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Steel liner PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-48965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Zencker, Uwe T1 - Numerical approach to determine a package dependent bar length for the iaea pin drop test N2 - The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) is assessing the mechanical and thermal safety performance of packages for the transport of radioactive materials. Drop testing and numerical calculations are usually part of the safety case concepts, where BAM is performing the regulatory tests at their own test facility site. Among other mechanical tests the 1 meter drop onto a steel puncture bar shall be considered for accident safe packages. According to the IAEA regulations “the bar shall be of solid mild steel of circular section, 15.0 ± 0.5 cm in diameter and 20 cm long, unless a longer bar would cause greater damage…”. Particularly with regard to the German transport- and storage cask designs, often made from ductile cast iron, an accurate determination of the puncture bar length to guarantee a load impact covering the worst case scenario can be imperative. If the fracture mechanical proof for the cask material shall be provided by a test, small deviations in the concentrated load applied can be decisive for the question if the cask fails or not. The most damaging puncture bar length can be estimated by iterative procedure in numerical simulations. On the one hand, a sufficient puncture bar length shall guarantee that shock absorbers or other attachments do not prevent or reduce the local load application to the package, on the other hand, a longer and thus less stiff bar causes a smaller maximum contact force. The contrary influence of increasing puncture bar length and increasing effective drop height shall be taken into account if a shock absorber is directly placed in the target area. The paper presents a numerical approach to identify the bar length that causes maximum damage to the package. Using the example of two typical package masses the sensitivity of contact forces and puncture bar deformations to the initial length are calculated and assessed with regard to the international IAEA package safety requirements. T2 - PATRAM 2019 CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 04.08.2019 KW - IAEA KW - 1-m-punch-bar-drop-test KW - Numerical approach KW - Bar length KW - Finite element analysis PY - 2019 UR - https://www.inmm.org/INMM-Resources/Proceedings-Presentations/PATRAM-Proceedings.aspx SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-49016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rolle, Annette A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Neumeyer, Tino A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Application of leakage rates measured on scaled cask or component models to the package containment safety assessment N2 - The containment systems of transport and storage casks for spent fuel and highlevelradioactive waste usually include bolted lids with metallic or elastomeric seals. The mechanical and thermal loadings associated with the routine, normal and accident conditions of transport can have a significant effect on the leak tightness of such containment system. Scaled cask models are often used for providing the required mechanical and thermal tests series.Leak tests have been conducted on those models. It is also common practice to use scaled component tests to investigate the influence of deformations or displacements of the lids and the seals on the standard leakage rate as well as to study the temperature and time depending alteration of the seals. In this paper questions of the transferability of scaled test results to the full size design of the containment system will be discussed. T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019 CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 04.08.2019 KW - Leakage rate KW - Transport packages KW - Seals KW - Radioaktive PY - 2019 SP - Paper 1147, 1 AN - OPUS4-49053 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Design assessment by bam of a new package design for the transport of snf from a german research reactor N2 - For disposal of the German research reactor of the Technical University Munich FRM II a new transport and storage cask design was under approval assessment by the German authorities. The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) assessed the mechanical and thermal package safety and performed drop tests. The activity release approaches and subjects of quality assurance and surveillance for manufacturing and operation of the package were assessed by BAM as well. The cask body is made of ductile cast iron and closed by two bolted lid systems with metal seals. The material of the lids is stainless steel. On each end of the cask a wood-filled impact limiter is installed to reduce impact loads to the cask under drop test conditions. In the cavity of the cask a basket for five spent fuel assemblies is arranged. For the safety case a combination of experimental testing and analytical/numerical calculations were applied. In total, four drop tests were carried out at the BAM large drop test facility. Two tests were carried out as a full IAEA drop test sequence consisting of a 9m drop test onto an unyielding target and a 1m puncture bar drop test. The other two drop test were performed as single 9m drop tests and completed by additional analyses for considering the effects of an IAEA drop test sequence. The main objectives of the drop tests were the investigation of the integrity of the package and its safety against release of radioactive material as well as the test of the fastening system of the impact limiters. Furthermore, the acceleration and strain signals measured during the tests were used for the verification of Finite-Element-Analysis (FEA) used for the safety analysis of the package design. The finite-element models incorporated in the package design safety report include the cask body, the lid system, the inventory and the impact limiters with the fastening system. In this context special attention was paid to the modeling of the encapsulated wood-filled impact limiters. Additional calculations using the verified numerical models were done by the applicant and assessed by BAM to investigate e.g. the brittle fracture of the cask body made of ductile cask iron within the package design approval procedure. This paper describes the package design assessment from the view of the competent authority BAM including the applied assessment strategy, the conducted drop tests and the additional calculations by using numerical and analytical methods. T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019 CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 04.08.2019 KW - Numerical modelling KW - Drop test KW - Assessment method KW - Ductile cast iron KW - Package design KW - Experimental testing PY - 2019 SP - Paper 1176, 1 AN - OPUS4-49054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auster, Jürgen A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Gründer, K.-P. T1 - Dynamic impact tests on materials & components of RAM packages - Advanced experimental and measurement methods N2 - In accident scenarios of transport packages or hypothetical crashes of containers in a storage facility or repository, the materials resistance against dynamic failure of the involved components is a deciding factor for package and container integrity during the handling, transport and storage for each type of radioactive material. For example, different dynamic impact tests on containers and components like lid sealing systems and specimens made of ductile cast iron and shock-absorbing materials are carried out by BAM. In order to perform dynamic impact tests with packages and its parts BAM operates two free-fall drop test facilities with maximum capacities of 200 t and 55 t, and a test bench for guided drop tests. This latter drop test machine enables a clearly specified component loading by a precisely positioned test object or drop weight and has been used recently for numerous investigations. The paper gives an overview of the wide range of experimental testing methods carried out within guided Impact and bending tests. Examples of methodological challenges are presented, especially such experimental analysis of dynamic impact conditions. In addition to known applied methods of dynamic, non-contact displacement measurements like high-speed 3-D surface deformation a recently patented 2-D tracking method is presented. By means of in-situ determination of fracture parameters with relevance to the materials stress intensity factor, the method has been successfully applied for a typical specimen geometry. Also shown are the possibility of detecting in-situ He-leakage rates on laterally impact loaded lid sealing systems as well as a method of acceleration sensor-temperature control under test conditions in the low temperature range. T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019 CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 04.08.2019 KW - Dynamic impact tests KW - Materials KW - RAM packages KW - Advanced experimental KW - Measurement methods PY - 2019 SP - Paper 1374, 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-49067 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Schilling, O. A1 - Kuschke, Christian A1 - Darnstädt, A. A1 - Schubert, Sven A1 - Günther, U. A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Requirements for management systems for manufacturing of transport packages: the new revision of BAM-GGR 011 guideline N2 - In accordance with IAEA SSR-6 para 306 a management system shall be established and implemented to ensure compliance with the relevant provisions of the IAEA regulations. BAM has issued an update of the guideline: the BAM-GGR 011. The new revision describes necessary quality assurance measures for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance and inspection of packagings for package designs requiring competent authority approval for the transport of radioactive material. The measures can be categorised as system-related and design-related. They are independently approved and monitored by the German competent authority BAM and its authorised expert (BAM/T). The qualification of the organisation applying for the design approval certificate is reviewed in the context of the design approval procedure. The quality assurance measures for manufacture consist of three main steps. Pre-assessment of manufacturing documents such as quality plans, specifications etc., Manufacturing inspections according the pre-assessed documents and inspection before commissioning including documentation review. Periodic inspections during operation as well as relevant specifications for use and maintenance ensure that the properties specified in the approval certificate are preserved over the package life time. Special provisions for the return on experience regarding operational feedback for design, manufacture, use, maintenance and inspection are given. Special focus shall be given here to the rearranged and meanwhile established system of manufacturing inspections. This includes more transparent roles for a) the Producers authorised inspection 11282 representative, b) the independent inspection expert (S), acting on behalf of the manufacturer with acceptance of BAM, and c) BAM or its authorised expert (BAM/T). Additional attention shall be drawn to the management of deviations during manufacturing and provisions for maintenance and periodic inspections. T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019 CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 04.08.2019 KW - Quality assurance KW - Transport KW - Manufacturing KW - Surveillance KW - Radioactive material PY - 2019 SP - Paper 1128, 1 AN - OPUS4-49059 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -