TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Gröke, Carsten A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Assessment of quality assurance measures for radioactive material transport packages not requiring competent authority design approval N2 - The majority of transports of radioactive materials are carried out in packages which don’t need a package design approval by a competent authority. Low-active radioactive materials are transported in such packages e.g. in the medical and pharmaceutical industry and in the nuclear industry as well. Decommissioning of NPP’s leads to a strong demand for packages to transport low and middle active radioactive waste. According to IAEA regulations the “non-competent authority approved package types” are the Excepted Packages and the Industrial Packages of Type IP-1, IP-2 and IP-3 and packages of Type A. For these types of packages an assessment by the competent authority is required for the quality assurance measures for the design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance and inspection (IAEA SSR 6, § 306). In general a compliance audit of the manufacturer of the packaging is required during this assessment procedure. Their regulatory level in the IAEA regulations is not comparable with the “regulatory density” for packages requiring competent authority package design approval. Practices in different countries lead to different approaches within the assessment of the quality assurance measures in the management system as well as in the quality assurance program of a special package design. To use the package or packaging in a safe manner and in compliance with the regulations a management system for each phase of the life of the package or packaging is necessary. The relevant IAEA-SSR6 § 801 requires documentary verification by the consignor concerning package compliance with the requirements. T2 - WM2013 Conference CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 24.02.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-9836186-2-1 SP - 1 EP - 8 CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA AN - OPUS4-28504 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schälike, Stefan A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Schönbucher, A. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Mass burning rate of a large TBPB pool fire - experimental study and modeling N2 - Data and prediction for the mass burning rate of a tert-butyl-peroxy-benzoat (TBPB) pool fire (pool diameter = 3 m) is presented. The mass burning rates of TBPB fires are up to six times higher and less dependent on pool diameter compared to hydrocarbon pool fires caused by an additional heat release rate due to exothermic decomposition reaction in the liquid phase. This heat release rate is calculated using a 1st order reaction kinetic obtained from micro calorimetric measurements. A new model is derived considering the heat release rate due to the decomposition reaction which is shown to be 100 % of the heat release rate radiated to the pool surface. With the presented model, including also physical quantities, especially the limiting fuel concentration for upward flame propagation, it is possible to predict the mass burning rates of large TBPB pool fires. The predicted values are in very good agreement with the experiments. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Mass burning rate KW - TBPB (tert-butyl-peroxy benzoat) KW - Pool fire KW - Experimental study KW - Modeling PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331143 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 853 EP - 858 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klippel, Alexander A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. ED - Makhviladze, G. ED - Molkov, V. ED - Bradley, D. ED - Sunderland, P. ED - Tamanini, F. T1 - Progress on the research into the influence of dustiness on dust explosions N2 - In practice, occurring explosive dust/air mixtures are usually not homogeneous and in many cases do not spread over the whole enclosure. For the safety measure explosion venting, a smaller venting area might be sufficient as calculated according to venting standards (EN 14491 'Dust Explosion Venting Protective Systems'). The tendency of bulk materials to form dust clouds is not taken into account so far. To optimize the design of explosion protection measures, a new safety characteristic the so-called 'dustiness' (see VDI 2263 part 9 'Determination of Dustiness of Bulk Materials'.) could be useful. Dustiness means the tendency of dust to form dust clouds. There are six dustiness groups (DG) from one to six (one means little tendency to stay airborne, six the opposite). The paper describes first results on the reasons for different dustiness and on dust explosion venting for several dusts of different dustiness. A 75 L vertical tube apparatus for vented dust explosion experiments was created. Pressure, pressure rises and flame speeds were measured to evaluate the course of the dust explosions. In addition the paper includes CFD simulations (ANSYS CFX) about the possibilities to model the dust/air mixtures with the Euler/Lagrange approach. In order to simulate the settling of dust clouds more realistic the particle surface area was adjusted and the particle size distribution was taken into account. Results were compared to experimentally determined terminal velocities. T2 - ISFEH7 - 7th International seminar on fire & explosion hazards CY - Providence, RI, USA DA - 05.05.2013 KW - CFD KW - Dust explosions KW - Dustiness KW - Venting PY - 2013 SN - 978-981-07-5936-0 SN - 978-981-07-5940-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-5936-0_13-01 SP - 781 EP - 790 PB - Research Publishing AN - OPUS4-28502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Kasparek, Eva Maria A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Modeling of cylindrical casks under horizontal drop test conditions N2 - Cylindrical casks made of ductile cast iron are used for transport, interim storage and final disposal of radioactive waste in Germany. A basic design criterion is the ability to withstand a horizontal drop without impact Binders onto a foundation representative for the real ground of a storage facility. The increasing use of more cost-effective material compositions requires optimized cask geometries to reduce stresses and strains in the cask structure. For example, a non-uniform wall thickness was introduced to reduce maximum wall bending stresses. As a result, the load characteristics changed from line load to point load at bottom and lid side under horizontal drop fest conditions. Hereby, the position of highest stress inside the structure has shifted significantly. This was the reason for a systematic investigation of effects caused by small design changes or small variations of fest conditions. It led to a better understanding of the positions of high local stresses, their time history and maximum value for cylindrical casks under horizontal drop test conditions. Hence, the paper presents the lessons learnt from modeling and simulating such scenarios considering an impact without limiters onto a realistic target. T2 - 14th International high-level radioactive waste management conference CY - Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA DA - 28.04.2013 KW - Cylindrical cask KW - Ductile cast iron KW - Numerical simulation KW - Horizontal drop test KW - Storage facility KW - Concrete foundation PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-62748-644-6 SP - 1114 EP - 1119 (Paper # 6862) PB - Omnipress AN - OPUS4-28529 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Stark, Wolfgang T1 - Investigating the performance of rubber seals at low temperatures N2 - Rubbers are widely used as main sealing materials for Containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste and as additional component to metal seals in spent fuel and high active waste containers. The save enclosure of the radioactive container inventory has to be guaranteed according to legislation and appropriate guidelines for long term storage periods as well as down to temperatures of -40 °C for transportation. Therefore the understanding of failure mechanisms that lead to leakage at low temperatures is necessary to ensure a proper material choice which is certainly also influenced by additional factors as e.g. the aging behavior. T2 - 14th International high-level radioactive waste management conference CY - Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA DA - 28.04.2013 KW - Rubber seals KW - Elastomers KW - Compression set KW - Low temperature KW - Leakage rate PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-62748-644-6 SP - 1 EP - 7(Paper # 6888) PB - Omnipress AN - OPUS4-28530 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfeil, Norbert A1 - Jochum, C. A1 - Mitropetros, K. A1 - Schmelzer, P.G. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Keeping and improving process and plant safety competence - what is needed, what should be done? N2 - In March 2004 with the position paper “Maintaining and improving competence in safety engineering” of the DECHEMA/GVC Research Committee "Safety Engineering in Chemical Plants", an initiative came up against the tendency that more and more process and plant safety (PPS) orientated professorships turn to other more fashionable research topics. The Research Committee was concerned that PPS in both academic teaching and research could suffer a negative development - despite of its importance. In 2009 a corresponding Dutch initiative followed. To bring these both and other similar initiatives together, within the 8th European Congress of Chemical Engineering held in Berlin in September 2011 a two days Special session on PPS competence was jointly organized by EFCE, ProcessNet and EPSC. All presentations and conclusions drawn by the organizers (the authors of this paper) are electronically available. The paper addresses the before mentioned initiatives, highlights views and results from the ECCE 8’s special session on PPS competence, and indicates steps necessary to be taken and recent developments. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Anlagensicherheit KW - Prozessindustrie KW - Lehre KW - Forschung PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331063 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 373 EP - 378 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Burgmeier, J. ED - Jaroszewicz, L.R. T1 - Quasi-distributed measurement on femtosecond laser-induced scattering voids using incoherent OFDR and OTDR N2 - We propose to use focused femtosecond laser pulses to create scattering damage in standard singlemode optical fibres as reference points for quasi-distributed sensing applications. Such sensor fibres are interrogated with incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR) technique and optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). A performance comparison of both techniques with the clear advantage of the I-OFDR is presented as well as a quasi-distributed length change measurement application. Also dynamic measurement based on the I-OFDR technique is demonstrated on a femtosecond laser-induced sensor chain. T2 - EWOFS 2013 - 5th European workshop on optical fibre sensors CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 19.05.2013 KW - Optical fiber sensors KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Strain sensor KW - OFDR KW - OTDR PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-81949-634-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026780 SN - 0277-786X N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings of SPIE – Series title: Proceedings of SPIE VL - 8794 IS - Paper 8794 - 181 SP - 87943N-1 EP - 87943N-4 AN - OPUS4-28734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Lorek, A. A1 - Wernecke, R. T1 - HUMItrace-Sensorsystem mit neuartigen planaren Spurenfeuchtesensoren N2 - Es wird ein Sensorsystem (HUMItrace III) zur Spurenfeuchtebestimmung in der Prozessmesstechnik vorgestellt. Die Bestimmung der Spurenfeuchte erfolgt mit neuentwickelten planaren Sensoren (HUMItrace-Sensoren) nach dem coulometrischen Messprinzip im Frostpunkttemperaturbereich von -80 °C bis -30 °C mit der Kalibriereinrichtung THG11 durch Mischen von trockenen und befeuchteten Teilgasströmen kalibriert. Die Gasfeuchte von Luft kann in diesem Bereich mit den HUMItrace-Sensoren mit einer erweiterten Unsicherheit von 2 K bestimmt werden. Die Sensoren können aber auch zur Gasfeuchtemessung in Wasserstoff, Stickstoff und Distickstoffmonoxid eingesetzt werden. Eine weitere Kalibriereinrichtung, THG-P12, generiert Prüfgase nach der Permeationsmethode; sie kann in das HUMItrace III Sensorsystem implementiert und zur vor-Ort-Kalibrierung der HUMItrace-Sensoren nach dem Standardadditionsverfahren genutzt werden. T2 - Temperatur 2013 - Verfahren und Geräte in der Temperatur- und Feuchtemesstechnik CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.06.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 3-9810021-8-0 SP - 257 EP - 262 AN - OPUS4-28732 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Köppe, Enrico A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Früherkennung von Strukturschäden mittels geführter Lamb-Wellen N2 - Eine Reihe von Prüfproblemen in der chemischen Industrie, in Kraftwerksanlagen und in Transportsystemen ist aufgrund schwieriger Zugangsmöglichkeiten nur begrenzt technisch bzw. wirtschaftlich effizient durchführbar. Das hier vorgestellte Projekt beinhaltet die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung über weite Entfernungen (bis zu 100 m), das zum Einsatz in automatisierten Messsystemen bzw. zur Integration in Langzeitüberwachungssysteme geeignet ist. Grundlage des Verfahrens ist die gezielte Anregung und Auswertung von Lamb-Wellenmoden, wodurch eine effektive Unterscheidung von Fehler- und Formanzeigen sowie eine Klassifizierung unterschiedlicher Fehlertypen möglich werden. Der Vorteil der Nutzung geführter Wellen für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung liegt in ihrer vergleichsweise guten Ausbreitungsfähigkeit über weite Entfernungen. Die sich daraus ergebenden Möglichkeiten der Untersuchung großer bzw. schwer zugänglicher Bereiche einer Struktur bieten innovative Ansätze für die Entwicklung robuster Structural-Health-Monitoring-Systeme (SHM). Erst durch die Verfügbarkeit leistungsfähiger Rechentechnik wird ein breiter Einsatz derartiger Verfahren möglich. Die Technik kann zur Materialcharakterisierung an ebenen bzw. zylindrischen, dünnwandigen Flächen aus Metall oder auch CFK genutzt werden. Adressierte Anwendungsfelder sind z.B. die Untersuchung von Flugzeugtragflächen oder Pipelines. Des Weiteren wird der Einsatz solcher Verfahren zur Überwachung sicherheitsrelevanter Bauteile z.B. aus Laminaten angestrebt, wie sie verstärkt in der Luft- und Raumfahrt Anwendung finden. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurde auf Grundlage vorhandener Technik (Wellenanregung mittels Ultraschall-Gruppenstrahlprüfköpfen) ein umfassendes Verständnis für die Technologie und anwendungsrelevante Parameter (Probenmaterial und -dimensionen, Welleneigenschaften, Anregungs-, Transmissions-, Reflektionscharakteristika) gewonnen und Algorithmen zur Erkennung von Schädigungsbildern (z.B. Riss, Loch, Verdünnung) entwickelt. Neben der Algorithmusentwicklung zur Detektion und Analyse von Schadstellen, lag ein Projektschwerpunkt in der Entwicklung einer geeigneten Gerätetechnik. Als sensorisches Elemente wurde Ultraschall-Gruppenstrahlertechnik eingesetzt. Besondere Anforderungen werden an die Technik zur Anregung der Wellenmoden unter Verwendung geeigneter Piezoaktoren gestellt. In diesem Bereich existiert bislang keine kommerziell erhältliche Gerätelösung, weshalb eine Neuentwicklug der Anregetechnik realisiert wurde. Speziell für die hohe Anzahl an Aktorkanälen, die benötigt wird, um unterschiedliche Moden und Wellenformen anzuregen, wurde eine äußerst leistungsfähige Anregeeinheit entwickelt. T2 - 16. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung 'Sensoren und Messsysteme' CY - Nürnberg, Germany DA - 22.05.2012 KW - Lamb-waves KW - Ultrasound KW - Non-destructive evaluation KW - Early-damage-detection KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-9813484-0-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2012/5.2.1 SP - 531 EP - 540 CY - Wunstorf AN - OPUS4-26008 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neuschaefer-Rube, U. A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Neugebauer, M. A1 - Härtig, F. A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Ehrig, Karsten A1 - Staude, Andreas T1 - Measurement of micro gears - comparison of optical, tactile-optical and CT-measurements N2 - Micro gears are applied in an increasing quantity in many applications. Therefore, precise measurements are of growing importance to ensure their quality. This contribution describes the measurement of gears of a micro planetary gear set with a tactile probe, a tactile-optical probe, an optical sensor, and computed tomography (CT). For the tactile measurements, a high precision piezoresistive microprobe was used. A so-called fiber probe was applied for tactile-optical measurements. This probe applies image processing to determine the position of the tactile probing element. For all tactile and tactile-optical measurements, single point probing was used. The optical measurements were carried out with an imaging sensor based on focus variation. Due to limited accessibility, on some gears not all regions could be measured by the optical sensor and the tactile-optical probe. In contrast to this, with CT the whole part could be measured with high point density. We used a micro-CT system and carried out measurements with Synchrotron-CT. All the sensors used deliver measurement data in Cartesian coordinates. It is a challenge to transfer these data into coordinates in which gear parameters are defined. For this, special attention must be paid to the determination of the gear axis and to the orientation of the teeth. The applied procedures are detailed for different micro gears. The comparison between data of different measurements was carried out successfully. The deviations between the CT data and the tactile or tactile-optical data lie in the range of only a few micrometers. KW - Micro gears KW - Coordinate metrology KW - Computed tomography KW - Optical sensors KW - Tactile probes PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.872413 SN - 0277-786X SN - 0038-7355 SN - 0361-0748 N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings series – Series title: Proceedings series IS - 7864 SP - 78640H-1 EP - 78640H-9 PB - VDE-Verl. CY - Berlin ; Offenbach AN - OPUS4-25998 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -