TY - JOUR A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Putna-Nimane, I. A1 - Barda, I. A1 - Liepina-Leimane, I. A1 - Strode, E. A1 - Kileso, A. A1 - Esiukova, E. A1 - Chubarenko, B. A1 - Purina, I. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Environmental impact of geosynthetics in coastal protection N2 - Geosynthetic materials are applied in measures for coastal protection. Weathering or any damage of constructions, as shown by a field study in Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), could lead to the littering of the beach or the sea (marine littering) and the discharge of possibly harmful additives into the marine environment. The ageing behavior of a widely used geotextile made of polypropylene was studied by artificial accelerated ageing in water-filled autoclaves at temperatures of 30 to 80 °C and pressures of 10 to 50 bar. Tensile strength tests were used to evaluate the progress of ageing, concluding that temperature rather than pressure was the main factor influencing the ageing of geotextiles. Using a modified Arrhenius equation, it was possible to calculate the half-life for the loss of 50% of the strain, which corresponds to approximately 330 years. Dynamic surface leaching and ecotoxicological tests were performed to determine the possible release of contaminants. No harmful effects on the test organisms were observed. KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotextiles KW - Dynamic surface leaching test KW - Artificial ageing KW - Marine littering PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520576 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030634 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 14 IS - 3 (Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials) SP - 634-1 EP - 634-13 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52057 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleim, Tobias A1 - Chen, Hefeng T1 - Numerical Analysis for an Electro‐Magneto‐Mechanical Phenomenon with High‐Order Accurate Methods N2 - This paper establishes an axisymmetric model for a levitation device. Therein, the Maxwell equations are combined with the balance of linear momentum. Different possible formulations to describe the MAXWELL equations are presented and compared and discussed in the example. A high order finite element discretization using GALERKIN's method in space and the generalized NEWMARK‐α method in time are developed for the electro‐magneto‐mechanical approach. Several studies on spatial and temporal discretization with respect to convergence will be investigated. In addition, the boundary influences and the domain size with respect to the levitation device are also examined. T2 - International Association for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 16.03.2020 KW - High-Order Methods KW - Electro-Magneto-Mechanical KW - Levitation Device PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520720 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pamm.202000018 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - e202000018 PB - Wiley‐VCH GmbH CY - Online AN - OPUS4-52072 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quiroz, J. A1 - de Oliveira, P. F. M. A1 - Shetty, S. A1 - Oropeza, F. A1 - Peña O’Shea, V. A1 - Rodrigues, L. A1 - Rodrigues, M. A1 - Torresi, R. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Camargo, P. T1 - Bringing earth-abundant plasmonic catalysis to light: Gram-scale mechanochemical synthesis and tuning of activity by dual excitation of antenna and reactor sites N2 - The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) excitation in plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) in the visible and near-infrared ranges is currently at the forefront of improving photocatalytic performances via plasmonic photocatalysis. One bottleneck of this field is that the NPs that often display the best optical properties in the visible and near-infrared ranges are based on expensive noble metals such as silver (Ag) and gold (Au). While earth-abundant plasmonic materials have been proposed together with catalytic metals in antenna–reactor systems, their performances remain limited by their optical properties. Importantly, the synthesis of plasmonic photocatalysts remains challenging in terms of scalability while often requiring several steps, high temperatures, and special conditions. Herein, we address these challenges by developing a one-pot, gram-scale, room-temperature synthesis of earth-abundant plasmonic photocatalysts while improving their activities beyond what has been dictated by the LSPR excitation of the plasmonic component. We describe the mechanochemical synthesis of earth-abundant plasmonic photocatalysts by using MoO3 (antenna) and Au (reactor) NPs as a proof-of-concept example and demonstrate that the dual plasmonic excitation of antenna and reactor sites enables the tuning of plasmonic photocatalytic performances toward the reductive coupling of nitrobenzene to azobenzene as a model reaction. In addition to providing a pathway to the facile and gram-scale synthesis of plasmonic photocatalysts, the results reported herein may open pathways to improved activities in plasmonic catalysis. KW - MoO3 KW - Au nanoparticles KW - Localized surface plasmon resonance KW - Plasmonic photocatalysis KW - Nitrobenzene reduction PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532089 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c02063 VL - 9 IS - 29 SP - 9750 EP - 9760 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-53208 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cunliffe, A. J. A1 - Askew, P. D. A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Iredale, G. A1 - Cosemans, P. A1 - Simmons, L. M. A1 - Verran, J. A1 - Redfern, J. T1 - How do we determine the efficacy of an antibacterial surface? A review of standardised antibacterial material testing methods N2 - Materials that confer antimicrobial activity, be that by innate property, leaching of biocides or design features (e.g., non-adhesive materials) continue to gain popularity to combat the increasing and varied threats from microorganisms, e.g., replacing inert surfaces in hospitals with copper. To understand how efficacious these materials are at controlling microorganisms, data is usually collected via a standardised test method. However, standardised test methods vary, and often the characteristics and methodological choices can make it difficult to infer that any perceived antimicrobial activity demonstrated in the laboratory can be confidently assumed to an end-use setting. This review provides a critical analysis of standardised methodology used in academia and industry, and demonstrates how many key methodological choices (e.g., temperature, humidity/moisture, airflow, surface topography) may impact efficacy assessment, highlighting the need to carefully consider intended antimicrobial end-use of any product. KW - Antimicrobial materials KW - Antimicrobial testing KW - ISO 22196 KW - Antimicrobial surfaces KW - Antibacterial coatings PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532138 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091069 SN - 2079-6382 VL - 10 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-53213 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittmar, J. A1 - Ohle, Corina A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Brand, I. T1 - Effect of Ectoine on the Conformation and Hybridization of dsDNA in Monolayer Films: A Spectroelectrochemical Study N2 - Lack of long-time stability of dsDNA-based supramolecular assemblies is an important issue that hinders their applications. In this work, 20 base pairs long dsDNA fragments [(dCdG)20 65%] composed of 65% dCdG and 35% dAdT nucleotides were tethered via a thiol to the surface of a gold electrode. The selfassembled (dCdG)20 -65% monolayer was immersed in solutions containing ectoine, a compatible solute. Electrochemical results showed that these monolayers were stable for one month. In situ IR spectroscopy indicated that ectoine interacts weakly with the phosphate-ribose backbone, dehydrating the phosphate groups and stabilizing the A-DNA conformation. This structural reorganization led to a reorientation of nucleic acid base pairs and a local disruption of the double-helix structure. However, the conformation and orientation of the dsDNA fragment was stable in the KW - Ectoine KW - dsDAN monolayer KW - A-DNA conformation PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-533346 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100816 SN - 2196-0216 VL - 8 IS - 20 SP - 3844 EP - 3854 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-53334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 51, Heft 3 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 3/2021 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Richtlinien KW - Festlegungen PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-533350 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 111 EP - 134 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53335 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Sanchez-Olivares, G. A1 - Rockel, Daniel A1 - Maldonado-Santoyo, M. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Waste not, want not: The use of leather waste in flame retarded EVA N2 - Leather is among the most ancient, widely used materials worldwide. Industrial-scale leather production produces large quantities of organic waste attained during shaving and buffing steps during processing. In this study, leather wastes (LW) are used as fillers in flame retarded polymer composites. LW is investigated as a multifunctional bio-filler that enhances the fire performance of flame retarded poly(ethylene–vinyl acetate) (EVA) containing phosphorus flame retardants (P-FRs) ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or a melamine-encapsulated APP (eAPP). Using LW from tanneries as adjuvants to enhance P-FRs in EVA reduces industrial wastes that otherwise require costly waste management solutions. Materials are characterized multi-methodically via mechanical tests, electron microscopy, rheology, thermogravimetric analysis, evolved gas analysis, and condensed phase FTIR, also reaction-to-small-flames and cone calorimeter tests. EVA containing 10 wt-% LW and 20 wt-% P-FRs achieve 20% reductions in fire loads versus EVA, and up to 10% reduction in effective heats of combustion versus EVA with equal (30 wt-%) P-FR loadings. Enhanced char stabilization of EVA composites with LW and P-FRs lowered peaks of heat release rates up to 53% compared to EVA, and up to 40% compared to equal P-FRs loadings. Synergisms between LW and P-FRs in EVA are quantified. A chemical decomposition mechanism is proposed. KW - Leather waste KW - Tannery industry KW - EVA KW - Fire protection KW - Flame retardancy KW - Charring PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532977 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110100 SN - 0264-1275 VL - 210 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-53297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seher, Julia A1 - Fröba, M. T1 - Shape matters: The effect of particle morphology on the fast-charging performance of LiFePO4/C nanoparticle composite electrodes N2 - For the successful use of lithium-ion batteries in automotive applications, reliable availability of high storage capacity and very short recharging times are essential. In order to develop the perfect battery for a certain application, structure–property relationships of each active material must be fully understood. LiFePO4 is of great interest due to its fast-charging capability and high stability regarding its thermal resistance and chemical reactivity. The anisotropic lithium-ion diffusion through the LiFePO4 crystal structure indicates a strong dependence of the electrochemical performance of a nanostructured active material on particle morphology. In this paper, the relationship of the particle morphology and fast-charging capability of LiFePO4/C core/shell nanoparticles in half-cells was studied. For this purpose, a new multistep synthesis strategy was developed. It involves the combination of a solvothermal synthesis followed by an in situ polymer coating and thermal calcination step. Monodisperse rodlike LiFePO4 nanoparticles with comparable elongation along the b-axis (30–50 nm) and a varying aspect ratio c/a (2.4–6.9) were obtained. A strong correlation of the fast-charging capability with the aspect ratio c/a was observed. When using LiFePO4 nanoparticles with the smallest aspect ratio c/a, the best electrochemical performance was received regarding the specific capacity at high C-rates and the cycling stability. A reduction of the aspect ratio c/a by 30% (3.6 to 2.4) was found to enhance the charge capacity at 10 C up to an order of magnitude (7.4–73 mA h·g–1). KW - LiFePO4 KW - Schnellladung KW - Nanoparticles KW - Carbon KW - Chemical synthesis KW - Electrochemical cells KW - Materials PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-533004 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03432 SN - 2470-1343 VL - 6 IS - 37 SP - 24062 EP - 24069 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-53300 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN T1 - BAM Update #3/2021 N2 - Newsletter der BAM für die interessierte Öffentlichkeit. T3 - BAM Newsletter - 3/2021 PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536663 N1 - Der BAM Update Newsletter bündelt die aktuellen Informationen der BAM. Da Informationen ggf. nur für einen definierten Zeitraum relevant sind, werden einige Links nach gewisser Zeit nicht mehr verfügbar sein. Bitte haben Sie Verständnis, dass nicht alle Links permanent vorgehalten werden können. IS - 03/2021 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53666 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN T1 - BAM Update #4/2021 N2 - Newsletter der BAM für die interessierte Öffentlichkeit. T3 - BAM Newsletter - 4/2021 PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536677 N1 - Der BAM Update Newsletter bündelt die aktuellen Informationen der BAM. Da Informationen ggf. nur für einen definierten Zeitraum relevant sind, werden einige Links nach gewisser Zeit nicht mehr verfügbar sein. Bitte haben Sie Verständnis, dass nicht alle Links permanent vorgehalten werden können. IS - 04/2021 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53667 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -