TY - CHAP A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Torallas, S. T1 - Between Literary and Documentary Practices: The Montserrat Codex Miscellaneus (Inv. Nos. 126‐178, 292, 338) and the Material Investigation of Its Inks N2 - The Montserrat Codex Miscellaneus (TM 59453/LDAB 552) has been the subject of numerous studies since the publication of ist first text by its owner, father Ramon Roca-Puig. Scholars have dealt with the content of its texts, as well as interrogated its origin and materiality. It is a fourth-century papyrus single quire codex, which contains texts in both Latin and Greek. It has been argued that it belonged to the Bodmer library, connected to a Pachomian library in the Thebaid. In this paper we want to contribute to the material study of the codex by presenting the first results of an archaeometric analysis performed upon the inks. The Analysis was carried out within the framework of the ‘PAThs’ project based at Sapienza University of Rome, and executed with the close cooperation of DVCTVS, a team of scholars who curate the Roca-Puig collection. The results obtained have not only cast light on the history of production of the codex, but also, and perhaps most importantly, point out that a meaningful interpretation of the analytical data is only possible through an interdisciplinary collaboration between the humanities and the natural sciences. KW - Interdisciplinary approach KW - Codex Miscellaneus KW - Palaeography KW - Book production KW - Archaeometry KW - Ink analysis PY - 2020 SP - 101 EP - 114 AN - OPUS4-51004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander ED - Werneck, M.M. ED - da Silva Barros Allil, R.C T1 - POF Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring N2 - The ever more ambitious strategic goals of meeting the requirements in ensuring technical safety and security of civil structures have resulted in flourishing development of innovative structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies for early damage diagnosis and prognosis. At the same time, implementing SHM systems provides tangible economic benefits derived from lower life-cycle costs associated with reduction in the maintenance, repair and insurance expenses. Due to the large size and harsh environmental conditions common to most civil structures, the broad range of favorable physical-mechanical properties of POFs allow for customized monitoring solutions for a wide variety of applications. In addition to common SHM-related advantages of optical fibers including their electromagnetic immunity, small size, lightweight as well as spark-free and non-conductive characteristics, POFs offer better bending and fracture resistance then their glass-counterparts. Particularly, the improved robustness of POFs, their ease of handling, low Young’s Modulus and high elastic limit of 10% compared to 1% in silica glass [1] are relevant to practical applications. Depending on the composition, dopants, drawing process and geometry [2], strain measurement up to 45% [3] or even above 100% [4,5] has been demonstrated with standard POFs. Therefore, the dominant market expected for POF sensors includes monitoring of high-strain-rate deformations in earthwork structures, crack detection in concrete and masonry structures [6] or overstressing in high-rise steel structures exposed to moisture, corrosion, leakage, fatigue, vibration, fire, overflow, earthquake and intentional damage. For fracture monitoring within concrete structures, the sensory usage of POFs becomes especially favorable since the extremely alkaline environment of concrete mixtures is well known to be corrosive to standard silica glass optical fibers (GOFs) [1,7]. Most of advanced distributed sensing techniques are commonly based on Rayleigh backscatter reflectometry using commercially available multimode (MM) POFs. Such typical MM POFs range from a step-index (SI) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) POF having a core diameter of 1 mm to a low-loss graded-index (GI) perfluorinated (PF) POF based on poly(perfluorobutenyl-vinylether) also known as CYTOP [8] with a 50 µm core diameter. The relatively low optical attenuation value of 30 dB/km at 1.3 µm [9,10] makes PFGI POFs also interesting for distributed Brillouin sensing [11-14]. Compared to GOFs, PFGI POFs offer better potential for temperature measurement and have comparably low theoretical attenuation limit [15]. Therefore, POF-based distributed Brillouin sensing is expected to play an important role in the future of SHM, especially at high-strain ranges. The significance of the Brillouin measurment technique can be also enhanced by further development of the single-mode (SM) POFs which are still subject of research and are used for coherent detection techniques [6]. Furthermore, SM PMMA POFs have been characterized in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer setup for strain values up to 15.8% [16,17]. The current development of SM perfluorinated and microstructured POFs (mPOFs) represents an immense promise for quasi-distributed dynamic measurement at high strain levels based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology. While SM mPOFs with optical losses of about 1 dB/m can be fabricated [6], the SM PF POFs presented by Zhou et al. feature low attenuation of even less than 0.2 dB/m in the wavelength range of 1.41 µm to 1.55 µm [18]. At the same time, the SM PF POFs have the potential for improved thermal stability compared to their PMMA counterparts [19]. This whole chapter provides a comprehensive overview on current POF-based sensing principles and SHM technologies, highlighting their diverse applications in civil engineering structures. In the application-related context, close attention is paid to the development of smart sensor-based geotextiles and geogrids. Such geosynthetics-integrated distributed POF sensors have proven to be a promising solution for two- or even tree-dimensional monitoring of critical high mechanical deformations in both geotechnical and masonry structures. Moreover, geosynthetics in the form of nonwoven geotextiles as well as polymer-based geogrids used as carrier materials for POF sensors enable optimized load transfer from the monitored structure to the measuring fiber without losing their original functionality. In other words, smart geosynthetics provide a cost-efficient dual solution for, on the one hand, well-established increase of structure stability and decrease of erosion effects, on the other hand, early-warning and detection capabilities in the prevention and elimination of potential hazards and lasting damages. KW - Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor KW - OTDR KW - Brillouin Sensing KW - Interferometric Sensor KW - FBG KW - Long Period Grating KW - Smart Geosynthetics PY - 2020 SN - 978-1-13829-853-8 SP - 267 EP - 283 PB - CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group CY - Boca Raton, FL, USA AN - OPUS4-50561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Szypkowski, Marko ED - Bartmann, H. T1 - Taucher-Handbuch, Technik, Tauchgeräte- Bauteile und Baugruppen für Leichttauchgeräte, Kap. Flaschenventile N2 - Darstellung der Gefahren und und Hinweis auf die anzuwendenden Normen bei der Wartung bei Sauerstoffventilen im Bereich des Atemschutz KW - Atemschutz KW - Gasflaschenventil KW - Sauerstoff PY - 1993 SN - 978-3-609-75380-5 VL - 2020 SP - 51 EP - 51 PB - Storck Verlag CY - Landsberg am Lech ET - 108 AN - OPUS4-50827 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Kebelmann, Katharina ED - Hu, Y. ED - Wang, X. T1 - Fire testing for the development of flame retardant polymeric materials N2 - Flame retarded polymeric materials are used in various applications in which a certain fire behavior is demanded. Protection goals are defined, such as limited flammability in terms of hindered sustained ignition or limited contribution to a fire, and these protection levels are tested with defined specimens or components in defined fire scenarios, that is to say, different fire tests. Passing a specific fire test by meeting whatever its demands is often the most important development goal, so the parameters of the different fire tests vary widely to emphasize different fire properties. Some fire tests are used to screen or provide a general assessment of flame retardant polymers during development, while other fire tests and tailored experiments are performed to address special phenomena or understand the flame retardancy modes of action. For all fire testing, the devil is in the details – demanding know-how and crucial efforts to manage the quality of investigations and advanced interpretation. This chapter aims to offer a structured overview of all these aspects. KW - Fire testing KW - Flame retardant KW - Fire retardant KW - Flammability KW - Ignition KW - Oxygen index KW - Cone calorimeter KW - UL 94 KW - Developing fire KW - Uncertainty KW - Fire resistance PY - 2020 SN - 978-1-138-29578-7 SP - 35 EP - 55 PB - CRC Press AN - OPUS4-50236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabe, Sebastian A1 - Sanchez-Olivares, G. A1 - Pérez-Chávez, R. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Laoutid, F. T1 - Natural Keratin and Coconut Fibres from Industrial Wastes in Flame Retarded Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites N2 - Natural keratin fibres derived from Mexican tannery waste and coconut fibres from coconut processing waste were used as fillers in commercially available, biodegradable thermoplastic starch-polyester blend to obtain sustainable biocomposites. The morphology, rheological and mechanical properties as well as pyrolysis, flammability and forced flaming combustion behaviour of those biocomposites were investigated. In order to open up new application areas for these Kinds of biocomposites, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was added as a flame retardant. Extensive flammability and cone calorimeter studies revealed a good flame retardance effect with natural fibres alone and improved effectiveness with the addition of APP. In fact, it was shown that replacing 20 of 30 wt. % of APP with keratin fibres achieved the same effectiveness. In the case of coconut fibres, a synergistic effect led to an even lower heat release rate and total heat evolved due to reinforced char residue. This was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy of the char structure. All in all, these results constitute a good approach towards sustainable and biodegradable fibre reinforced biocomposites with improved flame retardant properties. KW - Biomaterials KW - Biodegradation KW - Calorimetry KW - Composites KW - Flame retardance PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-03928-350-7 SN - 978-3-03928-351-4 SP - 45 EP - 66 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50738 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woydt, Mathias ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Habig, K.-H. T1 - Hochtemperaturtribologie N2 - Die Temperatur ist eine fundamentale Beanspruchungs- bzw. Einflussgröße für alle tribologischen Systeme. Für die in zahlreichen tribologischen Systemen benötigten Schmierstoffe liegen die thermischen Stabilitätsgrenzen bei etwa 400?°C. Es wird die tribologische Prüftechnik für Tribomaterialien beschrieben, die für den Einsatz in tribologischen Systemen bei hohen Betriebstemperaturen verwendbar sind. Ausgehend von metallurgischen Lösungsansätzen aus der Tribologieforschung werden Anwendungsmöglichkeiten hochtemperaturbeständiger Ingenieurwerkstoffe mit Beispielen aus der Automobiltechnik (Luftlagerung von Turboladern, Leistungssteigerung von Bremsmaterialien), der Fertigungstechnik (Standzeitverlängerung von Werkzeugen) und dem chemischen Anlagenbau (Effizienzsteigerung von Kühlkreisläufen) dargestellt. PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-8348-1810-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-2236-9_18 SP - Kap. 18, 633 EP - 646 PB - Springer-Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ET - 4. Auflage / 2015 AN - OPUS4-33840 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Feldkamp, Martin ED - Sorenson, K.B. T1 - Thermal performance of transportation packages for radioactive materials N2 - Prevention of damage caused by heat is one of the objectives during package safety evaluation. This chapter describes basics of heat transfer and major aspects of regulatory requirements. Package temperature criteria and fire test conditions are explained. Special package design features regarding material properties and safety evaluation concepts are discussed. Experimental fire testing is performed by pool fire or with the help of a furnace. Analysis by numerical or analytical approaches show temperature gradients and whether compliance with the regulatory requirements and specified design temperatures is met. The tightness of the package lid system influenced by geometry changes is in the focus of a holistic thermo-mechanical approach considering the entire mechanical and thermal load conditions according the regulatory requirements. KW - Package KW - Safety KW - Storage KW - Transport KW - Testing KW - Convection KW - Fire test KW - Heat KW - Insulation KW - Thermal analysis PY - 2015 SN - 978-1-78242-309-6 SN - 978-1-78242-322-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-309-6.00008-3 N1 - Serientitel: Woodhead publishing series in energy – Series title: Woodhead publishing series in energy IS - 78 SP - Chapter 8, 107 EP - 121 PB - Woodhead Publ. AN - OPUS4-33842 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Droste, Bernhard ED - Sorenson, K.B. T1 - Packaging, transport, and storage of high-, intermediate-, and low-level radioactive wastes N2 - Radioactive wastes are generated by research and medicine (e.g., the use of radioisotopes), industrial use of radioisotopes (e.g., for nondestructive materials testing), different activities related to nuclear power plant (NPP) operations (e.g., mining of uranium and thorium ores, manufacturing of fuel assemblies, operational waste generation during NPP Operation), reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, and dismantling of nuclear installations. KW - Packaging KW - Transport KW - Storage KW - Radioactive waste KW - Safety assessment PY - 2015 SN - 978-1-78242-309-6 SN - 978-1-78242-322-5 N1 - Serientitel: Woodhead publishing series in energy – Series title: Woodhead publishing series in energy IS - 78 SP - Chapter 15, 231 EP - 270 PB - Woodhead Publ. AN - OPUS4-33991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Große, M. A1 - Schillinger, B. ED - Fritzsche, H. ED - Huot, J. ED - Fruchart, D. T1 - Neutron imaging N2 - Neutron imaging methods are appropriate to investigate hydrogen distributions in several metallic systems. The large total neutron cross section of hydrogen compared to those of elements or isotopes, respectively, in usual structural materials like steels or zirconium alloys allows the detection even of small amounts of hydrogen in such materials. The dependence of the total macroscopic neutron cross section of the sample or component on the hydrogen concentration can be determined experimentally by means of calibration specimens with known hydrogen concentrations. Such a calibration allows for a full quantitative determination of the local hydrogen concentration with a spatial resolution better than 20 μm. Because neutron radiography is fast and non-destructive, in situ investigations of time-dependent processes like hydrogen absorption and release or hydrogen bulk diffusion can be performed. This chapter gives an introduction into the main neutron imaging methods, radiography and tomography, and gives as examples results of neutron imaging investigations of hydrogen in different steels and in zirconium alloys,respectively. KW - Neutron imaging KW - Neutron radiography KW - Hydrogen PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-319-22792-4 SN - 978-3-319-22791-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22792-4_7 SN - 1868-0380 SN - 1868-0372 SP - Chapter 7, 193 EP - 225 PB - Springer Nature CY - Zurich, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-36365 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Weltschev, Margit ED - Hohmeyer, O. ED - Ottinger, R. L. T1 - Economic Losses to society Due to Material Damages of Environmental Pollution in the Federal Republic of Germany BT - Analysis and Internalization N2 - In Order to be able to assess the damage caused to materials by acid deposition the first question to be considered is: Which materials are affected? A wide ränge of materials are exposed to the extemal environment. These materials have different susceptibility to attack by acid rain and different stock at risk in the Federal Republic of Germany. KW - Economic Losses KW - Environmental Pollution PY - 1991 SN - 3-540-54184-5 SP - 25 EP - 35 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51494 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Schwarz, T. A1 - Galinski, E. A. ED - Lee, N. M. T1 - The compatible solute ectoine: protection mechanisms, strain development, and industrial production N2 - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya can adapt to saline environments by accumulating compatible solutes in order to maintain an osmotic equilibrium. Compatible solutes are of diverse chemical structure (sugars, polyols, amino acid derivatives) and are beneficial for bacterial cells not only as osmoregulatory solutes but also as protectants of proteins by mitigating detrimental effects of freezing, drying, and high temperatures. The aspartate derivative ectoine is a widespread compatible solute in Bacteria and possesses additional protective properties compared with other compatible solutes and stabilizes even whole cells against stresses such as ultraviolet radiation or cytotoxins. Here, it is our intention to go beyond a simple description of effects, but to depict the molecular interaction of ectoine with biomolecules, such as proteins, membranes, and DNA and explain the underlying principles. The stabilizing properties of ectoine attracted industry, which saw the potential to market ectoine as a novel active component in health care products and cosmetics. In joint efforts of industry and research, a large-scale fermentation procedure has been developed with the halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata used as a producer strain. The development and application of ectoine-excreting mutants from H. elongata (“leaky” mutants) allow for the annual production of ectoine on a scale of tons. The details of the strain development and fermentation processes will be introduced. KW - Ectoine KW - Biotechnology KW - Compatible solute KW - Preferential exclusion KW - Osmophobic effect PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-11-042773-8 SP - 121 EP - 136 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-51472 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Bevilacqua, A. A1 - Reiche, I. A1 - Harvey, J. A1 - Hirose, M. A1 - Kumano, Y. A1 - McConnell, P. A1 - Saegusa, T. A1 - Einziger, R. ED - González-Espartero, A. T1 - Methodology for a Safety Case of a Dual Purpose Cask for Storage and Transport of Spent Fuel N2 - Spent nuclear fuel which is generated in the operation of nuclear reactors needs to be safely managed following its removal from the reactor core. On-site power reactor storage pools were designed on the assumption that after a short period of time spent nuclear fuel would be removed for reprocessing and disposal or further storage elsewhere. The amount of highly radioactive spent fuel that needs to be stored over longer periods of time is growing and additional storage capacity is required. One of the widely used options for additional storage capacity is the use of casks for dry storage of spent fuel. Among various existing dry storage concepts, several Member States are utilizing a concept of dual purpose casks (DPCs). This publication provides practical advice on the structure and contents of a DPC integrated safety case with reference to existing IAEA requirements relevant to the licensing and use of transport and storage casks for spent fuel. KW - Dual Purpose Cask KW - Spent Fuel KW - Storage KW - Transport PY - 2020 UR - https://www.iaea.org/publications/10966/methodology-for-a-safety-case-of-a-dual-purpose-cask-for-storage-and-transport-of-spent-fuel SN - 978-92-0-131620-2 SN - 1011–4289 SP - 1 EP - 109 PB - IAEA Publishing Section CY - Vienna, Austria AN - OPUS4-51962 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Virkkunen, I. ED - Meyendorf, N. ED - Ida, N. ED - Singh, R. ED - Vrana, J. T1 - NDE 4.0: New Paradigm for the NDE Inspection Personnel N2 - Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is entering an era of the fourth industrial revolution and will undergo a major transformation. NDE is a vital part of industry and a successful move to NDE 4.0, it will require not just developing and embracing new technologies, but also developing and adopting new ways of working and becoming an integral part of the overall Industry 4.0. This will pose new challenges for the inspection personnel. To ensure the expected benefits from NDE 4.0, inspectors need stay in charge of the changing inspections. The promised autonomy and interconnectedness of NDE 4.0 will supersede the majority of traditional inspector tasks and will in turn require a different set of skills and raise different demands and challenges for the inspection personnel, thus conflicting the current “procedure-following”-“level I-III” paradigm. The new industry 4.0 technologies can be integrated into the current framework, but exploiting their full potential requires changes in the role of the inspectors. The inspectors will be relieved from the tedious and error-prone aspects of the current system. At the same time, they will need to take responsibility for increasingly complex automated systems and work in closer collaboration with other experts. We propose that the traditional inspector roles will be transformed into that of the system developer, caretaker, and problem solver, each requiring a specific set of skills and assuming different responsibilities. For full NDE 4.0, NDE must abandon its traditional role as a self-contained entity with well-defined boundaries and take its role in the wider system that is the industry 4.0. KW - Non-Destructive Evaluation KW - NDE 4.0 KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Inspection Personnel KW - Human-Centered Approach KW - Human-Machine Interaction KW - Human Factors KW - Acceptance PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-48200-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48200-8_9-1 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - Springer, Cham AN - OPUS4-53551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Troitzsch, J. ED - Antonatus, E. T1 - The Burning of Plastics N2 - The burning of a polymer is a physico–chemical process strongly influenced by the coupling of a chemical reaction – oxidation of fuel – in the gas phase with a chemical decomposition reaction – pyrolysis – in the condensed phase via heat and mass transfer. The heat and mass flux control the intensity of fire and the ablation of fuel. Indeed, the temperature profile as a function of time may be one of the most important responses of a specimen to understand its burning behavior. Further, several physical phenomena, such as the heat absorption of the materials, thermal conductivity, and also melt flow and dripping, play a major role in determining ignition, flammability, and fire behavior. The burning of a polymer is very complex. The various phenomena interact with each other, e. g., pyrolysis also influences the viscosity of the melt, and, thus, whether dripping or charring results in a protective layer, increasing the shielding effect of the residual protective layer. Only a detailed and comprehensive description opens the door to a well-founded understanding of the burning behavior of polymeric materials. KW - Fire behaviour KW - Plastics KW - Pyrolysis KW - Decomposition KW - Ignition KW - Smoldering KW - Flame spread KW - Steady burning KW - Fire load KW - Fire resistance PY - 2021 SN - 978-1-56990-762-7 SP - 23 EP - 52 PB - Hanser CY - Munich ET - 4th Edition AN - OPUS4-52684 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane ED - Schorr, S. ED - Weidenthaler, C. T1 - Crystallographic challenges in corrosion research N2 - High-temperature corrosion is a widespread problem in various industries. As soon as a hot and reactive gas (CO2, O2, H2O, SO2, NOx, etc.) is in contact with a solid, physico-chemical processes at the surface and interfaces lead to material degradation. The processes are dynamic and controlled by thermodynamic and kinetic boundary conditions. Whether a reaction product is protective or not depends on various factors, such as chemical composition of the solid and the reactive media, surface treatment as well as diffusion and transport paths of cations and anions. Resulting chemical and structural inhomogeneities with the corrosion layers are characterized by off stoichiometry within cationic and anionic sub lattices. The competitive processes can be studied by various techniques of applied crystallography. This chapter gives an overview on the challenges of chemical-structural Analysis of reaction products by crystallographic methods such as X-ray diffraction and X-ray near-edge structure spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy electron backscatter diffraction (SEM-EBSD) for corrosion science. KW - High-temperature corrosion KW - Oxidation KW - Diffraction KW - Spectroscopy KW - Oxides PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110674910-009 SP - 291 PB - De Gruyter ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-52903 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Morgan, A.B. T1 - Multicomponent Flame Retardants N2 - The important take home message of this chapter: When multicomponent flame retardant systems are applied to polymeric materials, it becomes possible to address multiple fire properties, increase efficiency, and minimize flame retardant use to maximize polymer property balance. Flame retardants are combined or used together with adjuvants or synergists; fibers and fillers make a crucial contribution to their fire properties. Multicomponent systems are discussed in their capacity as an overall powerful strategy for achieving and optimizing non-halogenated flame-retardant polymeric materials. KW - Flame retardants KW - Synergy KW - Adjuvants KW - Fillers KW - Fibres PY - 2022 SN - 978-1-119-75056-7 SP - 413 EP - 474 PB - Scrivener Publishing LLC CY - Bevery ET - 2nd Edition AN - OPUS4-54426 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Glauner, R. A1 - Grosser, D. A1 - Melcher, E. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger ED - Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), T1 - Kommentar zu DIN 68800-1:2019-06 Holzschutz Teil 1: Allgemeines N2 - Die Normenreihe DIN 68800 ist Ende der 2000er Jahre komplett überarbeitet worden. Der Kommentar bietet den interessierten Kreisen der Bauaufsicht, des Holzbaus, der Holzschutzmittelindustrie, der Wissenschaft, den Prüfinstituten, der Sägeindustrie, den Umweltverbänden, den Verbrauchern, den Schädlingsbekämpfern und Architekten wertvolle Hilfen bei der Anwendung und Interpretation der Norm. KW - Holzschutz, KW - DIN KW - Norm PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-410-30623-8 SP - 1 EP - 69 PB - Beuth Verlag CY - Berlin ET - 3. AN - OPUS4-54719 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hothan, Sascha A1 - Häßler, Dustin ED - Kuhlmann, U. T1 - Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme N2 - Die Erkenntnisse zu reaktiven Brandschutzsystemen (RBS) werden kontinuierlich erweitert, was sich in der Entwicklung neuer Produkte und der Ausweitung des durch technische Regelungen abgedeckten Anwendungsbereichs äußert. Der vorliegende Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die Verwendung von RBS auf Stahlkonstruktionen. Neben einer umfassenden Darstellung der aktuellen nationalen und europäischen Regelungen zu RBS, werden technologische Besonderheiten und deren Einfluss auf den Regelungsinhalt im Beitrag thematisiert. Dabei werden neben sich abzeichnenden Neuerungen auch die entsprechenden wissenschaftlich-technologischen Grundlagen dargelegt. Ferner wird die Frage nach der Bewertung der Dauerhaftigkeit von RBS für deutlich über 10 Jahre hinausgehende Zeiträume, und den sich damit einstellenden Feuerwiderstand der Konstruktion behandelt. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Darstellung zur aktuellen Forschung. Daraus abgeleitet wird ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschungsthemen. KW - Reaktives Brandschutzsystem KW - Stahl KW - Brandschutz KW - Feuerwiderstand PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-433-03361-6 SP - 367 EP - 400 PB - Ernst & Sohn Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54735 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kasch, Thomas A1 - Brock, Thomas A1 - Hesse, Olaf A1 - Hartwig, Peter ED - Steinberg, Th. A. ED - Chiffoleau, G. J. T1 - Assessment Criteria to Evaluate Test Results on Compatibility of Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen Service Based on BAM’s Safety Philosophy N2 - The general requirement, that nonmetallic materials for oxygen service must be tested and found suitable for their intended use in plants and components is the current state of technical safety. However, numerous requests of manufacturers, sales offices, and users show that there is still a strong need for information on how these materials are tested and evaluated. Based on more than 60 years of expertise, this paper provides background information on BAM’s test approach. It explains why BAM applies additional assessment criteria on nonmetallic materials for certain use conditions. Hence, the test schedule as well as the final evaluation shall reflect the practical application in a more customer-related way in combination with a higher safety level. That is the demand of BAM’s safety philosophy. KW - Oxygen compatibility KW - Background information on test approaches KW - Evaluation of test results KW - Assessment criteria KW - BAM’s safety philosophy PY - 2021 SN - 978-0-8031-7698-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP1626-EB SN - 0899-6652 VL - STP 1626 - 15 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conshohocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-54888 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Woitzek, Andreas A1 - Kasch, Thomas A1 - Kittler-Packmor, Kai ED - Steinberg, Th. A. ED - Chiffoleau, G. J. T1 - New large-scale 750 bar Oxygen Pressure Surge Test Facility N2 - The Oxygen Pressure Surge Test (OPST) is considered to be best practice for evaluating the burn out safety of plant components and testing the compatibility of nonmetallic materials for oxygen service. Nevertheless, there are only a few laboratories worldwide performing the OPST. The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) already operates oxygen pressure surge test facilities with maximum OPST pressures of 450 bar. However, to ensure technical innovation and to enhance research and development, the decision was made to develop a new and large-scale oxygen pressure surge test facility. Due to the size and the high potential impact energies, the test facility is located outside of Berlin at BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (TTS), where large scale testing is carried out. In addition to an intended maximum OPST pressure of 750 bar, there is the possibility of testing industrial equipment with large inner volumes and diameters. The new quick opening valve constitutes the core of the system and was developed by BAM. It allows to perform tests with the standardized pressure rise times of 15 ms to 20 ms or with adjustable pressure rise times at higher or lower values. As a result, it is possible to provide customized test parameters for specific practical applications as well as research projects. This presentation shows the status quo of this unique test facility, its performance, its technical specifications, and its new possibilities for research and development for a long term enhancement of burn out safety in oxygen application. KW - Oxygen pressure surge test KW - Adiabatic compression KW - Burn out safety KW - Innovation in OPST facility KW - Adjustable pressure rise time PY - 2021 SN - 978-0-8031-7698-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP1626-EB SN - 0899-6652 VL - STP 1626 - 15 SP - 326 EP - 340 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conshohocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-54889 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meggyes, Tamas ED - Zhang, H. X. T1 - Sustainable Remediation Methods for Metals and Radionuclides N2 - Sustainability has become the conscientious and future-oriented principle of modern resource management and environmental protection because caring for the future is tantamount to providing manageable and healthy surroundings for ourselves. For the foreseeable future, geotechnical and environmental engineers must therefore be concerned with ensuring a healthy balance between extraction, processing, manufacturing, utilization, recycling, and disposal of materials and products. KW - Permeable reactive barriers KW - Uranium mining KW - Groundwater KW - Electrochemical remediation PY - 2023 SN - 978-1-0716-2465-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2466-1_63 SN - 2629-2378 SP - 251 EP - 284 PB - Springer Science+Business Media CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-58018 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Schürmann, Karsten ED - Böhmer, Heike ED - Brinkmann-Wicke, Tanja ED - Sell, Sabine ED - Simon, Janet ED - Tebben, Cornelia T1 - Automatisierte Rohrknotenfertigung in der Offshore-Windenergie – Potenzial zum Leichtbau im schweren Stahlbau N2 - Um den Klimawandel wirksam zu bekämpfen, ist es entscheidend, fossile Brennstoffe durch erneuerbare Energiequellen wie Wind-, Solar- und Wasserkraft sowie alternative Energieträger, beispielsweise grünen Wasserstoff, zu ersetzen. Offshore-Windenergie spielt hierbei eine zentrale Rolle, da sie dank der Kombination aus globaler Verfügbarkeit, relativ geringen Betriebskosten und fortgeschrittenem technischen Entwicklungsstand besonders geeignet ist, zur regenerativen Stromerzeugung beizutragen. Sie ist zudem ein Schlüsselelement für die Umsetzung des Europäischen Green Deals, der das Ziel verfolgt, bis 2050 Klimaneutralität in der EU zu erreichen. Expertenschätzungen zufolge ist eine Steigerung der aktuellen Kapazität von 25 GW im Jahr 2020 auf etwa 450 GW notwendig, um diese ambitionierten Ziele zu erfüllen. Bei der Entwicklung zukünftiger Offshore-Windparks, insbesondere in tieferen Gewässern, gewinnen Jacket-Gründungsstrukturen an Bedeutung. Diese Strukturen, die eine höhere Steifigkeit bei geringerem Materialeinsatz im Vergleich zu den bisher vorherrschenden Monopile-Gründungen bieten, basieren auf komplexen, räumlich aufgelösten Konstruktionen, die ähnlich den Öl- und Gasplattformen entwickelt werden. Die Herstellung der Jacketknoten, die bislang überwiegend manuell geschweißt wurden, birgt erhebliches Optimierungspotential. Durch Automatisierung und Digitalisierung der Fertigungsprozesse könnten nicht nur die Effizienz gesteigert, sondern auch die Qualität der Endprodukte durch präzise Überwachung und Kontrolle der Produktionsparameter verbessert werden. Diese technologischen Fortschritte sind für die Skalierung der Offshore-Windenergie und die Erreichung der Klimaziele von entscheidender Bedeutung. KW - Automatisierte Fertigung KW - Offshore Windenergie KW - Jacket-Gründungsstrukturen KW - Aufgelöste Tragstrukturen KW - Leichtbau PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-7388-0719-6 SP - 260 EP - 266 PB - Fraunhofer IRB Verlag CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-59502 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ballio, F. A1 - Chatzi, E. A1 - Cigada, A. A1 - Darò, P. A1 - Elfgren, L. A1 - Gentile, C. A1 - Górski, M. A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Limongelli, M. P. A1 - Mancini, G. A1 - Oliveira, S. A1 - Rasol, M. A1 - Schmidt, F. A1 - Shan, J. A1 - Sousa, H. A1 - Torrent, R. A1 - Ueda, T. A1 - Verstrynge, E. T1 - Chapter 6: Case studies N2 - This chapter contains a selection of case studies that show the implementation of the methods and tools that have been described in the previous chaprters of fib Bulletin 109 on actual large-scale structures. KW - Structural engineering KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Static and dynamic reassessment KW - Existing structures PY - 2023 SN - 978-2-88394-172-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.35789/fib.BULL.0109.Ch06 SN - 1562-3610 VL - fib Bulletin 109 SP - 104 EP - 126 PB - Fédération internationale du béton (fib) CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-59341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ch’ng, A. C. W. A1 - Konthur, Zoltán A1 - Lim, T. S. T1 - Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Semi-automated Panning for High-Throughput Antibody Selection N2 - Bio-panning is a common process involved in recombinant antibody selection against defined targets. The biopanning process aims to isolate specific antibodies against an antigen via affinity selection from a phage display library. In general, antigens are immobilized on solid surfaces such as polystyrene plastic, magnetic beads, and nitrocellulose. For high-throughput selection, semi-automated panning selection allows simul-taneous panning against multiple target antigens adapting automated particle processing systems such as the KingFisher Flex. The system setup allows for minimal human intervention for pre-and post-panning steps such as antigen immobilization, phage rescue, and amplification. In addition, the platform is also adaptable to perform polyclonal and monoclonal ELISA for the evaluation process. This chapter will detail the protocols involved from the selection stage until the monoclonal ELISA evaluation with important notes attached at the end of this chapter for optimization and troubleshooting purposes. KW - Phage display KW - Monoclonal antibody KW - Antibody library PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3381-6_15 VL - 2702 SP - 291 EP - 313 PB - Springer US CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-58359 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. ED - Galbács, G. T1 - Calibration-Free Quantitative Analysis N2 - Calibration-free methods in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, CF LIBS, serve as an alternative to calibration-based LIBS techniques. Their major advantage is the ability for fast chemical analysis in situations where matrix-matched standards are not readily available (as, e.g., in the analysis of biological materials and remote analysis) or amount of samples are limited. Their main applications are in the industry, geology, biology, archeology, and even space exploration. This chapter overviews the principle of operation and performance of CF LIBS techniques. KW - Laser induced plasma KW - Calibration-free LIBS PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-031-14501-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14502-5 SP - 67 EP - 100 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG AN - OPUS4-56651 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Kainz, C. A1 - Braml, T. ED - Matos, J.C. T1 - Non-destructively Measurable Quantities Relevant to Reliability Assessment of Existing Concrete Bridges – Case Studies N2 - In reliability assessment of existing bridges, collected information about the structure can be utilized to modify partial safety factors and to refine characteristic values individually. In this way, uncertainties covered in initial calculation models and arising from assumptions can be reduced as well as biases identified and corrected. This allows for more realistic assessments and more appropriate decisions on actions to be taken. However, the on-site observation of information is generally associated with certain costs. For this reason, an efficient data-supported reassessment requires that only the individually relevant testing tasks are solved. Additional sensitivity analyses can further be used to specify the requirements on certain inspections, such as the testing result quality to be achieved, in order to avoid too imprecise or too expensive measurements on-site. In this contribution, the methodology for the demand-actuated definition of measurement objectives is demonstrated using the example of non-destructive concrete testing methods and findings from reassessments of two prestressed concrete bridges. Each case study includes the semi-probabilistic identification of structural weak points in ultimate and serviceability limit states, a comparison with respective probabilistic sensitivity analyses, and the subsequent derivation of parameters that are a) measurable and b) highly relevant in the individual reliability analyses. KW - Reliability KW - Assessment KW - Existing structures KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-031-60270-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60271-9_18 VL - 494 SP - 209 EP - 219 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-60613 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kainz, C. A1 - Braml, T. A1 - Keuser, M. A1 - Soukup, A. A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan ED - Matos, J.C. T1 - Reassessment of Existing Concrete Bridges with Full Probabilistic Methods – Case Studies and Discussion of Relevant Input Parameters N2 - This article presents two case studies for a full-probabilistic assessment of existing concrete bridges combined with the use of the finite element method for the evaluation of the internal forces. Since the structures already exist, additional information about material parameters and loading conditions can be collected. With a sensitivity analysis, the contribution of each parameter to the total uncertainty is examined and the relevance of their actual value and variation is shown. The first case study is a single-span reinforced concrete frame bridge on the German highway A92 constructed in the year 1985. With a span of around 5 m, but a width of 27 m and a skewness of 70 gon, the bridge is modelled as a three-dimensional finite element model. The second case study is a two-span reinforced concrete frame bridge from 1986 with span lengths of about 7,50 m each. The superstructure is a 45 cm thick slab and the base plate has a thickness of 80 cm. The assessment is performed based on the semi-probabilistic safety concept according to the codes first and secondly with a full-probabilistic calculation. In this article the selection of parameters for the relevant input data are presented and discussed. The results of the sensitivity analysis are used for the setup of measurements to acquire important data for the modelling in the critical limit states. KW - Reliability KW - Assessment KW - Existing structures PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-031-60271-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60271-9_41 VL - 494 SP - 440 EP - 451 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-60614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Morgan, A. B. ED - Wilkie, C. A. T1 - Multi-Component Flame-Retardant Systems N2 - Applying synergistic multicomponent systems is often key to efficient flame retardancy. Different flame retardants are combined or used together with fillers, adjuvants, or synergists to enhance their efficiency, reduce the worsening of other properties, or reduce the costs. Further, fibres and other reinforcing fillers contribute to fire properties crucially. Although the main flame-retardant modes of action are known, the scientific understanding usually falls short, when it comes to complex multicomponent systems, the crucial tiny optimizations, or quantifying in terms of specific fire properties. This book chapter illuminates the need for the multicomponent approach, the concept of synergistic flame retardants, and the main phenomena. Multicomponent systems are discussed in their capacity as general powerful strategy for achieving and optimizing future flame retardant polymeric materials. KW - Flame retardants KW - Flame retardancy KW - Synergy KW - Composites PY - 2024 SN - 978-1-0324-5754-3 SN - 978-1-0324-6233-2 SN - 978-1-0033-8068-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003380689 SP - 330 EP - 359 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton ET - 3rd AN - OPUS4-60843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Morgan, A. B. ED - Wilkie, C. A. T1 - Uses of Fire Tests for Flame-Retardant Material Development N2 - Innovation and scientific progress are often located in the synthesis of new flame retardants or in the compounding of new composites. Thus, although nearly everyone applies fire tests to ascertain the flame retardancy achieved, regular, cost-efficient fire testing is preferred, sometimes its reliability and meaningfulness are questioned. The goal of this revised chapter is to inspire the exploitation of the potential of fire testing beyond a soulless pass-and-fail or isolated number rating. Recommendations are given as to how fire behaviour can be investigated and how data can be evaluated faithfully and meaningfully. Backgrounds and benchmarks are discussed as thought-provoking impulses which could allow bench-scale fire testing to be exploited as a vital basis and powerful tool for science-based development. KW - Fire behaviour KW - Flammability KW - Flame retardancy KW - Flame retardant modes of action KW - Flame retardants KW - Fire scenarios KW - Ignition KW - Developing fire KW - Fire tests KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Petrella plot PY - 2024 SN - 978-1-0324-5754-3 SN - 978-1-0324-6233-2 SN - 978-1-0033-8068-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003380689-17 SP - 360 EP - 385 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton ET - 3rd AN - OPUS4-60845 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Holm, O. ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, E. ED - Quicker, P. ED - Kopp-Assenmacher, S. T1 - Per- und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) im Klärschlamm N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of more than 4700 anionic and cationic anthrophonic substances which have been used extensively in a variety of products and industries due to their inert chemical stability and resistance to degradation by heat or acids. As a result of continuous use, mainly in aviation firefighting foams, thousands of industrial and military installations have been found to contain contaminated soil and groundwater resources. However, because of the continuous use of fluorinated consumer products, also effluents and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been shown to be an important source of PFAS contamination into the aquatic environment. Resulting from recent stricter regulations and restrictions in the last years on the use of long chain (≥C8) PFAS, there is a significant shift in the chemical industry towards production of short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) chain alternatives. With the amendment of the Sewage Sludge Ordinance in 2017 the German legislation banned sewage sludge application on agricultural land, and by 2029/2032 sewage sludge will be completely prohibited from agricultural application. While environmental exposure of organic pollutants like PFAS, pesticides and pharmaceuticals are no longer desirable, phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge must still be used to produce high-quality P-fertilizers for a circular economy. Currently, plant-available P-fertilizers from sewage sludge/wastewater can be produced using a variety of treatment approaches including precipitation, leaching, and thermal treatment. However, the fate of legacy and emerging PFAS compounds during P leaching, precipitation and treatment from sewage sludge and wastewater is for the most parts still unknown. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Klärschlamm KW - Düngemittel PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-944310-65-7 SP - 270 EP - 279 PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-56290 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kasch, Thomas A1 - Binder, Christian A1 - Woitzek, Andreas A1 - Szypkowski, Marko A1 - Treisch, N. ED - Davis, S. E. ED - Steinberg, Th. A. T1 - Oxygen endurance testing of oxygen cylinder valves N2 - Cylinder valves for oxygen service that meet the standard DIN EN ISO 10297 should be safe, if properly handled by the user. In the last few years, however, the number of incidents with oxygen valves that has been reported to Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) has increased. According to the incident reports, incorrect handling can be ruled out. People were seriously injured and in most cases, the causes of these incidents were not clear. Very often, such incidents occurred during opening and closing of the valves. Therefore, the technical-scientific community has put the existing test methods for type testing more and more into question. Besides other mandatory tests, the above-mentioned standard allows to perform the endurance test with air or with nitrogen. This is appropriate for all other gases but not for oxygen. Up to now, this test does not consider the fact that cylinder valves also contain nonmetallic seat materials and lubricants that may react with oxygen in a dangerous way. Because of this unsatisfactory situation, BAM initiated a research project to perform endurance testing of cylinder valves for oxygen service much more practice related with oxygen. This test simulates very well real life situations when the cylinder valve is opened or closed. The first part of this project was the development of a new oxygen operated endurance tester in accordance with DIN EN ISO 10297. In a second part, endurance testing of valves with air and with oxygen was performed and the results were compared. In addition, another mandatory test of the standard, the oxygen pressure surge test was carried out on new valves and on valves that had undergone endurance tests with air or oxygen, to see the influence on the burn-out safety of such pre-stressed valves. This paper presents the main results of the project. The findings clearly speak for implementing the oxygen endurance test not only to DIN EN ISO 10297 but also to various other standards to increase the burn-out safety of oxygen cylinder valves. KW - Endurance testing KW - High pressure oxygen KW - Nonmetallic material KW - Lubricant KW - Ignition source KW - Incident research KW - Oxygen pressure surge PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-8031-7637-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP1596-EB SN - 0899-6652 SN - 0066-0558 VL - 14 SP - 393 EP - 404 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conshohocken, PA. ET - STP 1596 AN - OPUS4-38243 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Álvarez-García, J. A1 - Izquierdo-Roca, V. A1 - Pistor, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Pérez-Rodríguez, A. ED - Abou-Ras, D. ED - Kirchartz, T. ED - Rau, U. T1 - Raman spectroscopy on thin films for solar cells N2 - In the present chapter, the capabilities of Raman spectroscopy for the advanced characterisation of thin films for solar cells are reviewed. Raman spectroscopy is an optical, nondestructive technique based on the inelastic scattering of photons with elemental vibrational excitations in the material. The line shape and position of the Raman bands are determined by the crystalline structure and chemical composition of the measured samples, being sensitive to the presence of crystalline defects, impurities and strain. Presence of peaks characteristic of different phases also allows for the identification of secondary phases that are strongly related to the growth and process conditions of the films. All these aspects account for a strong interest in the analysis of the Raman spectra, providing a powerful nondestructive analytical tool for the structural and chemical assessment of the films. In addition, the combination of a Raman spectrometer with an optical microscope also allows for achieving a high spatial resolutions (of below 1 µm) when mapping surfaces and analyzing depth-resolved phase distributions in thin films. The present chapter is divided into four main sections: The two first ones are devoted to a revision of the Fundamentals of Raman spectroscopy (Section 17.2) and Vibrational modes in crystalline materials (Section 17.3). Section 17.4 deals with the main experimental considerations involved in the design and implementation of a Raman scattering setup. This is followed by a detailed description of the application of Raman scattering for the structural and chemico-physical analysis of thin film photovoltaic materials (Section 17.5), with the identification of crystalline structure and secondary phases, evaluation of film crystallinity, analysis of chemical composition of semiconductor alloys, characterisation of nanocrystalline and amorphous layers, stress effects and crystal orientations. This includes the description of corresponding state of the art and recent case examples that illustrate the capabilities of the Raman technique for the advanced characterisation of layers and process monitoring in thin-film photovoltaic technologies. KW - Thin-film solar cells KW - Polycrystalline materials KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Raman microscopy PY - 2016 UR - http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-3527339922.html SN - 978-3-527-33992-1 SP - 469 EP - 499 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Oxford, UK AN - OPUS4-37451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vasilic, Ksenija A1 - Geiker, M. A1 - Hattel, J. A1 - Martinie, L. A1 - Martys, N. A1 - Roussel, N. A1 - Spangenberg, J. ED - Roussel, N. ED - Gram, A. T1 - Advanced methods and future perspectives N2 - The one-phase methods described in Chapter 2 were shown to be able to predict casting to some extent, but could not depict segregation, sedimentation and blockage occurring during flow. On the other hand, the distinct element methods described in Chapter 3 did not take into account the presence of two phases in the system and describes concrete as distinct elements interacting through more or less complex laws. A reliable numerical model of a multiphase material behaviour shall take into account both phases (solid and liquid). From the numerical point of view, concrete flow shall be seen therefore as the free surface flow of a highly-concentrated suspension of rigid grains. KW - SCC KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2014 SN - 978-94-017-8883-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8884-7_5 VL - 15 SP - 125 EP - 146 PB - Springer Netherlands AN - OPUS4-37443 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Symietz, Christian A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - Vilar, Rui T1 - Stability of laser surface modified implants N2 - A new technique to fix bioceramic powder on a titanium alloy by using femtosecond laser pulses is presented. It is shown that gentle fixation of a bioactive dielectric material on a metallic model implant is successful. This is potentially a new tool for the improvement of bone prostheses. An advantage of the ultrashort pulses is the very low heat influx into the whole sample. There is only a very thin interaction zone during the fixing, which is the metal surface in contact with the ceramic layer. Neither the fixed ceramic particles nor the major part of the metal suffer any modification. The stability of the model implant (ceramic on metal) is investigated by rotating bending fatigue tests. No indication of a reduction of the mechanical stability compared to untreated metallic reference samples was found. KW - Bone implant KW - Calcium phosphate coating KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Laser-induced fixation KW - Titanium alloy PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-08-100883-6 SN - 978-0-08-100942-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100883-6.00004-6 SN - 2049-9485 IS - 111 SP - Chapter 4, 127 EP - 143 PB - Elsevier ET - 1st edition AN - OPUS4-36790 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Orts-Gil, G. A1 - Österle, Werner ED - Tantra, R. T1 - Reference nanomaterials N2 - This chapter reviews relevant aspects of the still less explored field of RNMs. In the first part, definition of RMs according to different metrological levels was presented as well as the general strategy on their development. In the second part, the importance of RNMs in material science and nanotoxicology is explained and considerations on the use of silica nano-objects as potential future reference material was discussed. Overall, several points should be highlighted from this chapter: Definition of a reference material depends on the level of standardization. Certified reference material represents the highest level of traceability. Different types of reference materials, standard materials and certified reference materials are available, as shown in Table 3.1. The preparation of nano-objects with well-defined mechanical properties is still an unsolved issue and thus needs further R&D activities. Nevertheless, amorphous silica seems to be a promising candidate for reaching this objective. Traceable properties of nanomaterials are still limited to few cases such as primary particle size and thickness measurements of very thin films. In general, developed RMs are monoparametric thus, only one characteristic of the nano-objects is reported. In nanotoxicology, the challenge is in the development of suitable RNM that bears similarities to the measurements made on the sample analysed. KW - Reference material KW - Certified reference material KW - Nanostructure PY - 2016 SN - 9781118753590 SP - 49 EP - 61 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-37943 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schäferling, Michael ED - Meyers, R.A. T1 - Fluorescence-based biosensors N2 - Biosensors, as defined by Pure and Applied Chemistry, are ‘chemical sensors in which the recognition System utilizes a biochemical mechanism. The biological recognition system translates information from the biochemical domain, usually an analyte concentration, into a chemical or physical output signal with a defined sensitivity’.(1) It is also appointed that chemical or biological sensors contain two basic components connected in series: a chemical or biomolecular recognition System (receptor) and a physicochemical transducer. According to this prerequisite, this overlook is confined to sensor devices that combine a biomolecular recognition element with an optical signal transducer. Homogeneous or intracellular assays using fluorescent molecular probes or nanoparticles are not considered, although they are frequently termed as molecular sensors or nanosensors in the literature. Fluorescence-based biosensors are generalized as those devices that derive an analytical signal from a photoluminescent (either fluorescence or phosphorescence) emission process. Chemi- or bioluminescent detection systems are only briefly discussed in this review. Biosensors are used for a wide variety of tasks, including detection of compounds of biomedical, environmental or defense interest; on-line monitoring for process control; quality control of foodstuffs; selective detection of compounds undergoing a chemical separation; and screening of drug compounds. Advantages of such devices include high selectivity, rapid response times, reusability, amenability to remote analysis, and immunity to electrical interferences. The selective nature of complexation between biomolecule and analyte and the small size of sensor devices can be combined with advanced detection techiques such as total internal reflection (TIR) spectroscopy. This results in an ability to measure analytes in complex matrices with unsurpassed sensitivity. Such samples may include highly scattering components such as milk or whole blood,(11) or relatively inaccessible locations such as groundwater wells, or even intracellular environments. The key limitation of such devices mainly centers on the poor stability of biological compounds, which can lead to a substantial drift in instrumental response over time. The so-called Cambridge Definition appoints another characteristic property of sensors. Therein, they are defined as ‘miniaturized devices which can deliver real-time and on-line information on the presence of specific compounds or ions in even complex samples’. Accordingly, a sensor is expected to respond reversibly and continuously. With the exception of some enzymatic sensors, these conditions are not fulfilled in case of most biosensors. Particularly, in devices where immunological reagents or DNA are used as recognition elements, they show a lack of reversibility and operate only as a ‘one-shot’ screen, without the potential for continuous, quantitative analysis. Nevertheless, the designations immunosensors or DNA sensors became accepted for such analytical or diagnostic tools. KW - Biosensor KW - Fluorescence KW - Immunoassay KW - Enzyme sensor KW - DNA sensor PY - 2016 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470027318.a0206.pub3/abstract SN - 9780470027318 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a0206.pub3 SP - 1 EP - 51 PB - John Wiley & Sons AN - OPUS4-38741 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Russo, Paolo T1 - Handbook of X-ray imaging: Physics and technology N2 - Industrial Radiology is used for volumetric inspection of industrial objects. By penetration of these objects (typically weldments, pipes or castings) with X-ray or Gamma radiation the 3D-volume is projected onto a 2D image detector. The X-ray film is the oldest radiographic image detector and still in wide use in industry. The industrial X-ray film systems used today differ from these used in medicine. Medical film systems are described well in the literature, but industrial film systems not. So we start with a description of the properties and standards for industrial film systems. The requirements on image quality are defined by several standards and can be verified with different image quality indicators (IQIs). They describe the ability of the human being to detect small and low contrast indications in a noisy image background. The essential parameters for digital industrial radiology are described. Since about 30 years electronic image detectors are gradually replacing the industrial film. These detectors are based on storage phosphor imaging plates in combination with Laser scanners (“Computed Radiography”, CR) or a variety of different digital detector arrays (DDA). Typical applications of CR and DDAs are discussed as well as new possibilities by digital image processing, which is enabled by the computer based image handling, processing and analysis. KW - Industrial radiology KW - Industrial radiography KW - NDT films KW - Computed radiography KW - Digital detector arrays PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-4987-4152-1 SP - Chapter 30, 595 EP - 617 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton, FL, USA AN - OPUS4-44026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Torge, Manfred A1 - Drachenberg, D. A1 - Oleszczuk, S. ED - Hinterkeuser, G. ED - von Krosigk, K.-H. ED - Schabe, P. T1 - Erhaltung historischer Glasmalereien in Niederschlesien (Dolny Slask) und Kujawien (Kujawy) N2 - Im Beitrag wird über die mühevolle Sanierung von Objekten eines Kunstzweiges in Polen berichtet, der eine besondere diffizile Stellung in der langen Reihe von Werken der Kunst einnimmt. Es geht dabei um die bleiverglasten farbigen Fensterverschlüsse in Kirchen oder Profangebäuden. Das sind feingliedrige Gitterwerke aus zerbrechlichen und korrosionsanfälligen Materialien, die durch aggressive Umweltschadstoffe schweren Belastungen ausgesetzt sind. Wie bei keinem anderen Kunstzweig haben die einzelnen Bestandteile der Glasmalerei sowohl praktisch-technische als auch ästhetisch-künstlerische Aufgaben zu erfüllen. Bei der Restaurierung dieser Glasmalereifenster geht darum, neuentwickelte Methoden der Restaurierung oder Konservierung anzuwenden und letzte Erkenntnisse naturwissenschaftlicher Forschung zu nutzen. Diese Projekte sind ein Beispiel der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit zwischen Denkmalpflegern, Naturwissenschaftlern und Restauratoren aus Deutschland und Polen. An ausgewählten Restaurierungsobjekten wird von der fachgerechten, denkmalpflegerisch verantwortungsbewussten Arbeit berichtet. KW - Glasmalereien KW - Außenschutzverglasung KW - Klimamessungen KW - Luftschadstoffe PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-86732-293-5 SP - 305 EP - 318 PB - Lukas Verlag für Kunst- und Geistesgeschichte CY - Berlin ET - 1. Auflage AN - OPUS4-43236 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Szypkowski, Marko ED - Bartmann, Hubertus T1 - Taucher-Handbuch, Technik, Tauchgeräte - Bauteile und Baugruppen für Leichttauchgeräte, Kap. Flaschenventile N2 - In dem Handbuch für Tauchgeräte behandelt das Kapitel "Flaschenventile" alle technisch und rechtlich relevanten Themenbereiche für die Anwender. Hier Fortsetzung Teil 2 KW - Flaschenventile KW - Atemschutz KW - Tauchen KW - Druck KW - Ventile PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-609-75380-5 SP - Kap. III -1.2.3.1.5, 27 EP - 51 PB - Stork Verlag CY - Landsberg am Lech ET - 102 AN - OPUS4-42480 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hiernoymus, Hartmut ED - Tsuji, K. T1 - Single bubble ignition after shock wave impact N2 - High-speed photography was applied to investigate the explosive behavior of bubble-containing systems of the type organic solvent---gaseous oxidizing agent. Knowledge about the explosive behavior of such systems is of great importance, for example, for the safe operation of chemical reactors in oxidation processes in the liquid phase. Examples of the complex dynamical reaction of bubbles are elucidated where bubble-containing liquids were subjected to the impact of shockwaves. The different stages of the shock-induced explosive behavior of oxygen and oxygen plus inert gas bubbles were studied experimentally and theoretically mainly in liquid cyclohexane. Other solvents, such as cumene and 2-ethylhexanal, have been found to show that shock-induced bubble explosions can occur even if the gas phase of the bubble is not in the explosive range before impact. Tue influence of different parameters on the bubble Explosion process, such as the composition of the bubbles and the initial pressure, was investigated. Limiting conditions for bubble explosions were determined. In addition to the behavior of individual bubbles, the interaction of exploding bubbles with one another was observed, which provides information on the Propagation mechanism of self-sustaining bubble-detonation waves. The results are important for the safety assessment of the explosion risks in corresponding two-phase systems. KW - Explosion KW - Heterogeneous systems KW - Oxidation processes KW - Bubbles PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-61490-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61491-5 SP - 303 EP - 317 PB - Springer CY - Cham, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-42424 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie ED - Hu, Chang Bin T1 - Engineering Education in Europe N2 - The book chapter first analyses the history of higher education in Europe. Second step describes the current Bologna process. Finally, the rule of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) in supporting PhD-students during their research and preparation of theire theses in cooperation with Universities is described KW - History of education KW - Bologna process KW - BAM PY - 2018 SN - 978-7-114-14938-2 SP - 61 EP - 71 PB - China Communication Press Co., Ltd. CY - Fuzhou, China ET - 1. AN - OPUS4-46871 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Daum, Werner A1 - Czichos, Horst ED - Grote, Karl-Heinrich ED - Bender, Beate ED - Göhlich, Dietmar T1 - Messtechnik und Sensorik N2 - Für den allgemeinen Maschinenbau wichtige Messtechnik und Sensorik werden grundlegend und anwendungsbezogen beschrieben. KW - Messtechnik KW - Sensorik KW - Maschinenbau PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-662-54804-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54805-9 SP - W 2 EP - W 44 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ET - 25 AN - OPUS4-47132 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Farag, Zeinab A1 - Moustapha, M. A1 - Hidde, Gundula A1 - Friedrich, Jörg A1 - Azzam, M. A1 - Krüger, Simone ED - Mital, K.L. T1 - Promotion of Adhesion of Green Flame Retardant Coatings onto Polyolefins by Depositing Ultra-Thin Plasma Polymer Films N2 - Various methods have been used for introducing fire retardant additives into polymers. Deposition of thick fire retardant coatings directly onto polymer substrates is an alternative technique. An important advantage of the coating technique is the preservation of the physical and chemical integrity of the polymer material. Moreover, the fire retardancy of the polymer materials can be achieved following their production. Suitable coating materials are inorganics, intumescent, char-forming, oxygendiluting, and cooling or radical quenching layers. The most important problem is to achieve sufficient coating thickness to withstand the direct attack of flame and to protect the polymer bulk from pyrolysis, otherwise blistering of coating, caused by emitted pyrolysis gases, is often observed. To avoid blistering of coating, the adhesion between polyolefin substrate and fire retardant coating has to be extraordinarily high. In order to achieve such a high level of adhesion, the polymer surface has to be modified with adhesion-promoting functional groups. The deposition of thin plasma polymers as adhesion-promoting layers with NH2, OH or COOH groups has been the most suited method. These functional groups are able to form covalent bonds and other interactions between the fire-resistant coating and the plasma-modified polyolefin substrate. Additionally, the plasma polymer counteracts the strong mechanical stresses in the laminate on exposure to high temperatures by its flexibility. KW - Plasma KW - Adhesion PY - 2017 SN - 978-1-119-40748-5 SN - 978-1-119-40638-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119407485 VL - 2 SP - 399 EP - 427 PB - Scrivener Publishing CY - Beverly, USA AN - OPUS4-47227 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Frick, B. A1 - Zorn, R. ED - Kremer, Friedrich ED - Loidl, Alois T1 - The scaling of the molecular dynamics of liquid crystals as revealed by broadband dielectric, specific heat, and neutron spectroscopy N2 - A combination of different complementary methods is employed to investigate scaling of the molecular dynamics of two different liquid crystals. Each method is sensitive to different kind of fluctuations and provides therefore a different window to look at the molecular dynamics. In detail, broadband dielectric spectroscopy is combined with specific heat spectroscopy and neutron scattering. As systems the nematic liquid crystal E7 and a discotic liquid crystalline pyrene are considered. First of all it was proven that both systems show all peculiarities which are characteristic for glassy dynamics and the glassy state. Especially for the nematic liquid crystal E7 it could be unambiguously shown by a combination of dielectric and specific heat spectroscopy that the tumbling mode is the underlying motional process responsible for glassy dynamics. Dielectric investigations on the discotic liquid crystalline pyrene reveal that at the phase transition from the plastic crystalline to the hexagonal columnar liquid crystalline phase the molecular dynamics changes from a more strong to fragile temperature dependence of the relaxation rates. Moreover a combination of results obtained by specific heat spectroscopy with structural methods allows an estimation of the length scale relevant for the glass transition. KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy KW - Specific heat spectroscopy KW - Rod-like liquid crystals KW - Discotic liquid crystals PY - 2018 UR - https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-72706-6.pdf SN - 978-3-319-72705-9 SN - 978-3-319-72706-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72706-6_9 SN - 2190-930X SN - 2190-9318 SP - 279 EP - 306 PB - Springer International publishing AG CY - Cham, Switzerland ET - 1. AN - OPUS4-45624 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Wilfert, L. A1 - Paxton, R.J. A1 - Brown, M.J.F. T1 - Emerging viruses in bees: From molecules to ecology N2 - Emerging infectious diseases arise as a result of novel interactions between populations of hosts and pathogens, and can threaten the health and wellbeing of the entire spectrum of biodiversity. Bees andtheir viruses area case in point. However, detailed knowledge of the ecological factors and evolutionary forces that drive disease emergence in bees and other host–pathogen communities is surprisingly lacking. In this review, we build on the fundamental insight that viruses evolve and adapt over timescales that overlap with host ecology. At the same time, we integrate the role of host community ecology, including community structure and composition, biodiversity loss, and human driven disturbance, all of which represent significant factors in bee virus ecology. Both of these evolutionary and ecological perspectives represent major advances but, in most cases, it remains unclear how evolutionary forces actually operate across different biological scales (e.g., from cell to ecosystem). We present a molecule-to-ecology framework to help address these issues, emphasizing the role of molecular mechanisms as keybottom-up drivers of change at higher ecological scales. We consider the bee–virus system to be an ideal one in which to apply this framework. Unlike many other animal models, bees constitute a well characterized and accessible multispecies assemblage, whose populations and interspecific interactions can be experimentally manipulated and monitored in high resolution across space and time to provide robust tests of prevailing theory. KW - Emerging KW - Virus KW - Pathogen KW - Bee KW - Disease PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.008 SN - 0065-3527 VL - 101 SP - 251 EP - 291 AN - OPUS4-46324 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero, Jose A. ED - Sio-Iong Ao, T1 - Modeling of vehicle-cargo interaction under different environments N2 - The safety of any transport system depends on a multitude of conditions, parameters and circumstances. In this regard, the interaction of the carried Cargo with the carrying vehicle represents a factor influencing the overall safety of any transport. The effects of cargo on the vehicle have to do with the vibration or shifting of the cargo, affecting the lateral stability of the vehicles and the braking performance. Such interaction has been associated to road crashes and maritime vehicles capsizing. Simulation of cargo-vehicle interaction thus represents an interesting Topic when a reduction in transport accidents is pursued. In this paper, the fundamentals principles for simulating the interaction of the liquid cargo and the carrying vehicle, is presented. In the case of a road transportation, the proposed simplified Simulation methodologies, show good agreement with a full-scale test. KW - Transition matrix approach KW - Braking performance KW - Experimental approach KW - Newton approach Ship stability KW - Sloshing PY - 2018 SN - 978-981-13-2191-7 SP - 47 EP - 57 PB - Springer Nature CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-46773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mishra, K. B. A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter ED - Singh, A.P. ED - Agarwal, R. A. ED - Agarwal, A. K. ED - Dhar, A. ED - Shuklar, M. K. T1 - Peroxy-fuels: Burning behavior and potential applications in combustion engines N2 - In present chapter, the potential usage of peroxy-fuels (usually known as organic peroxides) either in technically pure or in a blended form in engine combustion processes are explored. Although as additives (in small quantities <5% to conventional fuels, e.g., diesel, gasoline) peroxy-fuels are well known for many years their commercial applications as a main or primary fuel are not investigated in detail as such except a few. Their thermal instability and energy density demand great care during processing, which restricts their commercial exploitation. However, once the issues with safety are resolved they can be much more advantageously employed than conventional fuels. Some of these advantages are significant amount of fuel saving, reduction in amount of inducted air, or even the complete absence of air, i.e., anaerobic combustion, smaller volume of combustion (chamber), oxygenated fuel quality, and low emissions. An idea to develop the components of an engine operating solely on peroxy-fuels is also introduced. The engine concept is based on single and multiple injectors in a cylinder with special material coating to ensure a temperature-controlled processing. KW - Peroxy-fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Blends KW - Engine combustion KW - Engine performance PY - 2018 SN - 978-981-10-7517-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7518-6_14 SN - 2522-8366 SN - 2522-8374 SP - 343 EP - 357 PB - Springer Nature Singapore AN - OPUS4-45274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Wille, Frank ED - Saegusa, Toshiari ED - Sert, Gilles ED - Völzke, Holger ED - Wille, Frank T1 - Internal Pressure build-up of Waste Packages with Wet Contents Under Fire Impact N2 - Intermediate level waste often contains residual water or other liquids. The liquids can be decomposed due to radiolysis and can also vaporize especially under fire impact. These pressure generating processes are described. One example for the pressure determination inside a closed cask is discussed using two different approaches: analytical and CFD KW - Wet Content KW - Pressure build-up KW - Type-B Package PY - 2018 SN - 978-981-3234-03-1 SP - 195 EP - 209 PB - World Scientific Publishing CY - Singapore ET - Erste AN - OPUS4-45301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander ED - Peng, G.D. T1 - Distributed Brillouin Sensing: Frequency-Domain Techniques N2 - The substantial progresses in fiber-optic communications in combination with the increasing economic and political interest in structural health monitoring have led to a commercial establishment of distributed Brillouin sensing. The sensor systems, mainly based on the time-domain techniques, have been successfully implemented in the areas such as pipeline leak detection, geohazard effects, and ground movement detection. This chapter introduces a further advancement in the area of Brillouin sensing in the frequency domain. The so-called Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA) offers crucial perspectives in terms of dynamic range and cost efficiency. The main principle of the frequency-domain approach takes advantage of the reversibility between the time and frequency domain given by a Fourier transform in the analysis of linear systems. The hereby presented overview gives a summary of the benefits and challenges of frequency-domain measurements closely tied to the narrowband recording of the complex transfer function. This function relates the counterpropagating pump and probe laser light along the sensor fiber providing the pulse response of the measurement system by applying the inverse Fourier transform (IFT). The strain or temperature distribution can be then determined from the retrieved Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) profile along the fiber. KW - Distributed Brillouin Sensing KW - Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis KW - BOFDA PY - 2018 SN - 978-981-10-1477-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1477-2_8-1 VL - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - Springer Nature CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-45044 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wünsch, Christoph A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Maletz, Roman ED - Dornack, Christina ED - Ziyang, Lou T1 - The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the source-separated collection of household waste in Germany N2 - The production of secondary materials from waste materials requires, in most cases, significantly lower energy amounts than the primary material production of raw materials. Along with lower energy demand, the greenhouse gas emissions produced are also lower. The duty of a modern waste management system should therefore be to collect and sort the waste materials in a way that the highest amounts of single material fractions with the highest qualities can be generated. In this contribution, the greenhouse gas balances of the theoretical treatment of the household waste, if collected as mixed waste in sanitary landfills, in waste incineration plants, or in mechanical-biological treatment plants, are compared to the existing separate waste collection and treatment in Germany in 2014. The results show that the treatment of the mixed collected household waste in sanitary landfills would lead to a significant release of greenhouse gases. The treatment in MBTs with the recovery of valuables and the further disposal of the biologically stabilized fraction on landfills, as well as the treatment of the high calorific fraction (also called refuse derived fuel – RDF) in RDF plants, coal-fired power plants, or cement kilns, would lead to small amounts of avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The thermal treatment in waste incineration plants would lead to moderate amounts of avoided greenhouse gases. Only with the actually practiced separate collection and treatment of household waste were significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions avoided. In total, this is approximately 5.5 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents for approximately 45.5 million tons of separate collected and treated household waste in Germany in 2014. KW - Greenhouse gas accounting KW - Greenhouse gas mitigation KW - Household waste KW - Material recycling KW - Separate collection PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-69071-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_35 VL - 63 SP - 269 EP - 287 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Berlin ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-44937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Obregón Biosca, S. A. ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Effective assessment and management of railway infrastructure for competitiveness and sustainability N2 - In this chapter the challenges facing railways have been illustrated through the description of two important events occurring in different geographical areas. While the explosion in Quebec, Canada, points out the importance of taking away the transportation infrastructure from highly populated areas; the disruption of the European railway network in Rastatt, Germany, describes the importance of designing alternative routes to critical railway segments, together with the need to have contingency plans to face extraordinary situations regarding the connectivity in a given transport network. Future research efforts are recognized in relation with the railway car – track interaction, as the dynamic loads derived from such interaction could be reducing the life of such infrastructure. It is particularly important for infrastructures dedicated to the transportation of liquid hazardous substances. KW - Railway KW - Infrastructure PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-53614-059-0 SP - Chapter 5, 1 EP - 23 PB - Nova Science Publishers, 2018 AN - OPUS4-45150 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -