TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Moufid, M. A1 - El Bari, N. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bouchikhi, B. T1 - Testing of a developed multigas sensor system for outdoor odour nuisance monitoring N2 - This work presents the testing of a developed elec¬tronic nose for outdoor odour nuisance monitoring. The sensor system consists of a sampling system, a measuring cell equipped with commercially available low-cost gas sensor elements and a data acquisition system. The sensor testing showed that the developed prototype is able to distinguish, identify and partially quantify individual odorous substances like ethanol, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. Ethanol and ammonia could even be detected below or near their odour threshold. T2 - ALLSENSORS 2019, The Fourth International Conference on Advances in Sensors, Actuators, Metering and Sensing CY - Athens, Greece DA - 24.02.2019 KW - Electronic nose KW - Outdoor odour KW - Machined olfaction KW - Sensor testing PY - 2019 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/index.php?view=article&articleid=allsensors_2019_2_40_70065 SN - 978-1-61208-691-0 SN - 2519-836X SP - 27 EP - 28 PB - The ThinkMind Digital Library AN - OPUS4-47505 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wasmer, Paul A1 - Bulling, Jannis A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - Entwicklung eines Ultraschallrohrsensors auf Basis phononischer Kristalle N2 - Die Messung von Flüssigkeitskonzentrationen in Rohrsystemen ist von großem Interesse für viele unterschiedliche Anwendungen. Die meisten Messsysteme sind jedoch nicht in der Lage, die Flüssigkeit direkt im Rohr zu untersuchen und es muss eine zusätzliche Vorrichtung, wie z.B. einem Bypass, angebracht werden, welche den Kontakt zwischen Flüssigkeit und Sensor ermöglicht. Um den Einbauaufwand gering zu halten und die Strömungseigenschaften des Rohres nicht zu beeinflussen, wird ein neuartiges Messsystem entwickelt, welches als Teil der Rohrwand ausgeführt werden kann. Dieses neuartige System ist angelehnt an die Idee der phononischen Kristallen (PnK). PnK’s bestehen im Allgemeinen aus einem Matrixmaterial, in welchem Streuzentren periodisch angeordnet sind. Dies führt beim Eintreffen einer akustischen Welle in definierten Frequenz-bereichen, sogenannter Bandlücken, zu zunehmender destruktiven Interferenz. Wird innerhalb einer solchen Bandlücke durch Einbringen einer flüssigkeitsgefüllten Kavität ein Resonanzverhalten erzeugt, kann dies genutzt werden, um die Flüssigkeit zu analysieren. Im Rahmen von Voruntersuchung wird zunächst das akustische Verhalten des PnK’s, welcher für die Sensorentwicklung genutzt werden soll, unter Vernachlässigung der Flüssigkeit ausführlich untersucht. Hierbei werden zunächst die Bandlücken ermittelt und das Übertragungsverhalten betrachtet. Dieses wird im Anschluss experimentell überprüft. T2 - DAGA 2019 - 45. Jahrestagung für Akustik CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 18.03.2019 KW - Phononischer Kristall KW - Ultraschall KW - Flüssigkeitssensor KW - Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method PY - 2019 SP - 1030 EP - 1033 AN - OPUS4-47780 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dittmann, Daniel A1 - Ruhl, A. S. A1 - Jekel, M. A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Spurenstoffadsorption an Aktivkohle – Untersuchungen mit Analysen oberhalb des Siedepunktes N2 - In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt wie mit Thermogravimetrischen Analysen (TGA) Aktivkohleoberflächen charakterisiert werden können. Außerdem wie TGA mit Zersetzungsgasanalyse zur Untersuchung von Adsorbat-Systemen (Carbamazepin an drei verschiedenen Aktivkohlen) zur Aufklärung von Adsorptionszuständen genutzt werden kann. T2 - Wasser 2019 CY - Erfurt, Germany DA - 27.05.2019 KW - Aktivkohle KW - Adsorption KW - Carbamazepin KW - Thermogravimetrie PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-947197-11-8 SP - 98 EP - 102 AN - OPUS4-48258 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Possibilities on prediction of plastic’s fragmentation time - Digital twins for decomposing-time predictions N2 - Depending on the specific plastic’s ageing sensitivities, the durations which plastic components remain in the environment can be very long. As, in the past, the advantages in ageing resistance and durability were highly evaluated, we now face the problem of quite stable plastic waste within the environment. However, there is only little knowledge on the real timescales until macroscopic fragmentation for the different kinds of plastic under various environmental conditions. Here, weathering methods are presented, which have been used for the failure prediction in specific outdoor conditions. Issues of uncertainty, reproducibility, or validation are discussed. For the prediction of the plastic’s fragmentation, much longer time scales have to be considered. To do this within a limited project life span, various processes as well as their acceleration potential have to be evaluated separately, such as temperature increase or spectral shift. The possibilities and limitations of such controlled acceleration will be discussed. T2 - 29th IAPRI Symposium on Packaging CY - Twente, Enschede, The Netherland DA - 11.06.2019 KW - Digital twin KW - Plastic KW - Ageing KW - Environment KW - Fragmentation PY - 2019 SN - 978-90365-4731-4 SP - 630 EP - 631 PB - University of Twente CY - Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands AN - OPUS4-48238 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kühl, Christiane T1 - Risikomanagement beim Transport gefährlicher Güter in Europa N2 - Auf Initiative der Europäischen Kommission ist die Europäische Eisenbahn Agentur seit einigen Jahren damit beauftragt, in Zusammenarbeit mit einer Reihe von Expertinnen und Experten aus Europa harmonisierte Leitlinien für das Risikomanagement im Gefahrgutsektor zu entwickeln und fortzuschreiben. Der Vortrag informiert über die Entwicklung und den Stand der Arbeiten zum „Inland Transport of Dangerous Goods Risk Management Framework“ (RMF): - Warum gibt es das Risk Management Framework? - Wer ist an der Entwicklung beteiligt? - Wie ist das Risk Management Framework aufgebaut, an wen richtet es sich und was beinhaltet es? - Welche grundsätzlichen Fragen sind zu klären? - Wie geht es weiter? T2 - 29. Münchner Gefahrgut-Tage CY - Munich, Germany DA - 27.05.2019 KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Risikomanagement KW - Risk Management Framework PY - 2019 SP - Paper 14, 1 PB - Süddeutscher Verlag Veranstaltungen GmbH CY - Landsberg AN - OPUS4-48738 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Webb, A. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Changes in façade regulations N2 - Recent facade fires worldwide have driven change in regulations for façade fire safety in different parts of the world. The Grenfell Tower fire 2017 in London triggered a thorough investigation of many aspects of the fire. One investigation was about the UK building regulations from Dame Judith Hackett. This investigation compares the UK with the situation other parts of the world. Key findings of the review of building regulations by Judith Hackett are: T2 - Interflam 2019 CY - London, UK DA - 01.07.2019 KW - Facades PY - 2019 VL - 2019 SP - 213 EP - 228 PB - Interscience CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-49893 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Schreier, Andy A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Distributed BOFDA measurement on an 86 m long perfluorinated polymer optical fiber N2 - We present our research on the development of a Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA) using a perfluorinated graded-index polymer optical fiber (PFGI-POF) as a sensing fiber. The described works include investigations both on the selection of the setup components with respect to mode coupling effects and on the impact of the humidity cross-sensitivity. The suitability of the developed POF-based BOFDA is proved by a distributed measurement on an 86 m long PFGI-POF recorded with the spatial resolution of 6 m. T2 - 28th International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibers CY - Yokohama, Japan DA - 20.11.2019 KW - Brillouin sensing KW - BOFDA KW - Perfluorinated graded-index polymer optical fiber KW - PFGI-POF PY - 2019 SP - 27 EP - 28 AN - OPUS4-49865 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Wack, Y. A1 - Mook, G. T1 - Simulation of an instrumented ultrasonic test run with a rail inspection train N2 - Rail inspection performed by ultrasonic rail inspection trains is a complex and challenging process. A large number of variables and parameters given by the environment, the track and the testing-system have an influence on the overall performance of the inspection and the inspection result. Typically the parameter vary in a combination depending on the track condition. To evaluate the individual influence of each relevant variable, simulation tools can be used. Therefore the entire inspection process has to be transferred into a model using combined modelling techniques. The goal of this work is to model an instrumented ultrasonic test run with a rail inspection train with the parameters varied by a script over a virtually driven distance. T2 - 46th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation- QNDE 2019 CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 14.07.2019 KW - Ultrasound KW - Rail inspection KW - Modelling KW - Simulation PY - 2019 VL - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 3 AN - OPUS4-49839 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Chruscicki, Sebastian A1 - Krebber, Katerina ED - Kalli, K. ED - O'Keeffe, S. O. ED - Brambilla, G. T1 - Real-time distributed temperature gradient sensing using amplitude-based C-OTDR and sensing fiber with inscribed scattering dots N2 - We present a technique for distributed temperature gradient sensing in real-time along an optical fiber utilizing simple amplitude-based direct-detection coherent optical time domain reflectometry (C-OTDR) and a special sensing fiber. Our technique enables us to determine phase changes or low-frequency variations of the C-OTDR signal stemming from temperature variations. The distinct feature of the used sensing fiber is its structuring with equidistant strongly scattering dots. Consecutive pairs of these scatterers form the dominant local interferometers, effectively overwriting the otherwise highly nonlinear transfer function of common optical fiber. This enables a quasi-phase-resolved evaluation of perturbation responses originating from temperature changes at sensor positions between the scatterers. Using our method, we show the measurement of a nonlinear temperature transient from a heating process with a maximum temperature gradient of 0.8 °C over 20 s and a total temperature increase of 28.4 °C. This method requires almost no post-processing and can be used for simultaneous distributed vibration sensing (DVS) and quantification of local temperature gradients in a single fiber, e.g., for the use in condition monitoring of infrastructure or industrial installations. T2 - Seventh European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, 2019 CY - Limassol, Cyprus DA - 01.10.2019 KW - C-OTDR KW - DVS KW - Distributed vibration sensing KW - Distributed temperature gradient sensing KW - Fibre optic sensors KW - Structured fiber KW - Power cable monitoring PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-51063-123-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2539925 VL - 11199 SP - 1119920-1 EP - 1119920-4 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, WA, USA AN - OPUS4-49926 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Lateral load transfer due to sloshing cargo in partially filled containers N2 - A testing methodology has been proposed in this paper, to compare the load transfer derived from solid and liquid cargoes when the carrying vehicle is subjected to a lateral acceleration in a tilt table. Besides the type of cargo, the other factors (a) One-quarter fill level (b) One-half fill level (c) Three-quarter fill level (d) Fast input considered are the fill level and the rate at which the considered are the fill level and the rate at which the acceleration input is acceleration input is exerted on the vehicleexerted on the vehicle. The acceleration The acceleration input can represent the entering of the carrying vehicle into a input can represent the entering of the carrying vehicle into a curved portion curved portion of of aa road. The testing device integrates the needed components to measure the fourmeasure the four--wheel loads of the wheel loads of the carrying vehicle, while carrying vehicle, while providing different times to attain providing different times to attain aa 10°10° angle angle for the tilt table. for the tilt table. The performance measure selected is significant to assess the rollover trend of a vehicle, on the basis of the wheel loads at both sides of the vehicle. both sides of the vehicle. The outputs from the experiments suggest that the sloshing suggest that the sloshing cargo transfercargo transferss the greater loads, the greater loads, regardless of the fill level and regardless of the fill level and acceleration rate inputacceleration rate input, as a result , as a result of the shifting of the center of of the shifting of the center of gravitygravity of the liquidof the liquid, and of of the the dynamic vibration at the end of dynamic vibration at the end of the perturbation input. In this respect, while the solid cargo the perturbation input. In this respect, while the solid cargo exhibits an initial peak and decay, the exhibits an initial peak and decay, the sloshing cargo exhibits sloshing cargo exhibits several oscillations of the saseveral oscillations of the same magnitude, which is attributed me magnitude, which is attributed to the to the liquid inertia and liquid inertia and to the to the reflection of the surface waves. reflection of the surface waves. A further analysis could supplement this research, to assess supplement this research, to assess the effect of some other factors on the dynamic the effect of some other factors on the dynamic behavior of the behavior of the liquid cargoliquid cargo-vehicle system. Fvehicle system. For example, to analyze the effect or example, to analyze the effect of longitudinal baffles, and to validate theoretical models.of longitudinal baffles, and to validate theoretical models. T2 - IMECE – International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition CY - Salt Lake City, UT, USA DA - 11.11.2019 KW - Transfer KW - Sloshing KW - Cargo KW - Container PY - 2019 SP - 2019-10030 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-49980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Antons, U. A1 - Eisenkrein-Kreksch, H. A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Jonietz, Florian T1 - Thermografische Schichtdickenbestimmung von Oberflächenschutzsystemen N2 - Die Anwendung von Polymerbeschichtungen im Bauwesen hat über die letzten Dekaden stetig zugenommen. Neben ästhetischen Aspekten sind vor allem die Verbesserung der Dauerhaftigkeit des Bauwerks und damit einhergehend die Verlängerung der Nutzungsdauer ausschlaggebende Gründe für die Wahl einer Beschichtung. Um die jeweiligen Bauteile vor Alterung, Verschleiß und Schädigung effektiv und zielsicher schützen zu können ist die Einhaltung der von den Herstellern vorgegebenen Mindestschichtdicken von essenzieller Bedeutung. Aus diesem Grund ist es notwendig die Schichtdicke der Beschichtung nach erfolgter Applikation zu überprüfen. Für den in diesem Zusammenhang anspruchs-vollen mineralischen Untergrund Beton stehen für die Baustelle bislang allerdings nur zerstörende Prüfverfahren zur Verfügung. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen zur photothermischen Schichtdickenbestimmung von Polymerbeschichtungen im Rah-men des Forschungsprojektes IRKUTSK werden derzeit im WIPANO Projekt PHOBOSS weitreichende Untersuchungen durchgeführt, um diese zerstörungsfreie Untersuchungsmethode auf den Baubereich anzuwenden. Ziel des WIPANO Projektes PHOBOSS ist neben der Verfeinerung und Validierung der Mess-und Auswertungsmethodik die Erstellung eines Normenentwurfes welcher Rahmenbedingungen und Anforderungen für Messung und Messgerät enthalten soll. Im Rahmen dieser Veröffentlichung werden Einblicke in das zur Schichtdickenbestimmung entwickelte Thermografie-verfahren gegeben. Die Funktionsweise des Verfahrens für die Messung von Oberflächenschutzsystemen wird anhand von Labor- und In Situ-Messungen illustriert und der für die Messungen verwendete Prototyp vorgestellt. T2 - 6. Kolloquium "Erhaltung von Bauwerken" CY - Esslingen, Germany DA - 22.01.2019 KW - Beton KW - Oberflächenschutzsystem (OSS) KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - photothermisch KW - Normung PY - 2019 UR - https://www.irb.fraunhofer.de/literaturbeschaffung.jsp SN - 978-3-943563-05-4 SP - 151 EP - 157 PB - TAE Selbstverlag CY - Ostfildern AN - OPUS4-50044 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - A real-time GPS scheme to assess safe driving skills N2 - GPS-data based calculation scheme for assessing, in real-time, the level of safety exerted during driving, has been described and used. The several variables involved considered the main factors that lead to road mishaps, including the speed, the acceleration and the effects that these variables have on the vehicle when it is negotiating a turn. The performance measure combines three individual performance outputs: speed, acceleration and a hybrid performance measure considering the speed, the acceleration and the change in latitude/longitude. The measures are designed in such a way that weighting factors can be calibrated in order to establish certain critical parameters. On the other hand, the terms in the equations preclude any division by zero of the involved ratios. On the other hand, the simplicity of the equations makes it possible to carry out the assessment in real time. The use of the resultant performance measure to a relatively long path, together with its current average value, indicates that the safe performance of the driving changes with time, and that, for the selected values of the calibration constants, the traveling speed dominates the overall safety performance of the driving. Furthermore, the different calibration constants provide the possibility of considering different types of hazmat carrying vehicles. While many other formulation components could be integrated into the performance measure, this three-component performance measure could be used to assess the driving of a hazmat-carrying vehicle, in order to detect and to prevent dangerous conditions, such as driver fatigue. Finally, the implementation of the different performance measure formulations in a system such as the one described in the introduction of this paper, could be straightforward. T2 - ICASAT – 2019 – IEEE international Conference on Applied Science and Advanced Technology CY - Queretaro, México DA - 27.11.2019 KW - GPS KW - Scheme KW - Safe KW - Driving PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-49984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Frei, Vivian A1 - Thiele, Marc A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Rogge, Andreas T1 - Characterizing the Fatigue Behavior of High-Performance Concrete for Wind Energy Structures N2 - Severe mechanical fatigue conditions for worldwide proliferating windfarms are a Major challenge for high-performance concrete in towers, connecting joints and foundations of wind turbines. High-performance concrete offers potential for the application in offshore windfarms, not only regarding its good mechanical, but also chemical resistivity due to low diffusivity in the highly densified microstructure. For a more reliable fatigue assessment, monitoring based on nondestructive testing can be a valuable complement to design rules. Both approaches demand reliable experimental data, information about scalability and the development of standardized testing methods. This article presents results of an ongoing research program of BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung), which is a part of a joint national project (WinConFat) funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The subproject implemented by BAM examines the fatigue behavior in dependence of size and slenderness for varying concrete strength at different stress levels. Besides fatigue strength, nondestructive testing is carried out additionally. Methods used are strain measurement and ultrasonic testing. The change of strain, stiffness and ultrasonic pulse velocity in the fatigue process is discussed. Results disclose a deeper insight into the damage process under cyclic loading of high-performance concrete and contribute to improve nondestructive monitoring. T2 - LORCENIS - Long Lasting Reinforced Concrete fpr Energy Infrastructure under Severe Operating Conditions CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 10.09.2019 KW - Compressive Cyclic loading KW - Fatigue KW - High-strength concrete KW - Non destructive testing KW - Ultrasonic testing PY - 2019 SN - 978-9-463-88638-3 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-49500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Linnemann, Konrad A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Sterthaus, Jens A1 - Rolle, Annette A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Vlassopoulos, Efstathios A1 - Papaioannou, Dimitrios T1 - Numerical Simulation of Spent Fuel Segments under Transport Loads N2 - Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel shall meet the International Atomic Energy Agency regulations to ensure safety under different transport conditions. The physical state of spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of package capabilities under these conditions. Generally, the mechanical behavior of high burn-up spent fuel assemblies under transport conditions shall be analyzed with regard to the assumptions which are used in the containment and criticality safety analysis. Considering the complexity of the interactions between the fuel rods as well as between the fuel assemblies, basket, and cask containment, the exact mechanical analysis of such phenomena is nearly impossible. The gaps in Information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellet behavior, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally. As a result, enveloping analytical approaches are usually used by BAM within the safety assessment of packages approved for transport of spent nuclear fuel. To justify the safety margins of such approaches additional analyses are necessary. In this paper, numerical simulations of a spent fuel assembly Segment are presented. The segment modeled represents the part of a generalized BWR fuel assembly between two spacers. Dynamic and quasi-static finite element calculations are performed to simulate the spent fuel behavior under regulatory defined accident conditions of transport. Beam elements are used for the modeling of the fuel rods representing the compound consisting of claddings and fuel pellets. The dynamic load applied is gathered from an experimental drop test with a spent fuel cask performed at BAM. A hot cell bending test performed at JRC Karlsruhe is the basis for obtaining the material behavior of the fuel rods. The material properties are determined by simulating the test setup of JRC and optimizing the results to fit the experimental load deflection curve. The simulations of the fuel assembly segment are used to get a better understanding about the loads on fuel rods under accident conditions of transport. T2 - 17th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2019) CY - Knoxville, Tennessee, USA DA - 14.04.2019 KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel KW - Finite Element Simulation KW - Transport packages PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-51088-669-8 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-52046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Gründer, Klaus-Peter A1 - Kadoke, Daniel ED - Caspeele, R. ED - Taerwe, L. ED - Frangopol, D. M. T1 - Damage mechanisms analysis of reinforced concrete beams in bending using non-destructive testing N2 - Beams that are loaded in transverse direction are one of the main structural elements used in reinforced concrete structures. Bending beams are used, for example, in bridge girders or joists. The strength related failure modes at maximum loading can be divided into bending and shear failure that could occur with or without indication. Conventional design concepts used in practice for designing structural elements subjected to bending aim at failure modes with sufficient indication (e.g. large deflections or cracks), as it occurs in the case of secondary flexure-compression-failure. These indicators can also be used to identify structural changes of civil infrastructure systems (e.g. bridges) using non-destructive testing methods for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). However, profound knowledge on the determining failure modes of bending beams is required for the reliable application of structural health monitoring. Therefore, resulting effects of different thermal and mechanical loads on the response of a structure are investigated by means of a bridge demonstrator. The results of this investigation are used for developing a monitoring system. Different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods have been used for analyzing the deformation behavior of a reinforced concrete beam in bending. The suitability of the different measuring techniques will be discussed by means of the obtained experimental results. For this purpose, the deformation behavior of a reinforced concrete beam having a span of 2.75 m was investigated in a four-point bending flexural test at laboratory scale. The focus is on the characterization of determining failure modes by the NDT methods and the comparison with classical measuring techniques (e.g. deformation measurements by displacement transducers). The bending tests have been accompanied by Acoustic Emission analysis (AE), optical deformation measurements using Stereophotogrammetry (SP) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The conducted tests have shown that the three-dimensional detection of deformations and resulting strains with optical techniques is beneficial for analyzing the damage mechanism of loaded structures and related crack formation and propagation. Optical techniques can be supplemented by acoustic emission testing which gives detailed information on crack formation and progressing damage. The combination of both techniques offers the application as efficient monitoring system for larger structures. T2 - Sixth International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE 2018) CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 28.10.2018 KW - Concrete Beam KW - Bending KW - Digital Image Correlation KW - Stereophotogrammetry KW - Acoustic Emission Analysis KW - Non-Destructive Testing PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-138-62633-1 SN - 978-1-315-22891-4 SP - 2411 EP - 2417 PB - CRC Press AN - OPUS4-46439 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gröke, Carsten A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Anforderungen an die Bauartprüfung und Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung für nicht zulassungspflichtige Versandstücke N2 - Überblick über die Regelwerksanforderungen an die Bauarten von nicht zulassungspflichtigen Versandstücken, sowie die zu erfüllenden Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung für die Auslegung, die Herstellung und den Betrieb. T2 - KONTEC 2019 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 27.03.2019 KW - Radioaktiv KW - Beförderung KW - IP-2 KW - IP-3 KW - Typ A KW - Anerkennung KW - Bauartprüfung PY - 2019 SP - 136 EP - 142 AN - OPUS4-56343 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Bennetts, V. H. A1 - Lilienthal, A. J. T1 - Remote Gas Sensing with Multicopter-Platforms N2 - This presentation gives an introduction to the gas-sensitive aerial robots developed at BAM, including various application examples in the field of mobile robot olfaction: gas source localization and gas distribution mapping. T2 - Zweites Innovationsforum "Autonome, mobile Dienste; Services für Mobilität" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.06.2019 KW - Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS); UAV-REGAS KW - Localization of gas sources KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Nano UAV Swarm KW - Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes PY - 2019 UR - http://modisem.de/files/Ereignisse/2019-06/Innovationsforum_Downloads/IF2_2019_Tagungsband_WEB.pdf SN - 978-3-942709-22-4 N1 - Tagungsband auf Deutsch, Beitrag auf Englisch. VL - 2019 SP - 24 EP - 34 AN - OPUS4-48699 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klimek, André A1 - Hothan, Sascha A1 - Rogge, Andreas T1 - Investigation of Size Effects in Concrete Spalling T1 - Untersuchung des Maßstabseffekts auf das Abplatzverhalten von Beton N2 - Spalling of concrete due to fire exposure can lead to severe damage of building components. It is a much discussed subject in structural engineering and not yet completely understood. Generally, it is assumed that thermohydraulic and thermomechanical processes induce tensile stresses in the concrete. Furthermore, the tensile strength of concrete is reduced due to increasing temperatures. The combination of an increasing tensile stress and a decreasing tensile strength result in the occurrence of explosive spalling. The spalling behaviour of concrete is influenced by many parameters, for instance the water cement ratio, porosity, permeability of concrete as well, the presence of steel reinforcement and polypropylene fibres, also the size and geometry of the fire exposed area. Within the current research project at Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung (BAM), the susceptibility to spalling of six different concrete mixtures is analysed to quantify the size effect using small scale, intermediate scale and full scale tests. A special fire test setup was built to test specimens simultaneously to enable a better comparability. All specimens are tested without additional mechanical load and unrestraint to prevent external induced cracking at the fire exposed site. Thermocouples are used to measure in situ the temperature distribution as an indication on the thermal degradation of the concrete during the fire tests. Afterwards the maximum spalling depth and the damaged area of the specimen are illustrated by a photogrammetric measurement system. The contribution to the spalling workshop presents the results of four concrete mixtures tested in intermediate-scale and full-scale fire tests. The comparisons are based on the concrete temperature as well as the obtained photogrammetric data. The results show that the spalling depth and the spalling area are significantly affected by the size of the fire exposed area. T2 - 6th International Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure CY - Sheffield, UK DA - 19.09.2019 KW - Concrete KW - Spalling KW - Fire Test KW - Photogrammetry KW - Size Effect PY - 2019 UR - https://firespallingworkshop2019.group.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Fire-Spalling-Workshop_Proceedings.pdf SN - 978-1-5272-4135-0 SP - 61 EP - 70 PB - The University of Sheffield CY - Sheffield AN - OPUS4-49254 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Cheng-Chieh A1 - Weisbrich, S. A1 - Burger, M. A1 - Neitzel, F. T1 - A Four-Point Bending Test Apparatus for Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis N2 - By means of a small-scale truss bridge, the ability of the Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis to detect and localize damage was examined. Although there was no noteworthy difficulty in detecting damage, it turned out that damage localization responds sensitively to systematic influences, i.e. non-modelled properties of the mechanical model. Therefore, another experiment is being conducted to re-examine the Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis. For this purpose, the bending test is carried out as it has been already theoretically respectively numerically discussed. In this attempt, the systematic influences such as residual stress are kept as low as possible. T2 - 36th Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Pilsen, Czech Republic DA - 24.09.2019 KW - Damage detection KW - Adjustment calculation KW - Finite element method PY - 2019 SN - 978-80-261-0876-4 SP - 63 EP - 64 CY - Pilsen, Czech Republic AN - OPUS4-49290 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Sturm, Patrick A1 - Greiser, Sebastian A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Brouwers, H.J.H. A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten T1 - Einkomponentige alkaliaktivierte Bindemittel und Mörtel mit hohem Widerstand gegen Schwefelsäureangriff N2 - Einkomponentige alkaliaktivierte Bindemittel (AAB), d. h. AAB, bei denen der Aktivator als Feststoff im Bindemittel vorliegt, weisen Vorteile hinsichtlich der praktischen Anwendung im Bauwesen gegenüber konventionellen AAB auf. Einkomponentige AAB lassen sich als Gemische aus reaktiver Silica und Natriumaluminat herstellen, wobei die Reaktionsprodukte von der eingesetzten Silica und den Verhältnissen Na2O/Al2O3/SiO2/H2O abhängen: Während Mikrosilica und ähnliche Reststoffe zu zeolithreichen Produkten führen, erhält man aus Reisschalenasche vollständig amorphe Gele (sog. «Geopolymere »). Mörtel auf Basis solcher Bindemittel entsprechen den Anforderungen von DIN 19573:2016-03 hinsichtlich des Widerstands gegen Schwefelsäureangriff (Prüfung bei pH = 1 für 70 d) und sind damit potentiell als Reparatursysteme für Abwasserinfrastruktur geeignet. Untersuchungen mittels 29Si-MAS-NMR und 1H-29Si-Kreuzpolarisations(CP)-MAS-NMR sowie REM-Aufnahmen von erhärteten und dem Schwefelsäureangriff ausgesetzten AAB zeigen, dass der hohe Säurewiderstand v. a. auf die Fällung von Silicagel an der Grenzfläche Mörtel/Säure zurückzuführen ist, wodurch der Korrosionsfortschritt in darunterliegenden Schichten verlangsamt wird. T2 - Tagung Bauchemie der GDCh-Fachgruppe Bauchemie CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 30.09.2019 KW - Alkaliaktivierte Bindemittel KW - Biogene Schwefelsäurekorrosion KW - Abwasserinfrastruktur KW - Reparatursysteme PY - 2019 SP - 107 EP - 113 PB - Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-49264 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Lombaert, G. ED - Degrande, G. T1 - Predicted and measured amplitude-speed relations of railway ground vibrations at four German sites with different test trains N2 - The present contribution evaluates four measuring series made by the Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing for the relations between train speed and ground vibration amplitudes. This experimental evaluation is supported by the simulation of the train passages at the different sites by using appropriate excitation mechanisms and forces as well as layered soil models which have been derived from impact measurements at each site. T2 - 13th International Workshop on Railway Noise and Vibration CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 16.09.2019 KW - Train speed KW - Ground vibration KW - Excitation forces KW - Layered soils PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - KU Leuven CY - Leuven AN - OPUS4-49440 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Adam, C. T1 - Bahnerschütterungen bei verschiedenen Böden und Zuggeschwindigkeiten – Messungen in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz N2 - Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung hat in den letzten 30 Jahren an vielen Orten Bahnerschütterungen gemessen. Dabei wurden immer auch Versuche zur Bestimmung der Bodeneigen-schaften durchgeführt, meist mit Hammeranregung, gelegentlich auch mit Schwingeranregung. Es werden verschiedene Auswertemethoden wie Seismogramm-Montage, Spektrale Analyse (SASW), Multistation Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), f,v-Analyse (Dispersion aus zweifacher Fourier-Analyse), Spatial AutoCorrelation (SPAC, hier auch für deterministische Quellen) vorgestellt. Durch Approximation der frequenzabhängigen Wellengeschwindigkeiten (Dispersion) oder der gemessenen Übertragungsfunktionen erhält man ein passendes Bodenmodell. Zu diesem Bodenmodell kann man dann die Übertragungsfunktionen für Hammer- und Zuganregung berechnen. Mit allgemeinen oder spezifischen Achslastspektren werden dann die Bahnerschütterungen prognostiziert und mit den Messergebnissen verglichen. Bei etlichen Messorten, insbesondere in der Schweiz, wurden deutliche Merkmale einer Bodenschichtung beobachtet. Es ergibt sich eine deutliche Reduktion der tiefen Frequenzanteile durch den steifen unterliegenden Halbraum. Die weiche Deckschicht bestimmt das hochfrequente Verhalten. Hier bewirkt die Materialdämpfung des Bodens oft einen starken Amplitudenabfall, sowohl mit der Entfernung als auch mit der Frequenz. Für den verbleibenden mittelfrequenten Anteil wurde an mehreren Messorten die Amplituden-Fahrgeschwindigkeits-Gesetzmäßigkeiten untersucht. Es gibt konstante bis stark ansteigende Amplituden, und es zeigt sich auch hier, dass der geschichtete Boden von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. T2 - 16. D-A-CH Tagung Erdbebeningenieurwesen & Baudynamik (D-A-CH 2019) CY - Innsbruck, Austria DA - 26.09.2019 KW - Wellengeschwindigkeit KW - Dispersionsmessung KW - Bodenübertragungsfunktion KW - Bahnerschütterungen KW - Zuggeschwindigkeit PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Universität Innsbruck CY - Innsbruck AN - OPUS4-49441 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Otremba, Frank ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Sloshing in Vertical Circular Tanks and Earthquakes Perturbations N2 - A simplified formulation is proposed in this paper to assess the proximity of the earthquake-related Perturbation frequencies to the natural sloshing frequencies of the liquid contained in vertical cylindrical tanks. The methodology is based upon an existing gravity-waves approach, which was developed for rectangular cross-section reservoirs, and is extended in this paper to analyze circular cross-section tanks. The experimental outputs of this paper show that the existing methodology correlates at 100% with experimental data in the case of rectangular containers; while the corresponding average error in the case of a conical container and a cylindrical container is 7% and 9.1 %, respectively. The full diameter of the cross section was considered. The use of sovalidated methodology to full scale tanks, suggests that cylindrical vertical tanks with a capacity lower than 700 m3, could be exposed to a resonance excitation when subjected to earthquake motions, regardless of the fill level. T2 - WCECS 2019 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 22.10.2019 KW - Sloshing KW - Tanks KW - Earthquake KW - Perturbation PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IA ENG CY - San Francisco AN - OPUS4-49407 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Soszynska, A. A1 - Säuberlich, T. A1 - Borch, J. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Reulke, R. T1 - Analysis of the gas flare flame with IR cameras N2 - Greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities remain one of the most important subjects of international discussions. The routine gas flaring has been estimated to be responsible for as much as 1% of global carbon dioxide emission per year. Gas flaring analysis is one of the key-interest subjects in remote sensing community. Some of the existing publications use remote sensing techniques with satellite imagery to derive information about flame temperature and further about to estimate the volume of the flared gas. The often missing element is an in-situ measurement analysis of gas flames, combining signals recorded by a camera on-ground and data on flared gas volume, temperature and gas type. In order to address this problem, an experiment was conducted, in which the gas flame was recorded by thermal cameras on-ground, simultaneously to an aerial survey and the gas flow was measured at the same time on-ground. The measurement setup was designed in cooperation between Institute of Optical Sensor Systems of German Aerospace Center (DLR) and German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). Cameras recording in thermal and mid-wave IR wavelengths were used to record the burning gas on-ground and from the aerial survey. All the measurements have been compared and statistically analysed with respect to the recorded temperature. The purpose of the examination was to describe the signal changes in thermal imagery with respect to changes in energy, emitted by the burning process. This approach will allow for later calculation of the amount of energy in form of thermal radiation sent from the flame to the satellite. T2 - Processing Methodologies I CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 10.09.2019 KW - Gas flaring KW - Thermal remote sensing KW - Thermal radiation KW - Aerial survey PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532887 SP - Paper 11156-5, 1 EP - 19 AN - OPUS4-48997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Braml, T. A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - Refining stochastic models for the reassessment of bridges using advanced NDT-methods N2 - Increasing requirements on the infrastructure caused by more and heavier traffic coincide with both the aging and the progressive degradation of bridge constructions. These exemplary issues lead to a non-negligible need for reassessments of existing bridges. Compared to the new building design, safety reserves can be used in the evaluation of such existing structures, since uncertainties that may arise during the design, construction and previous Service time are better known or no longer present. Uncertainties can be evaiuated more precisely by measurements. In the meantime, the application of advanced NDT-methods on concrete structures have become so capable, that crucial structure Parameters like certain material properties or geometrical dimensions can be quantified without significant destructive interventions. The measured data can be explicitly incorporated into the probabilistic computation models used for the bridge reassessment in form of random variables. Therewith, a previously insufficient model can be refined to achieve a higher level of approximation. This contribution emphasises two fundamental steps of the measured data based probabilistic reassessment: The sensitivity analyses to identify the cruciai Parameters and the needed accuracy of the related information as well as the comparison with expected uncertainties of non-destructively measured Parameters. T2 - 17th International Probabilistic Workshop CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 11.09.2019 KW - Measurement KW - Reassessment KW - NDT KW - Concrete bridges PY - 2019 SP - 99 EP - 105 AN - OPUS4-48998 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero Navaratte, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineers N2 - The efficiency and safety of railway transportation depends on many factors and operating conditions, associated to the vehicle, the infrastructure, the operator and the environment. From the vehicle-infrastracture perspective, some influential factors include the dynamics of the vehicle and infrastructure interaction when the vehicle operates on curved tracks. Düring such changes of direction, the vehicle dynamically responds to the lateral perturbation, producing a lateral load transfer that represents an increase of the wheel forces on one side of the track, as a function of the train operating conditions and track design, including track's geometry and over-elevation, and vehicle's operating speed as well as its inertial properties and dimensions. In this context, the lateral load transfer superimposes to tangential steering forces, which are developed when the vehicle enters the curved track, and stabilize once a steady state is attained if the vehicle travels along a constant radius track at constant speed. The magnitude of such tangential forces depends on a variety of factors, including the yaw stiffness of the bogie, and the friction at the centre plate. While the friction at the centre plate generates higher tangential forces on the track and a consequential greater rail wearing and lose of locomotive energy, such friction is also crucial to avoid the hunting phenomenon when the vehicle travels along tangents. In this paper, a mechanically active centre plate is proposed, which increases the friction torque at the centre plate when the vehicle travels along tangents, and reduces such a friction torque when the vehicle negotiates curved portions of the track. Such conceptual design includes the principles of Operation and a needed preliminary experimental model to assess the potential benefits as well as the feasibility of such equipment. T2 - 11th international conference on railway bogies and running gears CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Centre plate KW - Railway KW - Fiction PY - 2019 SP - 28 EP - 30 AN - OPUS4-49004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Balke, Christian A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Fire protection systems for above-ground storage tanks N2 - Liquefied propane gas (LPG) tanks in a fully engulfing accidental fire experience a fast increase in internal pressure. The result is often a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) that can result in a large fireball and flying debris over a radius of more than 100 meters. In the last 30 years BAM has carried out more than 30 real scale fire tests on propane storage vessels across three test sites. The primary research goal was to identify systems that can delay or prevent a BLEVE. Early studies started with water deluge systems, and have since moved on to consider alternative protection systems. It has been shown that an unprotected vessel fails within 10 minutes or less. Tests with different oil and propane fueled fires have given an overview on possible real accidents involving full-engulfing scenarios. LPG tanks of various sizes (2.7 m³, 3.6 m³, 4.8 m³, 6.7 m³) were used with different filling levels. Numerous protection systems, ranging from active systems like water systems to passive thick- and thin-film layers. Also, the degree of thickness of these layers was variated. Pressure relief valves (PRV) have also been investigated, both alone and in combination with protection systems. This paper gives an overview of the work performed by BAM in the field of BLEVE prevention of protecting system since the last 30 years. It has been shown that e.g. with a full applied coating degree on the tank with and without PRV can be reached an exposition in a test fire scenario a duration of more than 60min. For partly coated tanks with and without PRV the duration time is like an unprotected vessel. Furthermore, it could be shown that the active water system also protects with technically correct design. T2 - Loss Prevention 2019 CY - Delft, Niederlande DA - 16.06.2019 KW - Fire KW - Protection systems KW - Propane storage tanks PY - 2019 SN - 978-88-95608-72-3 VL - 75 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-49021 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Oesch, Tyler A1 - Dlugosch, R. A1 - Powierza, Bartosz T1 - Transport and reconfiguration of moisture in HPC due to unilateral heating N2 - Explosive spalling is caused by, among others, the thermohydraulic spalling mechanism. During this process, vaporization, dehydration, moisture-transport and condensation processes interact. As a result, a drying and dehydration zone as well as a saturated zone, known as a moisture clog, are observed inside the unilaterally-heated concrete. The presented research is focused on the experimental investigation of the underlying thermohydraulic processes. To investigate these, a test methodology based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was developed. Thereby, the X-ray CT scans are carried out simultaneously during the application of a defined unilateral-heating regime on a specially-constructed specimen. This miniaturized specimen, equipped with a double-layer casing, reproduces the condition within a planar, unilaterally-heated building component. A preliminary test methodology and the first experimental results were presented at the 5th International Workshop on Concrete Spalling in Borås, Sweden (2017). The contribution for the upcoming workshop presents an improved version of this test methodology and new results for a high-performance concrete (HPC) mixture exposed to temperatures up to 500 °C. Regarding the CT measurements, a higher time-resolution of 15 min was achieved and a quantification of the moisture changes was implemented. Due to an increase in signal quality of the NMR measurements, a pore-size specific moisture distribution can now be resolved. This allows to conclude about the moisture reconfiguration between small gel pores and larger interhydrate pores. Additionally, the NMR measurement are no longer limited to first 2.5 cm below the heated surface but a one-dimensional moisture distribution can now be estimated over the whole 10 cm long specimen. The presented results demonstrate that the combination of X-ray CT and NMR measurements enables to image and quantify the thermally-induced moisture transport and reconfiguration from small gel pores up to macro pores. This provides important insights into the thermohydraulic damage mechanism and leads to a better understanding of spalling avoidance strategies, like the addition of polypropylene fibres. T2 - 6th International Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to fire exposure CY - Sheffield, UK DA - 19.09.2019 KW - Moisture clog KW - X-ray CT KW - NMR KW - Moisture transport KW - HPC PY - 2019 UR - https://firespallingworkshop2019.group.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Fire-Spalling-Workshop_Proceedings.pdf SN - 978-1-5272-4135-0 SP - 181 EP - 190 CY - Sheffield AN - OPUS4-49161 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Bhuyan, Delwar A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Viefhues, Eva A1 - Döhler, M. A1 - Mevel, L. ED - Zingoni, Alphose T1 - Impact of environmental based effects on SHM strategies N2 - Environmental based perturbations influence significantly the ability to identify structural dam-age in Structural Health Monitoring. Strategies are needed to classify such effects and consider them appropri-ately in SHM. It has to be considered if seasonal effects just mask the structural response or if temperature itself correlates to a weakening of the structure. Various methods have been developed and analyzed to separate environmental based effects from damage induced changes in the measures. Generally, two main approaches have emerged from research activity in this fields: (a) statistics-based tools analyzing patterns in the data or in computed parameters and (b) methods, utilizing the structural model of the bridge considering environmental as well as damage-based changes of stiffness values. With the background of increasing affordability of sensing and computing technology, effort should be made to increase sensitivity, reliability and robustness of proce-dures, separating environmental from damage caused changes in SHM measures. The contribution describes an attempt to evaluate both general strategies, their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, two vibration moni-toring procedures are introduced, allowing for temperature-based perturbations of the monitoring data. T2 - SEMC 2019 CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 02.09.2019 KW - SHM environmental bridges PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-138-38696-9 SN - 978-0-429-42650-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429426506 SP - Paper 324, 1 EP - Paper 324, 6 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton AN - OPUS4-49167 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Long, Lijia A1 - Alcover, I. F. A1 - Thöns, Sebastian T1 - Quantification of the posterior utilities of SHM campaigns on an orthotropic steel bridge deck N2 - This paper contains a quantification and decision theoretical optimization of the posterior utilities for several options for monitoring campaigns on the particular case of fatigue life predictions of an orthotropic steel deck. The monitoring campaigns are defined by varying monitoring durations and phases. The decision analysis is performed with real data from the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of the Great Belt Bridge (Denmark) which, among others, consist of measured strains, pavement temperatures and traffic intensities. The fatigue loading prediction model is based on regression models linking daily averaged pavement temperatures, daily aggregated heavy-traffic Counts and derived S-N fatigue damages, all of them derived from the outcomes of different monitoring campaigns. A probabilistic methodology is utilized to calculate the fatigue reliability profiles of selected instrumented welded joints. The posterior utilities of SHM campaigns are then quantified by considering the structural fatigue reliability, various monitoring campaigns and the corresponding cost-benefit models. The decisions of identifying the optimal monitoring campaign and of extending the service life or not in conjunction with monitoring results are modelled. The optimal monitoring campaign is identified - retrospectively - by maximizing the expected benefits and minimize risks in dependency of the monitoring duration and the monitoring associated costs. The results, despite relying on a number of simplistic assumptions, pave the way towards the use of pre-posterior decision support to optimise the design of monitoring campaigns for similar bridges, with an overall goal to proof the cost efficiency of SHM approaches to civil infrastructure management. T2 - The 12th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY - Stanford University, CA, USA DA - 10.09.2019 KW - SHM KW - Posterior utilities KW - Orthotropic steel bridge deck PY - 2019 SP - 265 EP - 274 AN - OPUS4-49174 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vössing, Konrad A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst ED - Ross, R. ED - Sauter, U. T1 - Contactless testing of wood-based materials with novel air-coupled ultrasonic transducers N2 - The detection of delamination, rot and cracks causing a decrease of strength in wooden construction elements is a key task for nondestructive testing (NDT). Air-coupled ultrasound (ACU) is used to detect flaws without having to provide contact to the surface or otherwise affect the object. Novel ferroelectric transducers with a high signal-to-noise ratio enable an accurate flaw detection. Transducers made of cellular polypropylene (PP) are suitable for characterizing wood-based materials (WBM) because their extremely low Young’s modulus and low density mean a favorable acoustic impedance for the transmission of ultrasonic waves between the transducer and air. The transducers can be applied during the production of WBM and during its service life. The device enables a fast in-situ recognition of defects with frequencies between 90 kHz and 250 kHz. Measurements can be performed in through transmission for a high resolution or in pulse-echo technique in case of one-sided access at the expense of reduced signal strength. Ultrasonic quality assurance for wood is an important attempt to increase the acceptance of wooden structures and towards sustainability in civil engineering in general. T2 - 21. International Nondestructive Testing and evaluation of Wood Symposium CY - Freiburg, Germany DA - 24.09.2019 KW - Air-coupled ultrasound KW - Defect detection KW - Nondestructive Testing KW - Timber PY - 2019 SP - 100 PB - FVA CY - Freiburg AN - OPUS4-49169 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Saul, Herbert A1 - Wang, Bin T1 - Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels N2 - The recent growing of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by batterie vehicles or tube-trailers, both in composite pressure vessels. As transport regulation the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions and used for national transport in EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the burst pressure of each individual pressure vessel, regardless the capabilities of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from worst case scenarios. In 2012, BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc. to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. However, this results in a stringent requirement in case of using large pressure vessels (so called “tubes”) on vehicles. In the studies presented here, the safety measures for hydrogen road transport are identified and reviewed through some safety measures from some countries like Japan, USA and China. Subsequently, the failure consequences of using trailers, the related risks and chances are evaluated. Finally, a chance-related risk criterion is suggested to add into regulations and consequently to be defined as safety goal in standards for hydrogen transport vehicles and consequently for mounted pressure vessels. T2 - ICHS International Conference on Hydrogen Safety) 2019 CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 24.09.2019 KW - pressure-volume product KW - probabilistic approach KW - hydrogen transport KW - risk limit KW - F-N-diagram KW - maximum acceptable consequence KW - chance-risk analysis KW - specific risk value PY - 2019 SP - 104-01 EP - 104-15 PB - International Association for Hydrogen Safety (HySafe) CY - Adelaide AN - OPUS4-50124 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wang, Bin A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Gesell, Stephan T1 - Determination of Distribution Function used in MCS on Safety Analysis of Hydrogen Pressure Vessel N2 - The test data of static burst strength and load cycle strength of composite pressure vessels are often described by GAUSSian normal or WEIBULL distribution function to perform safety analyses. The goodness of assumed distribution function plays a significant role in the inferential statistics to predict the population properties by using limited test data. Often, GAUSSian and WEIBULL probability nets are empirical methods used to validate the distribution function; Anderson-Darling and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests are the mostly favorable approaches for Goodness of Fit. However, the different approaches used to determine the parameters of distribution function lead mostly to different conclusions for safety assessments. In this study, six different methods are investigated to show the variations on the rates for accepting the composite pressure vessels according to GTR No. 13 life test procedure. The six methods are: a) Norm-Log based method, b) Least squares regression, c) Weighted least squares regression, d) A linear approach based on good linear unbiased estimators, e) Maximum likelihood estimation and f) The method of moments estimation. In addition, various approaches of ranking function are considered. In the study, Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to generate basic populations based on the distribution functions which are determined using different methods. Then the samples are extracted randomly from a population and evaluated to obtain acceptance rate. Here, the “populations” and “samples” are corresponding to the burst strength or load cycle strength of the pressure vessels made from composite material and a plastic liner (type 4) for the storage of hydrogen. To the end, the results are discussed, and the best reliable methods are proposed. T2 - ICHS International Conference on Hydrogen Safety) 2019 CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 24.09.2019 KW - Monte-Carlo Simulation KW - Distribution function KW - Weibull Distribution PY - 2019 SP - 103-1 EP - 103-16 AN - OPUS4-50383 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Gesell, Stephan T1 - Betriebsfestigkeit von Composite-Wasserstoffspeichern Erster Ansatz zur Simulation der Auswirkung der erstmaligen Prüfung N2 - Druckbehälter werden vor ihrer Inbetriebnahme obligatorisch einer hydraulischen Prüfung bis zum sog. Prüfdruck belastet. Damit sollen fehlerhaft gefertigte Individuen erkannt und ausgesondert werden. Mit dieser Prüfung werden aber auch diejenigen Einzelbehälter ausgesondert, die ohne einem nachvollziehbaren Fertigungsfehler, nur auf Basis der statistischen Streuung ggf. eine Festigkeit unterhalb des Prüfdrucks aufweisen. Da der Prüfdruck im Fall der Wasserstoffspeicher mindestens 20% über dem maximal zulässigem Betriebsdruck liegt, wäre damit ein Versagen im Betrieb ausgenommen, gäbe es die verschiedenen Alterungs- bzw. Ermüdungseffekt nicht. Um den Einfluss der erstmaligen Prüfung auf eine angenommene ausfallfreie Zeit bewerten zu können, wird hier die Alterung und die erstmalige Prüfung in Kombination analysiert. Hierzu wird auf Basis der Restfestigkeitsdaten aus einer umfangreichen Prüfkampagne ein Ansatz für die Beschreibung der Alterung ermittelt und auf andere Lastzustände übertragen. So kann für das Baumuster, das der o.g. Prüfkampagne zugrunde lag, mithilfe einer Monte-Carlo-Simulation gezeigt werden, dass mindestens 10.000 LW vor einem ersten Alterungsversagen mit 1 aus 1 Mio. In Abhängigkeit der Anzahl der Individuen, die bei der erstmaligen Prüfung versagen, und der Streuung der gesamten Population, kann diese Mindestfestigkeit auf realistisch 50.000 Lastwechsel steigen. Damit ist gezeigt, dass aufgrund der erstmaligen Prüfung eine Mindestfestigkeit erzeugt wird, die stark vom Alterungsverhalten abhängt. Im Ergebnis heißt dies, dass in den Vorschriften aktuell die Bedeutung des Mindestberstdrucks in der Baumusterprüfung überschätzt und die möglichst betriebsbegleitende Erfassung der Alterung unterschätzt sind. T2 - 29. Fachtagung Technische Zuverlässigkeit 2019 CY - Nürtingen, Germany DA - 07.05.2019 KW - Alterung KW - Berstdruck KW - Streuung KW - Degradation KW - statistische Auswertung KW - ausfgallfreie Lastwechsel PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-18-092345-1 SN - 0083-5560 SP - 223 EP - 234 PB - VDI-Verlag GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-50181 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Package testing of a dual purpose cask for SNF from German research reactors N2 - A new dual purpose cask design was developed for the safe transport and interim storage of spent fuel elements of German research reactors. In the framework of the safety assessment within the licensing procedure the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) as competent authority performed a series of drop tests according to the IAEA-Regulations [1]. The package consists of a cylindrical thick-walled ductile cast iron cask body closed by a double lid system with metallic seals. A lid and bottom sided impact limiter consisting of a wood/steel construction limit the mechanical impact loading. The full-scale test specimen was equipped with a basket and assembled with dummy-fuel elements. The package and test specimen, respectively have a total mass of approximately 24 metric tons. The mechanical test program included three 9m free drop tests, in horizontal, vertical and oblique cask orientation onto the lid system. Additionally, a 1m-puncture drop test followed the horizontal drop test to consider an IAEA-test sequence. The horizontal and vertical drop tests were performed at a temperature of minus 40°C. During the oblique drop test the upper impact limiter was heated to +80°C. The tests were conducted onto an unyielding target, fulfilling the requirements of the IAEA regulations [1]. The test specimen was considerably instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers. Transient strains at selected locations of the inner and outer container walls, of the primary and secondary lid, as well as of the corresponding lid bolts were measured during the drop tests. Furthermore, decelerations in different locations at the cask body and the lids were measured. The complex geometrical deformation of the impact limiters due to the impact were determined by optical 3d- measurements using the projected fringe method in combination with multi-image photogrammetry. Before and after the drop tests the leakage rate of the lid system was determined by helium leakage testing. The experimental results contribute to the evaluation of the package response to mechanical tests, demonstrating safety under normal and accident conditions of transport. Especially to the verification of the dynamic finiteelement model of the package used in the package design safety report [2]. The paper describes the performance of the drop tests, selected test results focusing on the lid screws and the cask body and the deformation of the impact limiters as well as impact kinematics, respectively. T2 - IHLRWM2019 CY - Knoxville, TN, USA DA - 14.04.2019 KW - Drop test KW - Package testing KW - Dual purpose cask PY - 2019 SN - 978-0-89448-761-3 VL - 2019 SP - paper 27283, 1 EP - 7 PB - ANS AN - OPUS4-50619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Ackermann, M. A1 - Senkel, U. T1 - Staubdichtheit von Säcken und FIBC für feste Gefahrgüter - Eine kritische Betrachtung der derzeitigen Regelsetzung und Transportpraxis N2 - In den internationalen Gefahrgutvorschriften ist vorgeschrieben, dass Säcke und flexible Großpackmittel (Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container – FIBC) staubdicht sein müssen. Eine quantitative Definition des Terminus Staubdichtheit, wie in anderen Technikgebieten üblich, ist jedoch nicht gegeben. Auch geeignete Prüfverfahren zum Nachweis der Staubdichtheit sind in den Vorschriften nicht genannt. In der Praxis der stichpunkartigen Kontrollen von Gefahrguttransporten durch die Schwerlastgruppe der Autobahnpolizei Münster werden immer wieder Austritte von pulverförmigen oder körnigen Gefahrgütern aus eigentlich intakten Säcken und FIBC detektiert. Es wird ein Überblick über die im Jahr 2018 festgestellten Gefahrgutaustritte aus diesen Gefahrgutverpackungen sowie eine systematische Einordnung hinsichtlich betroffener Bauarten und möglicher Ursachen gegeben. Bei der Stofffreisetzung aus intakten Gefahrgutverpackungen liegt ein mechanischer Transport von Partikeln durch Leckkanäle, z. B. im Verschluss-, Naht- oder Wandungsbereich, vor. Generell kommen zwei Freisetzungswege in Frage: Einerseits eine Langzeit-Freisetzung während des Transports, hervorgerufen durch eine kombinierte Wirkung von Stapellast des Füllguts und Transportvibrationen; andererseits eine stoßartige Freisetzung. Auf Grundlage von durchgeführten Untersuchungen hinsichtlich der stoßartigen Freisetzung pulverförmiger Stoffe aus Gefahrgutsäcken werden erste Lösungsansätze hin zu einer Verbesserung der Staubdichtheit von Gefahrgutsäcken und -FIBC vorgestellt. Es wird ein Ausblick auf nachfolgende Arbeiten gegeben. T2 - 48. Jahrestagung der GUS 2019 CY - Stutensee, Ortsteil Blankenloch, Germany DA - 27.03.2019 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Staubdichtheit KW - Säcke KW - FIBC PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-9818507-3-4 SP - 157 EP - 170 AN - OPUS4-47691 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotschate, Daniel A1 - Gaal, Mate T1 - Plasma-akustische Wechselwirkungen von Mikrohohlkathodenentladungen N2 - Während des Entladungsprozesses interagieren Mikrohohlkathodenentladungen (engl. micro hollow cathode discharges) durch verschiedenste physikalische Phänomene mit ihrer Umgebung. Analog zu Funken- und Koronaentladung treten neben den optischen Erscheinungen auch akustische Wechselwirkungen bis in den Ultraschallbereich auf. Diese Wechselwirkungen sind bisher jedoch nur selten Gegenstand der Forschung gewesen. Durch elektro-chemischen Prozesse und die Stromdichteverteilung während des Zündvorgangs erfährt das angrenzende Fluid eine, durch den thermoakustischen Effekt hervorgerufene, rapide Dichteänderung und erzeugt somit eine akustische Emission. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den letzten Stand der akustischen Beschreibung der Mikrohohlkathode. Weiterhin wird anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen, wie der Charakterisierung von akustischen Sensoren, sowie der Nutzung innerhalb der zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung, die Nutzung dieser Entladungsart präsentiert. Darüber hinaus erlaubt die Kenntnis hinsichtlich der akustischen Eigenschaften der Entladung wichtige Rückschlüsse im Rahmen der Plasmadiagnostik. T2 - 45. Jahrestagung für Akustik (DAGA 2019) CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 18.03.2019 KW - Micro hollow cathode discharge KW - Atmospheric pressure plasma PY - 2019 SP - 1049 EP - 1051 AN - OPUS4-47790 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, P. ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Messung der effektiven UV-Bestrahlung bei der Bewitterung von Polymeren N2 - Bei der Bestrahlung und Bewitterung von polymeren Werkstoffen wird die Degradation durch eine Absorption von Strahlung initiiert und meistens durch weitere Klimagrößen, wie z.B. Wärme, Feuchte und atmosphärische Gase beeinflusst. Die Messung einer effektiven Bestrahlungsstärke und ihre zeitliche Integration sind deshalb von großer Bedeutung und zwar sowohl für die Kontrolle der Funktion des Bewitterungs- oder Bestrahlungsgerätes als auch als zusätzliche Angabe der wirkenden Beanspruchung. Photochemische Prozesse werden beim Sehen oder allgemeiner bei Farbstoffen schon durch sichtbare (VIS) Strahlung, dagegen bei der Erythembildung der Haut und der Photodegradation von Polymeren erst durch die energiereicheren Photonen der ultravioletten (UV) Strahlung initiiert. Die spektrale Empfindlichkeit des Auges und die Erythembildung sind im VIS- bzw. UV-Bereich sehr stark wellenlängenabhängig, was durch die Angabe der mit der spektralen Hellempfindlichkeit V(λ) des Auges bewerteten VIS-Strahlung in Lux (lx) bzw. die mit der Erythem-Wirkfunktion Serythem bewertete UV Strahlung als dimensionsloser UV-Index berücksichtigt wird. Spektrale Empfindlichkeiten. Die Photodegradation von Polymeren ist im UV-Bereich ebenfalls stark wellenlängenabhängig, was bisher bei der radiometrischen UV-Messung nicht berücksichtigt wurde. Seit Mitte der 70er Jahre, als die lx- bzw lxh- Messung bei der Strahlungsbeanspruchung langsam durch die Ermittlung der radiometrischen UV-Bestrahlungsstärke bzw. der UV-Bestrahlung im gesamten UV-Bereich abgelöst wurde, gab es hier bei der Bewitterungsprüfung keine weiteren Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Charakterisierung der Strahlungsbeanspruchung im UV-Bereich. Seit Jahren liegen zahlreiche Ergebnisse über die spektrale Empfindlichkeit von Photo-degradationsprozessen vor, die zeigen, dass die spektrale Empfindlichkeit im Bereich der Globalstrahlung an der kurzwelligen Grenze bei ca. 300 nm, am größten ist und im langwelligen UV-Bereich bei ca. 400 nm gegen Null geht. Die Messungen der radiometrischen Größen UV-Gesamtbestrahlungsstärke und UV-Gesamtbestrahlung erfasst deshalb über weite Wellenlängenbereiche Strahlungsanteile, die für die Photodegradation bedeutungslos sind und mittelt über potenziell bedeutsame Änderungen im kurzwelligen UV-Bereich hinweg. Es wird das Konzept eines neuen UV-Radiometers vorgestellt, dessen spektrale Empfindlichkeit einer mittleren spektralen Empfindlichkeit der Photodegradation von Polymeren entspricht. Die effektive UV-Bestrahlungsstärke und UV-Bestrahlung kann dadurch wesentlich genauer erfasst werden. T2 - 48. Jahrestagung der GUS 2019 CY - Stutensee, Germany DA - 27.03.2019 KW - UV-Bestrahlungsstärke PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-9818507-3-4 SP - 89 EP - 100 AN - OPUS4-47896 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Hirschberger, Paul A1 - Baurzhan, Zhandos A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Indoor air quality monitoring using flying nanobots: Design and experimental study N2 - In this paper, we introduce a nano aerial robot swarm for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) monitoring applications such as occupational health and safety of (industrial) workplaces. The robotic swarm is composed of nano Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), based on the Crazyflie 2.0 quadrocopter, and small lightweight Metal Oxide (MOX) gas sensors for measuring the Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC), which is a measure for IAQ. An indoor localization and positioning system is used to estimate the absolute 3D position of the swarm similar to GPS. A test scenario was built up to validate and optimize the swarm for the intended applications. Besides calibration of the IAQ sensors, we performed experiments to investigate the influence of the rotor downwash on the gas measurements at different altitudes and compared them with stationary measurements. Moreover, we did a first evaluation of the gas distribution mapping performance. Based on this novel IAQ monitoring concept, new algorithms in the field of Mobile Robot Olfaction (MRO) are planned to be developed exploiting the abilities of an aerial robotic swarm. T2 - 18th International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose CY - Fukuoka, Japan DA - 26.05.2019 KW - Nano aerial robot KW - Swarm KW - Indoor air quality KW - Monitoring PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-5386-3641-1 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - IEEE CY - USA AN - OPUS4-48148 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rica, S. A1 - Van Baars, S. A1 - Kullolli, Borana ED - Ülgen, D. ED - Saygili, A. ED - Kahyaoglu, M. R. ED - Durmaz, S. ED - Toygar, O. ED - Göcügenci, A. T1 - The importance of the horizontal stresses on the bearing capacity of a foundation pile N2 - In case one wants to predict or design the bearing capacity of a foundation pile and there are no possibilities to perform an in-situ test, such as a Cone Penetration Test, the pile bearing capacity is in most cases estimated with analytical formulas. The most known and used method is the Meyerhof method published some decades ago. There are also other design methods such as derived from a certain failure mechanism around the pile tip, which is, in most cases, wedge failure mechanism. This failure mechanism was originally developed for a shallow (infinite) strip foundation, though. Therefore, it represents a plane failure mechanism. Numerical simulations on loaded foundation piles performed with the Plaxis software Show however, that the failure mechanism of a foundation pile represents a far more complex threedimensional failure mechanism around the pile tip. In addition, the existing analytical methods for foundation piles are based on the vertical stresses in the soil, as if the failure mechanism is the same as of a shallow foundation. Numerical simulations, performed in Plaxis show that, not the vertical, but the horizontal stresses, play an important role on the pile bearing capacity. Plaxis represents the stresses in the soil by using the procedure. So, different horizontal soil stresses are obtained for different values of the lateral earth pressure coefficient. The results show that the pile tip bearing capacity depends strongly on the horizontal stresses in the soil, but only for. The same results were observed by using a Material Point Method (MPM). Consequently, the analytical methods should estimate the pile bearing. T2 - 1st Mediterranean Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference CY - Bodrum, Turkey DA - 23.09.2019 KW - Analytical Design Methods KW - Foundation Pile KW - Horizontal stress PY - 2019 UR - http://mygec2019.org/ VL - 2019 SP - 151 EP - 158 PB - 1st Mediterranean Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference CY - Bodrum, Turkey AN - OPUS4-49639 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Sturm, Patrick A1 - Greiser, Sebastian A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten ED - Wang, J. ED - Kriven, W. ED - Fey, T. ED - Colombo, P. ED - Weber, W.J. ED - Amoroso, J. ED - Fahrenholtz, W.G. ED - Shimamura, K. ED - Halbig, M. ED - Kirihara, S. ED - Wu, Y. ED - Shurgart, K. T1 - One-part geopolymers and aluminosilicate gel-zeolite composites: factors influencing microstructure and engineering properties N2 - Mixing and curing of geopolymers and related alkali-activated materials without storage and handling of highly alkaline solutions possesses advantages regarding safety and economic viability. One possible approach is to produce these materials from solid silica feedstocks and solid sodium aluminate, and subsequent mixing with water. We present a comparison between geopolymers and aluminosilicate gel-zeolite composites synthesized by this route from different silica feedstocks (by-product silica from chlorosilane production, microsilica, rice husk ash) and with different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios, using results from XRD, NMR, SEM, thermal analysis, mechanical and acid resistance testing. The use of rice husk ash favors formation of a fully amorphous geopolymer with high strength. Utilization of the other silica feedstocks leads to formation of aluminosilicate gel-zeolite composites, the amount and kind of zeolites depending on the feedstock and the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. These composites show beneficial dehydration behavior, viz. no distinct dehydration step of thermal strain, with the phase assemblage after heating to 1000°C controlled by the starting composition. Mortars produced from both, the geopolymers as well as the composites, exhibit high resistance to sulfuric acid attack, making them promising materials for the construction and the repair of industrial and sewer structures. T2 - 42nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY - Daytona Beach, FL, USA DA - 21.01.2018 KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - One-part geopolymers KW - Sulfuric acid resistance KW - High-temperature resistance PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119543381.ch17 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 183 EP - 196 PB - John Wiley & Sons AN - OPUS4-47282 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nerger, Deborah A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh A1 - Grunwald, Marcel A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Kühn, T. A1 - Hering, M. A1 - Bracklow, F. T1 - Improved tomographic investigation for impact damage characterization N2 - Reinforced concrete (RC) is used as structural material in most diverse civil engineering applications. For the variability of its physical properties it is still an engineering challenge to meet all necessary requirements for the prediction of dynamic effects under impact loading. In this paper, investigations are shown within the scope of quantifying and evaluating the damage caused by an impact. The experimental investigations are performed in the field of low- and medium-velocity impact. The chosen flat nose shape results in small penetrations on the top side and scabbing on the bottom side. The plate is scanned with an adapted planar tomographic examination after the impact, and the damage is analysed, afterwards. Cracks and spalling are made visible with a reconstruction. The numerical model validated on the tomographic results justifies the application for further predictions of the damage description. T2 - 25th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology - SMIRT25 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 04.08.2019 KW - Impact KW - Damage characterization KW - Planar tomography KW - Numeric simulation KW - Reinforced concrete structure PY - 2019 SP - Paper Div 5 S8, 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-49541 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Quo vadis LIPSS? – Applications of laser-induced periodic surface structures N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after the irradiation by linearly polarized laser beams, particularly when using ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the femtosecond to picosecond range. During the past years significantly increasing industrial and research activities have been reported in the field of LIPSS, since their generation in a single-step process provides a simple way of nanostructuring and surface functionalization towards the control of optical, mechanical or chemical surface properties. In this contribution the mechanisms of formation and current trends and applications of LIPSS are reviewed, including the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting properties, the mimicry of the natural texture of animals, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, the advancement of leadless medical pacemakers, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces. T2 - 11. Mittweidaer Lasertagung CY - Mittweida, Germany DA - 13.11.2019 KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Surface functionalization KW - Applications PY - 2019 VL - 3/1 SP - 41 EP - 43 PB - Hochschule Mittweida CY - Mittweida AN - OPUS4-49673 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Krentel, Daniel ED - Tschirschwitz, Rico T1 - Druckgasbehälter im Feuer - Auswirkungen im Versagensfall N2 - Es wurden insgesamt 57 Einzelversuche zum Versagen von Druckgasbehältern durchgeführt. Untersucht wurden dabei 11-kg-Propangasflaschen, PKW-Radmuldentanks für LPG- sowie CNG-Tanks vom Typ III (Compositetanks mit Aluminiumliner) und Typ IV (Compositetanks mit Polymerliner). Mit 18 hydraulischen Berstversuchen wurde das Versagensverhalten unter kalten Bedingungen charakterisiert. In 39 Unterfeuerungsversuchen mit den gefüllten LPG- und CNG-Tanks, davon 36 mit Tanks ohne Sicherheitseinrichtung, wurde das Behälter¬ver¬sagen durch Brandbeaufschlagung untersucht. Neben verschiedenen Behältermantel¬temperaturen und dem Behälterinnendruck wurde auch die Temperatur des gespeicherten Mediums dokumentiert. Dadurch war es möglich, genau zu dokumentieren, unter welchen Bedingungen und bei welchem Zustand der Behälter versagt hat. In einem Großteil der Unterfeuerungsversuche mit Behältern ohne Sicherheitseinrichtungen kam es zur Bildung eines Feuerballs, einer massiven Druck- und Temperaturwirkung auf den Nahbereich sowie einer Vielzahl von Fragmenten im Nah- und Fernbereich. In einer Entfernung von l = 7 m wurden Überdrücke von bis zu p = 0,41 bar gemessen. In 30 Unterfeuerungsversuchen kam es zur Fragmentierung des Behälters. Dabei konnten 159 Fragmente mit Wurfweite und Masse dokumentiert werden. Die dabei maximal festgestellte Wurfweite eines Fragments lag bei l = 311 m. T2 - 15. BAM/PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Brunswick, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Behälterversagen KW - Druckgasbehälter KW - LPG KW - Feuer KW - Propan PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/210.20190521L VL - 15. SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - PTB CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-48086 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Otremba, Frank ED - Sklorz, Christian ED - Madrid, M. M. T1 - A convex bottom tank for atmospheric road tankers N2 - The potential benefits to the roll stability of a road tanker, derived from using a convex-bottom tank, instead of a concave-bottom one, are assessed. The convex-bottom tank consists of a modified elliptical figure to which the concave bottom is substituted by a convex one. The concave-bottom consists of an elliptical shape. Static and dynamic analyses are performed, for which the proposed shape revels enhancements on the order of 10%. The static rollover stability factor, and the lateral load transfer ratio, are used as performance measures for the static and the dynamic analysis, respectively. The dynamic analysis derives from a simplified model, for which the sloshing mass is substituted by a calibrated simple pendulum. Other potential benefits of the proposed tank shape are discussed, including a reduction in the aerodynamic drag, and a longer life for the vehicle components. T2 - CONiiN XV International Engineering Congress CY - Santiago de Querétaro, Mexcio DA - 13.05.2019 KW - Conveux KW - Tank KW - Atmospheric PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-48115 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Otremba, Frank T1 - Impact of sloshing and non-sloshing cargo N2 - The interaction between the sloshing cargo and the carrying vehicle has been predominantly studied from the perspective of road safety, aiming at characterizing the effects of cargo motion on both, the lateral stability of the vehicles and the respective braking performance. In this regard, one main issue is to objectively clarify the potential effects of the sloshing cargoes, when compared with solid or non-sloshing cargoes. While there are abundant theoretical studies about the comparative effects of one substance and the other on the vehicle performance, only few experimental studies have been reported with that approach. In this paper, the outputs from an experimental study involving the longitudinal load transfer of sloshing and non-sloshing cargoes, is presented. The longitudinal load transfer is characterized in this paper on the basis of the moment of the reaction forces at the wheel-support interface, with respect to the impact spot. Results suggest that for one-quarter fill level, the sloshing cargo produces an amplification of the performance measure (12% maximum) while at half fill level the sloshing cargo damps the outputs (6.31 % reduction), while at high fill levels, the sloshing effect is mixed, as a function of the impact input, from -1.1% at low impact distance, to +6.6 for large impact distance. T2 - CONiiN XV International Engineering Congress CY - Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico DA - 13.05.2019 KW - Sloshing KW - Non-sloshing KW - Cargo PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-48117 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Dirk A1 - T., Heidermann T1 - Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen zur Visualisierung der Wirksamkeit von Deflagrationsrohrsicherungen in einer PVC-U Rohrleitung N2 - Deflagrationsrohrsicherungen sind Sicherheitseinrichtungen, die den Durchfluss von brennbaren Gasen und Dämpfen brennbarer Flüssigkeiten ermöglichen, den Flammendurchschlag und eine weitere Explosionsausbreitung nach der Zündung von explosionsfähigen Gas-/Dampf-Luftgemischen jedoch verhindern sollen. Die Einbaubedingungen sind dabei von besonderer Bedeutung für die Wirksamkeit der Deflagrationsrohrsicherungen. Oft lassen sich aus betrieblichen bzw. verfahrenstechnischen Gründen entsprechende Einbaubedingungen nur schwer oder nicht realisieren. So können beispielsweise Rohrleitungsverzweigungen zusätzliche Turbulenzen induzieren und dadurch zu erhöhten Flammenausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten und Explosionsdrücken und ggf. zum Versagen der Deflagrationsrohrsicherung führen. Neben den „klassischen“ Untersuchungsmethoden dieser Belastungssituationen von Deflagrationsrohrsicherungen, wie die Erfassung des Explosionsdruckes und der Flammenausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten, werden in diesem Beitrag die Ergebnisse der visuellen Beobachtungen des Reaktionsverlaufes sowie die Belastungen der Flammendurchschlagsicherung bei unterschiedlichen Einbaubedingungen in den Vordergrund gestellt. Gegenübergestellt wird die Belastungssituation der Flammensperre in einer geraden und einer verzweigten Rohrleitung. Verwendet wurde dafür eine speziell gefertigte Deflagrationsrohrsicherung, die eine Beobachtung des Reaktionsverlaufs im Bereich der spiralförmig gewickelten Metallbändern erlaubt. Zusätzlich wurde im geschützten Bereich in der Rohrleitung eine Kamera installiert, die die Belastungssituation bei den einzelnen Versuchen dokumentierte. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen sehr eindrucksvoll, dass die Belastungssituation der Deflagrationsrohrsicherung sich in Abhängigkeit von der Konfiguration der Rohrleitung entscheidend ändert T2 - 15. BAM/PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Brunswick, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Flammendurchschlagsicherungen KW - Rohrleitungen KW - Deflagrationen PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/210.20190521A VL - 15. SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - PTB CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-48084 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Drop Testing of a New Package Design for the Transport of SNF from German Research Reactors N2 - A new dual purpose cask design was developed for the safe transport and interim storage of spent fuel elements of German research reactors. In the framework of the safety assessment within the package approval procedure the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) as competent authority performed a series of drop tests according with the IAEA Transport Regulations. The package consists of a cylindrical thick-walled ductile cast iron cask body closed by a bolted lid system with metallic seals. A lid and bottom sided impact limiter consisting of a wood/steel construction limit the mechanical impact loading. The full-scale test specimen was equipped with a basket and assembled with dummy-fuel elements. The package and test specimen, respectively have a total mass of approximately 24 metric tons. The mechanical drop test program included three 9m free drop tests, in horizontal, vertical and oblique cask orientation onto the lid system. Additionally, a 1m-puncture bar drop test followed the horizontal drop test to consider an IAEA-drop test sequence. The horizontal and vertical drop tests were performed at a temperature of minus 40°C. During the oblique drop test the upper impact limiter was heated up to +80°C. The tests were conducted onto an unyielding target, fulfilling the IAEA requirements. The test specimen was considerably instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers. Transient strains at selected locations of the inner and outer container walls, of the primary and secondary lid, as well as of the corresponding lid bolts were measured during the drop tests. Furthermore, decelerations in different locations at the cask body and the lids were measured. The complex geometrical deformation of the impact limiters due to the impact were determined by optical 3D- measurements. Before and after the drop tests the leakage rate of the lid system was determined by helium leakage testing. The experimental results contribute to the evaluation of the package response to mechanical tests, demonstrating safety under normal and accident conditions of transport and especially to the verification of the dynamic finite-element model of the package used in the package design safety report. T2 - PATRAM 2019 CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 04.08.2019 KW - SNF KW - Drop testing KW - New package design PY - 2019 SP - Paper 19-A-1142,1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-50622 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geoerg, Paul A1 - Schumann, J. A1 - Boltes, M. A1 - Holl, S. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - The influence of individual impairments on crowd dynamics N2 - Emergency exits as bottlenecks in escape routes are important for designing traffic facilities. Especially the fundamental diagram is a crucial performance criterion for assessment of pedestrians' safety in facilities and an important basis for calculation methods. For this reason, several studies were performed during the last decades which focus on the quantification of movement through bottlenecks. These studies were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics to reduce influencing variables and for reasons of practicability. Studies which consider heterogeneous characteristics in performance parameters are rarely available. In response and to reduce this lack of data a series of well-controlled large-scale movement studies considering pedestrians with different disabilities was carried out. T2 - Interflam 2019 CY - London, UK DA - 01.07.2019 KW - Evacuation PY - 2019 VL - 2019 SP - 775 EP - 791 PB - Interscience CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-48647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klippel, Andrea A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Quantitative risk analysis and numerical investigation to determine critical fire scenarios in the environment of handicapped people N2 - Crisis management, particularly the evacuation of handicapped People during a fire scenario presents a highly demanding challenge for nursing staff and rescue forces on site. The German research Project SiME is an interdisciplinary cooperation of university and non-university research institutions as well as medium-sized companies, which work together to develop strategies to manage such critical scenarios. In the SiME project, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, evacuation characteristics of pedestrians with physical, mental or age-related disabilities are investigated to fit consisting numerical evacuation models with data. One of the major tasks of the OvGU was to set up a database of scenarios related to fire, explosion or substance releases in the working and living environment of handicapped people. Therefore, more than 463 fire Events occurring over the last decade in Germany were documented in this database and categorized by a suitable assignment of characteristics e.g. location of fire, ignition source, number of fatalities and injured. The evaluated data were the basis for carrying out a quantitative risk analysis. Thus event trees were set up for different integrative infrastructures with which occurrence probabilities for different scenarios could be calculated for each path. The extent of damage, as a quantity describing the impact, was assumed to be personal injury or death or serious injury. By a risk assessment critical Scenarios could be derived from the risk analysis. T2 - Interflam 2019 CY - London, UK DA - 1.07.2019 KW - Evacuation PY - 2019 VL - 2019 SP - 795 EP - 806 PB - Interscience CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-48649 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -