TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - On the sliding behavior of PAEK composites in vacuum environment N2 - The tribological behavior of PAEK composites were investigated in air and vacuum environment. Results indicate that the tribological performance of these compounds depends on material compositions, fiber orientation as well as test conditions. In vacuum, very low friction and wear coefficient were obtained at low sliding speed while severe wear occurred at high speed. T2 - The 6th World Tribology Congress - WTC 2017 CY - Beijing, China DA - 17.09.2017 KW - PAEK KW - Sliding performances KW - Vacuum PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42447 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schönbucher, A. A1 - Schälike, Stefan A1 - Vela-Wallenschus, Iris A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter ED - Schmidt, J. T1 - CFD simulation of large hydrocarbon and peroxide pool fires N2 - Accidental fires in process Industries often occur as pool fires, which are hazardous to people and adjacent objects because of thermal radiation, largely sooting plumes and formation of other combustion products [1-3]. In addition to experimental pool fire tests, numerical investigation of these fires using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes is becoming more important. In regard to safety, thermal radiation is one ofthe main interests in pool fire research. The Surface Emissive Power (SEP) is a key parameter to characterize thermal radiation emitted by a fire. The derived quantity SEP is usually defined as the heat flux due to thermal radiation in relation to flame surface AF. As well as the SEP, the temperatures Tandirradiances E of pool fires are ofparticular interest. CFD Simulation oflarge pool fires is helpful for abetter understanding of fire dynamics and to reduce the number oflarge-scale experiments. To predict the thermal radiation from the jet engine fuel JP-4 (d = 2, 8,16 and 25 m) and DTBP (di-tert-butyl peroxide, d= 1.12 and 3.4m) pool fires CFD methods are used, and the CFD results are compared with experiments. KW - Pool fire KW - JP 4 KW - Organic peroxide KW - DTBP KW - CFD KW - Surface emissive power KW - Irradiation KW - Safety distances PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-527-33027-0 N1 - Geburtsname von Vela-Wallenschus, Iris: Vela, I. - Birth name of Vela-Wallenschus, Iris: Vela, I. IS - Chapter 9 SP - 139 EP - 157 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA AN - OPUS4-25897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Rauchegger, Christian A1 - Schmidt, Dirk A1 - Thévenin, D. T1 - Einfluss der Quellhöhe auf die Ausbreitung schwerer Gase N2 - Im Rahmen von Störfallauswirkungsbetrachtungen werden oft Szenarien betrachtet, in denen Gase freigesetzt werden, die schwerer als Luft sind. Für die Berechnung der Gefährdungsbereiche wird in Deutschland oft die Richtlinie VDI 3783 eingesetzt. Die Methodik zur Bestimmung der Konzentrationsverteilung bei der Freisetzung eines Schwergases ist im Blatt 2 der Richtlinie dargestellt und basiert auf Windkanaluntersuchungen mit verschiedenen Ausbreitungsgebieten. Unter der Zielsetzung, eine möglichst konservative Abschätzung des Gefährdungsbereichs zu erhalten, erfolgte die Gasfreisetzung am Boden. In der Praxis sind aber immer wieder Szenarien zu untersuchen, bei denen die Gasfreisetzung aus Anlagenteilen über Bodenniveau erfolgt. Durch Freilandversuche sollen Anhaltswerte für die Bestimmung einer kritischen Quellhöhe, ab der eine Schwergasausbreitung nicht mehr zu betrachten ist, ermittelt werden. KW - Schwergas KW - VDI-Richtlinie 3783 KW - Gasausbreitung KW - Ausbreitungsmodelle KW - Störfallauswirkungsbetrachtungen PY - 2012 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 2 IS - 10 SP - 35 EP - 37 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-26736 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rolle, Annette A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Winkler, H. P. T1 - Transport condition effects on the sealing system and activity release within spent fuel transport casks N2 - Transport casks for spent fuel have to meet the International Atomic Energy Agency requirements for routine, normal and accident conditions of transport (RCT, NCT, and ACT). In regard to Containment capability a transport cask has to be designed to restrict the release of radioactive content to the required limits of 10'6 A2 per hour under NCT and A2 per week for ACT. Two barriers, which should avoid the release of fuel particles and fission products to the environment, are discussed in this paper: fuel rod claddings and the cask sealing System composed of cask body as well as of bolted lids and metallic seals. Both barriers can be affected by transport conditions. Vibrations and impact forces can increase the fraction of rods undergoing cladding breaches and can also lead to deformations or displacements of cask components involving an unloading or a movement of the lids or the seals. The above mentioned effects have to be properly considered in the safety analysis carried out by the applicant. The assumptions and results of the activity release calculations are verified by BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing. BAM is the German competent authority responsible, in particular, for Containment safety assessment within the licensing procedure of casks for spent fuel. T2 - RAMTRANSPORT 2012 - 9th International Conference on the Radioactive Materials Transport and Storage CY - London, UK DA - 22.05.2012 KW - Radioactive material KW - Safety assessment KW - Spent fuel KW - Leak tightness PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-26498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Towards evidence-based development of flame retarded polymers N2 - Competence in polymer research and development is founded not only on technical/methodical components such as know-how, knowledge and communication, but also on scientific components. According to many sources the latter can be identified as a) identifying topics, tasks, opportunities, challenges, etc. b) describing /understanding phenomena and c) using evidence. Accepting this Basic background, this contribution demonstrates how a, b and c can be fulfilled in the development of flame retarded polymeric materials. Based on different examples of our work over the last 10 years, it is shown that innovation and co-operation are used to tackle actualtasks and opportunities, and that multi-methodical approaches and key experiments are sufficient to generate a deep understanding of phenomena as well as systematic investigations and comprehensive assessments. What is more, the examples shown demonstrate how guidelines are deduced for future material developments, which is, of course, the ultimate benefit of using evidence in applied polymer Science and engineering. T2 - 243rd National ACS meeting - Spring 2012 CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 25.03.2012 KW - Flame retardancy KW - Halogen-free KW - Flame retardancy mechanism KW - Fire property assessment PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-8412-2727-9 SN - 1550-6703 N1 - Serientitel: PMSE Preprints – Series title: PMSE Preprints VL - 243 SP - 38-PMSE PB - Amer Chemical SOC CY - Washington, USA AN - OPUS4-26381 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Systeme mit tiefkalt verflüssigten Gasen in Brandereignissen N2 - Die volumetrische Energiedichte eines Gases kann durch Verflüssigung erhöht wer-den. Diese findet statt, wenn das Gas unter den Siedepunkt abgekühlt wird. Verflüs-sigte Gase mit großer Bedeutung für die Energiewende sind verflüssigter Wasser-stoff (LH2) und verflüssigtes Erdgas (LNG), dessen Verflüssigung Temperaturen von unter -160 °C bedarf. Systeme zur Speicherung dieser verflüssigten Gase müssen in der Regel für Überdrücke ausgelegt sein und benötigen thermische Superisolierun-gen (TSI), um die tiefkalten Bedingungen über längere Zeit halten zu können und Verluste durch Boil-Off gering zu halten. TSI mit Vakuum und MLI oder Perlit sind für viele Anwendungen mit LNG und LH2 geeignet. Bei solchen Systemen handelt es sich in der Regel um doppelwandige Strukturen, bei denen die Innenwand mit dem tiefkalten Fluid in Kontakt steht. Die Lücke, zwischen der Innen- und der Außen-wand befindet sich unter Vakuumbedingungen und enthält zudem MLI oder Perlite. Diese Kombination von Isolationsmethoden ermöglicht es auf kleinstem Raum sehr gute thermische Isolationswirkung zu erreichen. Aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht sind die Systeme gut durchdacht. Das Wissen über das Verhalten dieser Systeme bei einem typischen Ereignis wie einem Brand ist jedoch begrenzt. Dieses Wissen ist aber not-wendig, um die Sicherheit der wachsenden Zahl von Anwendungen auf dem Markt bewerten zu können. T2 - H2-Kolloquium des Kompetenzzentrum „H2Safety@BAM” CY - Online meeting DA - 04.07.2022 KW - Tiefkalt KW - Verflüssigt KW - Isolation KW - Auslegungsüberschreitend PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55178 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Richter, K. H. A1 - Böhning, Martin ED - Morgan, A. B. ED - Wilkie, C. A. ED - Nelson, G. L. T1 - Synergistic use of talc in halogen-free flame retarded polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends N2 - Pyrolysis, flammability, fire behavior, melt viscosity, and gas diffusion of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) were investigated, with bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP), with 10 wt.% talc and with BDP in combination with 5, 10 and 20 wt.% talc, respectively. Compared to PC/ABS, PC/ABS + BDP results in an increased decomposition temperature of PC, a higher char yield, a significantly increased LOI, a V-0 classification in UL 94, a reduced peak heat release rate (pHRR), and a reduced total heat release (THR) in the cone calorimeter. This efficient flame retardancy is due to mechanisms in both the gas and condensed phases. PC/ABS + 10 wt.% talc shows a decrease in the PC decomposition temperature. The fire behavior is improved in part compared to PC/ABS, with an increased LOI and reduced pHRR. PC/ABS + BDP + 10 wt.% talc shows a strong synergism in LOI, a V-0 classification, and a decrease in pHRR, whereas THR is slightly increased compared to PC/ABS + BDP. Talc decreases the gas diffusion and enhances the flow limit for low shear rates, both of which influence the pyrolysis and flammability results. Further, talc improves the protection properties of the fire residues. Nevertheless it also partly suppresses flame inhibition and the charring effect of BDP. The synergism between BDP and talc in LOI is obtained even for low talc loadings in PC/ABS + BDP + talc, whereas for higher loadings saturation is observed. KW - Flame retardancy KW - PC/ABS KW - Aryl phosphate KW - Talc PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-8412-2780-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2012-1118.ch002 N1 - Serientitel: ACS Symposium Series – Series title: ACS Symposium Series VL - 1118 IS - Chapter 2 SP - 15 EP - 36 PB - Oxford University Press AN - OPUS4-27563 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rücker, Werner A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Georgi, Steven ED - Savidis, S.A. T1 - Ermittlung der Tragfähigkeit von Offshore Rammpfählen unter zyklischer Belastung - Modellversuche, Großversuche, numerische Verfahren N2 - Im Rahmen mehrerer vom BMU geförderter Forschungsvorhaben untersucht die BAM zusammen mit Partnern aus Industrie und Wissenschaft das Tragverhalten von zyklisch lateral und axial belasteten Rammpfählen für Offshore Windkraftanlagen. Neben Modellversuchen im Labor werden hierbei auch Großversuche im Maßstab 1: 2 und im Originalmaßstab durchgeführt. In diesen Großversuchen werden Parameter wie Tragfähigkeitsminderung infolge zyklischer Lasten im Druck- und Schwellbereich, sowie die Zunahme von Tragfähigkeiten durch sogenannte Anwachseffekte untersucht. Durch die zyklischen Belastungen werden insbesondere als unsicher anzunehmende Wertepaare in den derzeit verwendeten Interaktionsdiagrammen untersucht, wobei ein Hauptaugenmerk aber nicht nur auf dem Versagen des Pfahls, sondern auch auf der Ermittlung der Resttragfähigkeit nach definierten Zyklenzahlen liegt. Ein weiteres Ziel ist, die sich am Pfahlmantel in Abhängigkeit der oben genannten Parameter ergebenden Tragfähigkeiten durch numerische Berechnungen und durch Laborversuche zu erklären und ein existierendes Modell zur Ermittlung der Tragfähigkeit unter zyklischer Belastung auf der Grundlage aktueller Messdaten am Pfahl zu validieren und zu kalibrieren. Weiterhin finden durch den Projektpartner BARD Untersuchungen zur Abhängigkeit der Pfahltragfähigkeit von der Standzeit bei der Errichtung des Windparks BARD Offshore 1 statt. T2 - 8. Hans Lorenz Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.10.2012 PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-8440-1377-1 SN - 0342-3905 N1 - Serientitel: Veröffentlichungen des Grundbauinstitutes der Technischen Universität Berlin – Series title: Veröffentlichungen des Grundbauinstitutes der Technischen Universität Berlin IS - 60 SP - 311 EP - 329 PB - Shaker AN - OPUS4-27178 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Snoeys, J. A1 - Bunse, R. T1 - Neues aus den Normenausschüssen zum Staubexplosionsschutz N2 - Im Rahmen der Umsetzung der beiden ATEX-Richtlinien, insbesondere der Richtlinie 94/9/EG, entstanden im Normungsgremium CEN TC 305 bzw. in den einzelnen Arbeitsgruppen eine Vielzahl von europäischen Normen und technischen Regeln zum Staubexplosionsschutz. Zwischenzeitlich wurden mehrere der zuerst erstellten Regelwerke überarbeitet oder befinden sich derzeit in der Überarbeitung. Gleichzeitig werden weitere Regelwerke erstellt. Außerdem werden derzeit auf internationaler Ebene Normen im neu gegründeten Gremium SC 31 M „Non-electrical equipment and protective Systems for explosive atmospheres" erarbeitet. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über kürzlich erstellte bzw. überarbeitete Regelwerke und derzeitige Projekte in CEN/TC 305 und IEC/SC 31 M mit Schwerpunkt auf Arbeiten in den Arbeitsgruppen WG 1 und WG 3 von CEN TC 305 bzw. in der Gruppe MT 80079-20-2 von IEC/SC 31 M. T2 - VDI-Fachtagung - Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube CY - Nürnberg, Germany DA - 06.11.2012 KW - ATEX KW - Normung Staubexplosionsschutz KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Konstruktiver Explosionsschutz PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-18-092182-2 SN - 0083-5560 N1 - Serientitel: VDI-Berichte – Series title: VDI-Berichte VL - 2182 SP - 17 EP - 29 PB - VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-27131 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pretsch, Thorsten A1 - Ecker, Melanie A1 - Schildhauer, Markus A1 - Maskos, Michael T1 - Switchable information carriers based on shape memory polymer N2 - Herein we demonstrate the realization of a new technological concept, which enables the use of shape memory polymers (SMPs) as switchable information carriers. At first, we applied a surface-specific dyeing process based on 'guest-diffusion' on two sophisticated polymeric host materials, including a thermoplastic poly(ester urethane) SMP and a thermoset epoxy-based SMP. Upon drying, self-assembly of the dye molecules inside the polymer surfaces occurred, resulting in homogeneous color penetration depths of about 100 µm. Subsequently, the colored surfaces were patterned with quick response (QR) codes. For this purpose, laser ablation was used. The resulting cavity depth was exceeding the color penetration depth. This assured sufficient surface contrast and rendered the QR codes machine-readable. In a progressive approach, two thermo-mechanical functionalization protocols were designed in accordance with the thermal properties of the polymers. As a result of programming, the tag prototypes were converted into stable, temporary shapes with non-decodable QR code information. When thermally triggering the shape memory effect on the functionalized tags, we verified the mostly complete recovery of the polymer surface and the associated restoration into the almost original shape. As such, the QR code could again precisely be read out. We anticipate that tagging products with these information carriers is helpful for the purpose of secure one-time identification. KW - Shape memory polymer KW - Epoxy-based polymer KW - Poly(ester urethane) KW - Thermo-responsive polymer KW - Laser ablation KW - Laser marking KW - QR code KW - Functionalized tags KW - Tag technology KW - Smart tagging KW - Switchable information carrier KW - Authentification KW - Identification KW - Surface-specific dyeing KW - Guest diffusion PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm16204k SN - 0959-9428 SN - 1364-5501 VL - 22 IS - 16 SP - 7757 EP - 7766 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-25737 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quiroz Penaranda, Vanessa A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Laser beam weldability of high-manganese austenitic and duplex stainless steel sheets N2 - Manganese alloyed stainless steels represent a cost-effective alternative to conventional CrNi- stainless steels due to strong fluctuations of the market prices for nickel seen during the last years. In CrMnNi steels, nickel is partially replaced by lower-cost manganese and small amounts of nitrogen for stabilization of the austenitic phase. This also brings benefits regarding the mechanical properties, as it results in an increased material strength. Laser beam welding of such materials was investigated for direct comparison with standard CrNi steels. Main emphasis was laid on finding adequate process parameters to achieve a stable welding process and obtain a good weld quality. Two different laser sources, a 4.4 kW Nd:YAG and a 5 kW CO2 laser, were used to weld 1.5 mm stainless steel sheets in continuous wave mode. A high-Mn austenitic (1.4376) and a lean duplex (1.4162) steel, as well as the standard austenitic (1.4301) and duplex (1.4362) grades were selected as test materials. Both butt and lap joint configurations were studied. Experiments were carried out systematically, varying the welding speed, laser power and focal point position in order to determine adequate process windows. The influence of the shielding gas type and flow rate on the process stability and the weld quality were investigated. The effects of weld edge preparation on the weld appearance and quality levels attained were also examined. The obtained welded joints were subjected to radiographic tests for detection of internal imperfections. Also a metallurgical characterization of the samples regarding the resulting phase composition or balance and hardness depending on the welding process parameters was conducted. Furthermore, tensile and potentiodynamic tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical and corrosion properties, respectively. The results provide an insight into the advantages and limitations of the laser beam welding process for joining high-manganese alloyed stainless steels. Conditions for the production of defect-free and corrosion-resistant welds having good mechanical properties could be determined. KW - Austenitic stainless steels KW - Corrosion KW - CO2 lasers KW - Duplex stainless steels KW - Laser welding KW - Manganese KW - Mechanical properties KW - Shielding gases KW - YAG lasers KW - Weldability PY - 2012 SN - 0043-2288 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 56 IS - 1/2 SP - 9 EP - 20 PB - Springer CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-25404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Hoffmann, C. T1 - Ressourceneffizienz im Betonrecycling - Rahmen und Möglichkeiten in Deutschland und der Schweiz N2 - Aufgrund der großen anfallenden Massenströme ist die Wiederverwertung von Baurestmassen in Industrienationen von besonderer Bedeutung. Auch vor dem Hintergrund der Ressourceneffizienz wird beispielsweise die Nutzung des in Bauschutt vorhandenen Wertstoffpotentials zunehmend wichtiger. Eine besondere Rolle spielt dabei die Wiederverwertung von Altbeton. Ein Grund hierfür ist der deutliche Anstieg des seit Mitte des letzten Jahrhunderts im Bauwesen verbrauchten Betons und die damit verbundene – zeitlich versetzte – Zunahme des Altbetonanteils im Bauschutt. Darüber hinaus ist das Wertstoffpotential von Altbeton im Vergleich zu anderen Abbruchmaterialien besonders groß, denn Altbeton kann unter bestimmten Bedingungen sehr hochwertig auch als rezyklierte Gesteinskörnung wieder in der Betonherstellung eingesetzt werden. Damit kann ein Kreislauf im Sinne eines Closed-loop-Recycling verwirklicht und Altbeton damit hochwertig wiederverwertet werden. T2 - R’13 - Fachtagung Recycling CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 19.09.2013 KW - Ressourceneffizienz KW - Beton KW - Recycling KW - Ökobilanzielle Betrachtung PY - 2013 IS - Paper 14 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Bauhaus-Univ. CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-30061 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grzeszkowski, Mateusz A1 - Prager, Jens ED - Linde, B. B. J. ED - Paczkowski, J. ED - Ponikwicki, N. T1 - Determination and visualization of the wave propagation on solid surfaces using a single head laser vibrometer N2 - This paper presents an automated system for the evaluation and visualization of structural vibrations on the surface of solid materials in an ultrasonic frequency range using a single head laser Doppler vibrometer. For this method, the vibrometer performs a continuous scan of the surface driven by a two-axes robotic system. Scan and measurement parameters can be adapted to the requirements of geometry, frequency and resolution. Data processing techniques are employed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and minimize the effect of inconvenient laser beam reflections caused by speckles. T2 - International congress on ultrasonics CY - Gdansk, Poland DA - 05.09.2011 KW - Acoustic signal processing KW - Data visualisation KW - Doppler measurement KW - Measurement by laser beam KW - Robots KW - Structural acoustics KW - Structural engineering KW - Structural engineering computing KW - Vibration measurement PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-7354-1019-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3703184 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 1433 SP - 259 EP - 262 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-27791 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Gravenkamp, Hauke A1 - Rahman, Mehbub-Ur A1 - Köppe, Enrico T1 - Einsatz geführter Wellen für die Ultraschallprüfung N2 - Der Einsatz geführter Wellen für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung mit Ultraschall eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten, räumlich ausgedehnte Bauteile mit begrenzter Zugänglichkeit auf ihre Integrität zu prüfen und gewinnt daher zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dieser Artikel behandelt die physikalischen Grundlagen der Schallausbreitung. Deren Verständnis bildet die Grundlage für die Entwicklung geeigneter Prüfsysteme. An Beispielen werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Simulation der Schallausbereitung vorgestellt. Aktuelle Lösungsansätze zur Prüfung von plattenförmigen Strukturen und von Rohrleitungen werden beschrieben, wobei besonders auf die Sensortechnik und die speziellen Anforderungen an die Prüfhardware eingegangen wird. N2 - Guided waves are widely used for non-destructive testing using ultrasound. Recently, the method has become increasingly important for integrity tests of spatially extended components with limited accessibility. This article discusses the basic physics of the sound propagation of guided waves. Their understanding forms the basis for the successful development of adapted inspection systems. Examples for simulating the wave propagation using different methods are presented. Current approaches for the inspection of plate-like structures and pipelines are described with focus on sensor technology and the specific requirement on the test hardware. KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Geführte Wellen KW - Ultraschallprüfung KW - Non-destructive evaluation KW - Guided waves KW - Ultrasound PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/teme.2012.0168 SN - 0340-837X SN - 0178-2312 SN - 0171-8096 VL - 79 IS - 5 SP - 251 EP - 261 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-26206 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fittschen, U. A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Böttger, S. A1 - Rosenberg, D. A1 - Menzel, M. A1 - Jensen, W. A1 - Busker, M. A1 - Gotlib, Z. A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Wobrauschek, P. A1 - Streli, C. ED - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana T1 - A setup for synchrotron-radiation-induced total reflection X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near-edge structure recently commissioned at BESSY II BAMline N2 - An automatic sample changer chamber for total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis in TXRF geometry was successfully set up at the BAMline at BESSY II. TXRF and TXRF-XANES are valuable tools for elemental determination and speciation, especially where sample amounts are limited (<1 mg) and concentrations are low (ng ml⁻¹ to μg ml⁻¹). TXRF requires a well defined geometry regarding the reflecting surface of a sample carrier and the synchrotron beam. The newly installed chamber allows for reliable sample positioning, remote sample changing and evacuation of the fluorescence beam path. The chamber was successfully used showing accurate determination of elemental amounts in the certified reference material NISTwater 1640. Low limits of detection of less than 100 fg absolute (10 pg ml⁻¹) for Ni were found. TXRF-XANES on different Re species was applied. An unknown species of Re was found to be Re in the +7 oxidation state. KW - TXRF KW - TXRF-XANES KW - Sample changer KW - BAMline KW - Re-XANES PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577516001995 SN - 1600-5775 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 820 EP - 824 PB - International Union of Crystallography AN - OPUS4-38656 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kühn, Andreas A1 - Scharf, Oliver A1 - Ordavo, I. A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Berger, Achim A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Pushing the limits for fast spatially resolved elemental distribution patterns N2 - A new setup for fast spatially resolved measurements of elemental trace amounts under total reflection conditions using a new colour X-ray camera is described. Samples prepared on conventional total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) reflectors were measured at BESSY II synchrotron. A spatial resolution of 50 × 50 µm² was obtained, while the required time for the investigation of a 10 × 10 mm² sample is 30 seconds. The set-up is up to 350 times faster than conventional X-ray fluorescence systems for elemental traces. The major components of the X-ray camera are polycapillary optics and a pn-CCD chip with an active area of 13 × 13 mm². This area is divided into 264 × 264 pixels of 48 × 48 µm². A full X-ray spectrum with a resolution of 152 eV @ 5.9 keV and a chip temperature of 246 K is recorded for each pixel. The chip has a read-out rate of 400 Hz. PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ja10069f SN - 0267-9477 SN - 1364-5544 VL - 26 SP - 1986 EP - 1989 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-24386 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Förste, F. A1 - Bauer, L. A1 - Streeck, C. A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Kadow, D. A1 - Keil, C. A1 - Mantouvalou, I. T1 - Quantitative Analysis and 2D/3D Elemental Imaging of Cocoa Beans Using X‑ray Fluorescence Techniques N2 - As an important raw material for the confectionery industry, the cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.) has to meet certain legal requirements in terms of food safety and maximum contaminant levels in order to enter the cocoa market. Understanding the enrichment and distribution of essential minerals but also toxic metals is of utmost importance for improving the nutritional quality of this economically important raw food material. We present three X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques for elemental bio-imaging of intact cocoa beans and one additional XRF technique for quantitative analysis of cocoa pellets. The interrelation of all the methods presented gives a detailed picture of the content and 3D-resolved distribution of elements in complete cocoa beans for the first time. KW - BAMline KW - Synchrotron KW - XRF KW - CXC KW - Cocoa PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05370 VL - 95 SP - 5627 EP - 5635 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-57832 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Lorek, A. A1 - Wernecke, R. T1 - HUMItrace-Sensorsystem mit neuartigen planaren Spurenfeuchtesensoren N2 - Es wird ein Sensorsystem (HUMItrace III) zur Spurenfeuchtebestimmung in der Prozessmesstechnik vorgestellt. Die Bestimmung der Spurenfeuchte erfolgt mit neuentwickelten planaren Sensoren (HUMItrace-Sensoren) nach dem coulometrischen Messprinzip im Frostpunkttemperaturbereich von -80 °C bis -30 °C mit der Kalibriereinrichtung THG11 durch Mischen von trockenen und befeuchteten Teilgasströmen kalibriert. Die Gasfeuchte von Luft kann in diesem Bereich mit den HUMItrace-Sensoren mit einer erweiterten Unsicherheit von 2 K bestimmt werden. Die Sensoren können aber auch zur Gasfeuchtemessung in Wasserstoff, Stickstoff und Distickstoffmonoxid eingesetzt werden. Eine weitere Kalibriereinrichtung, THG-P12, generiert Prüfgase nach der Permeationsmethode; sie kann in das HUMItrace III Sensorsystem implementiert und zur vor-Ort-Kalibrierung der HUMItrace-Sensoren nach dem Standardadditionsverfahren genutzt werden. T2 - Temperatur 2013 - Verfahren und Geräte in der Temperatur- und Feuchtemesstechnik CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.06.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 3-9810021-8-0 SP - 257 EP - 262 AN - OPUS4-28732 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar T1 - A modular concept for protection against debris flight - Design, properties and usage N2 - With advances in technological development, stationary and mobile storage units for compressed hydrogen are becoming larger and larger. Their number is also increasing. At the same time, their design has evolved from steel and aluminium to pressure vessels made of composite materials. For safety reasons the design approval of those composite cylinders requires fire engulfment tests, which are mainly organised as open-air tests always needs dedicated protection measures. Under some conditions those protections measures even reduce the effort for organisational safety measures if e.g. the emission of splinters can get totally prevented. Another aspect is the improved reproducibility of fire tests by reducing the influence of wind, especially wind turbulence. Between 2017 and 2019, BAM developed a stackable protective frame made of steel to safely capture splinters for the safe execution of high-energy impact tests. However, this frame was not flexible enough for the follow up project, which led to a completely new protection concept for (potentially) destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels. This concept is based on very robust building blocks with knobs and holes of a dimension of 1m x 0.5m x 0.5m made from welded steel. Despite their considerable weight of around 500 kg, they can be combined and stacked very easily like ‘Lego bricks’. The presentation will show the flexibility of the concept, some results of tests on the robustness against pressure waves and the effectiveness in wind attenuation. Finally, the interaction with a new, also modular burner concept for localised fires and full engulfment fires will be presented. T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025 CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 24.09.2025 KW - Splinter protection KW - Pressure vessel testing KW - Fire engulfment KW - Destructive tests KW - Rupture KW - Gaseous tests KW - Pressure wave KW - Test equipment KW - Precaution measures PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65099 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Safety challenges of the hydrogen market ramp-up N2 - The presentation will provide some thoughts on the key safety challenges for staying safe during the market ramp-up phase of the rapidly expanding hydrogen economy. The focus is on storage aspects, but other topics are also covered. Each brief description of an aspect is followed by a proposal for solving the problem. Key words are safety aspects of hydrogen transport (CGH2 and LH2), risk control, consequence limitation, structural reliability control, safety monitoring through destructive and non-destructive testing, improvement of RCS through impact simulation, new approaches to safety assessment, outlook on the potential of NDT and digital product passports. T2 - 6th Germany–Korea Hydrogen Conference 2025 CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 03.12.2025 KW - Risk-control KW - Regulatory measures KW - Operational safety KW - Mass transport KW - Full scale tests PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65102 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Bartelmeß, Jürgen T1 - KonSens - Kommunizierende Sensorsysteme für die Bauteil- und Umweltüberwachung N2 - In the KonSens Project, sensor systems are developed, validated, and operated in form of functional models for the application areas Structure Integrated Sensors and Mobile Multi-gas Sensors. Key aspects are the detection and evaluation of corrosion processes in reinforced concrete structures as well as the detection and quantification of very low concentrations of toxic gases in air. The adaption of sensor principles from the lab into real-life application including appropriate communication techniques is a major task. In recent years, Structural Health Monitoring have gained in importance, since growing age of buildings and infrastructure as well as increasing load requirements demand for reliable surveillance methods. In this regard, the project follows two strategies: First, the development and implementation of completely embedded sensor systems consisting of RFID-tag and in situ sensors, and their further application potential (e.g. for precast concrete elements, roadways, wind power plants, and maritime structures). Secondly, the development of a long-term stable, miniaturized, fiber optic sensor for a ratiometric and referenced measurement of the pH-value in concrete based on fluorescence detection as an indicator for carbonation and corrosion. Environmental pollution through emission of toxic gases becomes an increasing problem not only in agriculture (e.g. biogas plants) and industry but also in urban areas. This leads to increasing demand to monitor environmental emissions as well as ambient air and industrial air components in many scenarios and in even lower concentrations than nowadays. The selectivity of luminescence-based sensors is enabled by the combination of the sensing dye and the material, which is used as accumulation medium for concentration of the analyte. This principle allows for developing gas sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity of defined substances. Additional benefits, particularly of fluorescence-based sensors, are their capability for miniaturization and potential multiplex mode. Objective is the development and implementation of sensors based on fluorescence detection for defined toxic gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, ozone, and benzene) with sensitivity in the low ppm or even ppb range. Additionally, the integration of such sensors in mobile sensor devices is addressed. T2 - Colloquium of Optical Spectrometry (COSP) 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.11.2017 KW - RFID sensors KW - Sensors in concrete KW - Gas sensors KW - Mobile sensors KW - Fluorescence sensors PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43183 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Tugnoli, Alessandro A1 - Okpeke, Bright A1 - Campoari, Alessandro A1 - Zervaki, Anna T1 - NICOLHy - 2nd Stakeholder Advisory Board meeting N2 - The NICOLHy project aims to develop a novel insulation concept based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) that enables the safe, cost- and energy efficient storage of large quantities of LH2. Such large scale LH2 storage technology is necessary for establishing a hydrogen economy with dimensions between 40.000 m³ and more than 200.000 m³ of LH2. However, new design concepts are needed because the currently available technologies used in small and medium storages today are not suitable for up-scaling. The main problems prohibiting the up-scaling are the long production time due to the process chain, the low failure tolerance and the spherical shape, which reduces the payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other shapes. The novel concept will change these conditions by a system which is modular, open-form, time-and cost efficient while production, operation and service, multi-failure tolerant and applicable for onshore and offshore applications. The presentations shows details to the concept and presents several safety concerns the project has to deal with. This document contains all presentations from NICOLHys second Stakeholder Meeting. T2 - NICOLHy 2nd Stakeholder Meeting CY - Athens, Greece DA - 22.01.2025 KW - Liquefied hydrogen KW - Insulation KW - Tanks PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62564 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Camplese, D. A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Cozzani, V. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Insulation Materials Used in Tanks for the Storage of Cryogenic Fluids in Fire Scenarios N2 - The importance of tanks for storing cryogenic fluids in the energy industry is increasing because of ongoing political conflicts and the implementation of more environmentally friendly energy sources. Key representatives for the application of cryogenic tanks are natural gas in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and hydrogen, e. g. in the form of Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2), for which significantly higher transport capacities can be achieved with the same transport volume using cryogenic storages than with storages based solely on overpressure. What applies to all cryogenic transported fluids in common is their condition that must be maintained. Hence heat flows into the preserved fluid must be minimized. Thermal super Insulations (TSI) based on e. g. multilayer insulations (MLI), perlites, and vacuum are utilized for this purpose and have already proven themselves in similar applications. However, for the use of tanks for cryogenic fluids in the transport sector, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the course and consequences of incidents, which is due to the still short period of use and the few documented incidents, hence few investigations carried out in this field. Typical scenarios in the transport sector represent car accidents with collisions, fires, and their combination, which are associated with extraordinary loads on the tank. The focus of this study is to investigate the behavior of TSI as a result of their thermal exposure to a heat source representing a fire. It is worth mentioning that this could lead to an increase of the heat flux into a tank by several orders of magnitude, and to permanent damage of the TSI, ultimately rapid release of flammable gas as well as a Boiling Liquide Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). For this purpose, a high temperature thermal vacuum chamber (HTTVC) has been developed that allows thermal loading of MLI or perlites in a vacuum and simultaneous measurement of heat flow through this TSI. The HTTVC is designed to represent realistic insulation conditions and to withstand thermal loads from typical design fires. The HTTVC was applied to investigate TSI based on MLI and vacuum. It is shown that the thermal stress caused permanent damage to the TSI, with shrinkage, phase change, pyrolysis, and condensation being significant damage mechanisms. The results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios and can thus contribute to the improvement of TSI and the development of emergency measures for the protection of persons and infrastructures. T2 - ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2023) CY - Atlanta, Georgia, USA DA - 16.07.2023 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - MLI KW - Fire PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-57973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar ED - Eberwein, Robert ED - Perrone, Luca pakj ED - Cozzani, Valerio ED - Otremba, Frank ED - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Study the Impact of Spacer at Thermal Degradation Process of MLI-based Insulation in Fire Condition N2 - To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, energy carries such as hydrogen consider to be a solution. Consumption of hydrogen as a fuel meets several restrictions such as its low volumetric energy density in gas phase. To tackle this problem, storage as well as transportation in liquid phase is recommended. To be able to handle this component in liquid phase, an efficient thermal insulation e.g., MLI insulation is required. Some studies have been revealed vulnerability of this type of insulation against high heat flux, for instance a fire accident. Some investigations have been depicted the importance of consideration of the MLI thermal degradation in terms of its reflective layer. However, limited number of studies have been focused on the thermal degradation of spacer material and its effect on the overall heat flux. In this study, through systematic experimental measurements, the effect of thermal loads on glass fleece, glass paper as well as polyester spacers are investigated. The results are reported in various temperature and heat flux profiles. Interpreting the temperature profiles revealed as the number of spacers in the medium increases, the peak temperature detectable by the temperature sensor on the measurement plate decreases. Moreover, the contribution of each individual spacer in all cases regarding the experimental temperature range is assessed to be around 8%. This value may increase to around 50% for glass paper and polyester spacers, and to around 25% for glass fleece spacers as the number of spacer layers increases up to six layers. To utilize the outcomes of the experiment later and integrate the results into numerical and CFD simulations, a model is proposed for the mentioned experimental temperature range up to 300°C to predict a heat flux attenuation factor. The model proposes a fitting factor that can reproduce the least square fitted line to the experimental data. T2 - 15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions Naples (ISHPMIE) CY - Naples, Italy DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Multi-Layer Insulation KW - Cryogenics KW - Liquid Hydrogen KW - Heat Transfer KW - Hydrogen Storage PY - 2024 SP - 744 EP - 755 AN - OPUS4-60461 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Lh2 Tanks In Fire Incidents - The Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber Enables In-Depth Insights N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Their storage requires tanks with thermal super-insulations to keep them at cryogenic conditions for a long time. These insulation systems have proven itself in various applications over a long time. However, these insulations are still new in land transportation, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. This study summarizes the results of the ongoing research program in which insulations commonly used in industry were analysed through experimental and numerical studies under fire-like conditions. It was found that there are strong differences among the various insulation systems. Several safety concerns and research gaps exists for layered insulations, which are typically used in land transport. To further analyse these insulation systems, a new test concept called Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC) was developed and manufactured. This concept enables the testing of large insulation samples under industrial conditions and the consideration of cryogenic conditions relevant for the investigation of various phenomena. The results are important for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of thermal super-insulations, and the development of emergency measures. T2 - IMECE 2024 CY - Oregon, Portland, USA DA - 17.11.2024 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Insulation KW - Safety PY - 2024 SN - 978-0-7918-8869-8 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-61751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, D. A1 - Chianese, C. A1 - Scarponi, G. A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, V. T1 - Analysis of high temperature degradation of multi-layer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks N2 - The interest in hydrogen-based green energy is increasing worldwide, and the same is true for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Among the possible solutions to store hydrogen in such vehicles, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are the most promising to increase the amount of energy stored per unit volume. However, MLI is affected by severe deterioration when exposed to an external source of heat such as a fire following a car accident, leaving the tank unprotected and leading to failure in a relatively short time. In this work, a one-dimensional model to evaluate MLI thermal degradation when a liquid hydrogen tank is exposed to fire is presented. The relevance of taking MLI degradation into account when simulating the pressure increase due to external fire exposure is here demonstrated through the analysis of several case studies. The results show that MLI systems performance depletes within a few minutes of exposure to hydrocarbon poolfire. T2 - ICheaP 16 CY - Naples, Italy DA - 21.05.2023 KW - LH2 KW - MLI KW - Tiefkalt KW - Fire KW - Tank PY - 2023 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. AN - OPUS4-57584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Wasserstoff - Kryogene Anwendungen N2 - Wasserstoff wird als ein potenzieller alternativer Energieträger gesehen, mit dem die für 2050 gesetzten Klimaziele erreicht werden könnten. Der Transport von Wasserstoff ist mittels verschiedener Speichertechniken möglich, von denen der kryogene Transport mit den größten volumetrischen Energiedichten einhergeht. Hierdurch eignen sich diese Speicher besonders für die energieintensiven Verkehrsmittel im Land-, See- und Flugverkehr. Im Vortrag werden Speichertechniken, Gefahren im Umgang mit kryogenen Gasen sowie bisherige Störfälle dargestellt. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Teil der aktuellen Forschungsarbeit an der BAM vorgestellt, die die Sicherheit dieser Speicher unter außergewöhnlichen Belastungen adressiert. T2 - 26. Gefahrgutkongress Mecklenburg-Vorpommern CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 03.11.2022 KW - Wasserstoff KW - H2 KW - LNG KW - LH2 KW - Tank PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56181 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Camplese, D. T1 - Analysis of high temperature degradation of multi-layer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks N2 - The interest in hydrogen-based green energy is increasing worldwide, and the same is true for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Among the possible solutions to store hydrogen in such vehicles, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are the most promising to increase the amount of energy stored per unit volume. However, MLI is affected by severe deterioration when exposed to an external source of heat such as a fire following a car accident, leaving the tank unprotected and leading to failure in a relatively short time. In this work, a one-dimensional model to evaluate MLI thermal degradation when a liquid hydrogen tank is exposed to fire is presented. The relevance of taking MLI degradation into account when simulating the pressure increase due to external fire exposure is here demonstrated through the analysis of several case studies. The results show that MLI systems performance depletes within a few minutes of exposure to hydrocarbon poolfire. T2 - ICheaP 16 CY - Naples, Italy DA - 21.05.2023 KW - LH2 KW - MLI KW - Fire KW - Tank PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Tanks For The Large-Scale Transport And Storage Of Liquefied Hydrogen N2 - Hydrogen is seen as a potential energy source that enables us to achieve our climate targets. Hydrogen can be well integrated into the electrical energy infrastructure, and its production and use is free of direct GHG emissions. However, tanks are needed for worldwide storage and transportation, which need to be further developed and up-scaled. In the EU-funded NICOLHy project, BAM investigates a novel insulation concept based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) that enables the safe, cost- and energy-efficient storage of large quantities of LH2. Such large-scale LH2 storage technology is necessary to build tanks with capacities of 40.000 m³ to more than 200.000 m³ of LH2, as it is in application for LNG today. However, new design concepts are needed because the currently available technologies used in small and medium storages today are not suitable for up-scaling. The main problems prohibiting up-scaling are the long production time due to the process chain, the low failure tolerance, and the spherical shape of the tank, which reduces the payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other shapes. The novel concept will change these conditions by a system which is modular, open-form, time-and cost-efficient during production, operation and service, multi-failure tolerant and applicable for onshore and offshore applications. The NICOLHy consortium is ideally suited for this ambitious project. It brings together experts from the fields of thermodynamics, cryogenics, marine, chemistry, process, and safety engineering. Thereby, NICOLHy will accelerate the integration of hydrogen into the European energy economy and industry, which is necessary to be in line with the European Green Deal and to build trust of society in the policy and the technology. T2 - BAM Akademie H2 Safety - Colloquium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.11.2024 KW - LH2 KW - Insulation KW - Liquefied Hydrogen KW - Tank PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Systems for the storage of cryogenic liquefied gases N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Its storage requires tanks with Thermal Super Insulations (TSI) to keep the transported fluid cold. The presentation includes 2 main topics of the department. First TSI has proven itself in various applications over a long time, but not in the land transport sector, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. To analyze fire scenarios a High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (HTTVC) was developed that allows the thermal loading of thermal insulation material in a vacuum and measuring the heat flow through the TSI in parallel. Within this chamber, 5 samples were tested regarding 3 different types of MLI, rock wool, and perlites. In the presentation, the results are presented. Second, the studying of accident scenarios enables the improvement of thermal superinsulation and to find novel insulation concepts. This is necessary for LH2 large-scale storages, for which state-of-the-art solutions are not suitable. Within the presentation, a novel insulation concept will be presented. T2 - Specialist Meeting - Threats to HAZMAT Pressure Vessels and BLEVE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.04.2023 KW - Crygenic KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - MLI PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - LH2 Tanks In Fire Incidents - The Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber Enables In-Depth Insights N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Their storage requires tanks with thermal super-insulations to keep them at cryogenic conditions for a long time. These insulation systems have proven itself in various applications over a long time. However, these insulations are still new in land transportation, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. This study summarizes the results of the ongoing research program in which insulations commonly used in industry were analysed through experimental and numerical studies under fire-like conditions. It was found that there are strong differences among the various insulation systems. Several safety concerns and research gaps exists for layered insulations, which are typically used in land transport. To further analyse these insulation systems, a new test concept called Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC) was developed and manufactured. This concept enables the testing of large insulation samples under industrial conditions and the consideration of cryogenic conditions relevant for the investigation of various phenomena. The results are important for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of thermal super-insulations, and the development of emergency measures. T2 - IMECE 2024 CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 17.11.2024 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Insulation KW - Safety PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Banach, Ulrich ED - Rodriguez Mendez, M. T1 - Electronic Noses for the Quality Control of Spices N2 - The chapter describes the application of electronic noses (multigas sensors) for the quality control of spices and spice mixtures. Electronic noses were successfully applied for headspace analysis of spices. It was demonstrated in many investigations that electronic noses can contribute to the characterization of spices and spice mixtures in order to distinguish spices and spice mixtures, differentiate by origin, growth seasons,and processing,indicate adulteration from original, detect mold infestation. Electronic noses can be used as a fast screening method to provide information about the product quality. However, it needs samples and methods for reference, careful training, and complex calibration to consider influencing and disturbing effects as well as the possible limitations of the instrumentation. The correlation to classical chemical analysis methods is always advisable. Machined olfaction methods are capable to support the sensory analysis; however, they cannot yet substitute them. KW - Spice KW - Electronic Nose KW - Multigas sensor KW - Quality control PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-12-800243-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800243-8.00012-3 SP - Chapter 12, 115 EP - 124 PB - Academic Press CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-35443 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Wilrich, Cordula A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Chemically unstable gases and gas mixtures - new categories in the GHS N2 - In connection with the use of chemically unstable gases (especially acetylene and ethylene oxide) accidents keep on happening - amongst them also quite serious ones. These gases are known to be chemically unstable. A chemically unstable sas is a flammable gas that is able to react exolosivelv even in the absence of air or oxveen. The investigation of accidents showed that the Chemical instability of flammable gases played an important role in the severity of accidents. Therefore, this hazardous property was included in the global harmonizatiön of the Classification of Chemicals. The Classification of chemically unstable flammable gases and mixtures is an amendment to Chapter 2.2 “Flammable gases” of the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), because most chemically unstable gases are flammable as well. The proposal to add them to the GHS originated from the experts of an informal working group of the UN Sub-Committee of Expert on the GHS (UNSCEGHS) headed by BAM, Germany. The UNSCEGHS has decided to include it in the Fourth Revised Edition of the GHS. The respective method for determining whether a gas is chemically unstable or not, is included in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria. This paper presents some experimental investigations of these gases, the test methods, examples of new classifications and results from CHEMSAFE T2 - 14th Annual symposium, Mary Kay O´Connor process safety center - Beyond regulatory compliance: making safety second nature CY - College Station, TX, USA DA - 25.10.2011 KW - Chemically unstable gases KW - GHS KW - Chemisch instabile Gase PY - 2011 SP - 871 EP - 882 AN - OPUS4-24913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ihlenburg, R. B. J. A1 - Mai, T. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Baerenwald, R. A1 - Saalwächter, K. A1 - Koetz, J. A1 - Taubert, A. T1 - Sulfobetaine Hydrogels with a Complex Multilength-Scale Hierarchical Structure N2 - Hydrogels with a hierarchical structure were prepared from a new highly water-soluble crosslinker N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-N,N′-bis(2-ethylmethacrylate)-propyl-1,3-diammonium dibromide and from the sulfobetaine monomer 2-(N-3-sulfopropyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium)ethyl methacrylate. The free radical polymerization of the two compounds is rapid and yields near-transparent hydrogels with sizes up to 5 cm in diameter. Rheology shows a clear correlation between the monomer-to-crosslinker ratio and the storage and loss moduli of the hydrogels. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering show that the gels have a hierarchical structure with features spanning the nanometer to the sub-millimeter scale. The NMR study is challenged by the marked inhomogeneity of the gels and the complex chemical structure of the sulfobetaine monomer. NMR spectroscopy shows how these complications can be addressed via a novel fitting approach that considers the mobility gradient along the side chain of methacrylate-based monomers. KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - SAXS KW - Gel PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10601 SN - 1520-6106 VL - 125 IS - 13 SP - 3398 EP - 3408 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-52403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Banach, Ulrich A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Hübert, Thomas T1 - Multigas sensors for the quality control of spice mixtures N2 - Spices have an important impact on daily aliment. Changes of their quality resulting in far reaching consequences in different foodstuffs and imply financial losing and even health hazard. In this study it is demonstrated that application of two different portable multi gas sensors (electronic nose and ion mobility spectrometer) supported by multivariate data analysis can contribute to ensure quality control of spice mixtures and to find out product adulteration. Headspace above spice mixtures for sausages and saveloy and product counterfeitings was investigated by a metal oxide based electronic nose (e-nose of KAMINA-type). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of sensor resistivity data was performed for differentiation. Simultaneously an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) was coupled to the emission chamber for detection of gaseous components above spice mixtures. The measured spectra show differences between the two spice mixtures and were discussed using a principal component analysis (PCA). The two multigas sensors permit discrimination between the types of spice mixtures and can indicate product adulteration. Additionally, a headspace gas analysis by gas chromatography was performed to identify the main volatile components and to prove the chemical basis for the observed differences of the multi gas sensors. KW - Spice mixtures KW - Product adulteration KW - Electronic nose KW - Ion mobility spectrometer KW - Gas chromatography KW - Multivariate data analysis PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.015 SN - 0956-7135 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 23 EP - 27 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-25402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Overview of hydrogen safety & remaining challenges in a green economy and energy transition N2 - In this talk, general aspects of the safety and acceptance of hydrogen technologies were presented. How can trust in new technologies be built when past accidents led to myths and fairy tales? The presentation does away with general prejudices and shows that handling hydrogen is neither more unsafe nor safer than handling other fuel gases. The basis for the safe handling of hydrogen is always a risk analysis. T2 - 6th SAF€RA Symposium - Safety in the new economy and energy transition CY - Rome, Italy DA - 19.05.2022 KW - Sicherer Umgang KW - Sicherheit KW - Wasserstoff Hydrogen KW - Safety PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - Friction and wear characteristics of polymers in gaseous and liquid hydrogen N2 - The presentation deals with the investigation of polymer composites for their suitability for friction systems in gaseous and liquid hydrogen. T2 - 59. Tribologie-Fachtagung CY - Goettingen, Germany DA - 24.09.2018 KW - Friction KW - Wear KW - Polymer composites KW - Hydrogen KW - Cryogenic temperature PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46184 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberemm, A. A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Meckert, C. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Proteomic responses of human intestinal Caco-2 cells exposed to silver nanoparticles and ionic silver N2 - Even although quite a number of studies have been performed so far to demonstrate nanoparticle-specific effects of substances in living systems, clear evidence of these effects is still under debate. The present study was designed as a comparative proteomic analysis of human intestinal cells exposed to a commercial silver nanoparticle reference material and ions from AgNO3. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/MALDI mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analysis was conducted after 24-h incubation of differentiated Caco-2 cells with non-cytotoxic and low cytotoxic silver concentrations (2.5 and 25 µg ml−1 nanosilver, 0.5 and 5 µg ml−1 AgNO3). Out of an overall number of 316 protein spots differentially expressed at a fold change of ≥ 1.4 or ≤ −1.4 in all treatments, 169 proteins could be identified. In total, 231 spots were specifically deregulated in particle-treated groups compared with 41 spots, which were limited to AgNO3-treatments. Forty-four spots (14 %) were commonly deregulated by both types of treatment. A considerable fraction of the proteins differentially expressed after treatment with nanoparticles is related to protein folding, synthesis or modification of proteins as well as cellular assembly and organization. Overlays of networks obtained for particulate and ionic treatments showed matches, indicating common mechanisms of combined particle and ionic silver exposure and exclusive ionic silver treatment. However, proteomic responses of Caco-2 cells treated with higher concentrations of silver species also showed some differences, for example regarding proteins related to fatty acid and energy metabolism, suggesting an induction of also some different molecular mechanisms for particle exposure and ionic treatment. KW - Nanoparticle KW - Nanosilver KW - Silver PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3231 SN - 1099-1263 VL - 36 SP - 404 EP - 413 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-35301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bayat, Mehmet E. A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Identifizierung und Bewertung von Einflussgrößen bei der Sprengstoffspuren-detektion durch Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie N2 - IMS trägt zur Luftfrachtsicherheit bei Luftsicherheitsgesetze verpflichten Luftsicherheitsbehörden, Flughafenbetreiber und Fluggesellschaften umfassende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen auf den Flughäfen zu ergreifen, um Gefahren z. B. durch potenziell gefährliche Frachtgüter zu erkennen. Von der Europäische Zivilluftfahrt-Konferenz (ECAC) zertifizierte IMS-Geräte werden vor Ort an den Kontrollpunkten orthogonal zur Radiologie eingesetzt, um chemische Informationen von verdächtiger Fracht über Gefahrstoffe wie Sprengstoffe oder Drogen vor dem Verladen zu erhalten. Vor der Detektion von Sprengstoffen beginnt die Untersuchung eines verdächtigen Objekts mit der Probenahme mittels Wischprobensammlern. Eine Luftsicherheitskontrollkraft wischt dabei Oberflächen des Objekts mit einem Probensammler ab, um Partikel von Gefahrstoffen zu sammeln. Der beladene Probensammler wird anschließend in einen Probeneinlass eingeführt. Nach thermischer Desorption der gesammelten Stoffe erhält der Bediener (z. B. Luftsicherheitskontrollkraft) ein boolesches Ergebnis - "Alarm" oder "Kein Alarm". Verfahren und Ergebnisse In dieser Studie wurden drei Verfahren mit vier ECAC-zertifizierten ETD-Geräten zur Identifizierung und Beurteilung der Probenahme (PN) entwickelt: I) direkte PN durch lösemittelbasierten Auftrag einer bekannten Sprengstoffmenge auf einem Probensammler, II) Auftrag einer bekannten Menge eines gelösten Sprengstoffs auf einem 10 cm × 10 cm Substrat (Aluminium, Papier, Eisen und Polyvinylchlorid) und manuelle PN nach Lösemittelverdampfung, III) lösemittelbasierter Sprengstoffauftrag auf eine PTFE- oder PTFE-beschichtete Glasfaseroberfläche, nach Lösemittelverdunstung trockene Übertragung auf das zu beprobende Substrat zur PN. Der Zusammenhang zwischen vorgelegter Sprengstoffmenge und der Detektionswahrscheinlichkeit (POD) erfolgt durch Anwendung des binären Regressionsverfahrens mit einer Logit-Funktion: POD=1/(1+exp⁡(-A(m-B)) )·100% Dabei entspricht m der vorgelegten Sprengstoffmasse bis 1000 ng, Parameter A / ng-1 der logistischen Wachstumsrate der Kurve und Parameter B / ng dem m-Wert des Mittelpunktes des Sigmoids. Die Bestimmung der Parameter wurde nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate berechnet. Das entwickelte Messunsicherheitsmodell kombiniert quantitative Ergebnisse aus Stammlösung und deren Verdünnungen sowie Stoffauftrag und qualitative Ergebnisse nach Anzeige "Alarm" oder "Kein Alarm". Dieses Auswerteverfahren wurde auf die Probenahme angewandt. Identifizierte Unsicherheitsursachen sind die Durchführung der Wischprobenahme, Staub, Lösemitteleffekte und die Unsicherheit bei der Herstellung von Testlösungen. T2 - 8. Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (IMS)-Anwendertreffen CY - Online meeting DA - 17.03.2021 KW - IMS KW - Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie KW - Ion mobility spectrometry KW - Sprengstoffspurendetektion KW - Luftfrachtsicherheit PY - 2021 UR - https://www.uni-potsdam.de/de/ims2021/tagungsprogramm AN - OPUS4-52474 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - National Alliance for Hydrogen Safety N2 - Hydrogen as an energy carrier offers the possibility of establishing a global and local CO2-neutral energy economy. The Hydrogen Clusters4Future bundle already existing expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies in and around Aachen with actors from Industry, Science and Society. All while considering the entire hydrogen life cycle – from production to storage and distribution to use. Safety is also an important issue and independant analysis on a national level is actually not possible in Germany. Other countries like the US and Canada established national safety alliances to offer support to companies and authorities. BAM, together with other independant institutes in Germany started to establish the National Alliance for Hydrogen Safety and presented this alliance to the community of the Hydrogen Clusters4Future. T2 - Aachen Hydrogen Colloquium CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 14.05.2024 KW - Hydrogen Safety KW - National Alliance KW - Networking PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gradt, Thomas T1 - Influence of solid lubricant fillers on the tribological behaviour of PEEK composites in vacuum N2 - Polymer composites are widely used as dry sliding materials for economical reasons or in special cases where the application of liquid lubricants or greases is not possible. Examples can be found in space, vacuum, low temperature, or cleanroom environment. For such dry sliding tribosystems it is necessary to achieve acceptable low friction and endurance. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has proved to be an outstanding material for the use in tribological applications in vacuum in the broad temperature range from - 260 °C to + 260 °C. A promising matrix material is polyetheretherketon (PEEK). Like PTFE, it is also resistant to many aggressive solvents and has a very low vapor pressure, making it suitable for vacuum applications. The tribological behaviour of PEEK and PEEK-matrix composites has been investigated in many studies. However, the number of studies of self lubricating PEEK composites filled with PTFE and other solid lubricants are limited for vacuum and ultra high vacuum environment. The paper presents results of high-vacuum friction tests of different carbon fibre reinforced PEEK composites filled with PTFE, and a further solid lubricant. The polymer samples were tested in pin-on-disc configuration against X5CrNi1810 steel (similar to AISI 304). Depending on sliding speed and temperature, friction coefficients as low as for PVD coatings have been observed. T2 - 13th European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium (ESMATS 13) CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2009-09-23 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19892 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - Tribology of polymer materials in cryogenic hydrogen and methane N2 - The development of hydrogen technologies is a key strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emission worldwide. Power-to-Gas is a challenging solution, in which hydrogen and methane can be used in mobility, industry, heat supply and electriity generation applications. This presentation deals with the tribological behaviour of polymer materials in hydrogen and methane, both in gas and in liquid form. T2 - 2018 HYDROGENIUS & I2CNER Tribology Symposium CY - Fukuoka, Japan DA - 02.02.2018 KW - Hydrogen KW - Methane KW - Sliding friction KW - Polymers KW - Cryogenic temperature PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44483 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - Tribology of polymer materials in hydrogen N2 - The polymer chemical structure of the polyimide has a major influence on the tribological behaviour. The addition of graphite in PI2 has a beneficial effect in hydrogen on the friction and wear. The low friction of graphite is associated with a lubricant film in hydrogen. The influence of hydrogen on graphite is more effective than humidity. CNTs have a similar effect to that of graphite in PEEK composites. TiO2 particles improve significantly the wear rate both in vacuum and hydrogen environment. In LH2 friction and wear decrease for unfilled polymers. Friction of graphite filled composites increases slightly and wear rate is stable. T2 - 10. International Hydrogen Energy Development Forum 2016 / 2016 HYDROGENIUS & I2CNER Tribology Symposium CY - Fukuoka, Japan DA - 04.02.2016 KW - Hydrogen KW - Tribology KW - Polymer materials KW - Cryogenic temperature KW - CNT KW - TiO2 KW - PEEK PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia A1 - Sawae, Y. A1 - Shinmori, H. A1 - Hashimoto, H. A1 - Aoyagi, A. A1 - Dobbelaar, E. T1 - Towards sustainable and hydrogen compatible sealing materials N2 - Materialien auf PTFE-Basis werden in der Regel als Kolbenringe in Hochdruck- und/oder kryogenem Wasserstoff verwendet. In diesem Projekt werden neu formulierte und nachhaltigere Polymerwerkstoffe mit herkömmlichen Materialien verglichen. Auf Grundlage der tribologischen Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende Kandidaten zusammen mit Reibungsmechanismen sowohl bei Hochdruck- als auch bei Niedrigtemperatur-Wasserstoff vorgeschlagen. T2 - 66. GfT Tribologie-Fachtagung 2025 CY - Wernigerode, Germany DA - 29.09.2025 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Reibung KW - Verschleiß KW - Kolbenring KW - Dynamische Dichtung PY - 2025 VL - 09 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-64314 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaad, C. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Groth, Katrina M. T1 - A Framework for Transforming Process Control System Data from a Hydrogen Fueling Station into HyCReD Data N2 - Reliability data for hydrogen infrastructure components is essential for developing Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for these technologies, which in turn is necessary for a safer deployment and expansion of the hydrogen market. However, there is currently a lack of hydrogen component reliability data available for these systems, thus limiting the usefulness of insights obtained from these QRA. The Hydrogen Component Reliability Database (HyCReD) has been proposed as a tool for reliability data collection and as a source for future QRAs. In this paper, we develop a digital tool that automatically processes data coming from Process Control System (PCS) in a hydrogen fueling station, detects the relevant failure events for hydrogen systems during its operation, and then logs the event information into HyCReD. To build this tool, we first categorized the station components in hydrogen service, their specific failure modes, and the specific failure mechanisms that are relevant to a QRA. Then, we identified the data available in the station PCS and the methods available for diagnosing the relevant failure events. The resulting tool is divided into three steps: (1) PCS data collection through an API, (2) data analysis for the detection and diagnosis of new failure events, and (3) logging that event into HyCReD. Finally, we discuss the potential for expanding the detection and diagnosis to more complex failure modes present in a hydrogen fueling station. This digital tool is set for implementation and validation on an experimental hydrogen fueling site. The goal for this digital tool is to be applicable to every kind of hydrogen fueling station and to be extendable to similar hydrogen technologies. T2 - 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL2025) and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference (SRA-E 2025) CY - Stavanger, Norway DA - 15.06.2025 KW - Reliability data KW - Hydrogen safety KW - HyCReD KW - Hydrogen Component Reliability Database KW - Hydrogen fueling station KW - Hydrogen refuelling station KW - HRS PY - 2025 UR - https://rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/esrel-sra-e2025/html/ESREL-SRA-E2025-P6264.html SN - 978-981-94-3281-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3-procd SP - 2663 EP - 2670 PB - Research Publishing CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-63532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zunkel, Astrid A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Schlischka, Jörg T1 - “Stolt Rotterdam” - The sinking of an acid freighter N2 - The Stolt Rotterdam tanker ship, filled with nitric acid, was unloading at the Krefeld-Uerdingen terminal on the Rhine River in November 2001. Nitric acid ran out of the stainless steel tanks into the ship's hull and damaged the structural steel. The ship then caught fire and sank at the terminal. Large quantities of nitrogen oxides were emitted, which drifted towards a residential area. Additionally, a mixture of acid and water was introduced into the Rhine River. The area became hazardous to people and the natural environment; however, the imminent danger for the residents and the environment was reduced because of the protective measures against pollution and the good teamwork between local authorities, fire brigades and the Bayer AG company. The acid was drained off of the ship using a controlled discharge of the acid into the river. Through the use of this measure, the ship was salvaged, limiting the pollution to the area and removing the health hazards to the people and the environment. After the ship was salvaged, the river police, along with assistance from the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, impounded the ship and selected corroded parts for further examination. Some of these components have been examined in detail by the BAM. These material investigations contributed to the elucidation of the origin of the leak in the floor panel. The cause of damage was deemed to be a result of a construction flaw at the enamelled valve on the load and discharge pipes. The results from the comparative corrosion testing using the original structural steel and 60% acid revealed that the valves began to leak at least 8 h prior to the incident at the terminal. KW - Freighter KW - Nitric acid KW - Corrosion KW - Valve KW - Flat gasket PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.03.002 SN - 1350-6307 SN - 1873-1961 VL - 43 IS - Special Issue 'A Tribute to Prof. A. Martens' SP - 221 EP - 231 PB - Elsevier Science Publ. CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-31596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mantion, Alexandre A1 - Graf, P. A1 - Florea, I. A1 - Haase, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Masic, A. A1 - Ersen, O. A1 - Rabu, P. A1 - Meier, W. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Taubert, A. T1 - Biomimetic synthesis of chiral erbium-doped silver/peptide/silica core-shell nanoparticles (ESPN) N2 - Peptide-modified silver nanoparticles have been coated with an erbium-doped silica layer using a method inspired by silica biomineralization. Electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering confirm the presence of an Ag/peptide core and silica shell. The erbium is present as small Er2O3 particles in and on the silica shell. Raman, IR, UV-Vis, and circular dichroism spectroscopies show that the peptide is still present after shell formation and the nanoparticles conserve a chiral plasmon resonance. Magnetic measurements find a paramagnetic behavior. In vitro tests using a macrophage cell line model show that the resulting multicomponent nanoparticles have a low toxicity for macrophages, even on partial dissolution of the silica shell. KW - Nanoparticle KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - SAXS PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c1nr10930h SN - 2040-3364 SN - 2040-3372 VL - 3 IS - 12 SP - 5168 EP - 5179 PB - RSC Publ. CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-25422 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moufid, M. A1 - Bouchikhi, B. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - El Bari, N. T1 - Assessment of outdoor odor emissions from polluted sites using simultaneous thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS), electronic nose in conjunction with advanced multivariate statistical approaches N2 - Poor air quality, particularly in urban areas, causes various diseases and degrades living standards. Air Quality could be affected by emissions of odor, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and other gases. Therefore, assessment and monitoring of odorous air quality using sensitive, simple, rapid, accurate and portable tools is very important for public health. This study aimed to characterize odor emissions to detect malfunctions in facilities and to prevent air pollution and olfactory nuisance in the environment. A gas chromatographic method, in conjunction with sensorial analysis were performed for odorous air samples analysis collected from neighborhood of Meknes city (Morocco). Advanced multivariate statistical approaches, such as Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), were used to describe samples similarities. The electronic nose (e-nose) data processing exhibits a satisfactory discrimination between the odorous air samples. Twenty-four VOCs with known molecular formulas were identified with Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). A validated Partial Least Square (PLS) model foresees good calibration between e-nose measurement and TD-GCMS analysis. The finding indicates that TD-GC–MS approach in conjunction with e-nose unit could be suitable tool for environmental measurement-based odor emissions. KW - Electronic nose KW - TD-GC-MS KW - PLS regression KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Outdoor odor emissions PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118449 SN - 1352-2310 VL - 256 SP - 118449 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52626 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - An overview of tribology in gaseous Hydrogen N2 - In this presentation, an overview in gaseous hydrogen is given along with examples related to metal, coatings, polymers and rubbers materials. T2 - International Seminar, Hydrogen & Materials 2024 CY - Espoo, Finland DA - 06.06.2024 KW - Hydrogen KW - Friction KW - Wear KW - Materials PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61408 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hildebrandt, Jana T1 - PP Nanoplastics Dispersed In Water As Reference Materials N2 - Plastic debris in micron and nanometer scale pollutes the nature all over the world. The potential dangers of these pollutants remain unpredictable. While risk assessment studies on microplastic are already popular, nanoplastic has not yet reached the same focus of investigation. The reason for this difference is simple: There is a “methodological gap” in the analytics of plastic particles with a diameter smaller than 1 µm. Submicron and nano plastic particles are currently not detectable in environmental matrices. Therefore, it is important for researchers to have a well-characterized nanoplastic material, that serves as a reference for nanoplastic found in nature. Our aim was to synthesize nanoplastics made from the most common used plastics, starting with polypropylene (PP). We found an easy way to form nanoparticles consisting of PP (nano-PP), adapting and improving the method presented for polystyrene (PS). PP was dispersed to acetone and then transferred to water. No additional surfactant is needed to obtain a dispersion which is stable for more than 35 weeks. The The success of forming nanoplastics and their size was detected via scattering methods, predominantly dynamic light scattering (DLS). To examine the good stability of the nanoparticles, zeta potential measurements were performed, which revealed zeta potentials of -30 to -40 mV. This method is repeatable and well suited to produce reference material, as which we propose our prepared particles, based on a homogeneity study, that we performed, following the ISO Guide 35 for reference materials. T2 - Prague Meeting on Macromolecules 2022 CY - Prag, Czechia DA - 24.07.2022 KW - Nanoplastic KW - Reference material PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grasse, Dennis T1 - Aufsprenungen von Fahrausweisautomaten und deren Untersuchung N2 - Angriffe auf Geld- bzw. Fahrkartenautomaten durch Einleiten und Zünden eines explosionsfähigen Gasgemisches oder Sprengstoffes stellen erhebliche Gefährdungen von Personen und Umfeld des Tatorts dar. In den letzten Jahren wurden vermehrend Angriffe auf diese Weise durchgeführt. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem LKA Sachsen-Anhalt wurde nun mit Täterwerkzeug aus einem laufenden Gerichtsverfahren Gassprengungen durchgeführt um weitere Erkenntnisse zum Tätervorgehen zu gewinnen. T2 - 12. Infoveranstaltung Sprengstoffe und Pyrotechnik, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.05.2017 KW - Fahrkartenautomaten KW - Geldautomaten KW - Gas-Sprengung PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40553 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -