TY - CONF A1 - Erxleben, Kjell A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Hadick, C. A1 - Schu, K. T1 - Component test concept for evaluation of in-service welding on pressurized hydrogen pipelines N2 - Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow and most countries will achieve large-scale hydrogen transport through the conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and the construction of new pipelines. The interaction between hydrogen and the pipeline materials differs fundamentally from that of NG, as hydrogen is readily absorbed into the material. Considering the possible hydrogen embrittlement (HE), the compatibility of the pipeline materials (low-alloyed steels with a wide strength/thickness range) must be investigated. However, pipelines require intervention for maintenance, repair, or grid expansion with welding on/onto the pipelines while in service, i.e. the well-known "hot tapping" and "plugging" or “stoppling”. The challenges compared to NG can be broadly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen and the welding itself. Both result in a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and could potentially pose challenges in terms of HE. Emphasis is placed on the word "could" because knowledge of "hot tapping" on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due a lack of service experience. To this end, this study proposes a concept for a component-like demonstrator with the objectives: (1) safe feasibility of "hot tapping" on pressurized model hydrogen pipeline sections, (2) facilitate ex-post sample extraction for the purpose of quantifying the absorbed hydrogen concentrations, and (3) ensure in-situ temperature measurement during welding to monitor the pipeline surface temperature. For safety reasons in the event of an unintentional "burn-through", a solid cylinder was inserted in the demonstrator to restrict the hydrogen gas volume to a small, pressurized layer. Reference pipeline surface temperature measurements were ensured on comparable, unpressurized geometries. The investigated range of welding conditions was investigated for representative material/thickness combinations (DN50 to DN200), suggesting the feasibility of the demonstrator for the determination of reliable in-service welding conditions for both installed and new pipelines for hydrogen service. T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.05.2025 KW - In-service KW - Hydrogen KW - Pipeline KW - Repair welding KW - component test PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-63168 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erxleben, Kjell T1 - Component test concept for evaluation of in-service welding on pressurized hydrogen pipelines N2 - Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow and most countries will achieve large-scale hydrogen transport through the conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and the construction of new pipelines. The interaction between hydrogen and the pipeline materials differs fundamentally from that of NG, as hydrogen is readily absorbed into the material. Considering the possible hydrogen embrittlement (HE), the compatibility of the pipeline materials (low-alloyed steels with a wide strength/thickness range) must be investigated. However, pipelines require intervention for maintenance, repair, or grid expansion with welding on/onto the pipelines while in service, i.e. the well-known "hot tapping" and "plugging" or “stoppling”. The challenges compared to NG can be broadly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen and the welding itself. Both result in a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and could potentially pose challenges in terms of HE. Emphasis is placed on the word "could" because knowledge of "hot tapping" on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due a lack of service experience. To this end, this study proposes a concept for a component-like demonstrator with the objectives: (1) safe feasibility of "hot tapping" on pressurized model hydrogen pipeline sections, (2) facilitate ex-post sample extraction for the purpose of quantifying the absorbed hydrogen concentrations, and (3) ensure in-situ temperature measurement during welding to monitor the pipeline surface temperature. For safety reasons in the event of an unintentional "burn-through", a solid cylinder was inserted in the demonstrator to restrict the hydrogen gas volume to a small, pressurized layer. Reference pipeline surface temperature measurements were ensured on comparable, unpressurized geometries. The investigated range of welding conditions was investigated for representative material/thickness combinations (DN50 to DN200), suggesting the feasibility of the demonstrator for the determination of reliable in-service welding conditions for both installed and new pipelines for hydrogen service. T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.05.2025 KW - In-service KW - Hydrogen KW - Pipeline KW - Repair welding KW - Component test PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63170 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erxleben, Kjell T1 - Quantification of hydrogen uptake during in-service hydrogen pipeline welding N2 - Hydrogen must be transported on a large scale from producers to consumers to ensure the energy transition. The necessary pipeline grid is achieved by conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and building new pipelines. Welding during service as part e.g. of “hot-tapping” is unavoidable for maintenance/repair/expansion. Based on existing studies, the basic material compatibility of (low-alloyed) pipeline steels with hydrogen is postulated. However, this cannot be assumed for the case of in-service welding on pipelines in pressurized condition. The reason is the increased temperature e.g. by preheating and (in particular) during welding of the single passes. As a result, the inner pipeline surface undergoes multiple short-term heating but to high temperatures. In particular, the first passes can result in a temperature close to the austenitic transformation of the material for small wall thicknesses. Both increase the hydrogen uptake into the welded joint. If hydrogen embrittlement is likely to occur, depends on the hydrogen uptake, which must be quantified. For this purpose, welding experiments on pressurized demonstrators were conducted. The hydrogen uptake at 100 bar was compared to reference experiments with nitrogen. A new sample extraction routine for the quantification of the weld-zone specific hydrogen uptake was established. Comprehensive experiments with different steels (P235, L360, L485), wall thicknesses (4.1 mm to 7.8 mm) and diameters (DN50 and DN200) were conducted. In addition, the influence of the welding layer sequence on the hydrogen uptake between single- and multi-layer welds was investigated. Analytical approaches were used to approximate the hydrogen uptake in the respective weld zones. The main findings were that the layer sequence and especially the wall thickness have a large influence on the hydrogen uptake. T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.05.2025 KW - In-service KW - Hydrogen KW - Pipeline KW - Repair welding KW - Component test PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63165 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - European policy framework regulations codes and standards for safe hydrogen technologies N2 - This lecture describes the history of hydrogen from the first scientific discoveries in the 18th century to the current technological and political developments for the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies. The European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies is explained comprehending the European Green Deal, European Climate Law, European Hydrogen Strategy, Clean Hydrogen Partnership, etc. Safety in hydrogen technologies is governed by international and European regulations and standards. An overview on regulatory bodies, technical committees, regulations, directives, standards, and technical guidelines with special attention on the BAM-GGR 021 is given in this lecture. T2 - Joint European Summer School 2022, Hydrogen Safety CY - Athens, Greece DA - 18.09.2022 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - Regulations KW - Standards PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-59295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - Guest lecture: European policy framework regulations codes and standards for safe hydrogen technologies N2 - This lecture describes the history of hydrogen from the first scientific discoveries in the 18th century to the current technological and political developments for the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies. The European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies is explained comprehending the European Green Deal, European Climate Law, European Hydrogen Strategy, Clean Hydrogen Partnership, etc. Safety in hydrogen technologies is governed by international and European regulations and standards. An overview on regulatory bodies, technical committees, regulations, directives, standards, and technical guidelines with special attention on the BAM-GGR 021 is given in this lecture. T2 - MSc Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technologies at the University of Birmingham (LM Hydrogen Safety, MSc FCHT module C7B) CY - Birmingham, UK DA - 21.10.2022 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - Regulations KW - Standards PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-59296 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies N2 - This lecture describes the history of hydrogen from the first scientific discoveries in the 18th century to the current technological and political developments for the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies. The European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies is explained comprehending the European Green Deal, European Climate Law, European Hydrogen Strategy, Clean Hydrogen Partnership, REPowerEU Plan, Renewable Energy Directive and its Delegated Act, Net Zero Industry Act, etc. T2 - Joint European Summer School 2023, Hydrogen Safety CY - Athens, Greece DA - 17.09.2023 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - Policies PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - Regulations codes and standards for safe hydrogen technologies N2 - Safety in hydrogen technologies in Europe is governed by international and European regulations and standards. An overview on regulatory bodies, technical committees, regulations, directives, standards, and technical guidelines with special attention on the BAM-GGR 021 is given in this lecture. T2 - Joint European Summer School 2023, Hydrogen Safety CY - Athens, Greece DA - 17.09.2023 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - Regulations KW - Standards PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59300 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Thickness and microstructure effect on hydrogen diffusion in creep-resistant 9 % Cr P92 steel and P91 weld metal N2 - Martensitic 9 %-Cr steels like P91 and P92 show susceptibility to delayed hydrogen assisted cracking depending on their microstructure. In that connection, effective hydrogen diffusion coefficients are used to assess the possible time-delay. The small number of available diffusion coefficients varies already at room temperature by several orders of magnitude (mostly regarded as result of present microstructure). Especially P91 weld metal diffusion coefficients are rare so far. For that reason, electrochemical permeation experiments had been conducted using P92 base metal and P91 weld metal (in as-welded and heat-treated condition) with different thicknesses. The diffusion coefficients are calculated by two methods (time-lag and inflection point method) were performed. The results show that, despite of microstructural effects, the sample thickness must be considered as it influences the calculated diffusion coefficients. Finally, the comparison of calculated and measured hydrogen concentrations (determined by carrier gas hot extraction) enables the identification of realistic diffusion coefficients. T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Comm. IX-C "Welding of creep and heat-resistant materials" CY - Online meeting DA - 08.03.2021 KW - Hydrogen KW - Welding KW - Diffusion KW - Creep-resistant steel KW - Electrochemical permeation PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kumelan, J. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Maurer, G. ED - Renon, H. T1 - Simultaneous solubility of carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the ionic liquid [hmim][Tf2N]: experimental results and correlation N2 - The solubility of a single gas as well as the simultaneous solubility of several gases in an ionic liquid is of great interest in many areas of chemical engineering, particularly in heterogeneous catalysis. One of the most interesting features involved in the study of the simultaneous solubility of several gases in a pure ionic liquid is the difference between experimental data and predictions for the simultaneous solubility (based on experimental data for the solubility of the single gases). The well soluble gas might act as a cosolvent or as an antisolvent for a sparsely soluble second gas. New experimental results and a correlation are presented for the simultaneous solubility of hydrogen (i.e., a sparsely soluble gas) and carbon dioxide (a well soluble gas) in the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([hmim][Tf2N]) at temperatures between 293 K and 373 K and pressures up to about 9.2 MPa. The experimental results reveal that carbon dioxide acts as a cosolvent for hydrogen in that particular ionic liquid. A correlation shows that the cosolvency effect can be modeled by considering interaction parameters between hydrogen and carbon dioxide in liquid [hmim][Tf2N]. The correlation can also be used to quantify that cosolvency effect: one mole of carbon dioxide in 1000 g of [hmim][Tf2N] increases the solubility of (small amounts of) hydrogen by about 20%. KW - Simultaneous solubility of gases KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Hydrogen KW - Ionic liquids KW - [hmim][Tf2N] KW - 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2011.08.013 SN - 0378-3812 VL - 311 SP - 9 EP - 16 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-24559 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Seifert, Lando A1 - Müller, Thoralf T1 - Stress corrosion test in thiocyanate solution with galvanostatic current N2 - Prüfung von Spannstählen hinsichtlich ihrer Anfälligkeit gegenüber wasserstoffinduzierter Spannungsrisskorrosion in kürzeren Zeiträumen. Gewährleistung der Dauerhaftigkeit mittels neuartiger elektrochemischer Prüfverfahren und galvanostatischer Kontrolle und Wasserstoffbeladung T2 - Meeting ISO TC17 SC16 WG8 CY - Online meeting DA - 11.01.2023 KW - Hydrogen KW - Corrosion PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-56854 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -