TY - CONF A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Kleber, F. A1 - Hollaus, F. A1 - Diem, M. A1 - Sablatnig, R. ED - Park, J.-I. ED - Kim, J. T1 - Can Modern Technologies Defeat Nazi Censorship? T2 - ACCV 2012 Workshops, 11th Asian conference on computer vision N2 - Censorship of parts of written text was and is a common practice in totalitarian regimes. It is used to destroy information not approved by the political power. Recovering the censored text is of interest for historical studies of the text. This paper raises the question, whether a censored postcard from 1942 can be made legible by applying multispectral imaging in combination with laser cleaning. In the fields of art conservation (e.g. color measurements), investigation (e.g. Analysis of underdrawings in paintings), and historical document analysis, multispectral imaging techniques have been applied successfully to give visibility to information hidden to the human eye. The basic principle of laser cleaning is to transfer laser pulse energy to a contamination layer by an absorption process that leads to heating and evaporation of the layer. Partial laser cleaning of postcards is possible; dirt on the surface can be removed and the obscured pictures and writings made visible again. We applied both techniques to the postcard. The text could not be restored since the original ink seems to have suffered severe chemical damage. T2 - ACCV 2012 Workshops, 11th Asian conference on computer vision CY - Daejeon, Korea DA - 05.11.2012 KW - Laser cleaning KW - Multispectral imaging KW - Image restoration KW - Image enhancement PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-642-37483-8 SN - 0302-9743 VL - II IS - LNCS 7729 SP - 13 EP - 24 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-28160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Kusche, Christian A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Barth, Uli ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Tests on suitability of the ignition source 'exploding wire' for the determination of explosion characteristics of combustible dusts in the 20-L-sphere T2 - Proceedings of the 14th EFCE symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries N2 - According to international standards several safety characteristics of dusts are determined in the 20-Lsphere (also known as SIWEK Chamber). Dust cloud ignition is carried out using pyrotechnical igniters. Due to various disadvantages of such igniters the need for alternative ignition sources arises again and again. An alternative ignition source could be the so called 'exploding wire' or 'fuse wire'. The paper presents test results of a comparative study between both ignition sources for the determination of the safety characteristics Maximum Explosion Pressure and Maximum Explosion Pressure Rise of five selected dusts in the 20-L-sphere. In addition to that the ignition mechanisms of both ignition sources were analysed by high speed camera recordings and the ignition energy was determined with electric and calorimetric recordings. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen Staub KW - Staubexplosionsschutz KW - Explodierender Draht KW - Alternative Zündquelle PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331118 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 703 EP - 708 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Romahn, T.-M. A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Modified setup of 20-L-sphere for the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders T2 - Proceedings of the 14th EFCE symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries N2 - This paper describes a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20-L-Sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nanopowders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). The aim of this modification was to determine, whether or not the current setup and procedures underestimate the explosion violence and ignitability of nanopowders. The work includes experimental results of micrometer dusts to validate the modified setup. Moreover first results of nanometer iron and Aluminium dusts are presented, which were kept at inert conditions until shortly before the ignition. The tested nano iron was found to react pyrophoric, as soon as it gets in contact with air, while the tested nano Aluminium did not generally show such behaviour. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Dust explosion KW - Nanopowder PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331135 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 805 EP - 810 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rohwetter, Philipp A1 - Habel, Wolfgang ED - Jaroszewicz, L.R. T1 - Fibre-optic sensors for partial discharge-generated ultrasound in elastomeric high-voltage insulation materials T2 - EWOFS 2013 - 5th European workshop on optical fibre sensors (Proceedings) N2 - Recent progress in the development of ultrasonic fibre-optic sensors for detecting acoustic emission from partial discharge in elastomeric insulations is presented. These sensors are an important part of a proposed comprehensive scheme for the fibre-optic monitoring of cable accessories. After specifying the underlying design goals the improved fibre-optic sensor design is outlined. It is experimentally shown that it offers about ten-fold improvement over a previously investigated resonant cantilever-type design in terms of detection limit, making it competitive with conventional piezoelectric transducers, however with the added compatibility with strong electrical fields and electromagnetically noisy environments. T2 - EWOFS 2013 - 5th European workshop on optical fibre sensors CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 2013-05-19 KW - Acoustic emission KW - Fiber optics sensors KW - Sensors KW - Transducers KW - Ultrasonics KW - Ultrasonography KW - Fiber-optic condition monitoring KW - Partial discharge KW - Silicone elastomer KW - Stress cone KW - High-voltage cable accessories KW - Sagnac interferometer KW - Acoustic waveguide PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-819-49634-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2025824 SN - 0277-786X N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings of SPIE – Series title: Proceedings of SPIE VL - 8794 IS - 181 SP - 879407-1 EP - 879407-4 AN - OPUS4-28563 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weltschev, Margit A1 - Schwarzer, Stefanie A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Comparison of the operating life of tank containers, tank vehicles and rail cars for the carriage of dangerous goods in practice, analysis of causes of damage T2 - Proceedings of the 14th EFCE symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries N2 - More than 400 Mt of dangerous materials are transported in Germany every year, of which 150 Mt are by road. Tank containers, tank vehicles and rail tank cars are used for the carriage of dangerous goods in large quantities. Data on the operating life of tanks are only available, in practice, to a minor degree. They are only partly published, mainly after accidents. The BAM-List - Requirements for Tanks for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods, which has compatibility evaluations of metallic and polymeric materials, has been the basis for substance-related prototype approvals for tank containers and portable tanks designed for the carriage of dangerous goods by the BAM since publication of the first edition in 1989. These data are also used for the approval of rail tank cars and road tank cars and are used as a source of knowledge not only in Germany but also worldwide. Tank leakages caused by tanks or rail tank cars being made of tank and sealing materials which are not resistant to the fill goods are avoided by using the material resistance data of the BAM. Corrosion damage is among the main causes of damage. Uniform and non-uniform area corrosion without mechanical stress in aqueous substances is one of the most frequent types of corrosion during the transport of chemicals in tanks. Much damage by pitting corrosion occurs during the transport of substances containing chlorides or substances which separate chloride ions in the presence of moisture. Operational stresses are caused by the effects of both the road and the dangerous goods being transported. Mechanical damage often results from long-term overstressing and occurs after longer operating times. Operational failures cause damage which may appear during the service of tank containers, road tank cars or rail tank cars. The damage results from the inattention of employees when opening and closing the valves. Traffic accidents also cause damage to tanks and frames. Many cases of damage are due to weld area cracks resulting from four basic errors in construction, material, manufacturing and operation. Manufacturing errors can be undetected and the starting point of cracks which only grow under service conditions. Manufacturing errors result from variations in measurement and design, fittings, state of surface (hardness, abrasiveness) and mechanical surface damage (scratches, cracks). Incorrectly welded joints and errors during mechanical deformation are typical mistakes when installing the component parts. Variations in the wall thickness or combinations of different materials lead to manufacturing errors too. A lot of tanks are not used for the transport of dangerous goods before the end of their service life as they do not fulfil the revised technical safety requirements in the Dangerous Goods Regulations. Predictions in the BAM-List based on literature data and corrosion test results are reflected in the service (operating) life. Rail tank cars made of carbon steel, for example, which are mainly used for the transport of petroleum products, can achieve a service life of 40 – 50 y. Rail tank cars produced of austenitic CrNi- or CrNiMo-steel can reach an operating life of at least 30 y, whereby the corrosiveness of the transport substances plays an important role. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Gefahrguttanks KW - Eisenbahnkesselwagen KW - Schadensursachen KW - Lebensdauer PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331094 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 559 EP - 564 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28568 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kusche, Nadine A1 - Schukar, Vivien A1 - Hofmann, Detlef A1 - Basedau, Frank A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Woschitz, H. A1 - Lienhart, W. ED - Jaroszewicz, L.R. T1 - Field examples for optical fibre sensor condition diagnostics based on distributed fibre-optic strain sensing T2 - EWOFS 2013 - 5th European workshop on optical fibre sensors (Proceedings) N2 - Fibre optic sensors for monitoring in safety-relevant structures have to be validated in order to proof their reliability under typical structural load conditions. The reliable use of optical fibre sensors depends strongly on an appropriate and qualitative application. Diagnostics of the physical condition of embedded and surface-applied fibre optic strain sensors are demonstrated on field examples. Distributed strain measurement based on Rayleigh backscattering is used to determine breakage of the fibre, interface adhesion problems and to identify application related strain transfer mechanisms. T2 - EWOFS 2013 - 5th European workshop on optical fibre sensors CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 19.05.2013 KW - Fibre Bragg grating KW - Rayleigh backscattering KW - Condition diagnostics KW - Strain KW - Strain transfer PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-81949-634-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2025567 SN - 0277-786X N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings of SPIE – Series title: Proceedings of SPIE VL - 8794 IS - Paper 8794 - 181 SP - 879433-1 EP - 879433-4 AN - OPUS4-28570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schälike, Stefan A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Schönbucher, A. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Mass burning rate of a large TBPB pool fire - experimental study and modeling T2 - Proceedings of the 14th EFCE symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries N2 - Data and prediction for the mass burning rate of a tert-butyl-peroxy-benzoat (TBPB) pool fire (pool diameter = 3 m) is presented. The mass burning rates of TBPB fires are up to six times higher and less dependent on pool diameter compared to hydrocarbon pool fires caused by an additional heat release rate due to exothermic decomposition reaction in the liquid phase. This heat release rate is calculated using a 1st order reaction kinetic obtained from micro calorimetric measurements. A new model is derived considering the heat release rate due to the decomposition reaction which is shown to be 100 % of the heat release rate radiated to the pool surface. With the presented model, including also physical quantities, especially the limiting fuel concentration for upward flame propagation, it is possible to predict the mass burning rates of large TBPB pool fires. The predicted values are in very good agreement with the experiments. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Mass burning rate KW - TBPB (tert-butyl-peroxy benzoat) KW - Pool fire KW - Experimental study KW - Modeling PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331143 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 853 EP - 858 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Kasparek, Eva Maria A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Modeling of cylindrical casks under horizontal drop test conditions T2 - IHLRWM 2013 - 14th International high-level radioactive waste management conference (Proceedings) N2 - Cylindrical casks made of ductile cast iron are used for transport, interim storage and final disposal of radioactive waste in Germany. A basic design criterion is the ability to withstand a horizontal drop without impact Binders onto a foundation representative for the real ground of a storage facility. The increasing use of more cost-effective material compositions requires optimized cask geometries to reduce stresses and strains in the cask structure. For example, a non-uniform wall thickness was introduced to reduce maximum wall bending stresses. As a result, the load characteristics changed from line load to point load at bottom and lid side under horizontal drop fest conditions. Hereby, the position of highest stress inside the structure has shifted significantly. This was the reason for a systematic investigation of effects caused by small design changes or small variations of fest conditions. It led to a better understanding of the positions of high local stresses, their time history and maximum value for cylindrical casks under horizontal drop test conditions. Hence, the paper presents the lessons learnt from modeling and simulating such scenarios considering an impact without limiters onto a realistic target. T2 - 14th International high-level radioactive waste management conference CY - Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA DA - 28.04.2013 KW - Cylindrical cask KW - Ductile cast iron KW - Numerical simulation KW - Horizontal drop test KW - Storage facility KW - Concrete foundation PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-62748-644-6 SP - 1114 EP - 1119 (Paper # 6862) PB - Omnipress AN - OPUS4-28529 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Stark, Wolfgang T1 - Investigating the performance of rubber seals at low temperatures T2 - IHLRWM 2013 - 14th International high-level radioactive waste management conference (Proceedings) N2 - Rubbers are widely used as main sealing materials for Containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste and as additional component to metal seals in spent fuel and high active waste containers. The save enclosure of the radioactive container inventory has to be guaranteed according to legislation and appropriate guidelines for long term storage periods as well as down to temperatures of -40 °C for transportation. Therefore the understanding of failure mechanisms that lead to leakage at low temperatures is necessary to ensure a proper material choice which is certainly also influenced by additional factors as e.g. the aging behavior. T2 - 14th International high-level radioactive waste management conference CY - Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA DA - 28.04.2013 KW - Rubber seals KW - Elastomers KW - Compression set KW - Low temperature KW - Leakage rate PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-62748-644-6 SP - 1 EP - 7(Paper # 6888) PB - Omnipress AN - OPUS4-28530 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfeil, Norbert A1 - Jochum, C. A1 - Mitropetros, K. A1 - Schmelzer, P.G. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Keeping and improving process and plant safety competence - what is needed, what should be done? T2 - Proceedings of the 14th EFCE symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries N2 - In March 2004 with the position paper “Maintaining and improving competence in safety engineering” of the DECHEMA/GVC Research Committee "Safety Engineering in Chemical Plants", an initiative came up against the tendency that more and more process and plant safety (PPS) orientated professorships turn to other more fashionable research topics. The Research Committee was concerned that PPS in both academic teaching and research could suffer a negative development - despite of its importance. In 2009 a corresponding Dutch initiative followed. To bring these both and other similar initiatives together, within the 8th European Congress of Chemical Engineering held in Berlin in September 2011 a two days Special session on PPS competence was jointly organized by EFCE, ProcessNet and EPSC. All presentations and conclusions drawn by the organizers (the authors of this paper) are electronically available. The paper addresses the before mentioned initiatives, highlights views and results from the ECCE 8’s special session on PPS competence, and indicates steps necessary to be taken and recent developments. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Anlagensicherheit KW - Prozessindustrie KW - Lehre KW - Forschung PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331063 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 373 EP - 378 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -