TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Schukar, Vivien ED - Ramos, G. A. T1 - Validation of strain sensors to achieve reliable measurement results N2 - Fiber optic strain sensors are increasingly used and sensor Systems are provided with specifications. Even if the performance is well specified, the strain characteristics of the sensor, strain transfer factor, mechanical stability under thermal influences, the performance of applied strain sensors can seriously differ from virgin sensor’s the performance. Therefore the contribution considers validation issues to come to reliable strain measurements and how to validate strain measurements of applied sensors. A new validation facility will be presented. T2 - SHMII-5 - 5th International conference on structural health monitoring of intelligent infrastructure CY - Cancún, Mexico DA - 11.12.2011 PY - 2011 IS - Session 20, Topic 2.3 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - National Autonomous University of Mexico CY - Mexico City AN - OPUS4-25309 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, M. A1 - Vaterrodt, K. A1 - Heidmann, G. A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Vogelsang, R. A1 - Weissenberg, W. A1 - Sekula, O. A1 - Pepper, D. A1 - Emanuel, H. A1 - Plath, R. T1 - Optical PD detection in stress cones of HV cable accessories N2 - Sensitive partial discharge (PD) measurements on HV/EHV cable systems are usually based on electrical or electromagnetic PD detection. Unfortunately, interferences may significantly reduce sensitivity, especially in on-site after-installation testing and, even more, in on-line PD monitoring. This paper deals with optical PD detection, which is absolutely immune to any kind of electromagnetic interference. Optical PD detection necessarily requires transparent or translucent insulation systems to be applicable. Stress cone elements for HV/EHV cable accessories meet the requirements for optical PD detection, if made from transparent silicone elastomers. T2 - 8th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables CY - Versailles, France DA - 19.06.2011 PY - 2011 IS - B.8.4 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Jicable CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-25310 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Röben, R. A1 - Hüttl, R. A1 - Kuchejda, M. ED - Ramos, G. A. T1 - Monitoring of corrosion protection in reinforced concrete structures using an integrated pH optode N2 - Corrosion in steel-reinforced concrete structures is a critical issue. Corrosion appears if the pH value of the concrete matrix decreases due to deterioration of the Calcium hydroxide layer on the Steel surface. The safest Information about potential danger of Steel corrosion is the knowledge of the pH value of concrete. The paper presents a Tiber optic pH sensor for long-term monitoring of the pH value of reinforced concrete structures at risk from corrosion. The sensor probe is small (about 8 mm in diameter), can be embedded into the concrete matrix and observe changes in pH over years. Several sensor probes can be staggered to detect the progression of pH decrease. The pH values can be resolved with 0.1 to 0.2 pH value in the ränge between 12.0 and 9.5. The structure of the pH measurement System, longterm test results and the design to achieve stable probes will be explained. Experienee from test applications of pH sensors embedded in grouted anchors and in concrete components for a cooling tower will be presented. T2 - SHMII-5 - 5th International conference on structural health monitoring of intelligent infrastructure CY - Cancún, Mexico DA - 11.12.2011 PY - 2011 IS - Session 15, Topic 4.5 SP - 2 EP - 8 PB - National Autonomous University of Mexico CY - Mexico City AN - OPUS4-25311 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mix, Renate A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - Improvement of adhesivity of polypropylene by its surface modification using the aerosol dielectric barrier discharge N2 - Plasma processes are used in many fields of Science and technology. While a plasma oxygen treatment produces a broad variety of different oxygen-containing functional groups, tailored - surface functionalisation demands preset functional groups in known concentration. Due to the fact that most of plasma experiments need expensive vacuum equipment increased efforts are to observe to apply atmospheric pressure plasma processes. Thus, Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) and corona treatment of polymer foils have a long tradilion in industry to modify them for printing, laminating, adhesion promotion, etc. Thercibre, increasing interest is observed to make these atmospheric pressure processes more effeclive. Newly developed methods like plasma-printing were used for surfaces in biological and medical applications or for printed circuits. T2 - ADHESION `11 - 11th Triennial conference on the science and technology of adhesion and adhesives CY - York, UK DA - 07.09.2011 PY - 2011 SP - 253 EP - 256 AN - OPUS4-24337 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eisenacher, Germar A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Approach for a finite element material model for wood for application in mechanical safety cases of transport packages N2 - BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing is the competent authority for mechanical safety assessment of transport packages for radioactive material in Germany. The further development of state-of-the-art technology concerning assessment methods is essential for a qualified work of involved designers and authority experts. The paper gives an example of current development done to improve understanding and modeling capabilities of wood filled impact limiter. In order to reduce the loads applied to the package containment, which result from regulatory drop tests, most packages are protected by energy dissipating impact limiter. Wood, encapsulated by steel sheets, is one of the materials typically used for energy dissipation in these impact limiter. Very often, mechanical safety cases regarding the 9 m drop test are performed computationally, where it is essential to use reliable and verified computational methods and models. In this context, the paper presents an approach for a finite element material model for wood. Thereby, the mechanical behavior of wood under compression loading is the focus of the development work. Additionally, material orientation as well as strain rate, temperature and lateral constraint may vary. A large number of experiments, particularly compression tests, was designed and performed to establish an adequate experimental database for modeling verification. The experimental results enabled the derivation of necessary requirements: The material model has to take into account strain rate and temperature dependencies as well as the anisotropic characteristics of the material, a proper yield criterion, flow rule and hardening law. Such a material model is currently not available in established commercial dynamic finite element codes. Thus it is necessary to create a user-defined material model considering the mentioned requirements. A first step was done by determining a yield surface as well as detecting flow and hardening mechanisms from experimental force-deflection curves. In a next step the LS-DYNA material model MAT_75 was altered according to conclusions of former BAM development work, regarding the modeling of post-peak softening as a function of lateral constraint. Future research will contain the further development, implementation and verification of a material model for wood. T2 - 52nd INMM Annual meeting CY - Palm Desert, CA, USA DA - 17.07.2011 KW - Impact limiter KW - Material model wood KW - Transport package PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-24236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Robertson, Daniela A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Brummermann, K. A1 - Kaudinya, I. A1 - Saathoff, F. T1 - Möglichkeiten der Abschätzung der Langzeitbeständigkeit von Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (KDB) auf Polyolefinbasis für den Tunnelbau N2 - Im Rahmen eines von der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) initiierten Forschungsvorhabens (15.449/2007/ERB: „Prüfverfahren zur Beurteilung der Lebensdauer von Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen für Straßentunnel“) wurden anhand von Untersuchungen an Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (KDB) auf Basis von Polyolefinwerkstoffen die Möglichkeiten der Beurteilung der oxidativen Langzeitbeständigkeit sondiert. Im Mittelpunkt stand die Erprobung des Autoklaventests in Anlehnung an DIN EN ISO 13438 (Methode C1/C2) an ausgewählten, für den Tunnelbau repräsentativen marktüblichen KDB-Produkten. Die Untersuchungen im Autoklaven bei erhöhten Temperaturen (60 °C, 70 °C und 80 °C) und Sauerstoffdrücken (11, 21 und 51 bar) wurden durch vergleichende Versuche im Wärmeschrank (Ofen) bei erhöhter Temperatur (85 °C) in Anlehnung an DIN EN 14575 ergänzt. Die KDBProdukte wurden außerdem einer eingehenden Materialcharakterisierung (Zugprüfung, DMA, DSC) unterzogen. Weiterhin wurden Bauwerksdaten recherchiert und auf ihre Nutzbarkeit zur Bewertung und Prüfbarkeit der Langzeitbeständigkeit von KDB in Tunneln betrachtet. Ziel war auch, die Anwendbarkeit des bisher vorgeschlagenen Extrapolationsmodells zur Auswertung der Ergebnisse von Autoklaventests an im Tunnelbau marktüblichen Produkten für Nutzungsdauern über 25 Jahre zu überprüfen und zur Entwicklung eines geeigneten Prüfverfahrens beizutragen. Der Beitrag geht auf Ergebnisse des Vorhabens ein und zeigt erste Schlussfolgerungen und weiteren Untersuchungsbedarf auf. Die Ergebnisse werden in den „Empfehlungen zu Dichtungssystemen im Tunnelbau EAG-EDT“ des Arbeitskreises 5.1 „Kunststoffe in der Geotechnik und im Wasserbau“ berücksichtigt, deren 2. Auflage in Vorbereitung ist. Aspekte des thermischen Verhaltens der eingesetzten Werkstoffe sowie mögliche Anpassungen der Prüfrandbedingungen für die Autoklaventests werden ergänzt und Hinweise zur Interpretation von Prüfergebnissen gegeben. Außerdem wurden inzwischen ausgehend von den Ergebnissen des Forschungsvorhabens erste Autoklaven-Ringversuche in drei Prüfinstitutionen initiiert. T2 - 12. Informations- und Vortragstagung über "Kunststoffe in der Geotechnik" CY - Munich, Germany DA - 03.03.2011 KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen auf Polyolefinbasis KW - Oxidative Langzeitbeständigkeit KW - Autoklaventest - beschleunigte Alterung KW - DSC KW - DMA PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-940476-26-5 IS - Geotechnik Sonderheft 2011 SP - 35 EP - 42 AN - OPUS4-24399 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Köppe, Enrico A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias ED - Tsamis, C. ED - Kaltsas, G. T1 - Wireless sensor network with temperature compensated measuring technology for long-term structural health monitoring of buildings and infrastructures N2 - Damage to buildings occurs if a construction component fails. The result is a partial or total collapse which can be dangerous for people for example if it's a bridge or a large hall. The collapse of the terminal building at the Airport Charles de Gaulle in Paris and the damage at the historic City Archives of Cologne are typical examples of such accidents. Another problem is the contradiction of the increasing volume of traffic (particularly heavy traffic) and the great age of bridges. The probability increases that the load-bearing capacity of a bridge decreases. For example the collapses of the Mississippi Bridge and of the Inntal Motorway Bridge can be seen as results. Therefore it is necessary to control endangered structures during their life span. In order to prevent these kinds of accidents, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing developed a radio-based, self-configuring measuring system in cooperation with the ScatterWeb Company, Berlin (Germany). This measuring system consists of identically designed sensor modules which are self-sustaining, wireless, act as transmitters and receivers and are equipped with a special sensor technology for long-term monitoring of buildings or engineering facilities. The sensor unit uses strain gauges for stress analysis and contains interfaces for additional sensors. The system in particular applies to buildings and structures for transport and traffic and large-scale industrial facilities, where a subsequent wiring installation is difficult or impossible. T2 - Eurosensors XXV CY - Athens, Greece DA - 04.09.2011 KW - Multi-Hop WSN KW - SHM KW - Temperature and Frequency Compensation KW - Funksensorik KW - Sensornetzwerk KW - Multihop KW - Strukturüberwachung KW - Temperaturkompensation PY - 2011 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705811059236 IS - Paper 1197 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-24401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Köppe, Enrico A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Liers, A. A1 - Schiller, J. T1 - Tracking persons using a radio-based multi-sensor system N2 - A multi-sensor system for 3D localization was developed and named BodyGuard. It combines body movement sensing and a guard system for the tracking and recording of the status of persons. BodyGuard was designed to monitor and transmit the movement of a person radio-based and to transform that data into a spatial coordinate. This paper describes how the BodyGuard system works, what components the system consists of, how the individual sensor data is converted into 3D motion data, with which algorithms the individual sensors are processed, how individual errors are compensated and how the sensor data are fused into a 3D Model. T2 - IPIN 2011 - International conference on indoor positioning and indoor navigation CY - Guimaraes, Portugal DA - 21.09.2011 KW - Wireless sensor network (WSN) KW - Embedded systems KW - Sensor calibration and validation KW - Person tracking KW - Inertial navigation system KW - Inertial measurement unit PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-24402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Quercetti, Thomas T1 - Drop test program with a HLW cask model - performance, measurements and results N2 - BAM (Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing) is the competent authority for mechanical and thermal safety assessment of transport packages for spent fuel and high level waste (HLW) in Germany. In context with package design approval of the new German HLW cask CASTOR HAW28M, BAM performed several drop tests with a half-scale model of the CASTOR HAW/TB2. The test model was manufactured by GNS (Gesellschaft fur Nuklear Service mbH) and tested under accident transport conditions on the 200 tons BAM drop test facility at the BAM Test Site Technical Safety. For this comprehensive test program the test specimen CASTOR HAW/TB2 was instrumented at 21 measurement planes with altogether 23 piezo-resistive accelerometers, five temperature sensors and 131 tri-axial strain gauges in the container interior and exterior, respectively. The strains of four representative lid bolts were recorded by four uniaxial strain gauges per each bolt. Helium leakage rate measurements were performed before and after each test in the above noted testing sequence. The paper presents some experimental results of the half-scale CASTOR HAW/TB2 prototype (14,500 kg) and measurement data logging. T2 - 52nd INMM Annual meeting CY - Palm Desert, CA, USA DA - 17.07.2011 KW - Drop test results KW - Spent fuel transport cask KW - Impact limiter KW - Measurement methods KW - Drop test program PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-24245 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heinze, Christoph A1 - Schwenk, Christopher A1 - Rethmeier, Michael ED - Zoch, H.-W. ED - Lübben, T. T1 - Influences on the result quality of numerical calculation of welding-induced distortion N2 - The present investigations cover different relevant influences on the numerical calculation of welding-induced distortion. Therefore, a single-layer pulsed gas metal arc (GMA) weld of structural Steel S355J2+N with a thickness Öf5 mm is experimentally and numerically investigated. The influences of mesh density, tack-welds, and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams on welding-induced distortion are studied. The quality and quantity of These effects are clarified based on the used experimental and numerical set up. The occurring differences between the investigated cases achieve significant values. Consequently, prediction of welding-induced distortion can be improved considering the present investigations. T2 - IDE 2011 - 3rd International conference on distortion engineering 2011 CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 14.09.2011 KW - Welding simulation KW - Welding-induced distortion KW - Mesh analysis KW - Tack welding KW - Continuous cooling transformation behaviour PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-88722-724-1 SP - 277 EP - 285 AN - OPUS4-24363 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - A dynamic fiber optic strain and power change sensor N2 - A dynamic and quasi-distributed sensor principle for simultaneous measurement of length changes and optical power changes between reflection points in an optical fiber is presented. The technique is based on the incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR). Length change resolutions < 1 µm and measurement repetition rates up to 2 kHz can be achieved using standard single-mode and multi-mode optical fibers. Simultaneous length change and refractive index measurement as well as field test results showing the deformation of a masonry building under seismic load are presented. Promising fields of application for this technique are the structural health monitoring sector and chemical process control. T2 - 21st International conference on optical fibre sensors CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 15.05.2011 KW - Distributed sensor KW - Strain sensor KW - Optical fiber sensor KW - Structural health monitoring KW - OFDR KW - Dynamic sensor PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-8194-8246-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.884577 VL - 7753 SP - 775351-1 EP - 775351-4 AN - OPUS4-24266 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - Burner for peroxy-fuels (PEROXY-BAM Burner) N2 - A new burner concept (PEROXY-BAM®) for the combustion of liquid organic peroxides (Peroxy-fuels) is presented. As peroxy-fuels are thermally unstable the design of burners for them should be accordingly modified ensuring a safe operation. It is found that 10 to 100 time less amounts of peroxy fuels are required for the same heat flux or output in comparison to hydrocarbons. Correspondingly, the fuel pump power and the volume of combustion chamber (furnace) are also reduced. As a result of less amount of fuel the emissions will also be stepped down and oxygen in the molecule helps to establish conditons like in an oxy-fuel combustion process. The advantages of using peroxy-fuels over hydrocarbons inside a model combustion chamber are also investigated with the help of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations. T2 - 25. Deutscher Flammentag - Verbrennung und Feuerung CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 14.09.2011 KW - Organic peroxide KW - Peroxy-fuel KW - Burner concept KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chamber PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-18-092119-8 SN - 0083-5560 N1 - Serientitel: VDI-Berichte – Series title: VDI-Berichte VL - 2119 SP - 307 EP - 312 PB - VDI-Verl. AN - OPUS4-24388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Reichert, T. T1 - UV-LEDs - a new tool to determine the spectral response N2 - To determine a polymer’s spectral response of photo degradation, two main methods have been established. The so-called “filter technique” uses polychromatic radiation, which is filtered by a set of various sharp cut-on filters. This procedure provides separated reading points of an activation spectrum of the investigated material. With the "spectrographic technique” a specimen is irradiated with pectrally dispersed radiation, locally quasi monochromatically, and the local property changes.are related to the radiant exposure at the respective wavelengths. A third method, the irradiation of specimens with quasi monochromatic radiation behind interference filters, is rarely used. These methods have advantages and disadvantages and therefore, there are limits for conclusions from these spectral data. Concerning the quasi monochromatic Irradiation of specimens the development of new UV radiation sources looks promising. With the rapid development of inexpensive UV Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), new : sources of nearly monochromatic radiation in the UV ränge are available, even down to about 250 nm. To determine the spectral response, the use of such UV-LEDs in TO-18 ) and TO-39 metal cases combines the advantages of low cost and energy efficiency, stable spectral irradiance, temperature.and humidity control, larger specimen areas, and an easy and stable analysis. Combinations of different UV LEDs are also discussed as replacement for xenon arc ' radiation sources, see patent application EP01528388A1. T2 - 5th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 21.09.2011 KW - UV resistance KW - Weathering KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Action spectrum KW - UV-LEDs PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9813136-2-8 N1 - Serientitel: CEEES Publication – Series title: CEEES Publication IS - 15 SP - 77 EP - 86 PB - GUS (Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation) CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-24396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shcheglov, Pavel A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Experimental investigation of the laser-plume interaction during high power fiber laser welding N2 - The effect of the well-known plasma absorption and refraction in CO2-laser metal welding plumes is in case of high power solid state laser welding negligibly small. By contrast, the diffraction effects of shorter wavelength laser radiation are considerable. According to the results of preliminary studies, the fine condensed metal particles in the welding plume can lead to essential worsening of the laser beam quality. This work is devoted to the investigation of the lasermatter interaction during up to 20 kW ytterbium fiber laser welding of thick mild steel plates. The plume attenuation of a probe 1.3 µm wavelength diode laser beam as well as of continuous radiation in 250-600 nm wavelength range was measured during welding with and without Ar shielding gas supply. The measured results allow it to calculate average size and concentration of fine condensed metal particles in different plume areas using the multi-wavelength method and the Mie scattering theory. The plume temperature, which determines the condensation conditions, was measured by means of Fe I atom spectral line emission registration. The obtained results can be also of interest for remote metal treatment with high-power fiber or disc lasers. T2 - 30th ICALEO - International congress on applications of lasers & electro-optics CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 2011-10-23 PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-912035-94-9 SP - Paper 1606, 637 EP - 645 AN - OPUS4-24921 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Perrone, C. A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Gardei, André A1 - Ziegert, C. ED - Drochytka, R. ED - Bohus, S. T1 - Structural performances of earthen building materials. A comparison between different typologies N2 - Traditional construction techniques utilizing earthen materials are often seen as inferior compared to modern ways of building. Structural earthen elements are perceived as vulnerable towards environmental influences (moisture, frost) and in particular towards the load scenarios during earthquakes. In comparison to the recent advances in research on stone and brick masonry, knowledge on the structural performance of earthen building construction is limited and scattered. Consequently the confidence in the performance of these earthen buildings constructed in the traditional techniques during earthquakes is fairly low. The research presented here aims to make a comparison of mechanical behavior between different earth masonry material typologies, consisting of earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob. The paper has been developed in the framework of a larger research program called NIKER. BAM and other seventeen research partners from the Mediterrean area are jointly involved to develop and validate innovative materials and technologies for the systemic improvement of the seismic behavior of Cultural Heritage assets T2 - 2nd WTA - Internaitonal PhD Symposium - Building materials and buidling technology to preserve the built heritage CY - Brno, Czech Republic DA - 06.10.2011 KW - Earth masonry KW - Material test KW - Mechanical behavior KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-937066-21-9 SN - 0947-6830 N1 - Serientitel: WTA-Schriftenreihe – Series title: WTA-Schriftenreihe VL - 2 / Part 2 IS - 36 SP - 86 EP - 94 PB - WTA Publications AN - OPUS4-24928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stark, Wolfgang A1 - Teteris, Gundars A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Bohmeyer, W. A1 - Lange, K. T1 - Kontrolle der Vernetzungsreaktion bei reaktiven Harzen - DSC, Rheologie, DMA, FTIR und Online-Ultraschall im Vergleich N2 - Faserverbundbauteile werden durch Tränkung von Fasergewebe mit flüssigem Harz, in der Regel Epoxidharzen, und anschließender Härtung des Harzes gefertigt. Dabei kann man das Gewebe im Vorfeld mit reaktivem Harz tränken und als so genanntes Prepreg verarbeiten oder man injiziert das frisch mit dem Härter gemischte Harz in ein Werkzeug, in dem das Gewebe bereits liegt - z. B. beim RTM-Prozess. Ausgehend von der Aufgabenstellung, eine Prepregherstellung mit hohem Qualitätsstandard zu realisieren und Möglichkeiten der Fertigungskontrolle für den Prepreg-Verarbeiter aufzuzeigen, wurde an einem für die Prepregherstellung vorgesehenen Harzsystem eine weitgehende Charakterisierung des Aushärtungsverlaufs vorgenommen. Wegen der Schwierigkeit, schnell konstante Aushärtungstemperaturen zu erreichen, wurden bei allen Methoden mit einer Heizrate von 1 K/min von RT bis 200 °C aufgeheizt. T2 - Technomer 2011 - 22. Fachtagung über Verarbeitung und Anwendung von Polymeren CY - Chemnitz, Deutschland DA - 10.11.2011 KW - Thermoanalyse KW - Lineare Aufheizung KW - Online Prozesskontrolle KW - Epoxidharz KW - Prepreg PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-939382-10-2 IS - Kap. 1.1 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-24910 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Wilrich, Cordula A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Chemically unstable gases and gas mixtures - new categories in the GHS N2 - In connection with the use of chemically unstable gases (especially acetylene and ethylene oxide) accidents keep on happening - amongst them also quite serious ones. These gases are known to be chemically unstable. A chemically unstable sas is a flammable gas that is able to react exolosivelv even in the absence of air or oxveen. The investigation of accidents showed that the Chemical instability of flammable gases played an important role in the severity of accidents. Therefore, this hazardous property was included in the global harmonizatiön of the Classification of Chemicals. The Classification of chemically unstable flammable gases and mixtures is an amendment to Chapter 2.2 “Flammable gases” of the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), because most chemically unstable gases are flammable as well. The proposal to add them to the GHS originated from the experts of an informal working group of the UN Sub-Committee of Expert on the GHS (UNSCEGHS) headed by BAM, Germany. The UNSCEGHS has decided to include it in the Fourth Revised Edition of the GHS. The respective method for determining whether a gas is chemically unstable or not, is included in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria. This paper presents some experimental investigations of these gases, the test methods, examples of new classifications and results from CHEMSAFE T2 - 14th Annual symposium, Mary Kay O´Connor process safety center - Beyond regulatory compliance: making safety second nature CY - College Station, TX, USA DA - 25.10.2011 KW - Chemically unstable gases KW - GHS KW - Chemisch instabile Gase PY - 2011 SP - 871 EP - 882 AN - OPUS4-24913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Advanced techniques for studying damage mechanisms of cementitious matrices affected by sulfate attack N2 - Cementitious materials, in particular concrete, are durable materials if prepared appropriately and the Service life of concrete structures is now often required to last 120 years or more. Concrete durability depends strongly on intrinsic (e.g. composition, porosity) and exterior factors (e.g. moisture condition and composition, frost cycles, load pattem). Deleterious actions leading to concrete degradation are often created by the environment. Extemal sulfate attack is one of the more spectacular damage scenarios for concrete structures caused by the ingress of sulfate ions into the pore System of the material and successive formation of expanding phases. Though in recent years well studied there are still many questions remaining conceming the mechanisms of sulfate attack. In particular over the last ten years, with the increased utilization of blended cements, new questions arose concerning the sulfate resistance of those binder Systems. In the presented study therefore a method was developed to analyze the changes of the phase composition within the micro structure due to sulfate attack. The analytical method was based on pX-Ray diffraction (pXRD) using Synchrotron radiation in Debye-Scherrer (transmission) geometry. The spatial resolution of the method is ca. 10 pm and allows the characterization of phase transformations in the wake of damaging processes in more detail compared to other techniques. Furthermore, the experimental setup provides the possibility for analyzing the phase assemblage of a given sample without destroying the micro structure. This is possible because the specimens for phase analysis consists of thick sections, which can be used for further microscopic analysis of the micro structure and micro chemistry (e.g. by SEM-EDX). Samples containing supplementary cementitious materials were measured in comparison and to reconstruct the influence of the degradation process in detail. Additionally, reaction ffonts within the samples were localized by micro x-ray fluorescence analysis (MXRF). T2 - EMABM 2011 - 13th Euroseminar on microscopy applied to building materials CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 14.06.2011 KW - Sulfate attack KW - Concrete KW - Synchrotron KW - XRD KW - Phase analysis PY - 2011 SN - 978-961-90366-7-9 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-24878 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ortwein, Hans-Peter A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Bohse, Jürgen A1 - Hickmann, Stefan ED - Grellmann, W. T1 - In-Situ-Messung der Matrixschädigung in kohlenstofffaserverstärktem Kunststoff unter uni- und biaxialer Zugbelastung N2 - Die Restlebensdauerabschätzung von Faserkunststoffverbunden ist ein ungelöstes Problem. Die Beobachtung der Matrixschädigung ist dabei ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Bewertung des Schädigungszustandes insgesamt. Unter kombinierter Beobachtung mit Röntgenrefraktionsmessungen und Schallemissionsmessung wurden uni- und biaxiale Lasten statisch und zyklisch auf Kohlenstofffaserepoxidharz-Proben aufgebracht. Die uniaxiale Belastung erfolgt mittels einer eigenentwickelten Kompaktprüfmaschine direkt während der Röntgenrefraktions- und Schallemissionsmessung in der Röntgenkammer. Die biaxiale Belastung wird an Modelldruckbehältern ebenfalls mit Schallemissionsmessung durchgeführt. Hier wird der Modelldruckbehälter mit dem Röntgenrefraktionsverfahren periodisch inspiziert. T2 - DVM-Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2011 - Neue Entwicklungen in der Werkstoffprüfung - Herausforderungen an die Kennwertermittlung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.12.2011 KW - Druckbehälterprüfung KW - CFK KW - Schallemissionsmessung KW - Röntgenrefraktionsmessung KW - Matrixschädigung KW - Faserkunststoffverbund KW - Druckbehälter PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814516-1-0 SN - 1861-8154 N1 - Serientitel: DVM-Bericht – Series title: DVM-Bericht IS - 643 SP - 161 EP - 166 AN - OPUS4-24931 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Häcker, Ralf A1 - Klinger, Christian A1 - Kahlcke, Ole A1 - Schriever, Sina ED - Grellmann, W. T1 - Zwischen Zeitstand und Relaxation - Einfluss der Proben- und Prüfmaschinensteifigkeit auf die Lebensdauer unter konstanter Belastung N2 - Zur Abschätzung der Lebensdauer eines bei höherer Temperatur langzeitbelasteten Bauteils wurden Zeitstandversuche, Relaxationsversuche und weitere Versuche mit unterschiedlichen Umgebungssteifigkeiten durchgeführt. Die Zeitstandversuche, deren Versuchsführung eine unendlich niedrige Umgebungssteifigkeit simuliert, liefern geringere Lebensdauern (Bruchzeiten) im Vergleich zu Versuchen mit endlich hohen, technisch relevanten Steifigkeiten bei vergleichbarer Probensteifigkeit (Geometrie), wobei die Lebensdauern mit steigender Umgebungssteifigkeit zunehmen. Die längsten Lebensdauern zeigen Relaxationsversuche mit einer unendlich hohen Umgebungssteifigkeit aufgrund ihrer Versuchsregelung. Für die Übertragung der an Proben gewonnenen Ergebnisse auf das Bauteil wurde das Steifigkeitsverhältnis Z zwischen der Steifigkeit der 'Probe' und der der 'Umgebung' definiert und angewandt. Das Steifigkeitsverhältnis des kritischen Bereichs im Bauteil und das der Werkstoffprobe in der Prüfmaschine sollten möglichst ähnlich sein. Dann lassen sich bei der Übertragung auf das Bauteil realistisch höhere Lebensdauern abschätzen als nur mit Kenntnis der Ergebnisse der Zeit-standversuche. T2 - DVM-Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2011 - Neue Entwicklungen in der Werkstoffprüfung - Herausforderungen an die Kennwertermittlung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.12.2011 KW - Zeitstandverhalten KW - Steifigkeit KW - Relaxationsversuch KW - Lebensdauer KW - Bauteilprüfung PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814516-1-0 SN - 1861-8154 N1 - Serientitel: DVM-Bericht – Series title: DVM-Bericht IS - 643 SP - 267 EP - 272 AN - OPUS4-24932 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rack, T. A1 - Zabler, S. A1 - Rack, C. A1 - Stiller, M. A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Cecilia, A. A1 - Nelson, K. T1 - Coherent synchrotron-based micro-imaging employed for studies of micro-gap formation in dental implants N2 - Biocompatible materials such as titanium are regularly applied in oral surgery. Titanium-based implants for the replacement of missing teeth demand a high mechanical precision in order to minimize micro-bacterial leakage, especially when two-piece concepts are used. Synchrotron-based hard x-ray radiography, unlike conventional laboratory radiography, allows high spatial resolution in combination with high contrast even when micro-sized features in such highly attenuating objects are visualized. Therefore, micro-gap formation at interfaces in two-piece dental implants with the sample under different mechanical loads can be studied. We show the existence of micro-gaps in implants with conical connections and study the mechanical behavior of the mating zone of conical implants during loading. The micro-gap is a potential source of implant failure, i.e., bacterial leakage, which can be a stimulus for an inflammatory process. T2 - 10th International conference on X-ray microscopy CY - Chicago, Illinois, USA DA - 15.08.2010 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Dental implants KW - Digital radiography KW - Implant-abutment interface KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - X-ray phase contrast PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-7354-0925-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3625398 N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1365 SP - 445 EP - 448 AN - OPUS4-25347 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - CFD simulation to predict the performance of a peroxy-fuel burner N2 - new burner concept for peroxy-fuels is proposed. The performance of the proposed peroxy-fuel burner is predicted with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. It is found that peroxy-fuel burner not only requires considerable less amount of fuel for the same output/power but also at the same time the overall size of the processing unit can be reduced. As peroxy-fuels contain oxygen atoms within the molecule itself a similar to oxy-fuel combustion environment is created without even supplying pure oxygen. CFD simulations also support the above facts and demonstrate the existence of less favorable conditions to form NOx. T2 - 38th National conference on fluid mechanics and fluid power CY - Bhopal, India DA - 15.12.2011 KW - Burner KW - Peroxy-fuels KW - Performance KW - CFD simulation PY - 2011 IS - Paper HT-07 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-25380 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Güther, Wolfgang T1 - Solvent-based redispersion of fine (<200 nm) corundum powder pre-milled in water T2 - ECerS XII - 12th Conference of the European ceramic society CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 2011-06-19 KW - Powder processing KW - Redispersion KW - Tape casting KW - Corundum KW - Hydrophobization PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-25379 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Helm, C. A1 - Eichler, Thorsten A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Isecke, Bernd T1 - Time dependency of current and potential distribution during the cathodic protection of RC structures N2 - Cathodic protection (CP) is a common method for rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures suffering from Chloride induced corrosion. A sufficient protection of the corroding rebar can be ensured by use of several protection criteria. The use of these assessment criteria, in particular the so called 100 mV-criterion, can lead to erroneous resuits for certain unconventional arrangements of rebar and cp anode. Therefore a joint research project of the Institute for Building Materials Research, RWTH-Aachen University, Germany, (ibac) and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany, (BAM) has been set up to determine the applicability of CP under arbitrary geometrical conditions. A special focus was set on the applicability of surface applied anode Systems for protection of the reinforcement of structures opposite to the accessible side (e.g. outer side of tunnel Shell, Bridge deck protected from inside a box girder) In this paper, the impact of the time dependent changes of the Polarisation behaviour of the rebar on the current and potential distribution is shown by means of parametric studies using the FEM method. T2 - EUROCORR 2011 - Developing solutions for the global challenge CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 04.09.2011 KW - Cathodic protection KW - Long time effects of cathodic polarisation KW - FEM-modelling KW - Steel in concrete PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-25326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Harrer, Andrea A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Guderian, Matthias A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus T1 - Erzeugung von Luftultraschall mit mikro- und nanostrukturierten Kohlenstoffmaterialien unter Ausnutzung des thermoakustischen Prinzips N2 - In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Erzeugung von Luftultraschall vorgestellt, der auf dem thermoakustischen Prinzip beruht. Mikro- und nanostrukturierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien werden dabei mit einem harmonischen Wechselstrom gespeist und erfahren durch ohmsche Verluste eine Temperaturänderung, die sich auf das umgebende Fluid überträgt. Daraus resultieren Druckmodulationen, und es wird eine ausbreitungsfähige Schallwelle erzeugt. Dabei tritt Frequenzverdopplung gegenüber der Anregungsfrequenz auf. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der entscheidende Parameter für die Effizienz der Methode, d.h. für ein möglichst großes Verhältnis von Schalldruck zu eingebrachter Leistung, die Wärmekapazität pro Flächeneinheit ist. Da dieser Quotient für Kohlenstoffmaterialien sehr klein sein kann, erlaubt das thermoakustische Prinzip hier die effiziente Erzeugung von Luftultraschall. Schalldruckmessungen an verschiedenen Materialproben wurden bis 100 kHz mit einem Mikrofon durchgeführt, oberhalb von 100 kHz wurde eine laservibrometrische Schnellemessung eingesetzt. In experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde die Schallerzeugung in Abhängigkeit der Materialeigenschaften analysiert und systematisiert. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden mit numerischen und analytischen Berechnungsergebnissen verglichen. T2 - DAGA 2011 - 37. Jahrestagung für Akustik - Fortschritte der Akustik CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 21.03.2011 KW - Thermoakustisches Prinzip KW - Luftultraschall KW - Kohelnstoffmaterialien PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-939296-02-7 SP - 339 EP - 340 AN - OPUS4-25328 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Rahman, Mehbub-Ur A1 - Chinta, P.K. A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - Computationally efficient ray tracing algorithm for simulation of transducer fields in anisotropic materials N2 - This contribution describes a computationally efficient ray tracing algorithm for evaluating transducer generated ultrasonic wave fields in anisotropic materials such as austenitic cladded and austenitic weld components. According to this algorithm, ray paths are traced during its propagation through various layers of the material and at each Interface the problem of reflection and transmission is solved. The presented algorithm evaluates the transducer generated ultrasonic fields accurately by taking in to account the directivity, divergence, density of rays, phase relations as well as transmission coefficients. The ray tracing algorithm is able to calculate the ultrasonic wave fields generated by a point source as well as a finite dimension transducer. The simulation results are compared quantitatively with the results obtained from Elastodynamic Finite Integration Technique (EFIT) on several configurations generally occuring in the ultrasonic non destructive testing of anisotropic materials. The excellent agreement between both models confirms the validity of the presented ray tracing algorithm. Finally, the ray tracing model results are also validated by means of experiments. T2 - NDE 2011 - National seminar & exhibition on non-destructive evaluation CY - Chennai, India DA - 08.12.2011 KW - Ultrasonic sound field KW - Ray tracing KW - Directivity KW - Anisotropy KW - Austenitic weld PY - 2011 SP - 482 EP - 486 AN - OPUS4-25329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Feistkorn, Sascha T1 - Verwendung des GUM zur Nachweisführung mit Hilfe der Zuverlässigkeitstheorie N2 - Die GUM-Prozedur zur Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit hat sich im Bereich der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen (ZfPBau) als geeignet erwiesen, ZfPBau-Verfahren bei der Validierung von Prüfaufgaben zu charakterisieren. Darüber hinaus können die Modellgleichungen und die quantifizierten Eingangsgrößen Eingang in Berechnungen auf der Basis der Zuverlässigkeitstheorie finden. Damit ist es möglich, die Auswirkung der berücksichtigten Einflussgrößen auf die Zuverlässigkeit einer Prüfaussage zu quantifizieren. N2 - The process to calculate the uncertainty of measurements according to the GUM has been adopted in the field of non-destructive testing in civil-engineering (NDT-CE) and helps to characterise methods in the validation process for different testing tasks. Furthermore model equations and their quantified influence quantities can be used for calculations based on the reliability theory. This allows quantifying the effect of the influence quantities on the reliability of a test result. T2 - 5. Fachtagung 'Messunsicherheit praxisgerecht bestimmen' CY - Erfurt, Germany DA - 08.11.2011 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Zuverlässigkeitstheorie KW - GUM KW - STRUREL KW - FORM KW - SORM KW - Statistischer Nachweis KW - Messunsicherheit PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-18-092149-5 SN - 0083-5560 N1 - Serientitel: VDI-Berichte – Series title: VDI-Berichte VL - 2149 SP - 181 EP - 190 PB - VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-25393 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pistol, Klaus A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Schneider, U. ED - Koenders, E.A.B. ED - Dehn, F. T1 - The mode of action of polypropylene fibres in high performance concrete at high temperatures N2 - It has been shown in fire tests that polypropylene fibres reduce or avoid explosive spalling of high performance concrete. In the critical temperature ränge up to 300 °C the permeability of HPC increases by using polypropylene fibre. Due to this the water vapour, which is the main reason for explosive spalling, can escape. There exist different theories in the literature conceming the micro structural mechanisms, which cause an increase in the permeability. Within the framework of an internal research project at BAM an innovative methodology was developed for experimental verifying of existing theories and to get new insights into this problem The methodology used is unique and has been undertaken here for the first time. This consists of the combination of acoustic emission and ultrasonic measurement during temperature loading and the non-destructive micro structural analysis of cooled down samples with the aid of micro X-ray computed tomography. For the validation of the nondestructive test methods scanning electron microscopic images of prepared samples were undertaken. The results show that due to the thermal decomposition of the polypropylene fibres micro canals emerge. These are connected due to a simultaneous micro cack formation. T2 - 2nd International RILEM workshop on concrete spalling due to fire exposure CY - Delft, The Netherlands DA - 05.10.2011 KW - Spalling KW - Polypropylene fibres KW - High performance concrete KW - Acoustic emission KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - Scanning electron microscopy PY - 2011 SN - 978-2-35158-118-6 SP - 289 EP - 296 PB - RILEM Publications AN - OPUS4-24835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Perrone, C. A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Gardei, André A1 - Ziegert, C. T1 - Comparison of mechanical behavior of different earth masonry typologies in cultural heritage N2 - The paper has been developed in the framework of a larger EC‐research program called NIKER, in which BAM and other seventeen research partners from the Mediterrean area are jointly involved. It aims to develop and validate innovative materials and technologies for the systemic improvement of the seismic behavior of Cultural Heritage assets. The death tolls brought about by recent catastrophes in developing countries where many inhabitants lived in earthen dwellings (Gujarat, India 2001, Bam, Iran 2003 and Concepción, Chile 2010 Earthquakes, Tamil Nadu 2004 Tsunami) have brought about research studies aimed at improving earth construction in terms of strength, seismic resistance and speed of construction. In comparison to the recent advances in research on stone and brick masonry, knowledge on the material properties and failure mechanisms of earthen Building construction is limited and scattered. The research presented here by aims making a comparison of mechanical behaviour between different earth masonry material typologies, consisting of earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob. T2 - WCCE-ECCE-TCCE Joint conference 2 - Seismic protection of cultural heritage CY - Antalya, Turkey DA - 31.10.2011 KW - Earth masonry KW - Material test KW - Cultural heritage KW - Seismic resistance PY - 2011 SN - 978-605-01-0188-1 SP - 25 EP - 36 AN - OPUS4-24836 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ramge, Peter A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten A1 - Meng, Birgit ED - Drochytka, R. ED - Bohus, S. T1 - Natural stone reprofiling in cultural heritage with modular repair mortars N2 - Whenever the preservation of original substance obtains priority in a restoration task, reprofiling techniques using repair mortars are a welcome solution. For ordinary concrete repair aesthetic aspects are of minor importance whereas for the restoration of natural stone elements they come to the fore. Especially for listed buildings and monuments, historico-cultural and aesthetical interests become the ruling Parameters for planning and execution of restoration tasks. Nevertheless the technical and constructive requirements have to be considered and deterioration processes have to be understood to ensure sustainability and durability of the repair task. Due o differences in the Chemical and mineralogical composition, natural stone provides a vast variety of texture and colour. Also the range of different mechanical and durability related properties is far wider than found with concrete for example. A research project dealing with the development of a modular repair mortar System for natural stone is currently set up at the BAM. To provide the conservator with the best possible options to match colour, texture and technical requirements, the System will be setup on a modular basis. Several different binder Systems on basis of cement, lime and sodium Silicate as well as polymer based Systems are planned, which can be combined with different aggregate compositions and different pigments. To evaluate the mortar performance, test procedures will be defined for tests on mortar samples and on composite specimens. In the paper the experimental Programme will be explained and first results will be presented and discussed. T2 - 2nd WTA - Internaitonal PhD Symposium - Building materials and buidling technology to preserve the built heritage CY - Brno, Czech Republic DA - 06.10.2011 PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-937066-21-9 SN - 0947-6830 N1 - Serientitel: WTA-Schriftenreihe – Series title: WTA-Schriftenreihe IS - 36 SP - 208 EP - 216 PB - WTA Publications AN - OPUS4-24837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Erfahrungen mit flexiblen Fahrbahnübergängen und Stand der Technik in Deutschland N2 - Mehr als 25 Jahre nach dem ersten Einbau eines sogenannten Fahrbahnüberganges aus Asphalt und nach nunmehr 13-jähriger Erfahrungen mit den gütesichernden Maßnahmen des technischen Regelwerks in Deutschland kann eine insgesamt positive Bilanz gezogen werden. Diese Ausführungsvariante der Bauart flexibler Fahrbahnübergang hat mittlerweile einen akzeptierten Platz auf dem Gebiet der Brückenausstattung für Bauwerke mit einer freien Dehnlänge bis zu 30 m eingenommen. Die generelle Bewährung ist aktuelle Motivation, durch stoffliche und konstruktive Weiterentwicklungen die bauartbedingten Vorteile in einen größeren Anwendungsbereich zu überführen. Die baurechtliche Grundlage dafür bilden die neuen europäisch harmonisierten Zulassungsregelungen. Erste Erfahrungen aus der versuchstechnischen Bewertung neuartiger Ausführungsvarianten werden vorgestellt. T2 - ASTRA-EMPA-Tagung - Flexible Fahrbahnübergänge - Erfahrungen und Stand der Technik CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland DA - 18.10.2011 PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-24809 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Chabrelie, A. A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Scrivener, K.L. ED - Palomo, Á. ED - Zaragoza, A. ED - Agüí, J. C. L. T1 - Mechanisms of degradation of concrete by external sufate ions under laboratory and field conditions N2 - The durability of concrete is a major challenge for the construction, which devotes one third to one half of its annual investment to building maintenance. The lack of fieid data regarding concrete durability, especially in the case of exposure to Sulfate ions (“sulfate attack”) makes it dijficult to determine the appropriate fest methods andperformance criteria. Additionally, the increased use of sustainable blends (cement with mineral admixtures, typically slag from the iron industiy) suffers from a lack of experience regarding their long-term performance. Most results for sulfate resistance are derived from accelerated laboratoiy tests xvhere performance criteria are based only on macroscopic properties, especially expansion. To fill this gap and better widerstand the mechanisms of sulfate attack under real conditions, a parallel study of laboratoiy micro-concrete and fieid concrete samples under sulfate exposure was undertaken, focussing on microstructural changes in addition to the conventional macroscopic characterisation. Four exposure regimes were designed in the laboratoiy: full immersion (ponding), pH-control, semi-immersion and wet/diy cycles. Pure Portland blends and slag blends witli high level of slag replacement (70 wt.-%) were investigated. The exposure regime has been found to play a major role in the damage process. In ponding conditions, the damage process takes place in three stages characterised by a first period of induction, followed by surface damage thatfinally extends to the bulle of the material. Paradoxically, the w/c-ratio does not seem to have much impact on the ionic transport phenomena but might be more decisive in the microstructure mechanical strength against local stresses. The slag blends, considered as sulfate resistant in ponding exposure, revealed badperformances under wet/diy cycles. This beliaviour was attributed to poor proper physical resistance of the slag hydrates against diying. The fieid concretes selected for the comparison with the laboratoiy cases were partially buried in a sulfate-enriched soil in Argentina. A pure Portland blend and a slag blends with high level of slag replacement (80 wt.-%) were investigated. The submerged part of the samples could be compared to the laboratoiy ponding exposure, wliile the upper layer of the samples subjected to weathering could be compared to the laboratoiy wet/diy cycles exposure. The fieid obsen’ations tend to confirm the laboratoiy results and validate the fest settings. It has been underlined that a direct relationship between damage (e.g.; cracking/expansion) andphase assemblage was not evident. However, the study highlights that sulfate combination with the hydrates of the cement (e.g.; C-S-H) and with those of the slag would play a rote in the initiation of the expansion, which would be attributed to a swelling of the hydrates or to the precipitation offine ettringite after the Saturation level in sulfate of the hydrates has been reached. T2 - 13th International congress on the chemistry of cement - XIII ICCC CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 03.07.2011 KW - Sulfate attack KW - Exposure conditions KW - Concrete KW - Laboratory test KW - Field KW - Phase assemblage KW - Microstructure KW - XRD KW - SEM KW - SCM KW - Slag PY - 2011 SN - 978-84-7292-400-0 SP - 1 EP - 14 CY - Madrid AN - OPUS4-24810 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hartelt, Manfred A1 - Wäsche, Rolf T1 - Verschleißuntersuchungen an Dental-Implantat-Werkstoffen unter partial slip Bedingungen N2 - Im Vortrag wird neben der apparativen Prüftechnik das allgemeine methodische Vorgehen für Modell-Verschleißuntersuchungen im Bereich des partial slip vorgestellt. Im Detail wird für Dental-Implantat-Werkstoffe eine Rangfolge aufgestellt, die vergleichend die Verschleißresistenz unterschiedlicher Ti-basierter Werkstoffe zeigt. Wird durch die Kaubewegung eine mehrachsige Beanspruchung in die Kontaktflächen der Schraubverbindung eingeleitet, kann durch partial slip im Randbereich dieser Kontaktfläche ein Verschleißprozess initiiert werden, der die Lockerung des Implantats begünstigt. Eine gute Verschleißresistenz verhindert oder schiebt die vorzeitige Lockerung hinaus. Um das Werkstoffverhalten in Bezug auf eine vorzeitige Lockerung der Implantatkrone bei geschraubten zweiteiligen Implantaten zu charakterisieren, wurden zylindrische Probekörper unter partial slip Fretting-Bedingungen mit Zyklenzahlen bis n = 200 000 beansprucht. Die Frequenz der aufgebrachten Tangentialkraft betrug 2 Hz, um die Kaubewegung zu simulieren. Die tribologischen Untersuchungen wurden auf einem Eigenbau-Tribometer mit der Kontaktgeometrie „gekreuzte Zylinder“ durchgeführt. Die zylindrischen Proben wurden aus den Werkstoffen Titan Grade 4 und der Ti-Legierung Ti6AI4V gefertigt. Ein Teil dieser Ti-basierten Proben wurde oberflächengehärtet. Die bisher erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die oberflächenbehandelten Proben dazu neigen, unter der Belastung die Kontaktfläche zu vergrößern. Dies deutet auf einen Effekt bekannt als „junction growth“ und damit auf eine erhöhte Versetzungsbeweglichkeit der randschichtgehärteten Proben hin. Einen Einfluss der Zwischenstoffe konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. T2 - 52. Tribologie-Fachtagung - Reibung, Schmierung und Verschleiß - Forschung und praktische Anwendungen CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 26.09.2011 KW - Partial slip KW - Schwingungsverschleiß PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-00-035439-7 VL - I SP - 14/1 EP - 14/11 AN - OPUS4-24813 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pereira, F. A1 - Pistol, Klaus A1 - Korzen, Manfred A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Pimienta, P. A1 - Carré, H. A1 - Huismann, Sven ED - Koenders, E.A.B. ED - Dehn, F. T1 - Monitoring of fire damage processes in concrete by pore pressure and acoustic emission measurements N2 - This paper presents the combined use of acoustic emission (AE), gas pore pressure and temperature measurements (PT). The simultaneous application of both techniques represents a new methodology in the context of fire spalling and contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of fire spalling, particular with regard to the interaction of micro cracking and pore pressure evolution. The study presents fire tests on normal strength concrete specimens with and without reinforcement at ISO Standard fire and at hydrocarbon (HC) fire. Supported by AE-analysis, it can be shown that due to the higher heating rate of the HC-fire in comparison to the ISO Standard fire the damage processes inside the concrete during the exposure are increased combined with augmenting the concrete permeability. As a consequence lower pore pressures were measured. However, despite the lower pore pressures, explosive spalling was observed. T2 - 2nd International RILEM workshop on concrete spalling due to fire exposure CY - Delft, The Netherlands DA - 05.10.2011 KW - Ordinary concrete KW - High temperature KW - Gas pore pressure KW - Acoustic emission KW - Spalling PY - 2011 SN - 978-2-35158-118-6 SP - 69 EP - 77 PB - RILEM Publications AN - OPUS4-24818 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Taffese, W.Z. A1 - Kumaran, G.S. A1 - Uzoegbo, H.C. A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten T1 - Inorganic binder systems for innovative panel technology in East Africa - possible ways to produce building materials from local raw materials N2 - Many African countries face serious problems associated with the rapid growth of urban Population and the resulting demand for affordable building materials. In search for appropriate Solutions to improve the Situation, the “LightSHIP” project was initiated, whose aims were to identify the required product specifications, to evaluate possible approaches and ultimately to develop new Building materials for East Africa. It was concluded that these materials should be produced in Africa mainiy from local raw materials; prefabricated, easily transportable construction elements are to be preferred. It is therefore reasonable to focus on artificial stones and partition boards. To be Independent of imported cement, it is suggested to make use of volcanic rocks, which are abundant in East African countries, for lime-pozzoian binders and geopolymers in the production of these construction elements. Future research activities should thus concentrate on assessment of the applicability of available volcanic rocks, the influence of their properties on the resulting binders and the design of appropriate binder-reinforcement-filler Systems. T2 - Workshop cement and concrete for Africa CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.08.2011 KW - Building materials KW - East Africa KW - Volcanic rock KW - Natural pozzolans KW - Lime-pozzolan binders KW - Geopolymers PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814281-4-8 SP - 32 EP - 36 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-24779 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herbst, Tristan A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Hauer, B. T1 - Sustainable evaluation - concept to assess the applicability of secondary aggregates in concrete N2 - Nowadays there are several applications of mineral recycling materials and residues. At present an assessment method for the use of secondary raw materials, which considers sustainability aspects, does not exist. In the framework of the German DAfStb/BMBF research project “Sustainable Building with Concrete” an assessment concept was developed. It includes the following four assessment steps: I. Basic considerations, II. Advantages for sustainable construction, III. Alternative paths for application, and IV. Sensitivity analysis. The concept was developed on the basis of recycled concrete aggregates, which are already used according to German standards. Afterwards, it was applied and verified by the evaluation of the utilisation of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ashes (referred to MSWI bottom ashes). T2 - 2011 Helsinki world sustainable building conference CY - Helsinki, Finland DA - 18.10.2011 KW - Sustainable building KW - Sustainability aspects KW - Secondary materials KW - Secondary aggregates in concrete KW - Energy and material resources KW - Assessment concept PY - 2011 SN - 978-951-758-534-7 SN - 0356-9403 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-24781 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten T1 - Übersicht zur Normungsarbeit an der DIN 19573 - Mörtel für Neubau und Sanierung von Entwässerungssystemen außerhalb von Gebäuden N2 - Mörtel für den Neubau und die Instandsetzung sind seit vielen Jahrzehnten im Abwasserbereich für unterschiedliche Bereiche im Einsatz. Zumeist werden diese je nach Anwendungsbereich entsprechend der Vorgaben der Auftraggeber, den Erfahrungen der Hersteller und Verwender sowie den Empfehlungen von Interessenverbänden (z. B. DWA oder DVGW verarbeitet. Zugleich ist eine Reihe von adaptierbaren Regelwerken für ähnliche Produkte aus anderen Anwendungsgebieten verfügbar. Während die Regelwerke zum Schutz und zur Instandsetzung von Betonbauteilen bereits seit ca. 35 Jahren über den Deutschen Ausschuss für Stahlbeton und die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen entwickelt und fortgeschrieben werden und seit ca. 20 Jahren auch über ein Mandat der europäischen Kommission im CEN entsprechende Bauproduktnormen im Rahmen der EN 1504 erarbeitet wurden, wurde die Arbeit an einer Produktnorm für zementgebundenen Mörtel für den Bau und die Sanierung von Abwasserkanälen und -leitungen sowie Bauwerken in kommunalen Entwässerungssystemen und Kläranlagen erst im Jahr 2005 aufgenommen. Dieses Regelwerk wurde in Anlehnung an Bauprodukte für andere Anwendungsbereiche erstellt, berücksichtigt darüber hinaus aber die besonderen Anforderungen im Bereich der Abwasserkanäle und -leitungen. T2 - 3. Betonfachtagung Nord - Das Bauen mit Beton aus dem Blickwinkel der Dauerhaftigkeit und neuer Regelwerke CY - Brunswick, Germany DA - 29.09.2011 KW - Betoninstandsetzung KW - Mörtel KW - Abwasserbauwerke KW - Sanierung KW - DIN 19573 PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-7640-0544-3 SP - 175 EP - 189 AN - OPUS4-24784 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herbst, Tristan T1 - Ganzheitliche Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Recyclingoptionen für mineralische Abbruchmaterialien N2 - Der Einsatz mineralischer Abbruchmaterialien und anderer Sekundärrohstoffe im Betonbau kann einen wesentlichen Beitrag zu einer nachhaltigen Ressourcenwirtschaft im Bauwesen leisten. Auf diesem Wege können diese Stoffe eine sinnvolle Verwendung finden und weitere umweltrelevante Auswirkungen (Ressourcenverbrauch, Emissionen) gemindert werden. In einem Teilprojekt des DAfStb/BMBFVerbundforschungsvorhabens „Nachhaltig Bauen mit Beton“ wurde das Einsatzpotenzial verschiedener Sekundärrohstoffe in Beton untersucht. Die Kernfrage ist, ob und inwieweit durch den Einsatz eines bestimmten Sekundärrohstoffs die Anforderungen nachhaltigen Bauens erfüllt werden. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage wurde ein Bewertungskonzept mit einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung von Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten ausgearbeitet. Die Ganzheitlichkeit umfasst dabei technische, ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte. Das Konzept wurde am Beispiel der bereits im Betonbau eingesetzten rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen entwickelt. Die Bewertung erfolgt in vier Bewertungsschritten: I. Grundsätzliche Überlegungen, II. Vorteile für das nachhaltige Bauen, III. Alternative Bewertungswege und IV. Sensitivitätsanalysen. T2 - 3. Betonfachtagung Nord - Das Bauen mit Beton aus dem Blickwinkel der Dauerhaftigkeit und neuer Regelwerke CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 29.09.2011 KW - Nachhaltigkeit KW - Ganzheitlich KW - Beton KW - Recyclingbaustoffe KW - Sekundärrohstoffe KW - Abbruchmaterialien PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-7640-0544-3 SP - 139 EP - 160 AN - OPUS4-24785 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterhus, Lennart A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Seidemann, M. T1 - Kieselsäurehaltiger Filterrückstand aus industrieller Abwasserbehandlung für den Einsatz als hydraulisches Bindemittel N2 - Reststoffe aus Kohlekraftwerken und der Metallurgie, wie Steinkohlen- und Braunkohlenflugasche, Hüttensand und Silikastaub werden bereits seit Jahren als puzzolanische und hydraulische Zusätze in Zementen, Mörteln und Betonen zur Optimierung der Eigenschaften eingesetzt. Dennoch gibt es weitestgehend ungenutzte Sekundärrohstoffquellen aus der Silikon- und Kieselsäureherstellung. Der Beitrag beschreibt Untersuchungen zur Nutzung kieselsäurehaltiger Filterrückstände aus der industriellen Abwasserbehandlung für den Einsatz als Bindemittelkomponente. Die chemisch-mineralogischen Eigenschaften der Filterrückstände, beispielsweise ein hoher Gehalt an amorpher Kieselsäure sowie eine große spezifische Oberfläche, legen eine Nutzung als puzzolanischer Bindemittelbestandteil nahe. Deshalb müssen Möglichkeiten einer Nutzung als Zusatz in Kompositzementen, Bodenverbesserungsmitteln und Spezialbindemitteln untersucht werden. Im Beitrag wird über die Stoffcharakterisierung, den Nachweis der puzzolanischen Eigenschaften und den Einfluss des Filterrückstands auf die Eigenschaften von Zementmörteln berichtet. T2 - GDCh-Fachtagung Bauchemie 2011 CY - Hamburg-Harburg, Germany DA - 06.10.2011 KW - Sekundärrohstoffe KW - Sekundäre Gesteinskörnung KW - Recycling KW - Leichtbeton PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-936028-69-0 N1 - Serientitel: GDCh-Monographien – Series title: GDCh-Monographien VL - 44 SP - 153 EP - 158 CY - Frankfurt/M. AN - OPUS4-24786 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferraioli, M. A1 - Mandara, A. A1 - Abruzzese, D. A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo T1 - Dynamic identification and seismic safety of masonry bell towers N2 - The paper addresses two case studies of structural monitoring and seismic assessment of medieval masonry Towers in Italy: the bell tower of Aversa and the bell tower of Capua. These monuments in the Campania region were monitored by means of full-scale environmental vibration testing. Measured responses were then used for modal identification. The procedure is based on a typical finite element model updating technique based on vibration test results. Parameters optimization is carried out by minimizing a weighted error criterion relative to the building’s modal properties. A satisfactory improvement on modal parameters is thus obtained, resulting in a close Agreement between the modal properties observed in dynamic tests and those calculated from numerical model. Seismic assessment is carried out with nonlinear static analysis of the tower under multimodal distributions of lateral loads. Nonlinear analysis indicates the potential collapse mechanisms and evidences dangerous structural weakness which may play a role in the seismic vulnerability of the towers. T2 - 14th Conference of seismic engineering ANIDIS CY - Bari, Italy DA - 18.09.2011 KW - Masonry towers KW - Structural identification KW - Model updating PY - 2011 SN - 978-88-7522-040-2 IS - Abschnitt E SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-24839 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferraioli, M. A1 - Abruzzese, D. A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Di Lauro, G. T1 - Torsional seismic response of an asymmetric-plan hospital buidling N2 - The inelastic torsional response of an asymmetric-plan hospital building is studied. The response of the structure in the time domain as recorded by highly sensitive sensor network, integrated by a data acquisition system. The identification was performed using techniques of modal extraction in the frequency domain (frequency Domain decomposition). A calibration process was applied in order to identify a reliable structural model to be used for the seismic vulnerability assessment of the hospital building. In particular, a nonlinear static procedure accounting for mass distribution, higher modes contribution and mode-shapes correlation was proposed for the estimation of the seismic response of irregular buildings. Finally, the influence of lateral force distribution, node control during pushover and accidental eccentricity is investigated. T2 - 14th Conference of seismic engineering ANIDIS CY - Bari, Italy DA - 18.09.2011 KW - Seismic response KW - Irregular buildings KW - Inelastic torsion PY - 2011 SN - 978-88-7522-040-2 IS - Abschnitt D SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-24840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gümpel, P. A1 - Leu, F. A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Lehmann, Jens T1 - Corrosion resistance of lean alloy alternatives for 300 series stainless steels N2 - Rising Prices of nickel and molybdenum in the past few years have led to unprecedented interest in Substitution of leaner-content alloys for Standard 300-series austenitic stainless steels in a lot of applications. Due to the high prices of different alloying elements and to periodic large fluctuations that cause similar large fluctuations in the costs of using 300-series stainless steels; a lot of new materials entered the markets in Europe and also in the rest of the world. A big disadvantage consists in the fact that there are though corrosion results that, however, a direct comparison of the corrosion resistance of these new materials does not exist up to now or only incompletely. In this project comparative investigations were carried out and always one or several representatives of a material group were incorporated. These material groups are: Lean Duplex Stainless Steels, Manganese Alloyed Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steels and Ferritic Stainless Steels. These materials were investigated in a lot of different test procedures and in different conditions focused on the application in civil engineering and common use. Beside the electrochemical investigations all materials were exposed in different surface States in the atmosphere, once in Coastal nearness and once in a city centre area. Other exposition tests with material Coupons where done in the atmosphere of indoor swimming pools and at the case of food processing machines were corrosion processes are caused by the cleaning procedure. First results are reported. T2 - 7th European stainless steel conference - science and market CY - Como, Italy DA - 21.09.2011 KW - Austenitic stainless steels KW - Ferritic stainless steels KW - Duplex stainless steels KW - Manganese alloyed stainless steels KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Stress corrosion cracking KW - Passive layer KW - Surface condition PY - 2011 SN - 978-88-85298-84-2 IS - Applications / No. 53 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-24803 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Meinel, Dietmar ED - Rogge, A. ED - Meng, B. T1 - Neue Verfahren zur Untersuchung chloridinduzierter Lochkorrosion an Stahl in Beton N2 - Die Kombination elektrochemischer und computertomographischer Untersuchungs-Verfahren bietet die Möglichkeit, elektrochemische Messungen zerstörungsfrei verifizieren und richtig interpretieren zu können. Die Ermittlung der durch Lochkorrosion geschädigten Stahloberflächen ermöglicht es Probekörper zu entwickeln, die ein der Praxis entsprechendes Schadensbild aufweisen. Ein weiterer Vorteil stellt sich in der Minimierung der Probenmatrix dar. Die klassische Versuchsdurchführung erfordert die Zerstörung von Proben nach jeder Vorschädigungsstufe. Dies kann durch den Einsatz der Computertomografie vermieden werden. Die elektrochemischen Messwerte können flächenbezogen ermittelt werden, solange sich die Korrosionserscheinungen vollständig innerhalb des durch die CT abgebildeten Untersuchungsbereiches befinden. T2 - 52. DAfStb-Forschungskolloquium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.11.2011 KW - Betonstahl KW - Korrosion KW - Lochkorrosion KW - Computertomographie PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814281-0-0 IS - G6 SP - 262 EP - 271 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-24805 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain distribution using Brillouin scattering in dispersion-shifted fibers N2 - We studied Brillouin gain spectrum characteristics in dispersion-shifted fibers having compound GeO2-doping compositions in the fiber core to realize simultaneous measurement of distributed strain and temperature. Due to various dopant concentration alongside the radius of tested nonzero dispersion-shifted fibers several multiple Brillouin scattering resonances were observed in the stimulated Brillouin spectra arose through backscattering on higher acoustic modes which propagated along the fiber axis. As a result of the varying acoustic velocities, the Brillouin resonance peaks featured different temperature coefficients which can be used to accomplish the simultaneous measurement of fiber strain and temperature. We presented our first measurement results for NZDS Fujikura and LEAF Corning fiber and discussed the superior sensory suitability of the former fiber types. T2 - IEEE Sensors 2011 conference CY - Limerick, Ireland DA - 28.10.2011 KW - Fiber optic sensor KW - Spatial distributed sensor KW - Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) KW - Nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) KW - Brillouin sensor KW - BOTDA KW - BOFDA PY - 2011 SN - 978-1-4244-9288-6 SP - 1476 EP - 1479 AN - OPUS4-24828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim ED - Grellmann, W. T1 - Kennwertermittlung aus statischen und zyklischen Versuchen bei erhöhter Temperatur unter isothermer und nicht isothermer Beanspruchung T2 - DVM-Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2011 - Neue Entwicklungen in der Werkstoffprüfung - Herausforderungen an die Kennwertermittlung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-12-01 KW - Kennwert KW - Temperatur KW - E-Modul KW - Warmzugversuch KW - Ermüdung KW - Mechanical properties KW - Temperature KW - Young´s modulus KW - Elevated temperature tensile test KW - Fatigue PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814516-1-0 SN - 1861-8154 N1 - Serientitel: DVM-Bericht – Series title: DVM-Bericht IS - 643 SP - 37 EP - 44 AN - OPUS4-24969 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lenke, Philipp A1 - Wendt, Mario A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Glötzl, R. ED - Bock, W.J. ED - Albert, J. ED - Bao, X. T1 - Highly sensitive fiber optic inclinometer - easy to transport and easy to install N2 - We present the status of our work on a tube shaped 3D deformation sensor based on continuously distributed fiber optic sensing. A sensor tube of very large diameter is used to ensure high sensitivity while the transportability and applicability are still comfortable due to our application strategy. The setup is designed to use different measurement techniques in the applied optical fibers including Brillouin based measurements and interferometric optical frequency domain measurements using an OBR 4400 from Luna Technologies. T2 - 21st International conference on optical fiber sensors (OFS 21) CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 15.05.2011 KW - Inclinometer KW - Bend KW - Sensor KW - Fiber KW - Optic KW - Brillouin KW - OBR PY - 2011 SN - 0277-786X N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings of SPIE – Series title: Proceedings of SPIE VL - 7753 SP - 775352-1 EP - 775352-4 AN - OPUS4-24970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Schulz, Sebastian A1 - Stark, Wolfgang A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Characterization of the low temperature behaviour of rubber sealing materials N2 - Rubbers are often used for seal applications due to their special material properties and easy use. In many applications the material is exposed to low temperatures during Operation. Therefore it is important to know the material behavior at low temperatures to determine the temperature ränge that allows a Safe Operation of the seal, e.g. in storage and transport Containers for radioactive materials. The seal function of an elastomer is limited in temperature by the rubber-glass transition during which the material properties change from rubber-like to stiff and glass-like. For a given application this correlation is not trivial and therefore needs an in-depth investigation under consideration of the physical properties and the application conditions. In this work different analytical methods are used to characterize the material behavior at low temperature in the ränge of the glass-rubber-transition and are compared with the quality of Operation of a component which is here defined by the detected leakage rate. T2 - Technomer 2011 - 22. Fachtagung über Verarbeitung und Anwendung von Polymeren CY - Chemnitz, Deutschland DA - 10.11.2011 PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-939382-10-2 IS - Kap. 3.7 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-24971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Subaric-Leitis, Andreas A1 - Brauser, Stephan A1 - Ullner, Christian A1 - Rethmeier, Michael ED - Grellmann, W. T1 - Bestimmung lokaler Spannungs-Dehnung-Kurven an Widerstandspunktschweißverbindungen von hochfesten Mehrphasenstählen mittels instrumentierter Eindringprüfung N2 - Die lokalen Festigkeiten im Bereich einer Schweißverbindung sind maßgebend für deren Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber mechanischen Beanspruchungen. Im Gegensatz zu anderen präparationsaufwendigen Methoden, z. B. die Untersuchung von Mikro-Zugproben, liefert die instrumentierte Eindringprüfung mit deutlich geringerem Aufwand Verläufe von Festigkeiten mit sehr guter Ortsauflösung. Es werden wahre Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurven aus zyklischen Eindringversuchen mittels Auswertungen auf der Basis repräsentativer Spannungen und Dehnungen und auf der Basis neuronaler Netze an Punktschweißverbindungen zweier hochfester Stähle, eines TRIP-Stahls und eines martensitischen Stahls, sowie eines weichen niedrig legierten Stahls bestimmt, jeweils im Bereich des Grundwerkstoffs und der Schweißlinse. N2 - The local strength properties in the region of weld joints are essential for their resistance to mechanical stress. In contrast to an alternative method of determining the local stress strain behaviour i.e. the preparation intensive, destructive micro tensile test the instrumented indentation test provides gradients of strength properties with excellent local resolution. Two methods of determining true stress strain curves from cyclic indentation test have been used in Order to investigate the strength behaviour in the region of resistance spot welded joints of two high strength steels, a TRIP steel, and a martensitic Steel and on the other hand a mild steel. T2 - DVM-Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2011 - Neue Entwicklungen in der Werkstoffprüfung - Herausforderungen an die Kennwertermittlung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.12.2011 KW - Lokale Festigkeit KW - Spannungsdehnungskurve KW - Instrumentierte Eindringprüfung KW - Punktschweißverbindung KW - Locally resolved strength KW - Flow curve KW - Instrumented indentation test KW - Spot weld PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814516-1-0 SN - 1861-8154 N1 - Serientitel: DVM-Bericht – Series title: DVM-Bericht IS - 643 SP - 343 EP - 348 AN - OPUS4-24978 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schultz, C. A1 - Schüle, M. A1 - Richter, M. A1 - Pahl, H.-U. A1 - Endert, H. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Dirnstorfer, I. A1 - Rau, B. A1 - Schlatmann, R. A1 - Quaschning, V. A1 - Fink, F. A1 - Stegemann, B. T1 - P1, P2 and P3 structuring of CIGSe solar cells with a single laser wavelength N2 - Manufacturing of CIGSe thin film solar modules involves typically one laser structuring step (P1) and two mechanical structuring steps (P2 and P3) for serial interconnection. In our approach, complete laser structuring is successfully demonstrated by application of short nanosecond laser pulses (<10 ns) with a single, visible wavelength of 532 nm. The P1 and the P3 trenches are scribed by induced and direct ablation, respectively. For the P2 scribe, the thermal input of the ns laser pulses is used to transform the CIGSe absorber layer locally into a highly conductive compound to provide proper electrical interconnection. These findings promise further simplification and flexibility to thin film solar cell production. T2 - 26th European photovoltaic solar energy conference and exhibition CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 05.09.2011 KW - Laser processing KW - Nanosecond pulses KW - Ablation KW - Cu(InGa)Se2 KW - Electrical properties PY - 2011 SN - 3-936338-27-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.4229/26thEUPVSEC2011-3AV.1.35 SP - 2540 EP - 2543 AN - OPUS4-24998 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stegemann, B. A1 - Schultz, C. A1 - Schüle, M. A1 - Richter, M. A1 - Pahl, H.-U. A1 - Endert, H. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Rau, B. A1 - Schlatmann, R. A1 - Quaschning, V. A1 - Fink, F. ED - Luschtinetz, T. ED - Lehmann, J. T1 - Neuartige Laserstrukturierung von CIGSe-Dünnschicht-Solarzellen N2 - Ein wesentlicher Vorteil der Dünnschichtphotovoltaik gegenüber der waferbasierten Photovoltaik liegt in der monolithischen Serienverschaltung. Bei der Herstellung von Chalkopyrit(CIGSe) -Dünnschicht-Solarmodulen erfolgen dafür typischerweise ein Laser-Strukturierungsschritt (P1) und zwei mechanische Strukturierungsschritte (P2, P3). In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass die Strukturierung von CIGSe-Solarmodulen vollständig mit kurzen Laserpulsen (<10 ns Pulsdauer) und einer einzigen Wellenlänge (532 nm) möglich ist. Der P1- und P3-Schnitt erfolgen durch direkte induzierte Ablation. Für den P2-Schnitt wird gezielt der hohe Wärmeeintrag der ns-Laserpulse genutzt, um die CIGSe- Absorberschicht lokal aufzuschmelzen und strukturell so zu verändern, dass eine elektrisch gut leitende Verbindung zwischen Front- und Rückkontakt entsteht. N2 - A major advantage of thin film photovoltaics over wafer-based photovoltaics is the monolithic series connection. Manufacturing of chalcopyrite (CIGSe) thin film solar modules involves typically one laser structuring step (P1) and two mechanical structuring steps (P2 and P3) for serial interconnection. In our approach, complete laser structuring is successfully demonstrated simply by application of short nanosecond laser pulses (<10 ns) with a single, visible wavelength of 532 nm. The P1 and the P3 trenches are scribed by induced direct ablation. For the P2 scribe, the thermal input of the ns laser pulses is used to transform the CIGSe absorber layer locally into a highly conductive compound to provide proper electrical interconnection between the front and back contact. T2 - 18. Symposium "Nutzung regenerativer Energiequellen und Wasserstofftechnik" / VDI-Tagung "Energieland Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" CY - Stralsund, Germany DA - 03.11.2011 KW - Photovoltaik KW - Dünnschichtsolarzellen KW - Chalkopyrite KW - Laserstrukturierung PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9813334-4-2 SP - 204 EP - 210 AN - OPUS4-24999 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian ED - Rogge, A. ED - Meng, B. T1 - Optimierung von Rückbau und Aufbereitung von Altbeton N2 - Die Qualität von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen muss nicht nur bautechnischen Anforderungen und rechtlich verbindlichen Umweltstandards genügen, sondern ihr Einsatz in der Betonherstellung wird auch vor dem Hintergrund der Leitlinien der Nachhaltigkeit bewertet. Für die Gewinnung von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen bedeutet dies, dass sowohl bei den Abbrucharbeiten als auch bei der Bauschuttaufbereitung darauf geachtet werden muss, dass die gewählten Verfahren nicht nur ökonomischen Kriterien genügen müssen, sondern auch keine nachteiligen ökologischen oder sozialen Auswirkungen haben dürfen. In verschiedenen Forschungsprojekten konnte durch ökobilanzielle Bewertungen von einzelnen Verfahren und Verfahrensabläufen gezeigt werden, dass rezyklierte Gesteinskörnungen aus Altbeton unter bestimmten Rahmenbedingungen umweltverträglich gewonnen werden können und ihre Nutzung durch die Substitution von Natursteinkörnungen sowohl zur Schonung von natürlichen Ressourcen als auch zu einer Reduzierung von Umweltbelastungen beitragen kann. T2 - 52. DAfStb-Forschungskolloquium CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 07.11.2011 KW - Bauschutt KW - Recycling KW - Abbruch KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung KW - Ökobilanzielle Bewertung PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814281-0-0 IS - Kap. H3 SP - 308 EP - 317 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25011 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Naghib Zadeh, Hamid A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Toepfer, J. A1 - Karmazin, R. T1 - Co-firing of LTCC modules with embedded ferrite layers N2 - Further miniaturization of electronic packaging calls for integration of magnetic functional components into LTCC modules. For integration of magnetic function into LTCC, low fired MnZn- and NiCuZn-ferrites which can be fully densified at the standard LTCC sintering temperature of 900°C were developed. To co-fire these ferrite tapes with dielectric tapes the sintering shrinkage and the coefficient of thermal expansion of ferrite and dielectric tapes must be matched. For each ferrite material a new LTCC dielectric material was designed. The embedded ferrite tapes into new LTCC dielectric tapes can be sufficiently densified during co-firing at 900°C without any cracking. Compared to separately sintered ferrites the permeability of embedded ferrite tapes is reduced. For embedded NiCuZn ferrites permeabilities between 230 and 570 (at 2 MHz) according to the thickness of the embedded ferrite layer were measured. For embedded MnZn ferrites a permeability of 300 was measured. T2 - EMPC-2011 - 18th European microelectronics & packaging conference CY - Brighton, UK DA - 12.09.2011 KW - LTCC KW - Co-firing KW - Ferrite PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-9568086-0-8 IS - TuA2 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-25021 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Kiyak, Yusuf A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Klingbeil, Dietmar T1 - Assessment of ductile cast iron fracture mechanics analysis within licensing of German transport packages N2 - In the approval procedure of transport packages for radioactive materials, the mechanical and thermal safety assessment is carried out in Germany by competent authority BAM. In recent years BAM was involved in several licensing procedures of new spent fuel and HLW package designs, where the cask body was made of Ductile Cast Iron (DCI). According to IAEA regulations package designs have to fulfill requirements for specific conditions of transport. Type B(U) packages must withstand the defined accident conditions of transport. The temperature range from -40°C up to the operational temperature has to be considered. For the cask material DCI, it is necessary to determine the brittle fracture behavior. The German guideline BAM-GGR 007 defines requirements for the fracture mechanics of DCI. Due to complex structure of the cask body and the dynamic loading a fracture mechanical assessment in an analytical kind is not always possible. Experience of recent design approval procedures show that the application of numerical calculations are applicable to determine the fracture mechanical load in the cask body. At the first step a numerical analysis has to be done to identify the loading state at the whole cask body. Secondly an analysis of a detail of the cask body is made considering the displacement boundary conditions of the global model. An artificial flaw is considered in this detailed model to calculate the fracture mechanical loading state. The finite element mesh was strongly refined in the area of flaw. The size of the artificial flaw is characterized by the ultrasonic inspection used for the quality assurance of the package. The applicant developed additional analysis tools for calculation of stress intensity factor and/or J-Integral. The assessment approach by BAM led to the decision to develop own tools to the possibility for independent check of the results. The paper describes the authority assessment approach for the DCI fracture mechanics analysis. The validation procedure incl. the development of own tools is explained. BAM developed a post-processor called JINFEM to determine the fracture mechanical loads. The regulatory 1 m puncture bar drop test is used to give an example of the assessment procedure. T2 - 52nd INMM Annual meeting CY - Palm Desert, CA, USA DA - 17.07.2011 KW - Mechanische Bewertung KW - Radioaktives Material KW - Numerische Analyse KW - Bruchmechanik PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-25022 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klinger, Christian T1 - Die Bedeutung des 'Materialfehlers' aus der Sicht von Laien, Juristen und Ingenieuren - 'Materialfehler' in Literatur, Regelwerk und Gutachten N2 - Der Begriff „Materialfehler“ wird nicht nur im Bereich der Schadensanalyse von Laien, Juristen und Ingenieuren sondern auch in der Öffentlichkeit sehr häufig verwendet, leider mit den verschiedensten Bedeutungen. Dies führt immer wieder zu Missverständnissen. Ziel der hier vorgestellten BAM-Untersuchung und Recherche war zu klären, ob und ggf. wo es Definitionen für den „Materialfehler“ gibt, wie der Begriff in den oben angesprochenen Bereichen verwendet wird. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, ob diese Verwendungen / Definitionen in die in der Schadensanalyse definierte Begriffswelt passen bzw. welche Definition ergänzt werden sollte. Im Gegensatz zu „Material“, „Werkstoff1 oder „Werkstofffehler“ ist der häufig verwendete Begriff „Materialfehler“ erstaunlicherweise bisher nicht definiert! Um den oft verwendeten Begriff des Materialfehlers für die Schadensanalyse und die damit befassten Bereiche einheitlich zu beschreiben, wird folgende Definition vorgeschlagen: „Materialfehler" sind Werkstoff- und/oder Fertigungsfehler. Darin sind alle Fehler (Abweichungen von Spezifikationen/Normen) im Werkstoff bzw. dessen Herstellung/Fertigung enthalten. Demgegenüber sind Konstruktions-/Planungsfehler oder Betriebsfehler keine Materialfehler. T2 - 37. VDI-Jahrestagung - Schadensanalyse - Produktverbesserung durch Schadensanalyse CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 19.10.2011 KW - Schadensanalyse PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-18-092150-1 SN - 0083-5560 N1 - Serientitel: VDI-Berichte – Series title: VDI-Berichte VL - 2150 SP - 113 EP - 120 PB - VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-25024 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bloching, H. A1 - Aegerter, J. A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim ED - Grellmann, W. T1 - DIN EN ISO 6892-2: Wesentliche Änderungen in der Norm zum Warmzugversuch N2 - Die im Mai 2011 veröffentlichte Internationale Norm ISO 6892-2 "Metallische Werkstoffe — Zugversuch - Teil 2: Prüfverfahren bei erhöhter Temperatur" ersetzt die Europäische Norm EN 10002-5 und die Internationale Norm ISO 783. Technische Änderungen/Ergänzungen im Vergleich zu den Vorgängernormen beziehen sich im Wesentlichen auf die Prüfgeschwindigkeiten und die Dehnungsmessung. In Anlehnung an Teil 1 der ISO 6892 (Prüfung bei Raumtemperatur) wird die Dehngeschwindigkeit als maßgebliche Prüfgeschwindigkeit mit eingeengten Bereichen (Verfahren A) empfohlen. Zum Ansetzen des Dehnungsaufnehmers und zur Festlegung der Messlänge sind nun verschiedene Verfahren möglich. In dem Beitrag wird auch anhand von Beispielen auf mögliche Auswirkungen auf die zu bestimmenden Kennwerte eingegangen. T2 - DVM-Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2011 - Neue Entwicklungen in der Werkstoffprüfung - Herausforderungen an die Kennwertermittlung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.12.2011 KW - Warmzugversuch KW - Thermische Ausdehnung KW - Messlänge KW - Dehngeschwindigkeit PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814516-1-0 SN - 1861-8154 N1 - Serientitel: DVM-Bericht – Series title: DVM-Bericht IS - 643 SP - 245 EP - 252 AN - OPUS4-25007 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Akkerman, Floris T1 - Marktüberwachung für Ökodesign - Herausforderungen bei Industrieprodukten N2 - Die Ökodesignrichtlinie setzt einen Rahmen für vielfältige Anforderungen an Produkte. Ziel ist die Verringerung der Umweltauswirkungen über den gesamten Produktlebenszyklus. Dazu werden die vorgeschlagenen Produkte in Gruppen eingeteilt, Markt, Technik, Nutzerverhalten und bestehende Regelungen werden nach einer festen Methode ermittelt und Verbesserungspotenziale werfen identifiziert. Anhand von Szenarien, die das Vorgehen „weiter wie bisher" (BAU, business as usual) mit den Auswirkungen einer möglichen gesetzlichen Regelung vergleichen, wird eingeschätzt, ob eine solche Anforderung sinnvoll und lohnend ist. Die Entscheidung darüber, welche Regeln letztendlich gelten, trifft die EU-Kommission zusammen mit den Mitgliedsstaaten (Komitologieverfahren). Am Ende des Prozesses steht eine Verordnung der Kommission mit bindenden Mindestanforderungen für eine Produktkategorie. T2 - 11. Technischer Tag VEM CY - Wernigerode, Germany DA - 25.09.2012 KW - Energieeffizienz KW - Investitionsgüter KW - Marktüberwachung KW - Ökodesign PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-27576 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Heyne, Klara A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Bavendiek, K. ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Optimum exposure conditions for computed radiography depending on fixed pattern noise and efficiency of imaging plate-scanner systems N2 - The presently active standards on Computed Radiography (CR) need a major revision. It was observed by many users that the image quality for class B of EN 14784-2 is not achievable under the same exposure conditions as used for film exposure. A mathematical model was developed and tested, which allows the calculation of the image quality, proven by image quality indicators (IQI), depending on the fixed pattern noise and the efficiency of the used imaging plate (IP) scanner system. All tested IP scanner systems provide a fixed correlation between the measured signal/noise ratio (SNR) and the grey values in the digital images. The maximum achievable SNRmax depends on the fixed pattern noise of the plate (high dose limit). Depending on the exposure dose an optimum visibility of IQIs can be predicted by calculation and measured considering the attenuation coefficient for calculation of the contrast/noise ratio (CNR). The diameter of the just visible wire is proportional to 1/sqrt(CNR). The optimum tube voltage for best visibility of IQIs and maximum CNR depend on the exposure dose. The optimum tube voltage for best visibility is achieved only at exposures with high dose. A dose dependant optimal tube voltage was not observed for film radiography. T2 - 37th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 18.07.2010 KW - Computed radiography KW - Computed radiology KW - Non destructive testing KW - Image quality KW - Signal-to-noise ratio KW - Contrast-to-noise ratio KW - Imaging plates KW - Optimum tube voltage KW - Standards PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-7354-0888-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3591892 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 1335 SP - 493 EP - 500 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-27540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Fahlbruch, B. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Schombach, D. T1 - Human factors approach to the acquisition and evaluation of NDT data N2 - This paper gives an introduction to the field of human factors with the focus on their influence on the reliability of NDT in the nuclear energy production (in-service inspections) and final storage of highly radioactive nuclear waste. A set of methodological tools has been developed in the scope of three projects, namely: 1) a theoretical model describing potential human factors influencing manual ultrasonic inspection performance during inservice inspections in nuclear power plants; 2) a method for identifying potential human errors during acquisition and evaluation of data gathered with mechanized ultrasonic, radiographic and eddy-current systems, as well as visual testing with a remote camera (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, FMEA); and 3) use of eye tracking methodology to optimize existing procedures and practices. The experimental results have shown that time pressure, mental workload and experience influence the quality of the inspection performance. Noticeable were influences from the organization of the working schedule, communication, procedures, supervision and demonstration task. Implementing human redundancy in critical tasks, such as defect identification, as well as using an automated aid (software) to help operators in decision making about the existence and size of defects, could lead to other kinds of problems, namely social loafing (excerpting less effort when working on tasks collectively as compared to working alone) and automation bias (uncritical reliance on the proper function of an automated system without recognizing its limitations and the possibilities of automation failure) that might affect the reliability of NDT in an undesired manner. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 16.04.2012 KW - Human Factors KW - Time Pressure KW - 4-Eye Principle KW - Automation Bias KW - Nuclear Waste Storage KW - In-Service Inspection (ISI) KW - Nuclear Power Plants KW - Eye Tracking KW - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 10 (Paper 198) AN - OPUS4-27583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Werner A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas ED - Jost, D. ED - Albers, K. T1 - Langzeitverhalten von Kunststoff-Dränelementen und Bewehrungsgittern und die Anforderungen der Deponieverordnung N2 - Ein Geokunststoffprodukt muss in einer Deponieabdichtung unter allen relevanten Einwirkungen seine Funktion mindestens 100 Jahre lang erfüllen. Diese Annahme ist nicht schon allein dann gerechtfertigt, wenn Alterungsuntersuchungen gezeigt haben, dass der verwendete Werkstoff voraussichtlich so lange halten wird. Darüber hinaus gehende Fragestellungen zur Funktionserfüllung, die im Zulassungsverfahren bearbeitet werden müssen, werden am Beispiel von Kunststoff-Dränelementen und Bewehrungsgittern diskutiert. Es geht dabei um die Auswirkung von äußeren Kräften, die über diesen sehr langen Zeitraum einwirken. Die Grenze für noch zulässige Druck- und Scherkräfte bei einem Kunststoff-Dränelement muss ausgelotet und das zugehörige Wasserableitvermögen bestimmt werden. Mögliche Einschränkung für den Herausziehwiderstand eines Bewehrungsgitters müssen abgeschätzt werden. Damit werden auch die Aufgaben zukünftiger Normungstätigkeit Umrissen. Ergänzend werden einige Erläuterungen zu aktuellen Entwicklungen gegeben: Eine neue Ausgabe der Fremdprüferrichtlinie wurde erarbeitet. Zulassungen für Bewehrungsgitter wurden erteilt. Schließlich wird kurz erklärt, was Befristung einer Zulassung, Erlöschen einer Zulassung und Widerruf einer Zulassung bedeuten. T2 - 29. Fachtagung - Die sichere Deponie - Sicherung von Deponien und Altlasten mit Kunststoffen CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 31.01.2013 KW - Deponieverordnung KW - Zulassung KW - Kunststoff-Dränelemente KW - Bewehrungsgitter aus Kunststoff PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 18 CY - Würzburg AN - OPUS4-27705 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Experimental studies on the effect of fire accelerant during living room fires N2 - The influence of fire accelerants on the fire behavior during living room fires was experimentally investigated by performing 5 different room fire scenarios. During the tests flre-technological quantities were determined as well as chemical-analytical studies were carried out. The focus was on the detection of smoke gases and the proof of used fire accelerants. The evaluation of traceable fire accelerants and the reconstruction of the fire development are based on a precise Chemical analysis of the combustion products. In this work an innovative methodology was developed to combine available analyticai techniques to draw conclusions from solid, liquid and gaseous fire residues about the fire process. Each ofthe fire rooms was equipped with the same living room inventory. The location and amount of fire accelerant (a mixture of diesel/gasoline) differed in 4 of 5 tests. Orte room fire experiment was carried out without fire accelerant. The following fire technological characteristics were determined during the room fire experiments: mass loss (of the complete room), temperatures (at several locations in the room), heat release and smoke gas emission (measured at three different locations: in the chimney, in the fire room and at the door opening). While the smoke gases were analysed by using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, the fire residues and swipe samples (particles) were examined by Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction- Gaschromatography-Mass spectrometry. These procedures make it possible to detect low concentrations of volatile components of the fire accelerants. The Chemical analyticai results of the fire accelerant detection are presented. T2 - Fire and materials 2013 - 13th International conference and exhibition CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 28.01.2013 KW - Accelerant KW - Chemical analysis KW - Toxicity PY - 2013 SP - 729 EP - 743 PB - Interscience Communications CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-27708 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Shokouhi, Parisa A1 - Höhne, Christian A1 - Rahman, Mehbub-Ur A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - A comparative study of ray tracing and CIVA simulation for ultrasonic examination of anisotropic inhomogeneous austenitic welds N2 - Ultrasonic examination of anisotropic inhomogeneous austenitic welds is challenging, because of the columnar grain structure of the weld leads to beam skewing and splitting. Modeling tools play an important role in understanding the ultrasound field propagation and optimization of experimental parameters during the ultrasonic testing of austenitic welds as well as the interpretation of the test results. In this contribution, an efficient theoretical model based on the ray tracing concepts is developed to calculate the ultrasonic fields in inhomogeneous austenitic welds quantitatively. The developed model determines the ultrasound fields by taking into account the directivity of the ray source, the inhomogenity of the weld as well as ray transmission coefficients. Directivity of the ray source in columnar grained austenitic materials (including layback orientation) is obtained in three dimensions based on Lamb's reciprocity theorem. Ray energy reflection and transmission coefficients at an interface between two general columnar grained austenitic materials are calculated in three dimensions. The ray tracing model predictions on inhomogeneous austenitic weld material are compared against those from CIVA, a commercial non-destructive modeling and simulation tool. The ultrasonic modeling tools in CIVA are based on semi-analytical solutions. For beam propagation simulation, a so-called 'pencil method' is used, which involves modeling the probe as a set of individual source points, each radiating 'a bundle' of diverging rays into the medium and integrating those elementary contributions. Inhomogenity in the weld region is approximated by mapping the grain orientations on weld macrograph. Simulation results for ultrasonic field profiles for an austenitic weld are shown to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results. T2 - 39th Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation CY - Denver, Colorado, USA DA - 15.07.2012 KW - Crystal microstructure KW - Ray tracing KW - Ultrasonic materials testing KW - Ultrasonic propagation KW - Ultrasonic reflection KW - Ultrasonic transmission KW - Welds PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-7354-1129-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4789158 SN - 0094-243X SN - 1551-7616 N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1511 SP - 1043 EP - 1050 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-27736 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schroeder, H. A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Ziegert, C. ED - Hwang, H. ED - Kim, S. ED - Guillaud, H. ED - Gandreau, D. T1 - Building codes and standards in earth building - current situation in Germany N2 - Today, building is a complicated commercial process characterised by legalised agreements between all participants. For commercial building projects, all materials and constructions have to conform to building standards and regulations. Material properties must be reproducible in standardised test procedures. This also applies for the control of the quality of production of earth building materials and constructions. Building conservation is a part of this process. Generally, national building standards have to reflect the current situation of building materials / construction systems of that country for which they have been developed. T2 - TerrAsia 2011 - International conference on earthen architecture in Asia CY - Mokpo, Korea DA - 11.10.2011 KW - Standards KW - Germany KW - International KW - DIN KW - Lehmbau KW - Normen KW - Bauprodukte PY - 2011 SN - 978-89-92760-63-8 SP - 239 EP - 246 AN - OPUS4-25451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Blind, K. A1 - De Vries, H. A1 - Mangelsdorf, Axel ED - Fomin, V. ED - Jakobs, K. T1 - Openness for innovation and involvement in standardization: evidence from the community innovation survey N2 - In this paper, we explore the relationship between firms' approaches to open innovation and their decision to participate in Standardization alliances. Based on micro data of Dutch Companies surveyed in the Forth Community Innovation Survey we show that the importance of extemal knowledge is positively correlated with participation in Standardization. This suggests that firms aim to access the knowledge of other Companies and stakeholders in Order to increase their own knowledge base. The analysis also shows that firms cooperating with different actors are more likely to join Standardization. Due to the positive relationships with incoming knowledge spillovers and forms of Cooperation, we conclude that Standardization represents a specific form of collaborative knowledge-sharing and knowledge-creating strategy. In addition, we are able to show that absorptive capacity measured via Companies’ research intensity is promoting the involvement in Standardization. Besides the focus on knowledge and Cooperation variables, we explore the traditionally considered factors for alliances Formation and show that firm size, export activities and patent protection are positively correlated with participation in Standardization. T2 - 16th EURAS Annual standardisation conference - Standards for development CY - Kaunas, Lithuania DA - 08.06.2011 KW - Knowledge spillovers KW - Cooperation KW - Absorptive capacity KW - Standardisation PY - 2011 SN - 3-86130-629-8 SP - 19 EP - 36 PB - Wissenschaftsverlag Mainz CY - Aachen AN - OPUS4-25500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mangelsdorf, Axel A1 - Portugal-Perez, A. A1 - Wilson, J. S. ED - Fomin, V. ED - Jakobs, K. T1 - Food standards and exports: evidence for China N2 - Using a new database on Standards in China, we estimate the impact of voluntaiy and mandatory Standards - either harmonized to international norms or purely domestic — on Chinese food exports. The data covers seven Chinese products over the period 1992-2008. We find that Standards have a positive effect on China's export performance, as the benefits to Standardization in terms of reducing potential Information asymmetiy and signaling enhance food safety and quality in foreign markets seem to surpass compliance costs. Our estimation results Show that the positive effect of Chinese Standards is larger when they are harmonized to international measures. The results suggest that there are clear benefits to China’s Steps to base their domestic Standards and regulations on international measures. T2 - 16th EURAS Annual standardisation conference - Standards for development CY - Kaunas, Lithuania DA - 08.06.2011 KW - Food standards KW - Trade barriers KW - SPS KW - TBT KW - Harmonization PY - 2011 SN - 3-86130-629-8 SP - 219 EP - 233 PB - Wissenschaftsverlag Mainz CY - Aachen AN - OPUS4-25501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Schulz, Sabrina A1 - Linke, Barbara A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Supercritical CO2-corrosion in pipe steels during carbon capture and storage CCS N2 - The CCS technique involves the compression of emission gasses in deep geological layers. To guarantee the safety of the site, C02-corrosion of the injection pipe steels has to be given special attention when engineering CCSsites. To get to know the corrosion behaviour samples of the heat treated Steel 1.72252CrMo4, used for casing, and the stainless injection-pipe Steel 1.4034 X46Cr 13 were kept at T=60 °C and ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in a C02-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to possible geological on-shore CCS-sites in the northern German Basin. The isothermal corrosion behaviour obtained by mass gain of the steels in the gas phase, the liquid phase and the intermediate phase gives surface corrosion rates around 0.1 to 0.8 mm/year at ambient pressure and much lower about 0.02 to 0.2 mm/year at 100 bar where the C02 is in its supercritical state. Severe pit corrosion with pit heights around 4.5 mm are only located on the 42CrMo4 Steel. Main phase of the continuous complicated multi-layered carbonate/oxide structure is siderite FeCO} in both types of Steel. T2 - 4th International conference on sustainable energy and environment (SEE 2011) - A paradigm shift to low carbon society CY - Bangkok, Thailand DA - 23.11.2011 KW - Steel KW - Pipeline KW - Corrosion KW - Carbonate layer KW - CCS KW - Supercritical CO2- KW - CO2-storage PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-25534 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Linke, Barbara A1 - Schulz, Sabrina A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Supercritical CO2-corrosion in pipe steels during carbon capture and storage CCS N2 - The CCS technique involves the compression of emission gasses in deep geological layers. To guarantee the safety of the site, CC>2-corrosion of the injection pipe steels has to be given special attention when engineering CCS-sites. To get to know the corrosion behaviour samples of the heat treated Steel 1.72252CrMo4, used for casing, and the stainless injection-pipe Steel 1.4034 X46Crl3 were kept at T=60 °C and ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in a CC>2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to possible geological onshore CCS-sites in the northern German Basin. The isothermal corrosion behaviour obtained by mass gain of the steels in the gas phase, the liquid phase and the intermediate phase gives surface corrosion rates around 0.1 to 0.8 mm/year at ambient pressure and much lower about 0.02 to 0.2 mm/year at 100 bar where the CO2 is in its supercritical state. Severe pit corrosion with pit heights around 4.5 mm are only located on the 42CrMo4 Steel. Main phase of the continuous complicated multi-layered carbonate/oxide structure is siderite FeCCh in both types of Steel. T2 - 3rd International congress on green process engineering (GPE 2011) CY - Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia DA - 06.12.2011 KW - Steel KW - Pipeline KW - Corrosion KW - Carbonate layer KW - CCS KW - Supercritical CO2- KW - CO2-storage PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-25535 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Wojtas, P. A1 - Spengler, I. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Effect of heat treatment of injection pipe steels on the formation of local corrosion in CCS-environment N2 - When engineering a Carbon Capture and Storage site (CCS) local corrosion (pitting) of the injection pipe steel may become an issue when emission gasses from oxyfuel power plants are compressed into deep geological layers. This highly corrosive environment arises when the flue gasses, mainly composed of CO2 , are injected into saline aquifer water. Immediately carbonic acid is formed causing corrosive attack of the injection steels. The influence of heat treatment on the local corrosion resistance was demonstrated in laboratory experiments at 60 °C and ambient pressure for three steels X46Cr13 (1.4034), X20Cr13 (1.4021) and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 (1.4543) under a similar liquid corrosive environment as found at a geological onshore CCS-site in the Northern German Bassin. T2 - 2nd Oxyfuel combustion conference CY - Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia DA - 12.09.2011 KW - Steel KW - Pipe KW - Corrosion KW - Heat treatment KW - CO2-injection KW - CO2-storage CCS KW - Carbonate KW - Ambient pressure KW - CCS KW - Steels PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 3 AN - OPUS4-25536 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rigo, E. A1 - Rosner, Martin A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - Herkunftsbestimmung von Kalken N2 - Analytische Methoden zur Feststellung der Herkunft eines Baustoffes sind bislang kaum entwickelt worden. In Deutschland gibt es eine Reihe von Kalkiagerstätten, die in unterschiedlichen geologischen Formationen Kalk oder Dolomit enthalten. Das unterschiedliche geologische Alter von Kalken sowie die ursprüngliche mineralische Zusammensetzung und die geologische Historie spiegeln sich im 87Sr/88Sr-lsotopenverhältnis weder. Mittels der Thermionen-Massenspektrometrie kann dieses Verhältnis ermittelt und somit zur Herkunftsbestimmung eines Kalkes herangezogen werden. T2 - GDCh-Fachtagung Bauchemie 2011 CY - Hamburg-Harburg, Deutschland DA - 06.10.2011 KW - Isotopenverhältnisse KW - Kalke KW - Herkunft KW - TIMS PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-936028-69-0 N1 - Serientitel: GDCh-Monographien – Series title: GDCh-Monographien VL - 44 SP - 282 EP - 284 CY - Frankfurt/M. AN - OPUS4-25576 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Raedel, Martina A1 - Torge, Manfred A1 - Bücker, Michael T1 - Adhesives for stained glass windows - development of a new system for wide cracks N2 - To improve the adhesives used for restoring stained glass windows, various adhesives were tested and modified. Stained glass windows often show gaps that are too wide to be glued with conventional adhesives, and complementing the gap with spare glass is very time-consuming. To solve this problem, a filler with improved adhesive strength was developed to bridge wider gaps and cracks. The new filler combines glass adhesives with specially treated glass powder. Three different glass adhesives were selected and mixed with the specially treated glass powder. The adhesive – glass powder mixture developed was then subjected to accelerated aging and analysed with Fourier transform infrared analysis, scanning electron microscopy, colourimetry, and bending and tensile tests. The results were excellent and the mixture was subsequently used to restore glass windows from four 19th-century churches and chapels. The restoration process was described in conjunction with the advantages of using this approach. This new adhesive – glass powder mixture provides an adhesive process that can be adapted to the special needs of any object being restored and thus provides a ready answer to the specific damage of each object. T2 - CCI Symposium 2011 - Adhesives and consolidants for conservation: research and applications CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 17.10.2011 KW - Adhesives KW - Stained glass windows KW - Conservation KW - Restoration KW - New adhesive for wide cracks PY - 2011 UR - http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/symposium/2011/Paper%2034%20-%20Raedel%20et%20al.%20-%20English.pdf SP - 1 EP - 21 AN - OPUS4-25549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neuschaefer-Rube, U. A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Schulze, M. A1 - Neukamm, M. A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen T1 - Messung von Mikrogeometrien mit industrieller Computertomographie N2 - Die industrielle Computertomographie (CT) ist ein gut bekanntes Verfahren zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung von Werkstücken. In den letzten Jahren wird die CT aber zunehmend auch für dimensioneile Messungen von Werkstücken eingesetzt. Der wesentliche Vorteil der CT liegt in der Kompletterfassung mit hoher Messpunktdichte, die auch für andere Messverfahren unzugängliche, innere Geometrien einschließt. An kleinen Bauteilen können Strukturen bis herunter zu wenigen Mikrometern gemessen werden, wodurch sich das Verfahren gut für die Messung von Mikroteilen eignet. Nachteilig ist, dass viele Einflussgrößen das Messergebnis beeinflussen, was die Rückführung der Messergebnisse, die Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit und die Definition von Spezifikationen für CT-Anlagen erschwert. Der Beitrag stellt nach einer Einführung in das Verfahren Anwendungsbeispiele der CT an Mikroteilen vor. Darüber hinaus geht der Beitrag auf Prüfkörper und -verfahren zur Einmessung und Überprüfung von CT-Anlagen ein und berichtet über aktuelle Normungsaktivitäten. Abschließend werden Möglichkeiten zur weiteren Steigerung der Auflösung aufgezeigt, um zukünftig möglicherweise auch Nanogeometrien messen zu können. T2 - 4. Fachtagung Metrologie in der Mikro- und Nanotechnik 2011 - Messprinzipien - Messgeräte - Anwendungen CY - Erlangen, Germany DA - 25.10.2011 PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-18-092133-4 SN - 0083-5560 N1 - Serientitel: VDI-Berichte – Series title: VDI-Berichte VL - 2133 SP - 137 EP - 148 PB - VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-26251 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Köppe, Enrico A1 - Prager, Jens ED - Boller, C. T1 - Early damage detection of structural defects using guided waves N2 - Limited access to the object of relevance is often an essential problem in testing routines, e.g. for non-destructive testing of industry facilities or components of means of transportation. The presented project is about the development of a non-destructive testing method for application over great distances (up to 100 m). The method is based on directed excitation and measuring of Lamb waves (guided waves). It enables an effective differentiation of structural and defective indications as well as a classification of different defect types. The advantage of guided waves is the ability of propagation over great distances. This offers innovative possibilities for the investigation of large or difficult to access constructions. The testing method can be helpful in a broad variety of applications. It is useable for the characterization of plane or cylindrical, thin-walled surfaces of metal or fiber laminated materials. Particularly the investigation of aircraft wings and other aerospace components as well as the investigation of pipelines are addressed fields of application. T2 - EWSHM'12 - 6th European workshop on structural health monitoring 2012 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 03.07.2012 KW - Lamb-waves KW - Ultrasound KW - Non-destructive evaluation KW - Early-damage-detection KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-940283-41-2 VL - 2 SP - 1471 EP - 1478 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-26240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Zünd- und Brandverhalten von Massenschüttgütern, Deponiestoffen und Recyclingmaterialien T2 - 57. Jahresfachtagung der Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes e.V. CY - Bochum DA - 2008-04-27 KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Haldenbrand KW - Brandsimulation PY - 2008 SP - 549 EP - 560 CY - Altenberge AN - OPUS4-17497 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kerner-Gang, Waltraut ED - Bansa, H. ED - Brannahl, G. ED - Köttelwesch, C. ED - Wächter, O. T1 - Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung von Mikroorganismen an Archivalien T2 - 4. Internationaler Graphischer Restauratorentag ; 4. Internationaler Kongress der Graphischen Restauratoren CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 24.09.1979 PY - 1980 SN - 3-465-01448-0 SN - 0514-6364 SP - 211 EP - 224 PB - Klostermann CY - Frankfurt a. M. AN - OPUS4-9371 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfender, Max T1 - Prüfmaschinen und Geräte aus der Sicht der Stoffprüfung N2 - Eine auf den Werkstoff und seine Umwelteinflüsse bezogene Festigkeitsforschung muß auf Vorgänge im elastischen und im überelastischen Beanspruchungsbereich in gleicher Weise bezogen sein. Merkformeln für mechanische Untersuchungen, Parameterwahl und mögliche Zusammenhänge erleichtern die jeweilige Problemstellung, die Kombination entsprechender Untersuchungsverfahren und die Auswahl oder die Entwicklung geeigneter Prüf-, Registrier- und Auswertgeräte. Beispiele aus der mechanischen Werkstoffprüfung lassen Vorstellungen ableiten über die Vielfalt und die unterschiedlichen Leistungen solcher Untersuchungseinrichtungen. Vor allem interessieren dabei die Beziehungen zwischen der Formänderung und dem Formänderungswiderstand von Proben aus Stoffen und Gemengen und von Konstruktionen bei ein- und mehrachsiger, elastischer und überelastischer, bei zügiger, ruhender, schwingender und stoßförmiger Beanspruchung bis zum Versagen durch unzulässig große Gestaltänderungen, durch Erschöpfen des Formänderungsvermögens, durch Zerrütten der Werkstoffestigkeit oder durch spröden Bruch. Daraus folgt, daß umfangreiche Stoff- und Materialdaten als Grundlage für die zuverlässige und erfolgreiche Prüfung von Werkstoffen und daraus meist im Verbund hergestellten Konstruktionen verfügbar sein sollten. Dafür wiederum ist erforderlich die Beschreibung der Werkstoffe selbst, der für ihr Festigkeitsverhalten typischen Beanspruchungen von zusätzlich einwirkenden Variablen und von Parametern einschließlich der Besonderheiten langer Einwirkungsdauer. Mit dem Denken in solchen Zusammenhängen können grundsätzliche Folgerungen für die Beurteilung und für die Entwicklung von Prüfmaschinen und Geräten gewonnen werden. T2 - RILEM-Kolloquium "Die Entwicklung der Prüfmaschinen für die mechanische Werkstoffprüfung im Bauwesen" CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 25.03.1968 PY - 1968 IS - Thema 4 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - RILEM, International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-10622 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Dabah, Eitan ED - Marquis, F. T1 - Energy dispersive synchrotron diffraction for in-situ analyses of hydrogen behavior in steels N2 - The extent of hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon is dependent on the interaction of hydrogen with the material i.e. diffusion behavior, lattice distortions, phase transformations and residual stresses developments. For the better understanding of the hydrogen interaction with the metal, possibilities of performing in-situ observations of the mentioned factors has to be accomplished. The EDDI (Energy Dispersive Diffraction) beamline at the BESSY II facility in Berlin provides this possibility and was used in order to investigate the aspects of this phenomenon in in-situ scale. The energy dispersive method entails a synchrotron X-ray white beam with a wide energy range (20–120 keV) which allows a fixed position of the sample and the detector, and combined with the high photons flux it allows a very short measurement time for obtaining a full scale X-Ray Diffraction patterns. In this contribution, the successful usage of high energy X-rays, applied for the first time for hydrogen behavior observations, provided the ability for evaluating in-situ the hydrogen diffusion behavior and the hydrogen interaction with stresses fields in the material. Steel samples were charged with hydrogen and examined by Synchrotron radiation. Two different methods were used in this research; the first is diffusible hydrogen concentration evaluation extracted from the lattice distortions, i.e. changes of the lattice parameter. The second is calculation of the residual stresses present in the sample and the interaction of hydrogen with them, using the known sin2ψ method. T2 - PRICM-8 - 8th Pacific rim international congress on advanced materials and processing CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA DA - 04.08.2013 KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Energy dispersive diffraction KW - Hydrogen diffusion KW - Residual stresses PY - 2013 SP - 3481 EP - 3487 AN - OPUS4-28975 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Gook, S. T1 - Laser-hybrid welding for pipe production and pipe laying of thick large diameter pipes T2 - IIW 2013 - 7th Asia Pacific IIW International congress 2013 CY - Singapore DA - 2013-07-08 PY - 2013 SP - 417 EP - 423 AN - OPUS4-28935 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zi, Aikaterini A1 - Blind, K. ED - Jakobs, K. ED - De Vries, H.J. ED - Ganesh, A. ED - Gulacsi, A. ED - Soetert, I. T1 - Researchers' participation in standardisation in relation to their scientific publishing and patenting activities: An explorative case study from a public research organisation in Germany N2 - We examine the participation of public sector researchers in standardisation bodies. Whereas previous research emphasized on patents and publications as Outputs of research activities, we also consider standardisation in this study. The latter has not been adequately taken into account when measuring productivity, despite its contributions to technology transfer. Based on data of more than 600 researchers from the BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, we perform multivariate regression to determine the influence of researchers' activities on the participation in standardisation. We make the assumption that basic research scientist publish their results mainly in high quality scientific journals, whereas applied research scientist concentrate more in technical and industry-oriented publications and patent applications. We find a difference between basic and applied research scientists regarding their probability of participating in standardisation committees and a significant influence of career qualifications in terms academic title. T2 - EURAS Proceedings 2013 - 18th EURAS Annual standardisation conference 'Boosting European competitiveness' CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 24.06.2013 KW - Standardisation KW - Scientific publications KW - Patent applications KW - Technology transfer KW - Basic research KW - Applied research KW - Productivity KW - Public research organization PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-86130-655-9 SP - 429 EP - 443 PB - Verlagshaus Mainz GmbH AN - OPUS4-28936 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer-Scherf, Ronald A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Grasse, Dennis ED - Beyer, M. ED - Stolz, T. T1 - Zündung zerfallsfähiger Gase wie Acetylen und Tetrafluorethen durch adiabate Kompression N2 - Die adiabate Kompression stellt insbesondere für zerfallsfähige Gase eine potentielle Zündquelle sowohl bei Herstellungsprozessen als auch beim Umgang in weiter-verarbeitenden Betrieben oder beim Endnutzer dar. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen kann hier eine explosionsartige Zerfallsreaktion auch in Abwesenheit eines Oxidators initiiert werden. Zur systematischen Untersuchung des Zündverhaltens von Zerfallsreaktionen wurde eine Rohrapparatur mit einem schnell öffnenden Kugelhahn aufgebaut, um praxisnahe Vorgänge darstellen zu können. Am Beispiel Tetrafluorethen (TFE) wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen mit unterschiedlichen Rohrdurchmessern und –längen durchgeführt. Neben der Kompression von homogenen Gasphasen wurden außerdem Kompressionsvorgänge von heterogenen Gasen durchgeführt. Dabei war das Gas im Niederdruckteil unterschiedlich zum Gas im Hochdruckteil. Für den Hochdruckteil wurde Stickstoff, Acetylen und TFE verwendet. Im Niederdruckteil kamen TFE, Stickstoff und Luft zum Einsatz. Zudem wurden das Kompressionsverhältnis sowie die Absolutdrücke im Hochdruck- und Kompressionsteil variiert. Für TFE wurde ein Druckbereich bis 30 bar absolut untersucht. Versuche mit Acetylen wurden zur apparativen Validierung durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, dass in der verwendeten Apparatur reproduzierbare Zündvorgänge nur im Bereich sehr enger Anfangsparameter möglich sind. Die Kompression von Luft durch ein zerfallsfähiges Gas stellt dabei den sicherheitstechnisch kritischsten Fall dar. T2 - 13. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 18.06.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-95606-062-5 SN - 1868-5838 N1 - Geburtsname von Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. - Birth name of Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-29021 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lenke, Karoline A1 - Hentschel, Yvonne A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Multiaxially loaded short fibre polyamide: a contribution to non-destructive evaluation of micro cracking and damage evolution N2 - Short fibre reinforced thermoplastics are increasingly used in automotive applications because of their potential for light weight design and cost efficient manufacturing by injection moulding. The fibre orientation, tuneable in the production process, defines the degree of anisotropy which causes different damage behaviour depending on the multiaxial stress state. Therefore, the multiaxial damage behaviour, based on micro cracking, is analysed by combining mechanical loading tests and non-destructive X-ray refractometry. T2 - ICCM19 - 19th International conference on composite materials CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 28.07.2013 KW - Short fiber reinforced composites KW - Multiaxial loading KW - Non-destructive testing KW - X-ray refraction KW - Damage mechanics PY - 2013 N1 - Geburtsname von Lenke, Karoline: Metzkes, K. - Birth name of Lenke, Karoline: Metzkes, K. SP - 5725 EP - 5733 AN - OPUS4-29004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hussels, Maria-Teresa A1 - Gründer, Klaus-Peter A1 - Muschik, Bernd T1 - Vergleichsmessungen mit einem neuen schnellen Bispektralmessplatz zur Charakterisierung fluoreszierender Materialien N2 - Die verbesserte Sichtbarkeit fluoreszierender Materialien erhöht die Sicherheit in vielen Bereichen. Mit der 2-Monochromatoren-Methode können diese bestrahlungsunabhängig charakterisiert werden. In Hinblick auf einen Einsatz im Prüflabor (DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025) werden Vergleichsmessungen mit dem modernisierten Messplatz der BAM unter Nutzung eines Arrayspektrometers präsentiert. T2 - 114. Jahrestagung der deutschen Gesellschaft für angewandte Optik CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 21.05.2013 KW - Spektroskopie KW - Photometrie KW - Radiometrie PY - 2013 SN - 1614-8436 N1 - Serientitel: DGaO-Proceedings – Series title: DGaO-Proceedings IS - 114 SP - 1 EP - 2 (Beitrag B19) PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für angewandte Optik CY - Erlangen AN - OPUS4-28958 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Mizuno, Y. A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Nakamura, K. ED - Jaroszewicz, L.R. T1 - L-BOFDA: a new sensor technique for distributed Brillouin sensing N2 - We propose a new scheme of Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA) for distributed fiber-optic strain and temperature sensing, named linear-configured BOFDA (L-BOFDA). In conventional loop-configured BOFDA, light injection into both ends of a fiber under test (FUT) is needed for counter-propagation of pump and probe waves. In contrast, in L-BOFDA, pump and probe waves are injected into the same end of an FUT, and the probe wave Fresnelreflected (or mirror-reflected) at the other end of the FUT is exploited; thus, one-end access is feasible. We show proof-of-concept results of distributed strain measurement in a silica single-mode fiber with L-BOFDA, and discuss the signal-to-noise ratio degradation and the benefit in developing distributed Brillouin sensors based on polymer optical fibers. T2 - EWOFS 2013 - 5th European workshop on optical fibre sensors CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 19.05.2013 KW - Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA) KW - L-BOFDA KW - Optical fiber sensing KW - Distributed strain measurement KW - Stimulated Brillouin scattering KW - Polymer optical fiber PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2025378 SN - 0277-786X N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings of SPIE – Series title: Proceedings of SPIE VL - 8794 IS - Paper 8794 - 181 SP - 879431-1 EP - 879431-4 AN - OPUS4-28961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loughery, Zachary Daniel A1 - Menrad, Andreas A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Goodwin, D. T1 - Positional tolerance of packagings while using guided and unguided compression N2 - The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the position of a package affects the results in guided and unguided compression tests. Digital image correlation (DIC) shows how localized stresses occur. The positions of the jerricans were moved 1 cm in every direction from the center. The different positions showed how guided and unguided compression applied different loads to thejerrican. Furthermore, the guided and unguided compressions were compared directly using DIC to show how areas of stress concentrations formed and the localized stress changed. In general, when testing the jerricans with unguided compression, the swivel platen tilted backwards because the rear side of the jerrican was not as stiff as the front side with the lid. Guided and unguided compression tests will give different results because the stress concentrations are different. The position of the jerrican in the stacking test has drastic affects on the outcome of the fest. The stresses between the jerrican bottom and stacking plate were analyzed with a sensor mat and compared the guided and unguided loads. Guided and unguided compression tests were performed on jerricans and small and large corrugated fiberboard boxes. The different methods produced different results affecting whether the test was passed or failed. T2 - 26th IAPRI Symposium on packaging CY - Espoo, Finland DA - 10.06.2013 KW - Position KW - Compression KW - Unguided KW - Guided KW - UN stacking test KW - Digital image correlation PY - 2013 SN - 978-951-38-7434-6 SP - 98 EP - 107 AN - OPUS4-28962 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stengel, Dominik A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad A1 - Clobes, M. ED - Bucher, C. T1 - Böenbeanspruchung von Freileitungsseilen - Naturmessungen, Windkanalversuche und numerische Simulationen N2 - Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts zur Tragverhaltensstudie von Freileitungsseilen unter Böenbeanspruchung soll durch die Kombination von Naturmessungen, Windkanalversuchen und numerischen Simulationen versucht werden, das mechanische Verhalten von Freileitungsseilen und turbulenter Windbeanspruchung genauer abzubilden. Die Unsicherheiten bei der Modellierung dieses Zufallsprozesses sollen durch Windkanalversuche und Naturmessungen auf ein Minimum reduziert werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Ergebnisse von Simulationen mit den Beobachtungen aus den Naturmessungen verglichen und bewertet. Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ist die Bewertung der aktuellen Bemessungsvorschriften für die Berücksichtigung von Wind auf Leiterseile. T2 - 13. Dreiländertagung D-A-CH 2013 CY - Wien, Austria DA - 10.10.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 3-928909-12-6 N1 - Serientitel: WtG-Berichte – Series title: WtG-Berichte VL - 13 SP - 37 EP - 47 AN - OPUS4-29316 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hussels, Maria-Teresa A1 - Gründer, Klaus-Peter A1 - Pötschke, Samuel A1 - Chruscicki, Sebastian T1 - 2-Monochromatoren-Methode zur Bewertung der Signalwirkung verschiedener Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe unter variierenden Beleuchtungsspektren N2 - Die verbesserte Signal- und Warnwirkung fluoreszierender Materialien gewinnt in vielen Bereichen zunehmend an Bedeutung, so z.B. für Warn- und Schutzkleidung, Schulranzen und Verkehrsschilder. Gleichzeitig führt der Trend zu LED-Beleuchtung in Innenräumen und auch im Straßenverkehr zu einer Diversifikation der spektralen Verteilung, welche die Fluoreszenz anregt. Ein weiteres Beispiel hierfür ist die Verwendung fluoreszierender Farbstoffe in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung von Werkstoffen. Sowohl bei der fluoreszierenden Eindringprüfung als auch der Magnetpulverprüfung werden Risse durch fluoreszierende Farbstoffe optisch angezeigt. Beide Verfahren beruhen entsprechend der Stokesschen Regel auf der Energieverschiebung im Spektrum fluoreszierender Materialien gegenüber dem Anregungsspektrum hin zu größeren Wellenlängen, so dass das fluoreszierte Licht vom reflektierten Anregungslicht unterschieden werden kann. Auch hier kommt zunehmend LED-Technik zum Einsatz, wobei die Anregung im UV-, in letzter Zeit auch im blauen Spektralbereich erfolgt. Um die Erfüllung sicherheitstechnischer Normen zu gewährleisten, muss die Charakterisierung der spektralen und integraloptischen Eigenschaften fluoreszierender Substanzen unter Berücksichtigung verschiedenster anregender Lichtarten erfolgen. Nur die bispektrale 2-Monochromatoren-Methode (2MM) liefert eine bestrahlungsunabhängige materialcharakteristische Größe, die sogenannte Donaldson-Matrix, aus welcher die Reflexions- und Fluoreszenzstrahldichtefaktoren sowie Anregungsspektren und Farbmaßzahlen für beliebige spektrale Verteilungen der Bestrahlung bzw. Normlichtarten und unterschiedliche Normalbeobachter hervorgehen. Bei der 2MM wird die Probe mit monochromatischer Strahlung beleuchtet und das erzeugte Emissionsspektrum für jede Anregungswellenlänge gemessen. Der modernisierte bispektrale Messplatz in der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) erlaubt u.a. den Einsatz eines Arrayspektrometers anstelle des Detektionsmonochromators, so dass die Messzeit erheblich reduziert wird. Zusätzlich steht in der BAM ein Spektroradiometer (OL 750, Optronic Laboratories, Inc.) zur Verfügung, mit dem die spektrale Bestrahlungsstärke verschiedener Leuchtmittel erfasst werden kann. Zusammen mit der durch die 2MM bestimmten Donaldson-Matrix kann so die Signalwirkung z.B. eines Fluoreszenzfarbstoffes für die Rissdetektion in Materialien unter diesen bestimmten Beleuchtungsbedingungen bewertet werden. Im Beitrag wird dieses Zusammenspiel beispielhaft für verschiedene fluoreszierende Rissprüfmittel und Anregungslichtquellen diskutiert. T2 - Lux Junior 2013 - 11. Internationales Forum für den lichttechnischen Nachwuchs CY - Dörnfeld/Ilmenau, Germany DA - 27.09.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-927787-46-9 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-29324 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Lauster, M. T1 - High energy X-ray radiography: detection of dangerous materials in cargo containers N2 - For the radiographic investigation of large cargo Containers the energies of conventional Xray tubes are inadequately for certain layer thicknesses. In that case the high energy radiation sources like electron accelerators and gamma radiators (60CO) are adequate for the non invasive inspection of large Containers because of the high penetration through thick materials. Multiple imaging even enables to distinguish between different materials. The main challenging task in air and sea cargo Container inspection is to improve the detectability of contraband and dangerous materials which are hidden in the heterogeneously packed Containers by detailed analysis of cluttered radiographic images. So it is to be expected that objects of organic substances like certain explosives or their precursors are hard to identify behind thick walls of heavy metal objects such as engine-blocks with flat bottom holes. The primary aim here is to investigate the detectability of dangerous materials (typically of light elements) in cargo Containers using high energy X-ray digital radiography. T2 - 8th Future security research conference CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.09.2013 KW - Hochenergieradiographie KW - Containerprüfung KW - Materialerkennung PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-8396-0604-9 SP - 461 EP - 462 PB - Fraunhofer Verlag AN - OPUS4-29326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - POFs for sensing applications N2 - The paper highlights the use of polymer optical fibers (POFs) as sensors in selected applications like structural health monitoring in geotechnical and civil engineering, composites monitoring, healthcare monitoring and personnel protection. The recent progress achieved in this field will be reviewed and the main challenges to these innovative fibre optic sensors will be adressed. T2 - 3rd Workshop on specialty optical fibers and their applications CY - Sigtuna, Sweden DA - 28.08.2013 PY - 2013 IS - T3.6 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-29334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lohrer, Christian A1 - Fink, Heidrun A1 - Kurth, Lutz T1 - Failure rates of consumer fireworks - testing experiences by the notified body BAM N2 - Before fireworks articles are permitted to be placed on the EU market, they need to undergo several tests to demonstrate their functional behavior. The European Directive, 2007/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 May 2007 on the placing on the market of pyrotechnic articles, defines so-called “essential safety requirements” (ESR, refer to the respective Annex I) which must be met by all pyrotechnic articles. The specific tests and further requirements on function and construction are defined in the downstream harmonized Standards. By application of these Standards, a conformity assumption to the ESR is triggered. In case of consumer fireworks, the EN 15947 applies. The provisions of Directive 2007/23/EC were implemented into German legislation in October 2009 and numerous conformity assessment procedures (e.g. approval tests) of consumer fireworks have since been performed by the European notified body, BAM. This paper focuses on consumer fireworks and aims at giving an overview of the achieved results, such as observed failure rates, nonconformities depending on the fireworks types, findings of prohibited Chemicals, etc. A comparison with other published test results is presented as well. T2 - 14th International symposium on fireworks CY - Changsha, China DA - 14.10.2013 KW - Altitude measurement techniques KW - Measurement uncertainties KW - Standardisation PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-9867279-4-8 SN - 978-0-9867279-6-2 SP - 166 EP - 180 AN - OPUS4-29383 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lohrer, Christian A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim T1 - Assessment of pyrotechnic smoke emissions with CFD tools N2 - Pyrotechnics are increasingly used in stage and theatre productions to realize visual and aural effects such as explosions, fires, and smoke emissions. Preceding the use on stage, a hazard or risk assessment has to be conducted by the operators and assessed by the respective enforcement bodies. A significant hazard aligned with pyrotechnics at indoor venues is the formation of smoke, may it be deliberately generated to visualize a respective effect or unintentionally liberated as a by-product of other effects. An estimation of the impact of smoke on the audience is quite challenging, as it strongly depends amongst others on the venue geometry, Ventilation conditions and the specific type of articles being used. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) offers the possibility to receive relevant time dependent information, such as smoke concentration, temperature, velocity etc. for every desired location within the 3D fluid domain and may therefore be used to estimate the smoke dispersion in a specific venue. The entire approval process for the use of specific pyrotechnics prior to the events could be supported by this approach. This paper shows the advantages and weak-points of the application of CFD for a study case. Within this case, the dispersion of smoke due to the burn-off of pyrotechnics inside a chamber with defined boundary conditions was modeled and compared with respective aerosol measurements. T2 - 14th International symposium on fireworks CY - Changsha, China DA - 14.10.2013 KW - Altitude measurement techniques KW - Measurement uncertainties KW - Standardisation PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-9867279-4-8 SN - 978-0-9867279-6-2 SP - 138 EP - 150 AN - OPUS4-29384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schälike, Stefan A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Schönbucher, A. T1 - Validated CFD simulation to predict the flame temperatures and species mass fractions of a multiple n-heptane pool fire N2 - The flame temperatures T of a multiple n-heptane pool fire d = 6 cm, N = 5, D/d = 0.33 are measured with type S thermocouples and predicted with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and an assumed pdf-approach containing a detailed kinetic with 112 species and 800 elementary reactions. Multiple pool fires show higher flame temperatures up to ≈ 200 K in comparison to single pool fires. CFD simulation is in good agreement with the experimental results and a validation is performed. It can be shown that multiple fires have an enhanced air-entrainment leading to an increased formation of OH radicals and consequently to the observed higher flame temperatures. T2 - ECM 2013 - 6th European combustion meeting CY - Lund, Sweden DA - 25.06.2013 KW - Validated CFD simulation KW - Flame temperatures KW - Species mass fractions KW - Multiple n-heptane pool fire PY - 2013 SN - 978-91-637-2151-9 IS - Paper P5-46 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-28861 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad A1 - Stengel, Dominik T1 - Wind measurements along a high-voltage overhead transmission line in Northern Germany - Appraisal of results N2 - The paper focuses on a unique project of wind measurements along a high voltage Overhead transmission line. For reliable information on the horizontal distribution of the wind flow, 13 positions along two spans of an overhead electrical line of about 400 m length each are selected for wind velocity measurements. Simultaneously, the structural response is measured at the towers. Preliminary analyses aim at the appraisal of results what is important for the upcoming system identification. It is shown that system identification of long span transmission lines exposed to gusty wind is possible by derivation of a so called joint acceptance function which describes the admittance from wind velocity to the system’s response. T2 - EACWE 2013 - 6th European-African conference on wind engineering CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 07.07.2013 PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 8 (Paper 13) AN - OPUS4-28863 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rogge, Andreas ED - Curbach, M. ED - Opitz, H. ED - Scheerer, S. ED - Hampel, T. T1 - Experimentelle Forschung an Bauten für die Energiewende N2 - Im Zusammenhang mit der Energiewende sind eine Reihe technischer Fragestellungen für die diesbezüglich erforderlichen Bauwerke wie Windenergieanlagen, Energiespeicher oder Freileitungsmasten zu lösen. Nachfolgend werden drei Forschungsprojekte auf Grundlage großmaßstäblicher Bauteilversuche vorgestellt, die derzeit an der BAM durchgeführt werden. N2 - In the context of the German energy reform a number of technical questions have to be answered concerning the related Engineering constructions f. e. wind energy plants, energy storage buildings or overhead transmission towers. In the following three research projects on the basis of large-scale experiments are presented, which are performed at BAM today. T2 - 7. Symposium Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Baukonstruktionen CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2013-09-05 PY - 2013 SN - 1613-6934 N1 - Serientitel: Schriftenreihe Konstruktiver Ingenieurbau Dresden – Series title: Schriftenreihe Konstruktiver Ingenieurbau Dresden IS - 32 SP - 9 EP - 20 AN - OPUS4-29046 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rücker, Werner A1 - Thöns, Sebastian A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Schmid, Wolfgang ED - Zingoni, A. T1 - SHM strategies, application and measurements on tripod offshore wind energy converters within the German offshore park Alpha Ventus N2 - Prototypes of wind turbines of the megawatt dass are to be built and tested until 2008 within a German offshore wind energy test field in the North Sea (ALPHA VENTUS). To ensure a high operational reliability of offshore wind turbines with economically acceptable repair and maintenance efforts, comprehensive diagnosis and supervision concepts are required. Automatic monitoring Systems will be an essential part of such concepts. Because of the fact, that during Operation there will be static and dynamic interaction between the components ‘structure’, ‘machinery’ and ‘blades’ it is necessary to develop the monitoring techniques in an overall concept. These monitoring Systems are supposed to be applied for the design and testing as well as for the Operation and maintenance phases. In the paper the developed approaches for the measurement of actions and the condition monitoring of all components of an offshore wind energy plant will be shown. T2 - Research and applications in structural engineering, mechanics and computation - 5th International conference on structural engineering, mechanics and computation CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 02.09.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-138-00061-2 SN - 978-1-315-85078-8 SP - 977 EP - 982 PB - CRC Press AN - OPUS4-29104 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scholz, Christian A1 - Wäsche, Rolf T1 - Stick-slip and wear behavior of ceramic and polymer materials under reciprocating sliding conditions N2 - In many technical applications not only the actual friction coefficient is of importance, but rather the constancy relevant for the functionality. Due to inconstant ffiction values, positioning processes can be substantially influenced as well as vibrations can be induced. The appearance of this tribological effect, named stick-slip, depends on different factors such as sliding speed, relative humidity and ambient temperature occurring primarily after long operating periods. Beside ambient conditions the choice of materials in contact is the main influencing factor of an inconstant coefficient of friction during operating. Certain polymers are well known for their stick-slip tendencies in technical applications. These are on the one hand different modifications of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) reinforced with glass fibers, bronze or graphite and on the other hand thermoplastics such as PE (polyester) or Pf (polyimide). The difference between static and dynamic values of the ffiction force is decisive for stick-slip phenomena. Furthermore, the stick-slip tendency of polymers strongly depends on the elastic material properties. Main softening material areas, which can be found in the contact, represent particularly vulnerable areas. The high friction value in the contact area decreases in most cases by increasing sliding speeds. However, beside polymers ceramic materials can also offer tendencies to stick-slip motion. Klaffke et al. already investigated the influence of ceramic materials on the stick-slip behavior in. T2 - WTC 2013 - 5th World tribology congress CY - Torino, Italy DA - 08.09.2013 KW - Stick-slip KW - Sliding speed KW - Polymers KW - Ceramics KW - Humidity PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-29091 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scholz, Christian A1 - Woydt, Mathias T1 - The influence of high toughness silicon steels on applications demanding low friction and high load carrying capacity N2 - Highly concentrated or loaded contacts in powertrain and gear applications offer significant weight savings in C02 emissions. Today, thin film coatings, alternative base oils and new additives are populär as working fields and strategies of OEMs to realize low friction tribosystems. Especially the automotive industry anticipates environmental and performance benefits in applying light-weight construction of mechanical parts, for instance in gears and engines. Light-weight strategies increase the contact stresses above 2.14 GPa (or FZG load stage 14) due to the reduction of component sizes. These demands directly raise questions about the suitability of the most promising technical solution. Alternative steels with improved mechanical properties, i.e. toughness values, which offer low coefficients of friction, optimal resistance to high contact pressure and potential to apply low friction surface coatings representing a valid alternative to conventional gear steels. Traditional bearing and gear steels, such as 100Cr6 (SAE E52100) or 16MnCr5 (1.7131) have reached their mechanical limits at contact pressures above FZG load stage 14. T2 - WTC 2013 - 5th World tribology congress CY - Torino, Italy DA - 08.09.2013 KW - Slip-rolling KW - Silicon steel KW - DLC KW - High load KW - Gear steel PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-29092 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Mikrodrohne zur Gefährdungsbeurteilung im Einsatz in Gasfreisetzungsszenarien N2 - Systementwicklung und Validierung o Motivation o Stand der Technik o Realisierung o Systemkomponenten o Integration o Gastransport o Windvektorbestimmung Anwendungsbeispiele o Mikrodrohne im Einsatz o Lokalisierung von Emissionsquellen o Erstellung von Gasverteilungskarten T2 - KAT 14 - 14. Berliner Katastrophenschutzforum CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.09.2013 KW - Mikrodrohne KW - Gefährdungsbeurteilung KW - Gasfreisetzung PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 22 AN - OPUS4-29093 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Stark, Wolfgang ED - Riedl, A. T1 - Was passiert bei tiefen Temperaturen? - Dichtungsverhalten im Bereich des Glasübergangs N2 - Elastomere werden vielfach als Dichtungsmaterial für verschiedene Anwendungen eingesetzt. In vielen Bereichen ist die Funktion der Dichtung auch bei tiefen Temperaturen erforderlich. Daher ist das Verständnis des Versagensmechanismus von großer Bedeutung. Normalerweise werden Elastomere oberhalb ihres Glass-Gummi Umwandlungsbereiches eingesetzt, wobei die minimale Einsatztemperatur nicht exakt definiert ist. Daher ist es sinnvoll, diese untere Temperatureinsatzgrenze in Abhängigkeit von den Materialeigenschaften zu bestimmen. Hierfür werden die Ergebnisse der thermischen Analyse mit den Resultaten des Druckverformungsrests aus einer abgewandelten Messung mit der Dynamisch Mechanischen Analyse (DMA) kombiniert. Weiterhin werden Ergebnisse von Bauteilversuchen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die vorgestellten Untersuchungen wurden zum großen Teil auf Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Dissertation von M. Jaunich durchgeführt. T2 - XVIII. Dichtungskolloquium - Sichere und zuverlässige Dichtverbindungen CY - Rheine, Germany DA - 25.09.2013 KW - Dichtung KW - Glasübergang KW - Elastomer KW - Druckverformungsrest PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-8027-2216-5 SP - 51 EP - 58 PB - Vulkan AN - OPUS4-29221 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Löhnert, Andrea A1 - Monreal, Nils A1 - Knaust, Christian A1 - Krause, U. ED - Zingoni, A. T1 - Numerical and experimental investigation of the toxicity and light extinction of fire smoke using experimental data from fire tests of polymers N2 - The Fractional Effective Dose model was used to predict the fire smoke toxicity numerically. In this context fire tests were carried out for three different building materials: polyurethane, flame retardant polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride. The fire tests were performed for flaming and smoldering combustion. The aim of the fire tests was to determine the light extinction, the smoke density and the combustion products at varying oxygen concentrations, different temperatures and different irradiance levels. The fire tests were performed in the German DIN-tube and also in the Cone Calorimeter. Stoichiometric coefficients at varying oxygen concentrations and temperatures were determined from measurements. With these stoichiometric coefficients reaction equations were defined and implemented in the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program, ANSYS CFX. The implemented reaction equations were used to account for different ventilation and temperature conditions in the simulation. The fire and smoke propagation was calculated numerically with CFD in the room corner test geometry. Equations to account for toxicity and light extinction were also implemented and were used to analyse the toxicity and the optical properties of fire smoke with CFD. T2 - Research and applications in structural engineering, mechanics and computation - 5th International conference on structural engineering, mechanics and computation CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 02.09.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-138-00061-2 SN - 978-1-315-85078-8 SP - 2003 EP - 2008 PB - CRC Press AN - OPUS4-29279 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roland, U. A1 - Trommler, U. A1 - Hoyer, C. A1 - Pfütze, C. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Rabe, C. A1 - Höhlig, B. A1 - Holzer, F. A1 - Kraus, M. A1 - Schmidt, D. A1 - Kopinke, F.-D. T1 - Radio-frequency heating for pest control, decontamination and drying of timber and masonry N2 - A number of very relevant processes for protection and reconstruction of buildings can be supported by controlled heating: elimination of pests without using hazardous Chemicals, drying and decontamination of timber and many other building materials. For this purpose, radio-frequency (RF) dielectric heating is an advantageous Option because the materials and structures can be heated directly by energy absorption in the volume, homogeneously and, if required, relatively fast. Compared to microwaves, the penetration depths are usually much larger and the flexibility with respect to different materials is wider. Namely, heating can also be realized for dry materials because the dielectric loss is as not closely related to the presence of water as for microwave applications. T2 - 14th International conference on microwave and high frequency heating CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 16.09.2013 KW - Radio-frequency heating KW - Drying KW - Decontamination KW - Pest control KW - Timber KW - Masonry PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-85358-293-9 SP - 112 EP - 115 AN - OPUS4-29269 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Ankersen, J. A1 - Asp, L. E. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Fontana, Q.P.V. A1 - Houlle, M. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Kucernak, A. A1 - Mistry, M. A1 - Nguyen, S. A1 - Qian, H. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Steinke, J.H.G. A1 - Wienrich, Malte T1 - Mechanical and microstructural characterisation of multifunctional structural power composites N2 - Although the inherent anisotropy of polymer composites has presented daunting technical challenges, these materials now offer engineers considerable opportunities for efficient structural design. More recently, the advent of multifunctional composites which can fulfill more than one role within a system has attracted considerable interest, providing designers with exciting opportunities to innovate. Of particular interest here are structural power composites, which simultaneously carry mechanical load whilst storing/delivering electrical energy. Although the development of these composites is highly challenging, often with conflicting constituent requirements, the STORAGE consortium has had considerable success in the development of these materials for automotive applications. The focus of this paper is structural supercapacitors, the basic architecture of a single cell of which is shown in Fig. 1. This entails two carbon fibre woven lamina (electrodes) which sandwich a glass fibre woven lamina (separator), all of which is embedded within a multifunctional matrix (electrolyte). This architecture has been the focus of the research to date, leading to components such as that shown in Fig.1 having been fabricated. This paper reports on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the different reinforcement and matrix combinations for structural supercapacitors. T2 - ICCM19 - 19th International conference on composite materials CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 28.07.2013 KW - Structural electrolyte KW - Multifunctional supercapacitor KW - Fractography KW - Ionic conductivity KW - Mechanical properties PY - 2013 SP - 2228 EP - 2237 AN - OPUS4-29272 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Carreyette, S. A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Johansson, P. A1 - Marczewski, M.J. A1 - Jacobsson, P. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Wienrich, Malte A1 - Steinke, J.H.G. T1 - Correlations between mechanical properties and ionic conduction of structural electrolytes with bicontinuous morphologies N2 - Electrolyte systems that can carry mechanical load while allowing for high levels of ionic conductivity are an important prerequisite for structural power storage devices. Introduction of structural power storage into the variety of consumer products will allow saving in weight and volume. Moreover, using a supercapacitor/battery system in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), the supercapacitor part will extend the battery lifetime by protecting it from the high peak currents. To successfully produce structural power storage requires the development of multifunctional electrolytes where one has to simultaneously maximize mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. T2 - ICCM19 - 19th International conference on composite materials CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 28.07.2013 KW - Structural electrolyte KW - Multifunctional supercapacitor KW - Bicontinuous morphology KW - Epoxy resin KW - Ionic conductivity KW - Mechanical properties PY - 2013 SP - 72 EP - 79 AN - OPUS4-29273 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -