TY - JOUR A1 - Heilmann, Maria A1 - Simões, R. G. A1 - Bernardes, C. E. S. A1 - Ramisch, Yen A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Röllig, Matthias A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Minas da Piedade, M. E. T1 - Real-Time In situ XRD Study of Simvastatin Crystallization in Levitated Droplets N2 - Simvastatin (SV) is an important active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for treatment of hyperlipidemias, which is known to exist in different crystalline and amorphous phases. It is, therefore, an interesting model to investigate how the outcome of evaporative crystallization in the contactless environment of an acoustically levitated droplet may be influenced by key experimental conditions, such as temperature, solvent properties (e.g., polarity and hygroscopicity), and dynamics of the evaporation process. Here, we describe a real-time and in situ study of simvastatin evaporative crystallization from droplets of three solvents that differ in volatility, polarity, and protic character (acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate). The droplet monitorization relied on synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, imaging, and thermographic analysis. A pronounced solvent-dependent behavior was observed. In ethanol, a simvastatin amorphous gel-like material was produced, which showed no tendency for crystallization over time; in ethyl acetate, a glassy material was formed, which crystallized on storage over a two-week period to yield simvastatin form I; and in acetone, form I crystallized upon solvent evaporation without any evident presence of a stable amorphous intermediate. The XRD and Raman results further suggested that the persistent amorphous phase obtained from ethanol and the amorphous precrystallization intermediate formed in ethyl acetate were similar. Thermographic analysis indicated that the evaporation process was accompanied by a considerable temperature decrease of the droplet surface, whose magnitude and rate correlated with the solvent volatility (acetone > ethyl acetate > ethanol). The combined thermographic and XRD results also suggested that, as the cooling effect increased, so did the amount of residual water (most likely captured from the atmosphere) remaining in the droplet after the organic solvent was lost. Finally, the interpretation of the water fingerprint in the XRD time profiles was aided by molecular dynamics simulations, which also provided insights into the possible role of H2O as an antisolvent that facilitates simvastatin crystallization. KW - Simvastatin KW - In-situ KW - API KW - Crystallization PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00509 SN - 1528-7483 VL - 21 IS - 8 SP - 4665 EP - 4673 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-53663 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Wettmarshausen, Sascha A1 - Hidde, Gundula T1 - Coating of carbon fibers with adhesion-promoting thin polymer layers using plasma polymerization or electrospray ionization technique—A comparison N2 - Plasma polymers and electrospray-ionization (ESI) polymer layers are compared for most efficient adhesion promotion in carbon fiber-epoxy resin composites. The ultra-thin ESI layers (2–30 nm) of commercial poly(acrylic acid) and poly-(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) produce an significant increase of adhesion measured by single-fiber pull out tests. However, plasma Treatment has also advantages, such as simultaneous activation of the fiber substrate. Chemical structure and composition are rather far from the regular structure of commercial polymers as deposited by ESI processing. KW - Plasma polymers KW - Electrospray ionization polymers KW - Poly(acrylic acid) KW - Poly- (hydroxyethylmethacrylate) PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201600074 SN - 1612-8869 SN - 1612-8850 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - e1600074-1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-40510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nehls, Irene A1 - Hanebeck, Olaf A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - N-(beta-carboxyethyl)-alpha-isoleucine N2 - The title compound, {2-[(2-carbamoylethyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoic acid}, C9H18N2O3, is of interest with respect to its biological activity. It was formed during an addition reaction between acrylamide and the amino acid isoleucine. The crystal structure is a three-dimensional network built up by intermolecular N–H···O and O–H···N hydrogen bonds. KW - Acrylamid KW - Isoleucin KW - Derivatisierung PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S160053681205146X SN - 1600-5368 VL - 69 IS - Part 2 SP - o172-o173, sup-1 - sup-7 PB - Munksgaard CY - Copenhagen AN - OPUS4-27573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Fitch, A.N. A1 - Evans, A. A1 - Ibberson, R.M. A1 - Többens, D.M. A1 - Cranswick, L.M.D. A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Matschat, Ralf T1 - Structural characterization of a coarse-grained transparent silicon carbide powder by a combination of powder diffraction techniques N2 - Diffraction of hard synchrotron radiation as well as constant-wavelength and time-of-flight neutron diffraction were used for the structural characterization of a silicon carbide powder having extremely low levels of chemical impurities, high perfection of the crystalline lattice and a grain size of up to 150 µm. The presence of three polytypes was ascertained and the ratios of their mass fractions were determined to be w15R : w6H = 0.002,3(8) and w4H : w6H = 0.000,6(2). KW - Silicon carbide KW - Polytypes KW - Phase quantification KW - Reference material PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/zksu.2009.0009 SN - 0930-486X VL - 30 EPDIC 2008 SP - 61 EP - 66 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-20561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Polte, Jörg A1 - Ahner, T. T. A1 - Delißen, Friedmar A1 - Sokolov, S. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Kraehnert, R. T1 - Mechanism of gold nanoparticle formation in the classical citrate synthesis method derived from coupled in situ XANES and SAXS evaluation PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/ja906506j SN - 0002-7863 SN - 1520-5126 VL - 132 IS - 4 SP - 1296 EP - 1301 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-23048 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zänker, Steffen A1 - Scholz, G. A1 - Heise, M. A1 - Kemnitz, E. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - New 2D layered structures with direct fluorine-metal bonds: MF(CH3COO) (M: Sr, Ba, Pb) N2 - New coordination polymers with 2D network structures with fluorine directly coordinated to the metal ion were prepared both via mechanochemical synthesis and fluorolytic sol–gel synthesis. Depending on the synthesis route, the samples show different particle sizes, according to SEM imaging. The crystal structures of barium acetate fluoride, strontium acetate fluoride, and lead acetate fluoride (BaFIJCH3COO), SrFIJCH3COO) and PbFIJCH3COO)) were solved from X-ray powder diffraction data. The structure solution is backed by the results from 19F MAS NMR, FT IR data, and thermal analysis. The calculated chemical shifts of the 19F MAS NMR spectra coincide well with the measured ones. It turns out that the grinding conditions have a remarkable influence on the mechanochemical synthesis and its products. Our systematic study also indicates a strong influence of the atomic radii of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb on the success of the syntheses. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Coordination polymers PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ce00287a VL - 22 IS - 16 SP - 2772 EP - 2780 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50789 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walther, M. A1 - Matterna, M. A1 - Juran, S. A1 - Fähnemann, S. A1 - Stephan, H. A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Imidazole-containing bispidine ligands: synthesis, structure and Cu(II) complexation N2 - The preparation and characterization of tris-pyridyl bispidine (3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) derivatives with benzimidazole and imidazole donor groups at the N-3 position of the bispidine Skeleton and their copper(II) complexes are reported. The impact of the hetaryl substituents on the configurational isomerism of piperidones and their corresponding bispidones has been studied by NMR spectroscopy, revealing the exclusive appearance in the enol form for the piperidones in solution and the trans-configuration regarding the two pyridyl substituents, as well as the sole formation of the unsymmetric exo-endo isomers for the corresponding bispidones. Thus, the bispidones are preorganized ligands for building pentacoordinated complexes, confirmed by the preparation and characterization of the corresponding Cu(II) complexes. Of the di-pyridyl piperidones with benzimidazole and imidazole substituents, and of the Cu(II) complex of the benzimidazole-containing bispidone, Crystals have become available for the analysis by X-ray diffraction, showing that the piperidones form the enol tautomers also in the solid state. KW - Piperidone KW - Bispidine KW - Copper(II) KW - Configuration isomerism PY - 2011 SN - 0932-0776 SN - 0340-5087 SN - 0044-3174 VL - 66b SP - 721 EP - 728 PB - Verl. d. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-24091 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Schadrack, Reinhard A1 - Michaelis, Matthias A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Reuther, H. A1 - Menzel, Michael T1 - Evidence of formation of the tridymite form of AlPO4 in some municipal sewage sludge ashes N2 - Evidence is provided that the tridymite component observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns of some sewage sludge ashes (SSAs) should not be interpreted as the tridymite modification of SiO2 but as the tridymite form of AlPO4. This proof is based on a combined X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Mossbauer spectroscopy investigation of two SSAs produced at two fluidized bed incineration facilities, located in different municipalities and operated differently. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on the 'as received' SSA samples as well as on the residues of these two SSAs pretreated by leaching in citric acid. In addition, direct proof is presented that the tridymite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850 °C) typical for fluidized bed incinerators. KW - Aluminium phosphate KW - Ash KW - Fly ash KW - Incinerator ash KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Tridymite form PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715613000869 SN - 0885-7156 VL - 28 IS - S2 SP - S425 EP - S435 PB - JCPDS CY - Swarthmore, Pa. AN - OPUS4-29703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Kegel, Jenny A1 - Polte, Jörg A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Superparamagnetic Maghemite Nanorods: Analysis by Coupling Field-Flow Fractionation and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering N2 - We report on the online coupling of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (A4F) with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for the detection of nanoparticles. The A4F was used to fractionate superparamagnetic maghemite nanoparticles, which were prepared continuously with a micromixer. The outlet of the A4F was directly coupled to a flow capillary of a SAXSess instrument (Kratky type of camera). SAXS curves were recorded in a 1 s time interval. This was possible by using intense synchrotron radiation. The radii of gyration of the nanoparticles, as determined from Guinier plots, increased from 2 to 6 nm with increasing fractionation time of the A4F. A more detailed analysis of the scattering curves revealed that the particles were cylindrical in shape (nanorods), which we attributed to the micromixing preparation technique. The radii of the nanorods increased only slightly from 1.2 to 1.7 nm with increasing fractionation time, while the lengths increased strongly from 7.0 to 30.0 nm. The volume distribution of the nanorods was determined and described by Schultz-Zimm and log-normal distributions. Nanorod volumes increased from 45 to 263 nm³, corresponding to molar masses of 140 × 10³ to 820 × 10³ g mol-1. We propose A4F-SAXS coupling as a new method for analysis of nanoparticles of complex composition in solution. It allows precise online determination of the particle’s shape and size distributions. This method can be applied to mixtures of nanoparticles of arbitrary shapes and sizes (1-100 nm). Moreover, the total time needed for fractionation and online SAXS data recording is usually only 20 min. PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac8004814 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 80 IS - 15 SP - 5905 EP - 5911 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-17813 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Adam, Karin A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - New horizons of the structural characterization of stainless steel slags by X-ray powder diffraction KW - AOD slag KW - Metal recovery KW - Metallurgy KW - Rietveld method KW - Slags KW - Stainless steel slags KW - Quantitative phase analysis (QPA) PY - 2007 SN - 0930-486X VL - 26 SP - 61 EP - 66 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-16666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, S. E. A1 - Müller, L. A1 - Barrea, R. A1 - Kampf, C.J. A1 - Leiterer, Jork A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Tremel, W. T1 - Carbonate-coordinated metal complexes precede the formation of liquid amorphous mineral emulsions of divalent metal carbonates N2 - During the mineralisation of metal carbonates MCO3 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Cd, Pb) liquid-like amorphous intermediates emerge. These intermediates that form via a liquid/liquid phase separation behave like a classical emulsion and are stabilized electrostatically. The occurrence of these intermediates is attributed to the formation of highly hydrated networks whose stability is mainly based on weak interactions and the variability of the metal-containing pre-critical clusters. Their existence and compositional freedom are evidenced by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Liquid intermediates in non-classical crystallisation pathways seem to be more common than assumed. PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00761g SN - 2040-3364 SN - 2040-3372 IS - 3 SP - 1158 EP - 1165 PB - RSC Publ. CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-23355 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Formanek, P. A1 - Meyer, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Scharf, Holger A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered beta-cristobalite AlPO4 chemically stabilized at room temperature: synthesis, physical characterization, and X-ray powder diffraction data N2 - This paper reports the first successful synthesis and the structural characterization of nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered β-cristobalite AlPO4 that is chemically stabilized down to room temperature and free of crystalline impurity phases. Several batches of the title compound were synthesized and thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping in SEM, solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy including the TRAPDOR method, differential thermal analysis (DTA), gas-sorption methods, optical Emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and ion chromatography. Parameters that are critical for the synthesis were identified and optimized. The synthesis procedure yields reproducible results and is well documented. A high-quality XRD pattern of the title compound is presented, which was collected with monochromatic copper radiation at room temperature in a wide 2θ range of 5°–100°. KW - Stabilization of high-temperature phase at RT KW - Nanochrystalline AlPO4 KW - Beta-christobalite structure type KW - High-cristobalite form KW - Aluminium phosphate PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715617000537 SN - 1945-7413 SN - 0885-7156 VL - 32 IS - S1 SP - S193 EP - S200 PB - JCPDS-ICDD CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-42235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klimakow, Maria A1 - Leiterer, Jork A1 - Kneipp, Janina A1 - Rössler, E. A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Rademann, K. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Combined synchrotron XRD/Raman measurements: In situ identification of polymorphic transitions during crystallization processes N2 - A combination of two analytical methods, time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, is presented as a novel tool for crystallization studies. An acoustic levitator was employed as sample environment. This setup enables the acquisition of XRD and Raman data in situ simultaneously within a 20 s period and hence permits investigation of polymorphic phase transitions during the crystallization process in different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane, acetonitrile). These real time measurements allow the determination of the phase content from the onset of the first crystalline molecular assemblies to the stable system. To evaluate the capability of this approach, the setup was applied to elucidate the crystallization process of the polymorphic compound nifedipine. The results indicate the existence of solvent-dependent transient phases during the crystallization process. The quality of the data allowed the assignment of the lattice constants of the hitherto unknown crystal structure of the β-polymorph. KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - XRD KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Polymorphism KW - Crystallization KW - Acoustic levitation KW - Nifedipine PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/la100540q SN - 0743-7463 SN - 1520-5827 VL - 26 IS - 13 SP - 11233 EP - 11237 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-21396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kahlau, R. A1 - Gnutzmann, Tanja A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Rademann, K. A1 - Rössler, E.A. T1 - Quinaldine: Accessing two crystalline polymorphs via the supercooled liquid N2 - Quinaldine (2-methyl quinoline) is a liquid at room temperature, which can be supercooled to reach finally the glassy state. By heating the glass above the glass transition temperature Tg = 180 K the sample performs two subsequent transitions into, likewise, dielectrically active phases. Thus, the reorientational relaxations of these phases as well as the kinetics of the phase transitions can be tracked in a highly resolved way by dielectric spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis clearly shows two structurally different crystalline phases in addition to the supercooled liquid. Calorimetric measurements support the notion of first order phase transitions, occurring irreversibly in the supercooled regime, and suggest that the intermediate crystalline phase is metastable, too. Analyzing the quite distinct dielectric relaxation strengths, we discuss the possible nature of the two crystalline phases. Additionally, a very similar behavior to quinaldine is observed for 3-methyl quinoline, indicating a broad field of polymorphism among the quinoline derivatives. KW - Calorimetry KW - Dielectric liquids KW - Dielectric relaxation KW - Glass transition KW - Liquid structure KW - Organic compounds KW - Polymorphism KW - Supercooling KW - X-ray diffraction PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4738583 SN - 0021-9606 SN - 1089-7690 VL - 137 IS - 5 SP - 054505-1 - 054505-10 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-26347 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leiterer, Jork A1 - Leitenberger, W. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - The use of an acoustic levitator to follow crystallization in small droplets by energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction N2 - For the investigation of small sample volumes, the use of an acoustic levitator was tested as a `sample holder' for hovering droplets in a synchrotron beam. It might be advantageous to use levitated droplets instead of samples confined in solid holders, especially for the study of crystallization processes where the influence of containing walls has to be minimized. In a first experiment, the crystallization of sodium chloride in a small droplet of aqueous solution has been followed with a time resolution of 30 s. The collected diffraction peaks are compared with data in the ICSD database. KW - EDXD KW - Noncontact measurement technique KW - X-ray-scattering KW - Synchrotron-radiation KW - Acoustic levitation PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889806024915 SN - 0021-8898 SN - 1600-5767 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 771 EP - 773 PB - Blackwell CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-13516 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mönch, Bettina A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Nehls, Irene T1 - n-Propyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside N2 - The title compound [systematic name: (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R) 2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-propoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate], C17H26O10, was formed by a Koenigs-Knorr reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide and n-propanol. The central ring adopts a chair conformation. The crystal does not contain any significant interactions such as hydrogen bonds. PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536812051495 SN - 1600-5368 VL - 69 IS - Part 2 SP - o158, sup-1 - sup-7 PB - Munksgaard CY - Copenhagen AN - OPUS4-27439 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, S. E. A1 - Lieberwirth, I. A1 - Natalio, F. A1 - Bardeau, J.-F. A1 - Delorme, N. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Barrea, R. A1 - Kappl, M. A1 - Marin, F. T1 - Merging models of biomineralisation with concepts of nonclassical crystallisation: is a liquid amorphous precursor involved in the formation of the prismatic layer of the Mediterranean Fan Mussel Pinna nobilis? N2 - The calcitic prisms of Pinna nobilis (Pinnidae, Linnaeus 1758) are shown to be perfect examples of a mesocrystalline material. Based on their ultrastructure and on the occurrence of an amorphous transient precursor during the early stages of prism formation, we provide evidence for the pathway of mesocrystallisation proposed by Seto et al. (2012), which proceeds not by self-organized oriented attachment of crystalline nano-bricks but by aggregation of initially amorphous nanogranules which later transform by epitaxial nucleation to a three-dimensional array of well aligned nanocrystals. We further fathom the role of a liquid amorphous calcium carbonate in biomineralisation processes and provide strong evidence for the occurrence of PILP-like intermediates during prism formation. We develop a new scenario of prism formation based on the presented findings presented findings and discuss the implications of a speculative liquid amorphous calcium carbonate (LACC) intermediate in vivo. PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fd20045g SN - 1359-6640 SN - 1364-5498 VL - 159 IS - 0 SP - 433 EP - 448 PB - Soc. CY - Cambridge [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-27122 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Orgzall, I. A1 - Dietzel, B. A1 - Schulz, B. A1 - Larrucea, J. T1 - Ordering the amorphous - Structures in PBD LED materials N2 - The class of 2,5 disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles containing a biphenyl unit on one side is intensively used as electron transport materials to enhance the performance of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In contrast to the ongoing research on these materials insights in their structure-property relationships are still incomplete. To overcome the structural tentativeness and ambiguities the crystal structures of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, that of the related compound 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole and of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole are determined. A comparison with the results of GAUSSIAN03 calculations and similar compounds in the Cambridge Structural Database leads to a profound characterization. KW - OLED KW - PBD KW - Diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole KW - Crystallization PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.04.040 SN - 0022-2860 SN - 1872-8014 SN - 0377-046X VL - 1030 SP - 209 EP - 215 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-27264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brirmi, M A1 - Chabbah, T. A1 - Chatti, S. A1 - Schiets, F. A1 - Casabianca, H. A1 - Marestin, C. A1 - Mercier, R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Errachid, A. A1 - Jaffrezic-Renault, N. A1 - Ben Romdhane, H. T1 - Effect of the pendent groups on biobased polymers, obtained from click chemistry suitable, for the adsorption of organic pollutants from water N2 - In this work, four triazole-based poly(ether-pyridine)s polymers were synthesized and used as an adsorbent for the removal of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, new fluoromonomers containing 1,2,3-triazole units were prepared by the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and then used for the elaboration of novel poly(ether-pyridine-triazole)s (PEPTs) by direct polyconden-sation with isosorbide and bisphenol A. Chemical structure of fluorinated pyridinicmonomers as well as resulting polymers was confirmed by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopic methods. The thermal behavior of the obtained PEPTs was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Results of sorption showed that polymers can be effectively used as a sorbent for the removal of polarorganic pollutants. The isosorbide-based poly(ether-pyridine-triazole) which contains hydrophilic hydroxyl groups as pendants chains (P4) exhibited the highest sorption efficiencies (78%–100% after 1 h). In order to explain the results an adsorption mech-anism mainly based on π–π interactions and hydrogen bonding with the pendent groups is proposed. KW - Adsorption KW - Biobased polymers KW - Cycloaddition KW - Pentafluoropyridine KW - Phenolic compounds PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5809 SN - 1042-7147 SP - 1 EP - 21 PB - Wiley online library AN - OPUS4-55389 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jlalia, I. A1 - Gomri, M. A1 - Chabbah, T. A1 - Chatti, S. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Abderrazak, H. A1 - Marestin, C. A1 - Mercier, R. A1 - Ben Halima, H. A1 - Lakard, B. A1 - Jaffrezic Renault, N. T1 - Design of Fluorinated Poly(Ether-Pyridine) Films for Impedimetric Detection of Heavy Metal Ions N2 - A series of fluorinated poly(ether-pyridine)s were synthesized via polycondensation of bis-perfluoropyridine with either bisphe-nol A (BPA) or isosorbide, a bio-sourced diol. The polymers were characterized using 1 H and 19 F NMR spectroscopy, and their molecular weights were determined using GPC. Thermal properties were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The presence of isosorbide in polymer P2 increases the glass transition temperature and results in a lower molecular weight and a higher hydrophilicity. On the other hand, polymer P3, based on BPA, shows the best thermal stability, the highest molecular weight, and the most pronounced hydrophobic character. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the modified gold electrodes for the selective detection of metal ions. Among the four target ions (Ni 2+, Cd 2+, Pb2+, and Hg 2+), defined by the European Water Framework Directive, Pb2+ was selectively detected on the hydrophilic polymer P2, while Cd 2+ was selectively detected on the hydrophobic polymer P3. The achieved detection limits were 5 × 10−11 M, corresponding to 10 ng/L for Pb2+ and 5.6 ng/L for Cd 2+, respectively. KW - Cadmium KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy KW - Fluorinated polyether pyridines KW - Isosorbide KW - Lead PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.70038 SN - 1099-1581 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd. AN - OPUS4-62384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chabbah, T. A1 - Chatti, S. A1 - Zouaoui, F. A1 - Jlalia, A. A1 - Gaiji, H. A1 - Abderrazak, H. A1 - Casablanca, H. A1 - Mercier, R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Errachid, A. A1 - Marestin, C. A1 - Jaffrezic-Renault, N. T1 - New poly(ether-phosphoramide)s sulfides based on green resources as sensitive films for the specific impedimetric detection of nickel ions N2 - For the development of selective and sensitive chemical sensors, we have developed a new family of poly(etherphosphoramide) polymers. These polymers were obtained with satisfactory yields by nucleophilic aromatic polycondensation using isosorbide as green resources, and bisphenol A with two novel difluoro phosphinothioic amide monomers. Unprecedented, the thiophosphorylated aminoheterocycles monomers, functionalized with two heterocyclic amine, N-methylpiperazine and morpholine were successfully obtained by nucleophilic substitution reaction of P(S)–Cl compound. The resulting polymers were characterized by different analytical techniques (NMR, MALDI–ToF MS, GPC, DSC, and ATG). The resulting partially green polymers, having tertiary phosphine sulfide with P–N side chain functionalities along the main chain of polymers are the sensitive film at the surface of a gold electrode for the impedimetric detection of Cd, Ni, Pb and Hg. The bio-based poly(etherphosphoramide) functionalized with N-methylpiperazine modified sensor showed better analytical performance than petrochemical based polymers for the detection of Ni2+. A detection limit of 50 pM was obtained which is very low compared to the previously published electrochemical sensors for nickel detection. KW - Poly(ether-phosphoramide)s sulfides KW - Green chemistry KW - Polymer film KW - MALDI TOF MS PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123550 VL - 247 IS - 123550 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-54980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chabbah, T. A1 - Chatti, S. A1 - Jaffrezic-Renault, N. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Marestin, C. A1 - Mercier, R. T1 - Impedimetric sensors based on diethylphosphonate-containingpoly(arylene ether nitrile)s films for the detection of lead ions N2 - This article describes the elaboration and characterization of diethylphosphonate-containing polymers coated electrodes as sensors for the detection of heavy metalstraces, by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Diethylphosphonate groupswere chosen as heavy metals binding sites. Two different series of polymers bearingthese anchoring groups were synthesized. Whereas the diethylphosphonate groupsare directly incorporated in the aromatic macromolecular chain in some polymers, analiphatic spacer is removing the chelating site from the polymer backbone in others.The influence of the macromolecular structure on the sensing response was studied,especially for the detection of Pb2+,Ni2+,Cd2+and Hg2+. Polymer P6, including thehigher amount of diethylphosphonate groups removed from the polymer chain by ashort alkyl spacer gave the higher sensitivity of detection of lead ions, with a detec-tion limit of 50 pM KW - Heavy metals KW - Phosphonate esters KW - Lead ions KW - MALDI TOF MS PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.6065 SN - 1042-7147 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd AN - OPUS4-57356 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rösler, Alexander A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Klamroth, Tillmann A1 - Müller, Axel HE A1 - Schlaad, Helmut T1 - Kinetics of anionic polymerization of β‐myrcene in hydrocarbon solvents N2 - AbstractThe kinetics of anionic polymerization of β‐myrcene initiated by sec‐butyllithium were examined in saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon solvents, i.e. cyclohexane, cyclohexene, 4‐vinylcyclohexene and dl‐limonene. Polymerizations usually proceeded in a living manner, i.e. in the absence of termination and chain transfer reactions, in all solvents, to produce well‐defined polymyrcenes with high content (85%) of cis‐1,4 units. However, polymyrcenyllithium chains exhibited limited long‐term stability in 4‐vinylcyclohexene solution, most probably due to chain transfer to solvent. Reaction orders with respect to the concentration of active chains were found to be one‐quarter in cyclohexane increasing to one‐half in unsaturated solvents, indicating that the polymyrcenyllithium chains are present as tetrameric or dimeric associates, respectively. Apparent activation energies were found to be 81 kJ mol−1 in cyclohexane and 77 kJ mol−1 in dl‐limonene solution, which are close to the values obtained by quantum chemical calculations. © 2025 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. KW - Myrcene KW - Anionic polymerization KW - MALDI TOF MS PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-649039 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6772 SN - 0959-8103 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-64903 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Decker, Renate A1 - Roessner, D. A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - Influence of Plasma Treatment on the Molar Mass of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Investigated by Different Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Methods N2 - The influence of different types of low and atmospheric pressure plasma on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been studied in terms of changes in molar mass and molar mass distribution. Apart from a variation of plasma gases (oxygen, helium) different types of plasma (microwave, radio frequency, corona discharge) were used for the plasma surface modification. The changes in molar mass and types of functional end groups of lower molar mass products were investigated by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), whereas the high-molar mass fraction was analyzed by means of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The formation of crosslinked products during exposure to a helium plasma, which emits preponderately energy-rich and intense ultraviolet radiation, was proved by means of thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF). This method combined with a multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) detector allows detection of weakly crosslinked polymers and microgels. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1639-1648, 1998 KW - Poly(ethylene terephthalate) KW - PET KW - Plasma PY - 1998 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/36482/ABSTRACT DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19980730)36:10<1639::AID-POLA17>3.0.CO;2-H SN - 0360-6376 SN - 0887-624X VL - 36 IS - 10 SP - 1639 EP - 1648 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-6989 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Czichocki, G. A1 - Fiedler, H. A1 - Haage, K. A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Characterization of alkyl polyglycosides by both reversed-phase and normal-phase modes of high-performance liquid chromatography N2 - Alkyl polyglycosides today represent the most important sugar surfactant. Nonionic sugar surfactants produced via different synthetic routes are mixtures of alkyl homologues, oligomers, anomers and isomers. Alkyl homologues and oligomers of alkyl mono- and diglucosides were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with methanol–water as the mobile phase using a gradient elution. The gradient was optimized in respect to a simultaneous separation of alkyl glycosides according to their alkyl chain length and alkyl polyoxyethylene glucosides with regard to their length of the polyoxyethylene spacer. The separation of alkyl glycosides into ?- and ?-anomers was carried out by normal-phase HPLC with isooctane–ethyl acetate (60:40, v/v)–2-propanol in the gradient mode. Light scattering detection was used. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectra of alkyl glucosides and dodecyl glucosides with oxyethylene spacer groups are presented. PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01459-5 SN - 0021-9673 VL - 943 IS - 2 SP - 241 EP - 250 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-11099 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Weathering resistance of halogen-free flame retardance in thermoplastics N2 - The influence of weathering on the fire retardancy of polymers is investigated by means of a cone calorimeter test, before and after artificial weathering. The surface degradation was monitored using different techniques (ATR–FTIR, microscopy, colour measurement). Different kinds of polymeric materials were chosen, all as they are used in practice: polycarbonate (PC) blends, polyamide (PA) and polypropylene (PP) flame-retarded with arylphosphate, melamine cyanurate (MC) and intumescent formulation based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP), respectively. All samples show material degradation at the surface due to weathering. No significant weathering influence occurs on the flame retardancy when it is a bulk property, as was observed for aryl phosphates in PC blends and MC in PA. When the fire retardancy is dominated by a surface mechanism, dependence on the duration of weathering is detected: for intumescent formulations based on ammonium APP in PP, a worsening in the formation of the intumescent network was observed. KW - Fire retardancy KW - Weathering resistance KW - Degradation KW - Intumescence KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.020 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 95 IS - 12 SP - 2421 EP - 2429 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-22612 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - The Principle of Reciprocity and its Limits T2 - 3rd European Weathering Symposium CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 2007-09-12 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-9810472-3-3 VL - 8 SP - 243 EP - 258 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-15925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Combined impact of ultraviolet and chemical fluids on high-density polyethylene packaging material N2 - To investigate the ageing behaviour of filled plastic containers outdoors, square cuts of the wall of two high-density polyethylene (HDPE) types were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at their front side and to specific liquid chemicals (de-ionized water, surfactant or White Spirit) at their back. The UV radiant exposure at the front side was 80 MJ/m². To compare the actions of the different exposures, separate dark backside fluid exposures were performed, in parallel. Besides, UV weathering was carried out until a UV radiant exposure of 325 MJ/m², being roughly comparable to outdoor exposure of one year in Northern Australia. An unpigmented HDPE included in the investigation gave no sufficient protection for the White Spirit. In addition, it showed clear degradation after several of these exposures. In combination with the White Spirit, an increase of carbonyl bonds was measured, presumably assignable to degradation products of the White Spirit. For a pigmented HDPE material, with the implemented combined exposures, no relevant damage was observed, within applied the exposure period. KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - HDPE KW - Packaging PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.959 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 61 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-25417 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Referenzmaterialien für Bewitterungsprüfungen T2 - 32. Jahrestagung der GUS, Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation CY - Pfinztal bei Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2003-03-26 KW - Referenzmaterialien KW - Bewitterung PY - 2003 SN - 3-9808382-1-8 SP - 61 EP - 72 PB - GUS CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-3360 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Anik, Yavuz A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus ED - Reichert, T. T1 - CarboLifeCycle -weathering-induced degradation of nanoparticle-functionalised composites N2 - A new research project 'CarboLifeCycle', funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), investigates various nanoparticle release scenarios for carbon nanotube-containing polymer composites. The studied weathering concepts and conditions will be described. T2 - 5th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 21.09.2011 KW - CNT KW - Nanoparticle KW - Weathering KW - Degradation PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9813136-2-8 N1 - Serientitel: CEEES Publication – Series title: CEEES Publication IS - 15 SP - 125 EP - 135 PB - GUS (Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation) CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-24503 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Accelerated weathering test for plastics and coatings that are exposed to acidic precipitation N2 - Due to the occurrence of acidic precipitation, and due to the fact that polymers and stabilizers may be sensititve to acids, it is important to have a laboratory test that combines weathering exposure with acidic exposure. The loss of stabilization caused by an acid damage of stabilizing system gets evident only over the weathering progress. For solid samples, for wich mostly the surface properties are relevant, the "Acid Dew and Fog Test" (ADF test) was established. For woven or tufted materials, the "Acid Rain Test" (AR test) was developed. The proposed weathering tests aim at plastics as well as at coatings. T2 - 7th International Symposium on Weatherability (7th ISW) CY - Kanagawa, Japan DA - 2008-10-23 KW - Acid rain KW - ADF KW - Acid Dew and Fog test KW - Artificial Weathering test PY - 2009 SN - 1346-0633 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 69 EP - 73 PB - Materiaru-Raifu-Gakkai CY - Tokyo AN - OPUS4-18270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter ED - Jonathan W. Martin, ED - Rose A. Ryntz, ED - J. Chin, ED - Ray A. Dickie, T1 - Chemiluminescence detection: Principles, chances and limitations for the shortening of weathering tests T2 - 4th International Symposium on Service Life Prediction CY - Key Largo, FL, USA DA - 2006-12-03 KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Weathering KW - Quantum efficiency KW - Accelerated test KW - Automotive coating KW - PE Chemilumineszenz KW - Bewitterung KW - Quantenausbeute KW - Beschleunigter Test KW - Automobillacke PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-387-84875-4 SP - 309 EP - 326 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-18245 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Trubiroha, Peter A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Beispiele für die Nutzung des Energietransports durch langwellige (thermische) Strahlung T2 - 35. Jahrestagung der GUS 2006 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Pfinztal, Deutschland DA - 2006-03-22 PY - 2006 SN - 3-9810472-0-6 SP - 205 EP - 214 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-21347 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Improved Evaluation of Activation Spectra Determined by the Filter Technique T2 - 3rd European Weathering Symposium CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 2007-09-12 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-9810472-3-3 VL - 8 SP - 349 EP - 358 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-15924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Der Einfluss von Feuchte und Nässe bei der Bewitterung T2 - 36. Jahrestagung der GUS 2007 CY - Pfinztal bei Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2007-03-14 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-9810472-1-9 VL - 36 SP - 247 EP - 256 CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-14758 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Systematisierung der Alterungsvorgänge bei der Bewitterung von Polymerwerkstoffen T2 - 38. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch/Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2009-03-18 KW - Witterungsbeständigkeit KW - Photochemische Alterung PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-9810472-7-1 SP - 51 EP - 60 CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-19162 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Correlations in weathering results T2 - 4th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2009-09-16 KW - Witterungsbeständigkeit KW - Korrelation KW - Künstliche Bewitterung KW - Artificial weathering PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-9810472-8-8 IS - Publication 11 SP - 251 EP - 261 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-20020 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja ED - Moeller, E. T1 - Entwicklung künstlicher Bewitterungstests für Lacke und Beschichtungen T2 - GfKORR-Seminar Korrelation von Labortests mit Praxisbedingungen im Automobilbereich CY - Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland DA - 0008-02-15 KW - Künstliche Bewitterung KW - Freibewitterung KW - Verkürzung KW - Beschleunigung KW - Korrelation PY - 2006 SN - 3-935406-27-4 SP - 102 EP - 111 PB - GfKORR CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-12065 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Aussagekraft von Korrelationskoeffizienten T2 - 38. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch/Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2009-03-18 KW - Witterungsbeständigkeit KW - Korrelation KW - Künstliche Bewitterung PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-9810472-7-1 SP - 61 EP - 70 CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-19161 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Zäh, M. A1 - Schönlein, A. A1 - Reichert, T. T1 - Polypropylene life time estimation by developing dose response functions with respect to irradiation and temperature - ViPQuali project T2 - 8th International symposium on weatherability (8th ISW) CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 2010-10-14 KW - Life time estimation KW - Weathering KW - Polypropylene KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Temperature PY - 2010 SN - 1346-0633 VL - 22 SP - 58 EP - 63 PB - Uni Publishers Co., Ltd. AN - OPUS4-22182 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Principles and Limitations in the Acceleration of Artificial Weathering Tests T2 - 6th International Paint, Varnish, Ink & Auxiliary Products Industry Congress & Exhibition, 2006 Paint CY - Istanbul, Turkey DA - 2006-05-17 KW - Bewitterung KW - Verkürzung KW - Zeitraffung KW - Weathering KW - Shortening KW - Time-lapse PY - 2006 SN - 994-489125-8 SP - 48 EP - 54 PB - TMMOB CY - Istanbul AN - OPUS4-12391 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Grundsätzliches zur Verkürzung von Bewitterungstests durch künstliche Bewitterung T2 - 35. Jahrestagung der GUS 2006 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Pfinztal, Deutschland DA - 2006-03-22 PY - 2006 SN - 3-9810472-0-6 SP - 165 EP - 175 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-21345 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Reference materials for weathering tests T2 - 1st European Weathering Symposium (EWS-1) ; 23rd Colloquium of Danubian Countries on Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2003-09-25 KW - Referenzmaterialien KW - Bewitterung PY - 2003 SN - 3-9808382-3-4 SP - 1(?) EP - 11(?) PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V. CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-2882 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Determination of the spectral response of polymers T2 - 3rd Service Life Symposium CY - Sedona, AZ, USA DA - 2004-02-01 KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Action spectra KW - Activation spectra KW - Stabilizer KW - Spektrale Empfindlichkeit KW - Bewitterung KW - Aktivierungsspektrum KW - Wirkungsspektrum KW - Stabilisator PY - 2005 SN - 0-934010-60-9 SP - 241 EP - 253 PB - Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology CY - Philadelphia AN - OPUS4-13711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Grundsätzliches zur Verfahrensauswahl bei der künstlichen Bestrahlung und Bewitterung KW - Bewitterung KW - Bestrahlung KW - Fluoreszenzlampe KW - Xenonlampe PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-9810472-6-4 SP - 109 EP - 121 AN - OPUS4-17338 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Zieghahn, K. T1 - Grundsätzliches zur Lebensdauervorhersage in der Bewitterung T2 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten : 34. Jahrestagung der GUS 2005 CY - Pfinztal bei Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2005-03-02 KW - Lebensdauer KW - Bewitterung KW - Polymere PY - 2005 SN - 3-9808382-6-9 SP - 159 EP - 168 PB - GUS (Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation) CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-7141 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Sahre, Mario A1 - Corrao, Elena A1 - Pellegrino, Francesco A1 - Alonso, Beatriz A1 - Zurutuza, Amaia A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Standardized Elemental Composition Analysis of Graphene‐Related 2D Materials (GR2M) With SEM/EDS and XPS Works Reliably N2 - Reliable quantification of the chemical composition of graphene‐related 2D materials (GR2M) as powders and liquid suspensions is a challenging task. Analytical methods such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are recommended by standardization bodies. The specific parameters to be measured are also defined, e.g., the oxygen‐to‐carbon (O/C) atomic ratio, the trace metal impurities, or the functional groups. In this contribution, for the first time, results of a systematic study on the capability of energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) at a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reliably quantify the O/C ratio and impurities remained from the synthesis of selected GR2M are reported. The robustness of SEM/EDS analysis is verified for various measurement conditions (different excitations and EDS detectors) and the validity of the results is tested by comparison to the established XPS analysis. Moreover, an ionic liquid is used as a reference material for the quantification of the light elements such as C, N, O and F. The study clearly demonstrates the reliability of the fast and widely available SEM/EDS as a standard method for the quantification of the elemental composition of GR2M and generally of light materials. KW - Graphene oxide flakes KW - Impurities KW - O/C ratio KW - SEM/EDS KW - Standard KW - XPS PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656748 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511283 SN - 1613-6810 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley-VHC GmbH AN - OPUS4-65674 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Ermittlung der Beanspruchung bei Bewitterungsversuchen - Referenzmaterialien T2 - 33. Jahrestagung der GUS 2004 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Pfinztal, Deutschland DA - 2004-03-17 PY - 2004 SN - 3-9808382-4-2 SP - 165 EP - 175 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-21346 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aliyah, K. A1 - Berger, A. A1 - Lazaridis, T. A1 - Appel, C. A1 - Prehal, C. A1 - Menzel, A. A1 - Guizar-Sicairos, M. A1 - Smales, Glen J. A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Gasteiger, H. A. A1 - Gubler, L. A1 - Büchi, F. N. A1 - Eller, J. T1 - Impact of Microporous Layer Composition on the Water Content in the Membrane Electrode Assembly of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells N2 - Polymer electrolyte fuel cells are paramount for future emission-free mobility. One of the vital challenges for prospering commercialization of PEFCs is water management in the cells. A microporous layer (MPL) is typically positioned between the gas Diffusion layer (GDL) and the catalyst layer (CL) to boost the cell performance and facilitate water management. In this study, three different MPLs were investigated, namely, carbon black-based MPLs with different PTFE binder contents (20 wt % PTFE as a base case and 40 wt % PTFE), as well as perforated MPLs with micron-sized pores coated on the same GDL- Substrate (Freudenberg H14). The water content in the membrane, catalyst layers (CL), and MPLs was explored using operando scanning small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (S/WAXS). At Tcell = 80 °C, relative humidity = 100%, pabs = 3 bar, the MPL with larger pores exhibits slightly higher performance than the base case, while a considerably lower cathode CL and MPL saturation levels were observed for the MPL. In contrast, the MPL with higher amounts of PTFE binder shows lower performance than the base case, with considerably higher cathode CL and MPL saturation levels. 3D representations of how the pores could be filled in the cathode CLs were obtained from operando SAXS profiles using representative structure modeling for the different materials and operating conditions. KW - Polymer electrolyte fuel cell KW - Catalyst layer saturation KW - Microporous layer saturation KW - Membrane hydration KW - Small and wide-angle scattering KW - MOUSE KW - SAXS KW - X-ray scattering KW - Energy storage materials PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656691 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c22540 SN - 1944-8244 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) AN - OPUS4-65669 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sanchez-Olivares, Guadalupe A1 - Brehme, Sven A1 - Calderas, F. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame Retardant Polyolefins Using Fibers From Leather Waste: Adjusting Extrusion Variables to Balance the Property Profile N2 - The extrusion processing variables represent a key to the optimal use of additives and thus the development of flame-retardant polymer composites. Adjusting the property profile, for example, finding a balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties is the main challenge. In this work, the effect of blending temperature and rotational speed on physico-mechanical properties and fire behavior of polyolefin composites was investigated. High-density polyethylene or polypropylene was used as polymer matrices; the polymers were compounded by the extrusion process using industrial-waste leather fibers as flame retardant adjuvant and commercial flame-retardant additives. A detailed rheological analysis highlighted different viscoelastic behavior, that is, a predominant elastic or viscous one. The effect of the extrusion processing variables was also investigated on the morphology, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition, fire behavior under forced flaming combustion and flammability. Important improvements were revealed with respect to using only high loading of flame retardants. For high-density polyethylene-based composites, impact resistance and elongation at break increased 8 and 7.5 times, respectively. The total heat evolved (87MJ/m2), effective heat of combustion (31.6MJ/kg), flame retardancy (UL 94 rating) results were comparable with the reference sample. Meanwhile for polypropylene composites, the impact resistance increased 2.2 times and the flame retardancy was improved from no rating in the UL 94 vertical test to V-0 rating. Tailored processing was highlighted as an autonomous and powerful approach to achieve balanced and demanding properties. KW - Biomaterials KW - Composites KW - Extrusion KW - Flame retardance KW - Leather waste KW - Polyolefins PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656732 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.70048 SN - 1548-0585 SN - 1083-5601 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 410 EP - 430 PB - Wiley Periodicals LLC. AN - OPUS4-65673 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Charlesworth, M. A1 - Lampronti, G. A1 - Belenguer, Ana M. A1 - Day, S. A1 - Saunders, L. A1 - Connolly, E. A1 - Midgley, P. A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A. L. T1 - Influence of Liquid on Crystallite Size Evolution During Ball Milling N2 - Liquid assisted grinding (LAG) is a commonly used mechanochemical procedure, especially for polymorphic conversions. However, it is not understood what effect liquid additives actually play in driving mechanochemical polymorphic conversions, precluding our ability to control solid form transformations under mechanochemical conditions. We here present a time-resolved in situ (TRIS) synchrotron powder Xray diffraction (PXRD) monitoring strategy that can track, with few nm resolution, the evolution of crystalline size under liquid assisted ball milling conditions. We apply this method to investigate the influence of liquid additives on the polymorphic conversion of the 1:1 co-crystal of theophylline and benzamide, with particular focus on the role that crystallite size plays in driving ball milling induced polymorphic transformations. We find that the crystallite sizes achieved by ball milling are highly sensitive to the amount of liquid added to the reaction mixture. Liquid additives generally lead to larger crystallite sizes as compared with neat grinding protocol, with our findings indicating that crystallite size reduction is not the main factor that causes polymorph conversion under liquid assisted grinding conditions. The data presented clearly indicates the presence of an induction period before phase transformation begins with a minimum value in the crystallite size of the starting polymorph indicating the end of that induction period. KW - Ball milling KW - In situ diffraction KW - Phase transformation KW - Liquid assisted grinding KW - Crystallite size PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656783 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c01662 SN - 1528-7483 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) AN - OPUS4-65678 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gründer, Klaus-Peter A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Dreidimensionale Dehnungsfeldmessungen an parallelepipedischen Zugproben N2 - Es wird die Anwendung des Objektrasterverfahrens zur Untersuchung des elastischen und inelastischen, anisotropen und inhomogenen Verformungsverhaltens parallelepipedischer, metallischer Einkristall-Zugproben im Ergebnis unterbrochener Belastungsstufen von ca. 0,01%, 0,05%, 0,10% und 0,20% Restdehnung beschrieben. Diese Vorgehensweise ermöglicht die gleichzeitige Bestimmung aktivierter Gleitsysteme mit einem optischen Nano-Topografiesystem nach der Weißlichtinterferenzmethode. Aus den Verformungsdaten im elastischen Bereich können flächen- und richtungsabhängige Materialkennwerte ermittelt werden. A special grating method has been applied for three-dimensional investigation of elastic and inelastic, anisotropic and inhomogeneous deformation of parallelepipedal metallic single crystal specimen by interrupted tensile tests in steps of 0,01%, 0,05%, 0,10% and 0,20% residual strain. This procedure gives the ability to determine activated slip systems by white light interferometric nanoscale topometry. Elastic anisotropic material parameters of cubic crystals can be calculated from experimental data. KW - Optical 3D-deformation measurement KW - Grating method KW - Mono-crystalline metallic alloys KW - Elastic material parameters PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/teme.2002.69.10.418 SN - 0340-837X SN - 0178-2312 SN - 0171-8096 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 418 EP - 420 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-1575 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gründer, Klaus-Peter A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Optical methods in single crystal deformation analysis at high temperature T2 - International Symposium on Photonics in Measurement CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 2002-06-11 PY - 2002 SN - 3-18-091694-X SN - 0083-5560 N1 - Serientitel: VDI-Berichte – Series title: VDI-Berichte IS - 1694 SP - 137 EP - 142 PB - VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-1447 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berger, J. A1 - Zahedi-Azad, S. A1 - Voss, H. A1 - Ernst, O.C. A1 - Hammerschmidt, R. A1 - Boeck, T. A1 - Martin, J. A1 - Bonse, J. A1 - Krüger, J. A1 - Schmid, M. T1 - CuInSe2-based micro-concentrator solar cells fabricated from In islands grown by laser-assisted MO-CVD N2 - Micro-concentrator solar cells offer a promising route for reducing material usage in photovoltaics. For Cu(In,Ga)Se2, multiple micro-concentrator manufacturing methods have already been evaluated. All of them involve either high preparation complexity or post-processing to recycle unused precursor or absorber materials. In this work, a new method using laser-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (LA-MOCVD) was applied to directly grow arrays of indium micro-islands. These arrays are examined and further processed to CuInSe2 micro-solar cell arrays. The geometry and morphology of the islands were investigated and compared before and after absorber formation. The investigation shows that the absorber growth is limited to the vertical direction normal to the substrate surface and that the starting morphology is preserved. Furthermore, the absorber island arrays are processed into micro-modules and operational solar cells are achieved as a proof of principle. These not yet optimized arrays reach a conversion efficiency of 0.65% under 1 sun illumination. Under 17 suns of light concentration, the efficiency gain is between 60 and 250%. This work demonstrates the method's viability for the fabrication of micro-solar cell arrays, with clear potential for achieving higher conversion efficiencies through future optimization. KW - Micro-concentrator solar cells KW - Laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition KW - CISe KW - Bottom-up fabrication KW - Resource efficiency PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656711 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114284 SN - 0927-0248 VL - 301 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-65671 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Chunliang A1 - Yang, Fan A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Putra, Stephen Nugraha A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Phase-field simulation of the dendrite fragmentation by electromagnetic stirring in AA5754 aluminum alloy laser beam welding N2 - A phase-field model including magnetic field induced dendrite fragmentation was established and applied to the cases with different initial crystal nuclear positions for AA5754 aluminum alloy electromagnetic laser beam welding. Compare the calculated results that include dendrite fragmentation caused by the thermal electromagnetic Lorentz force with the results that consider only the thermal electromagnetic Lorentz force, without fragmentation, at the characteristic time instants. Both in the early and late stages, the small fragmentation at the dendrite tip promotes the number of higher-order branches and their growth, especially in the direction perpendicular to the solidification. The later stage fragmentation has the possibility of breaking one grain into several, which verifies the possibility of grain refinement caused by dendrite fragmentation. The fracture surface caused by fragmentation also makes more solid-liquid interfaces and their growth. In addition, the cases with different initial nuclear positions were compared. The grain growth in the low-temperature zone can be inhibited by the equiaxed grains' fragmentation at the high-temperature area (179.8 μm² and 14.7 % start at the center, 115.4 μm² and 9.4 % start at the high-temperature corner, 134.3 μm² and 10.9 % start at the low-temperature corner), which is another kind of grain refinement by the dendrite fragmentation. This kind of inhibition effect on grain growth in the low-temperature region will be enhanced with the increasing time interval between the two crystal nuclei’ appearance (179.8 μm² and 14.7 % when virtual grains appear at t = 4.3803 s and t = 4.3803 s, 134.3 μm² and 10.9 % at t = 4.0977 s and t = 3.9564 s, and 115.4 μm² and 9.4 % at t = 3.8151 s and t = 3.5325 s). KW - Laser beam welding KW - Electromagnetic KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Phase field method KW - Equiaxed grain KW - Dendrite fragmentation PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656610 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cwe.2025.100014 SN - 3117-4159 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-65661 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Kising, Pascal A1 - Yang, Fan A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Prediction of weld pool and keyhole geometries in high-power laser beam welding through a physics-informed generative artificial intelligence approach N2 - The weld pool and keyhole geometries are critical characteristics in evaluating the stability of the high-power laser beam welding (LBW) process and determining the resultant weld quality. However, obtaining these data through experimental or numerical methods remains challenging due to the difficulties in experimental measurements and the high computational demands of numerical modelling. This paper presents a physics-informed generative approach for predicting weld pool and keyhole geometries in the LBW process. With the help of a well experimentally validated numerical model considering the underlying physics in the LBW, the geometries of the weld pool and keyhole under various welding conditions are calculated, serving as the dataset of the generative model. A conditional variational autoencoder model is employed to generate realistic 2D weld pool and keyhole geometries from the welding parameters. We utilize a β-variational autoencoder model with the evidence lower bound loss function and include Kullback–Leibler divergence annealing to better optimize model performance and stability during training. The generated results show a good agreement with the ground truth from the numerical simulation. The proposed approach exhibits the potential of physics-informed generative models for a rapid and accurate prediction of the weld pool geometries across a diverse range of process parameters, offering a computationally efficient alternative to full numerical simulations for process optimization and control in laser beam welding processes. KW - Laser beam welding KW - Generative artificial intelligence KW - Machine learning KW - Numerical simulation KW - Weld pool KW - Keyhole dynamics PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656621 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001862 SN - 1042-346X VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Laser Institute of America AN - OPUS4-65662 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scharek, Vera M. A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - A direct solid sampling approach for fluorine determination via ETV/ICP-QQQ-MS N2 - Organic fluorine sum parameters are used to detect F-containing pollutants, e.g., per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), in the environment, within materials, or for monitoring technical processess, e.g., thermal decomposition of PFAS during municipal waste incineration. However, established approaches determining the extractable organic and adsorbable organic fluorine content (EOC and AOC) require laborious and error-prone sample preparation. We report a solid sampling-electrothermal vaporization (ETV) method for direct fluorine measurement based on the formation of [138Ba19F]+ with an inductively coupled plasma-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometer (ICP-QQQ-MS). Method development involved the instrumental setup for Ba introduction and fluorine-specific tuning of lens and collision-reaction cell (CRC) parameters. An inorganic fluorine fraction was detected in a cyclonic dust sample from a municipal waste incineration plant as a peak above a broad background signal. The content was estimated through standard addition using a NaF solution to 2300 mgg−1. With a limit of detection (LOD) of 130 mg g−1, which was below the reported value for an electrothermal vaporization/inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ETV/ICP-MS) approach, acquiring [19F]+. The method's potential for fractionation analysis was demonstrated by analyzing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder. KW - PFAS KW - ETV/ICP-QQQ-MS KW - Solid sampling PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656766 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ja00014b SN - 0267-9477 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-65676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El Abbassi, Abdelouahad A1 - Krenzer, Julius A1 - Petrov, Eugene P. A1 - Biesen, Lukas A1 - Vasylyeva, Vera A1 - Merzenich, Sarah A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, Thomas J. J. T1 - Aroyl-S,N-ketene acetal-triarylamine bichromophores – intramolecular energy transfer and dual emission upon induced aggregation and encapsulation N2 - Aroyl-S,N-ketene acetal-based bichromophores are synthesized by a catalytic aryl amination and their photophysics are studied in the solid state, in ethanol–water mixtures inducing aggregation, and after encapsulation in polystyrene nanoparticles. The dye substitution pattern controls aggregation-induced emission and intramolecular energy transfer efficiency, resulting in single-band or dual fluorescence and a strong increase in fluorescence quantum yield upon particle encapsulation. KW - Fluorescence KW - Dye KW - Aggregation KW - Photophysics KW - Enhancement KW - White light emission KW - Energy transfer KW - Quantum yield PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656700 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra09361a SN - 2046-2069 VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - 10255 EP - 10260 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-65670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Manier, G. A1 - Cäsar, J. A1 - Herlyn, J. A1 - Hülsmann, Ph. A1 - Köhl, M. A1 - Reichert, Th. A1 - Ruoss, H. A1 - Rüther, N. A1 - Schönlein, A. T1 - Wasser und Materialeigenschaften N2 - In der Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation GUS e.V. erarbeiten Fachleute aus Wissenschaft und Industrie in freiwilliger Selbstverantwortung Leitfäden und Bücher zur, Umweltsimulation und zur Wirkungssimulation von Umwelteinflüssen. Diese beschreiben den Stand der Technik bzw. Stand der Wissenschaft und dienen als Anleitung für Umweltingenieure und Personen, die sich in die Arbeitsgebiete Produktqualifikation und Umweltsimulation einarbeiten und einiesen wollen. Folgende Themenschwerpunkte werden in diesem Leitfaden behandelt: Wasser und seine Eigenschaften, Phasenübergänge, Transportvorgänge, Änderung von Materialeigenschaften durch Wasser, Messmethoden. KW - Wasser KW - Materialien PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-9818507-4-1 N1 - Belegexemplar liegt bei Frau Geburtig. SP - 1 EP - 445 PB - Stober GmbH CY - Eggenstein AN - OPUS4-48325 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Alterungsvorgänge durch Bewitterung bei Beschichtungen und deren Untersuchung und Prüfung T2 - 42. Fortbildungskurs SAH - Holzoberflächen in der Fassadengestaltung CY - Weinfelden, Schweiz DA - 2010-10-26 KW - Bewitterung KW - Alterung KW - Holz PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-906703-26-8 SP - 29 EP - 38 CY - Zürich, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-22601 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Chemiluminescence for the early detection of weathering effects of coatings - Part II: Experimental set-up and examination KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Weathering KW - Polymer KW - Oxidation PY - 2010 SN - 1547-0083 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 38 EP - 44 PB - Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology CY - Blue Bell, Pa. AN - OPUS4-21494 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. A1 - Zäh, M. A1 - Schönlein, A. A1 - Müller, A. A1 - Vatahska, T. A1 - Manier, G. A1 - Reichert, T. ED - White, C. C. ED - Martin, J. ED - Chapin, J.T. T1 - Polypropylene numerical photoageing simulation by dose-response functions with respect to irradiation and temperature: vipquali project N2 - The aim of the joint project ViPQuali (Virtual Product Qualification) was to describe a component’s ageing behaviour in a given environment, by numerical simulation. Having chosen polypropylene (PP) as the material, which does not show sensitivity to moisture, the relevant weathering parameters of the dose–response functions could be limited to spectral irradiance and temperature. In artificial irradiation tests, for PP plates of varied stabiliser content, spectral sensitivity as well as temperature dependence of irradiation-caused crack formation was quantified. For that purpose, samples were exposed both to artificial weathering tests at various constant temperatures and to spectrally resolved irradiation. The temperature dependence could be modelled by an Arrhenius fit. For fitting the spectral sensitivity, a plateau function was chosen. Subsequently, the stabiliser content was parameterised and extrapolated. The formed dose–response functions were incorporated into a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software program, simulating the environment of a sample within a Phoenix-exposed IP/DP (Instrument Panel/Door Panel box) box, based on sun position and weather conditions, including radiation interactions. Observed local effects as well as the general ageing advance of PP hats are compared with respect to simulation and experiment. Resulting from this project, for this most simple example of PP of varied stabiliser content, the time to failure can be estimated for each weathering exposure environment with known time-resolved irradiance and temperature conditions. PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-319-06033-0 SN - 978-3-319-06034-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06034-7_14 SP - Chapter 14, 215 EP - 229 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-32062 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trubiroha, P. A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Reichert, T. T1 - Surface temperatures of irradiated test specimens - decisive physical quantities and a largely unsolved problem N2 - Temperature is an important parameter in weathering tests. In many (photo-)chemical degradation processes a Variation of the specimen temperature by A t = + 1 °C can cause a Variation of AP(property change) by ± 8%. Since the early eighties it is well known that some types of black panel thermometers can show temperatures that are far below the maximum surface temperature of a black specimen. Although, there were precise requirements for the black coating of the BPT, a replacement by a white coating - depending on the design of the BPT - did not really change the temperature shown by the thermometer. There was no correlation between the BPT and the specimen surface temperature. In Europe and later at ISO the so-called black- and white-standard thermometers BST/WST were introduced. Now, there are BST and WST (ISO) and there are thermally uninsulated and insulated BPT and WPT (ASTM), partly for artificial or for outdoor exposure. And there are other adventurous procedures to determine surface temperatures. The different types of thermometers and different procedures will be discussed and it will be shown that there is no procedure which establishes a correlation between outdoor surface temperatures and surface temperatures in artificial exposure tests. T2 - 6th European weathering symposium Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Bratislava, Slovak Republic DA - 11.09.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-9813136-8-0 N1 - Serientitel: CEEES Publication – Series title: CEEES Publication IS - 16 SP - 185 EP - 194 AN - OPUS4-31292 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trubiroha, P. A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Reichert, T. T1 - On the yet unsolved problem of the determination of precise surface temperatures of specimens exposed to natural and artificial weathering N2 - The surface temperature of test specimens exposed to natural and artificial solar radiation are roughly ascertained with black standard thermometers BST and white standard thermometers WST. For the calibration of these thermometers a new European Standard prEN 16465 was published in 2015, describing the well-known contact method and a new contactless method with a pyrometer. It can be confirmed that the temperature calibrations according to the two methods provide different calibration results which are not interchangeable (which is already stated in the scope of this standard). The described contactless method to determine the surface temperature 'under radiation load' results in clearly too high temperatures. This paper tries to highlighting the reasons. T2 - 7th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Naples, Italy DA - 16.09.2015 PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-9816286-6-1 N1 - Serientitel: CEEES Publication – Series title: CEEES Publication IS - 17 SP - 23 EP - 36 AN - OPUS4-34351 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - A new weathering device for plastic containers with parallel impact of dangerous liquids N2 - For plastic packaging, both weathering and Chemical exposure are well known, slow-going damaging scenarios, which themselves are sufficiently covered in relevant transport regulations, but treated there separately. In previous work, it has been shown that both can act synergistically, resulting in leakage failure after only six month outdoor exposure in Berlin/Germany. A new weathering device is presented which enables combined exposure of whole components under controlled laboratory conditions. This device allows exposure of an up to 60 litres Container which is filled with dangerous liquid. By using a collecting drip pan and an extractor hood, safety is guaranteed, also in case of leakage failure. Irradiance homogeneity is realized by rotating the Container between two opposed lamp fields consisting of vertically arranged UV fluorescent lamps. Using UVA 340nm lamps with spectral emission mainly between 290 and 380 nm, the short wave ränge of global solar radiation is simulated very precisely. UV irradiance is constantly 60 W/m2, thus it is a bit higher than maximum global solar radiation in the considered UV ränge. Radiation heating is knowingly excluded, avoiding heat production that potentially could be critical for included dangerous liquids. Adjusting constant temperature of 40 °C, chosen conditions aim at worst case outdoor conditions, for uncolored Containers. T2 - 27th IAPRI Symposium on packaging CY - Valencia, Spain DA - 08.06.2015 KW - Weathering exposure KW - Chemical exposure KW - Plastic packaging PY - 2015 SN - 978-84-943398-4-4 SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-33488 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engelking, Lorenz A1 - Eissel, A. A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Treutler, K. A1 - Kruse, Julius A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Wesling, V. T1 - Influence of ultrasonic-assisted milling on surface integrity of additively manufactured components using MSG processes N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly used for producing complex metallic components. Subsequent machining is essential to achieve final geometries and surface conditions. The resulting surface integrity, particularly the near-surface residual stress state, plays a crucial role in component performance and fatigue life. This study investigates the potential of ultrasonic-assisted milling (USAM), a hybrid machining process, to improve surface integrity and machinability compared to conventional milling (CM). Three materials were investigated, two difficult-to-cut materials CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 and a low-alloy steel S355J2C. The CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 were additively manufactured via Directed Energy Deposition (DED)-Arc and then machined with varying cutting speeds and feed rates within a Design of Experiments. USAM exhibited enhanced machinability and surface integrity, particularly at low cutting speeds, by reducing cutting forces up to 40% and shifting near-surface residual stresses from tensile to compressive. For S355J2C, USAM reduced cutting forces by approximately 45% and induced near-surface compressive residual stresses up to approximately −700 MPa. Rotating bending tests (DIN50100) show that USAM increases the technical fatigue limit from 307 MPa (CM) to 341 MPa (USAM), i.e., by ∼11%. These findings highlight the advantages of ultrasonic assistance in post-AM machining, offering enhanced fatigue performance and surface quality for various metallic materials. T2 - 4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes 2025 CY - Coimbra, Portugal DA - 16.10.2025 KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling KW - Residual stress KW - Surface integrity PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207261416395 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Sage Journals AN - OPUS4-65682 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jesus, Vinicius D. A1 - Merizio, Leonnam G. A1 - Galleani, Gustavo A1 - Raffy, Guillaume A1 - Carpentier, Mathis A1 - Petit, Yannick A1 - Cardinal, Thierry A1 - de Camargo, Andrea S. S. T1 - Energy transfer from Ag species to Nd 3+ in Ga–fluoride–phosphate glasses: near-infrared emission enhancement via controlled heat treatment and femtosecond laser inscription N2 - Gallium fluoride–phosphate glasses are promising materials with wide optical transmission window, high volumetric density, and the ability to accommodate high concentrations of rare earth dopant ions within a tailored fluoride-rich coordination environment, resulting in high emission cross sections. In this work, the compositional system 25Ga(PO3)3–20ZnF2–30BaF2–(25–x–y)SrF2–xAgNO3–yNdF3 (x = 0–10 mol%, y = 0 or 1 mol%) was studied to understand how silver species affect the near-infrared (NIR) emission of Nd3+ ions, when the glasses are subjected to controlled heat treatment and to femtosecond direct laser writing (DLW). The glasses were obtained via the melt-quenching technique and characterized by DSC, XRD, UV-Vis-NIR absorption, and PL spectroscopy. The as-prepared glasses show broad UV-Vis excitation and emission bands arising from the coexistence of Ag+ ions and ionic Ag pairs. In samples with 10 mol% Ag+, brownish coloration and modified emission profiles indicated Ag nanoparticle formation at the surface. Heat treatment promoted the conversion of isolated Ag+ into ionic pairs, producing broadband emissions tunable by excitation wavelength and Ag+ concentration. In co-doped samples, Nd3+ introduced absorption dips in the Ag-related UV-Vis bands, consistent with energy transfer, which was further confirmed by shortened Ag excited-state lifetimes and increased Nd3+ NIR emission under UVVis excitation. In order to control the spatial distribution and size of Ag aggregates (nanoclusters, NCs) and to increase the energy transfer efficiency to Nd3+, femtosecond direct laser writing (DLW) was employed to co-doped glasses with 3 and 5 mol% Ag+. This approach enabled three-dimensional localized growth of Ag NCs with sub-micron spatial control. In the laser processed regions, the NIR emissions of Nd3+ at 900 and 1060 nm were significantly enhanced, clearly evidencing enhanced energy transfer from the localized laserinduced Ag-NCs to the Nd3+ ions. These findings suggest the possibility of tailoring high optical contrast near-IR emissions in glasses, enabling progress in advanced photonic applications. KW - Neodymium KW - Silver KW - Fluoride phosphate glasses KW - Direct laser writing PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656888 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ma01430a SN - 2633-5409 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-65688 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pittrich, Tim A1 - Peters, Simon A1 - Meschke, Günther A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig T1 - Thermally induced moisture transport in concrete with different types of blended Portland cement studied by 1H-NMR relaxometry N2 - Clinker-reduced cements are gaining in popularity as part of efforts to lower the construction industry’s CO2 footprint. Past studies showed that utilization of these cements negatively influences the fire-induced spalling behavior of concrete, which is highly influenced by thermohydraulic damage mechanisms. Therefore, thermally induced moisture transport in normal strength concretes made with different types of blended cements (CEM I, CEM II/A-LL, CEM III/A and CEM II/B-Q) was investigated by means of 1H-NMR relaxometry in combination with supportive side investigations concerning permeability and porosity. In addition, a numerical model was used to analyze in-situ moisture development during high temperature exposure. The results show that the cement type influences both initial moisture content and pore size-specific moisture distribution. This was primarily reflected in an increased water content in CEM III/A and CEM II/B-Q concretes as well as a comparable high gel pore water fraction in CEM II/B-Q concrete before heating. After heating, a similar degree of pore coarsening from gel to capillary pore was observed in all samples. Although the measurements were only conducted after, not during, high temperature exposure, the depth of the drying front and the extent of the moisture clog could be determined. With the additional numerical analysis, it can be assumed that during high temperature load, the drying front is less advanced and the moisture clog even more pronounced. In conclusion, it can be stated that the increased spalling susceptibility in blended cement concrete is caused by the lower initial permeability and increased moisture content. KW - Fire concrete spalling KW - Thermally induced moisture transport KW - Blended cements KW - 1H-NMR PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656846 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-026-03025-4 SN - 1359-5997 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-65684 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R. A1 - Engelking, Lorenz A1 - Hälsig, A. A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Hensel, J. T1 - Influence of build‑up height on residual stresses in additive repair and modification using DED‑Arc with high‑strength filler metals N2 - Directed energy deposition (DED)-Arc is suitable for the hybrid additive manufacturing, modification and repair of large metal components with high deposition rates. Residual stresses and distortion are of central importance when characterizing the manufactured components and the sensitive transition area between additive manufactured (AM) component and semifinished product. Residual stresses caused by the thermal cycles during the manufacturing process can impair the mechanical properties of the manufactured parts and can lead to component failure, especially for high-strength steels. Therefore, understanding and controlling residual stresses, when combining different base and feedstock materials, is critical to improve the quality and efficiency of the hybrid DED-Arc process. This article deals with the influence of the build-up height on the residual stress distribution of additively manufactured components with a selected base and feedstock material from commercial high-strength steels. Using a robot-assisted DED-system and a controlled short arc, AM welding experiments were carried out with close to the application parameters at working temperature (200 °C) and heat input (650 kJ/m). Five hybrid AM specimens (AM wall on upright structural steel plate) were produced using a one bead per layer strategy and selected AM-wall heights between 15 and 300 mm. The influence of the AM build height on the longitudinal residual stress in the whole hybrid AM specimen (in welding direction) was analyzed and discussed. All experiments exhibit comparable stress distributions in the area of the substrate plate up to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the transition zone, regardless of the building height. The height significantly influences the residual stress distribution of the deposited AM-component. Tensile residual stresses with a maximum range between 300and 400 MPa were always found in the last approx. 18 component layers (upper 40 mm). This is due to restraint of the shrinking of the top layers by the layers below. The lower layers show homogeneous residual stress distributions characterized by low compressive stresses due to the process-related tempering during the deposition of each layer on top of each other. As a result, the significant difference between the various AM build-up heights of the hybrid AM specimens is the extent (or height) of this tempered zone with low compressive stresses. These correlations contribute to the understanding of residual stress development with increasing structure height or ratio of component heights of substrate semi-finished product and AM component in hybrid additive manufacturing. T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference CY - Genoa, Italy DA - 22.06.2025 KW - DED-Arc KW - Residual stress KW - Heat control PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656793 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02417-y SN - 1878-6669 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Spriner AN - OPUS4-65679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fabry, Çağtay A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Kaplan, Alexander A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Digitalisation and Carbon Footprint Evaluation of Gas Metal Arc Welding and Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition N2 - This paper showcases how a holistic approach to digitalisation enables data-driven welding applications, exemplarily for a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) laboratory. The workflow integrates advanced process monitoring, synchronised multi-sensor data acquisition and tools for data analytics. A welding domain-specific data exchange format weldx is presented that unifies and aggregates the data sets acquired during process monitoring with final component quality metrics, supporting reuse, traceability, and reproducibility. Two case studies illustrate the approach. First, GMAW parameters are adaptively adjusted according to local seam geometry to compensate joint-preparation deviations from nominal values typical for large-scale steel fabrication. Second, the seamless data aggregation along the welding production chain enables an automatic life-cycle assessment (LCA), quantifying the environmental impacts of additive manufacturing with DED Arc/M and attributing the dominant contributors to the carbon footprint. Collectively, the results indicate that a fully integrated experimental set-up together with standardised data structures and scalable analytics can couple monitoring, control, and sustainability, thereby realising the potential of digitalisation for high-quality and environmentally informed welding production. KW - Digitalisation KW - Arc welding KW - DED-arc KW - Life Cycle Assessment PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656812 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1342/1/012067 SN - 1757-8981 VL - 1342 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-65681 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Chancen und Grenzen der Verkürzung von Bewitterungstests durch empfindliche Chemilumineszenz-Detektion N2 - Eine Verkürzung der Dauer von Bewitterungsversuchen kann durch eine empfindlichere Detektion der Bewitterungseffekte erreicht werden als sie konventionell benützt wird. Eine solche besonders empfindliche Detektionsmethode stellt die Chemilumineszenz dar. Die Verkürzung durch empfindliche Detektion muss jedoch gleichzeitig der Bedingung genügen, ausreichend gute Rangkorrelation zu Bewitterungseffekten unter Anwendungsbedingungen zu zeigen. In diesem Spannungsfeld sollen die Möglichkeiten der Chemiluminiszenz-Detektion beleuchtet werden. T2 - DFO Qualitätstage 2008 CY - Fürth, Deutschland DA - 2008-10-07 KW - Chemilumineszenz KW - Bewitterung KW - Verkürzung KW - empfindlicher Nachweis PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-89943-072-1 SP - 105 EP - 120 PB - DFO CY - Fürth AN - OPUS4-18328 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Zusammenhang von molekularen Alterungsvorgängen und beobachtbaren Eigenschaftsänderungen bei der Bewitterung von Polymeren T2 - 39. Jahrestagung der GUS 2010 - Umweltflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Stutensee, Deutschland DA - 2010-03-17 KW - Bewitterung KW - Alterung KW - Eigenschaftsänderung KW - Korrelation PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-9813136-0-4 SP - 45 EP - 55 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-21047 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Untersuchung der Veränderung der Kratzfestigkeit und Reflow-Fähigkeit von Karosserie-Klarlacken als Folge der Auslagerung in Jacksonville und nachgestellter Laborbewitterung T2 - DFO Qualitätstage 2005 - Moderne Verfahren zur Oberflächencharakterisierung CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2005-10-25 KW - Bewitterung KW - Kratzfestigkeit KW - Kratzbeständigkeit KW - Reflow KW - Weißlichtinterferenz KW - Rauhigkeit PY - 2005 SN - 3-89943-062-X SP - 88 EP - 102 PB - DFO CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-11216 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Determination of the spectral sensitivity and temperature dependence of polypropylene crack formation caused by UV-irradiation N2 - For polypropylene of varied stabilization, spectral sensitivity as well as temperature dependence of irradiation caused crack formation was determined in artificial irradiation tests. UV radiant exposure HUV necessary to generate crack formation was measured both in spectrally dispersed irradiation and artificial irradiation in a Fluorescent UV lamp device. Dependencies were fitted to a plateau function and an Arrhenius function, respectively, to describe the action of irradiation by response functions. Applied to weather data from Phoenix, the results were compared with respective outdoor exposure results. KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - Temperature KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.06.014 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 95 IS - 10 SP - 2118 EP - 2123 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-21913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja T1 - Chemiluminescence for the early detection of weathering effects of coatings - Part I: Fundamentals KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Weathering KW - Polymer KW - Oxidation PY - 2010 SN - 1547-0083 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 66 EP - 71 PB - Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology CY - Blue Bell, Pa. AN - OPUS4-21493 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lüthi, A. A1 - Fäh, D. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja ED - Reichert, T. ED - Halafka, S. T1 - Recent Proposals for Weathering Reference Materials as Discussed by DIN and VDA T2 - 1st European Weathering Symposium (EWS-1) ; 23rd Colloquium of Danubian Countries on Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2003-09-25 KW - Reference material KW - ORWET KW - Crack KW - Climatic KW - ADF test KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Referenzmaterial KW - Riss KW - Klimatische Beständigkeit PY - 2003 SN - 3-9808382-3-4 SP - 1(?) EP - 12(?) PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V. CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-2682 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Two New Weathering Reference Materials - Monitors for Weathering Exposure T2 - 3rd Service Life Symposium CY - Sedona, AZ, USA DA - 2004-02-01 KW - Weathering KW - Reference material KW - WRM KW - UV KW - Radiance KW - Crack KW - JIS K7200 KW - Humidity KW - Bewitterung KW - Referenzmaterial KW - Riss KW - Bestrahlung KW - Luftfeuchte PY - 2005 SN - 0-934010-60-9 SP - 253 EP - 258 PB - Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology CY - Philadelphia AN - OPUS4-13712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter A1 - Takane, Y. T1 - UV-sensitive Weathering Reference Materials T2 - 2nd European Weathering Symposium - Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 2005-06-16 KW - Weathering Reference Materials PY - 2005 SN - 3-9808382-9-3 VL - 6 SP - 145 EP - 154 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-10376 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Geburtig, Anja ED - Reichert, Thomas T1 - Laboratory Weathering Test for Simulating the Leaching from Artificial Sporting Grounds N2 - In order to estimating the amount and kind of emissions from polymeric sporting tracks a laboratory test was developed in BAM that combines artificial weathering and subsequent batch and column tests [1, 2, 3]. The goal consisted in nvestigating a possible change of emissions into soil and groundwater of a new sporting ground as a function of ageing and egradation of the system. At various stages of the weathering, the samples were removed and subjected to especially designed column extraction tests for the solid samples. Both these extracts and the accumulated rainwater run-off of the weathering device were subjected to analytical tests of their ingredients. The overall aim of the test consisted in developing ontrollable, reproducible, and standardisable conditions and methods of investigation that would allow an estimation of the emissions in the course of outdoor application of about five years. T2 - 7th European Weathering Symposium. Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers CY - Naples, Italy DA - 16.09.2015 KW - artificial weathering KW - emission KW - leaching KW - sporting track KW - degradation KW - ageing KW - rubber KW - extraction PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-9816286-6-1 VL - CEES 17 SP - 195 EP - 208 PB - Thomas Würtz CY - Karlsruhe, Germany AN - OPUS4-35401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nikoonasab, Ali A1 - Licht, M. A1 - Weiler, L. A1 - Achenbach, R. A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Pore solution compositions and redox potentials of ground granulated blast furnace slag-containing cement pastes N2 - The pore solutions of hardened ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)-containing cements differ from the pore solutions of other cements with effects on reinforcement corrosion, application of electrochemical methods and immobilisation of radioactive waste. In the present study, the pore solutions of seven different GGBFS-containing cements (alkali-activated slag, alkali-activated slag/fly ash blends, hybrid alkaline cement (HAC), CEM III/C and CEM III/B) were extracted and their elemental and sulfate concentration, pH, redox potential and conductivity were determined; a Portland cement (CEM I) pore solution was analysed analogously. The silicon and aluminium concentrations of the alkali-activated cements increased with fly ash fraction, reaching values up to 5 mM and 10 mM, respectively, and thus were considerably higher than those of the standard cements. The redox potentials of the pore solutions of the GGBFS-containing cements were in the range from −100 mV to –500 mV vs Ag/AgCl, that is considerably lower than that of the Portland cement (8–20 mV vs Ag/AgCl), with the value depending on the GGBFS fraction and whether the cements were alkali-activated or not. These results indicate that the effects of reduced sulfur species from GGBFS in cements are more pronounced in alkali-activated materials, including HAC, and increase with GGBFS fraction. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Ground granulated blast furnace slag KW - Sulfide KW - Redox potential KW - Pore solution PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.25.00041 SN - 1751-7605 SN - 0951-7197 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 238 EP - 249 PB - Emerald CY - Leeds AN - OPUS4-64619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oliveira Menezes, Letícia Gonçalves A1 - Trajano Silveira, Beatriz Aiub A1 - de Castro Raucci, Larissa Moreira Spinola A1 - Martorano, Antônio Secco A1 - de Oliveira, Paulo Tambasco A1 - Arai, Marylyn Setsuko A1 - de Camargo, Andréa Simone Stucchi A1 - Hannig, Christian A1 - Sterzenbach, Torsten A1 - Brighenti, Fernanda Lourenção A1 - de Oliveira, Analú Barros A1 - Moraes, João Carlos Silos A1 - Danelon, Marcelle T1 - Functional glass ionomer cement modified with phosphate and zinc oxide nanoparticles: in vitro insights into physicomechanical behavior, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity N2 - Objectives: To evaluate the effect of incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and sodium trimetaphosphate microparticles (TMP) into resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) on its physicomechanical, microbiological, and cytotoxic properties. Methods: Six groups were prepared: 1) RMGIC (Fuji II LC); 2) RMGIC-1.0 %ZnONPs; 3) RMGIC-2.0 %ZnONPs; 4) RMGIC-14.0 %TMP; 5) RMGIC-1.0 %ZnONPs-14.0 %TMP; and 6) RMGIC-2.0 %ZnONPs-14.0 %TMP. Tensile/diametral compressive strengths (TS, DCS), surface hardness (SH) and degree of monomer conversion (%DC) were evaluated in 24 h and 7 days. Fluoride (F) release was assessed over 15 days using alternating demineralizing/remineralizing solutions. Antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity against S. mutans (UA159) was assessed through adhesion, biofilm growth measurements, and XTT assays. Cytotoxicity was tested on MDPC23 odontoblasts using the resazurin assay. Results: The DCS for the RMGIC-2.0 %ZnONPs group was 22.5 % higher when compared to RMGIC after 24 h (p <0.05); after 7 days, RMGIC-2.0 %ZnONPS-14.0 %TMP group was 23.4 % higher than RMGIC (p < 0.05). For TS after 7 days, the RMGIC-2.0 %ZnONPs-14.0 % TMP group showed the highest values (37 % and 55.4 %) than RMGIC and RMGIC-14.0 % TMP, respectively (p < 0.05). At 24 h, the RMGIC-2.0 %ZnONPs-14.0 %TMP Group showed the highest SH among all groups (p < 0.05). The greatest effect on reducing bacterial viability was observed for the RMGIC-2.0 %ZnONPs-14.0 %TMP group (p < 0.05). For cytotoxicity analysis, at 24 h, the RMGIC-1.0 %ZnONPs-14.0 %TMP group showed the highest cytocompatibility (p < 0.05). At 48 and 72 h, RMGIC-1.0 %ZnONPs, RMGIC-2.0 %ZnONPs, RMGIC-1.0 %ZnONPs-14.0 %TMP and RMGIC-2.0 %ZnONPs-14.0 %TMP groups showed the lowest cytotoxicity (p < 0.05) KW - Phosphate and zinc oxide nanoparticles KW - Glass ionomer PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106307 SN - 0300-5712 VL - 165 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65692 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghadamyari, Marzieh A1 - Ebrahim Hosseini, Hossein A1 - Michálková, Monika A1 - de Camargo, Andréa Simone Stucchi A1 - Cao, Jiangkun A1 - Galusek, Dušan A1 - Chukova, Oksana A1 - Wondraczek, Lothar A1 - Jacobsohn, Luiz Gustavo A1 - Klement, Róbert T1 - Broadband visible emission in undoped K2ZnGeO4 by near UV and X-ray excitation N2 - Self-activated phosphors (SAP) have attracted significant attention for a wide range of applications, including lighting, displays, scintillators, lasers, luminescence-based sensors, bioimaging, drug delivery, and luminescent security inks. In this work, we report a new white emitting SAP, α-K2ZnGeO4, synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction. The phosphor crystallizes in a single-phase orthorhombic structure and consists of irregularly shaped particles. Under ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray excitation the sample exhibits broad yellowish-white emission spanning the 350–800 nm spectral range, with a long-wavelength tail extending into the near-infrared region, overlapping the biological window. Average lifetime values of 20.4 and 22.6 μs were determined from the fluorescence decay curves monitored at the centre of the band (550 nm), upon excitation at 272 and 377 nm, respectively. Additionally, the decay curve of a distinct spectral feature, peaked at 385 nm, was studied upon 272 nm excitation, yielding a lifetime of 2.3 μs. The role of structural defects (donors: VO and Zni; acceptors: VZn, VGe, and Oi) in the luminescence of α-K2ZnGeO4 was also investigated. Photoluminescence spectra recorded under 366 nm and 377 nm excitation yielded CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates of (x, y) = (0.40213, 0.46943) and (0.39326, 0.47611), respectively. The values are almost identical and correspond to yellowish-white emission, highlighting the suitability of the material as a yellowish-white phosphor in white light-emitting diodes (wLEDs). KW - Broadband emitter KW - K2ZnGeO4 KW - X-ray excitation PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.01.063 SN - 0272-8842 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - 8658 EP - 8669 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65691 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rex, Tobias A1 - Vilela, Raquel R. C. A1 - Bauer, Nadine A1 - Hepp, Alexander A1 - de Camargo, Andrea S. S. A1 - Kiefer, Friedemann A1 - Strassert, Cristian A. T1 - Host–Guest Nanoparticles Incorporating a Fluorophore-Conjugated Pt(II) Complex: A Ratiometric Dual Emitter Performing as a Self-Referenced Oxygen Reporter N2 - Ratiometric optical sensors, which provide real-time measurements by comparing the intensities of two spectrally separated emission bands, are highly effective for monitoring oxygen levels. By combining oxygen-independent and oxygensensitive emission characteristics, they offer accurate quantification, distinguishing them from other sensor types. In this work, we designed a ratiometric optical sensor concept based on a biscyclometalated platinum(II) complex coupled with an organic naphthalonitrile-based fluorophore and incorporated it into mesoporous silica nanoparticles. This encapsulation strategy significantly improved the stability and water-dispersibility of the otherwise hydrophobic coordination compound while preventing aggregation and enhancing its photophysical properties. Both the free molecule and its nanoparticle-encapsulated form were characterized, revealing high sensitivity to oxygen variations with the unique feature of self-referenced ratiometric readout. The sensor’s response was effectively measured at the single-particle level using photoluminescence microscopy, providing temporally and spatially resolved oxygen readouts. The versatility of the system was demonstrated across different experimental setups, including suspensions, solids, and agarose-embedded forms, highlighting is adaptability to a wide range of applications. This system holds significant promise for advanced oxygen monitoring, offering a reliable tool for high-resolution detection in complex environments with multiple orthogonal readouts. KW - Oxygen sensing KW - Ratiometric luminescence KW - Platinum (II) complex KW - Dual emitter probe KW - Mesoporous silica nanoprticles PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.5c00262 SN - 2771-9855 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 332 EP - 342 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) AN - OPUS4-65689 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roß, Marcel A1 - Severin, Stefanie A1 - Hildebrandt, Jana A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin A1 - Miaskiewicz, Aleksandra A1 - Škorjanc, Viktor A1 - Bernardes de Araujo, Wander Max A1 - Leyden, Matthew A1 - Korte, Lars A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Dallmann, André A1 - Albrecht, Steve T1 - Compositional Analysis of Metal Halide Perovskites: Insight into the Coevaporation Process via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy N2 - Lead halide perovskites have emerged as a highly promising class of materials for solar cells. Nevertheless, suitable procedures to analyze the exact composition of the perovskite films are rare and are not generally applicable. Here we show a simple and fast method to determine the absolute composition of mixed metal halide perovskites through a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance and total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The method is validated on powder mixtures and applied to thin film samples prepared by coevaporation of formamidinium iodide (FAI), CsI, PbI2 and PbBr2, allowing correlation between film composition and solar cell performance. We show that the rates of the individual precursors do not always translate linearly into film composition and that the preparation of the hole transport layer MeO-2PACz strongly influences the incorporation of FAI. Our work highlights the importance of compositional analysis and demonstrates how the developed method provides new insights into the complex coevaporation process in perovskite solar cells. KW - e‑ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy KW - Metal Halide Perovskites KW - CoevaporationP rocess KW - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656932 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03689 SN - 2380-8195 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 1935 EP - 1943 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) AN - OPUS4-65693 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saeed, A. M. A1 - Saied, M. A. A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Fahmy, Alaa T1 - High performance novel polyelectrolyte membrane consisting of polyvinyl alcohol-phenylsilanol-polypyrrole N2 - The synthesis of composite membranes based on PVA, PPy, and sulfonated–hydrolyzed TMPS was investigated for application in proton–exchange membrane fuel cells. FT–IR confirmed the hydrolysis of TMPS through the appearance of Si–OH vibrations, disappearance of Si–O–CH3 bands, reduced CH3 stretching intensity (2840 cm− 1), and successful sulfonation of the phenyl ring (1030 cm− 1). XPS verified the introduction of sulfonic acid groups by identifying S2p peaks between 166–170 eV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an incorporation of PPy and that the membrane morphology altered by silanol leading to an increased surface roughness and inducing phase separation in comparison to pure PVA. The PVA–PPy–Si membrane which did not undergo phase separation demonstrated improved mechanical stability (maximum stress 5.91 MPa), reduced methanol uptake (22%, lower than Nafion’s 30%), and enhanced thermal resistance compared to PVA–PPy and PVA–Si. It also exhibited a high ion–exchange capacity (1.5mmol g− 1, exceeding Nafion® at 0.9mmol g− 1 ) and a proton conductivity of 0.036 S/cm, twice that of Nafion 117. These combined properties identify the PVA–PPy–Si composite as a promising high–performance polyelectrolyte membrane for fuel cell applications. KW - Polyelectrolyte membrane PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166495 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 731 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-65627 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Sintschuk, Michael A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - X-ray computed tomography scanning schemes and reconstruction capabilities at the BAMline (BESSY II) N2 - The BAMline at the BESSY II synchrotron (Berlin, Germany) is a multipurpose beamline that is used for computed tomography, among other techniques. For more than 20 years it has been used in various scientific fields to access and analyze internal structural features such as porosity, cracks or delamination. The general trend of tomographic X-ray imaging is moving towards in situ and operando studies to access the above-mentioned features under the most realistic conditions. This article presents the X-ray computed tomography (XCT) capabilities and the software suite, such as live reconstruction available to imaging users. Direct XCT reconstruction plays an important role in the quality control of the performed experiments and is particularly crucial for in situ and operando experiments. The BAMline now offers a sequence-based step-scan XCT that enables preview reconstruction during the scan to gain early insight into the scanned sample even while the scan is in progress. In addition, the sequence-based scheme includes lateral shifts, thereby mitigating ring artifacts and improving image quality. Finally, since XCT scan parameters, such as sample–detector distance and beam energy, are of utmost importance, we devised calculation software allowing control of monochromators to set the desired beam spectrum. KW - Synchrotron X-ray imaging KW - Computed tomography KW - Preview reconstruction KW - CT scan scheme KW - Software workflow PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655792 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577526001177 SN - 1600-5775 VL - 33 SP - 543 EP - 550 AN - OPUS4-65579 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petitdemange, Eliot A1 - Zhu, Jinjie A1 - Pedersen, Angus A1 - Parker, Joseph A1 - Balaghi, Esmael A1 - Li, Shaohua A1 - Favero, Silvia A1 - Ignacio Martínez, José A1 - Haigh, Sarah A1 - Titirici, Maria-Magdalena A1 - Fischer, Anna A1 - Barrio, Jesús T1 - High-Yield Synthesis of Fe-NC Electrocatalysts Using Mg2+ Templating and Schiff-Base Porous Organic Polymers N2 - The decoupled synthesis of Fe-NC single-site electrocatalysts mediated by Lewis acids enables high active site density and utilization. However, current approaches often rely on small organic molecules and suffer from low synthesis yields due to the high Lewis acid-to-precursor ratios required to achieve highly porous carbons. Here, a porous organic polymer (POP) based on 2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) is utilized as a carbon-nitrogen-based scaffold for the synthesis of Fe─NC electrocatalysts. By tuning the amounts of MgCl2 ·6H2O used both as porogen and active site templating agent, synthetic yields exceeding 45% are achieved, a significant improvement compared to the 6% yield from the molecular analogue and the highest reported forMg2+ templated systems. Subsequent low-temperature exchange with Fe leads to atomically dispersed FeNx, minimizing Fe aggregation. The resulting materials exhibit high specific surface areas (>1000 m2 g−1) with micro-, meso-, and macropores, which promote mass transport and active site accessibility. Compared to Fe─NC synthesized via direct pyrolysis of Fe-coordinated POP, the decoupled method enables significantly higher catalytic activity in both alkaline and acidic media, and delivers 1 A cm−2 at 0.687 ± 0.004 VRHE in an alkaline gas diffusion electrode, highlighting its potential for practical oxygen reduction devices. KW - Porous Organic Polymers KW - Single Atom KW - Oxygen reduction PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652618 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202518944 SN - 1616-3028 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-65261 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trambitski, Yahor A1 - Kizinievič, Olga A1 - Kizinievič, Viktor A1 - Pavasaryte, Lina T1 - Revealing the Structural Transformation of Biopolymer-Modified Clay Materials Through Microtomography and Hygroscopic Analysis N2 - This study focuses on the structural assessment of unfired clay materials (UCM) treated with different biopolymers using microtomography (microCT) and hygroscopic analysis. It addresses a significant research gap, as the analysis of hygroscopic properties in biopolymer-modified clays remains limited in the literature, while microCT investigations of such materials have been scarcely explored. The clay materials were modified using aqueous gelled biopolymer solutions of starch, alginate, and chitosan, each prepared under processing conditions adapted to their chemical characteristics and solubility: starch was dissolved in hot water, alginate in cold water, and chitosan in a slight acid solution. Moisture adsorption of the clay-biopolymer materials (CBM) increased up to 32.2%, as observed in the CBM, modified with a 7.5% alginate-based solution. Sorption hysteresis analysis revealed an increase in the hysteresis rate from 0.30% to 0.76–1.01% in CBMs, indicating that biopolymer modification enhanced the structural complexity of the clay matrix and promoted additional molecular interactions with water molecules within the CBM. MicroCT results demonstrated that within the CBM, biopolymers can function either as surface-coating agents (starch and alginate) or as organic clusters within the clay structure (chitosan). The obtained results highlight that biopolymer incorporation significantly enhances the hygroscopic buffering capacity of clay materials, offering a pathway toward sustainable building composites that can be applied in humidity-regulating finishes, eco-friendly construction blocks, and heritage conservation, where both moisture control and structural cohesion are essential. KW - Unfired clay material KW - Micro computed tomography KW - Clay-biopolymer material PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656872 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-026-00865-x SN - 2288-6206 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-65687 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kind, Thomas A1 - Wöstmann, Jens ED - Meßinger, J. T1 - Suche vorgespannter Bewehrung an einer Stahlbetonbrücke mit Radar und Ultraschall N2 - Die Ertüchtigung von Spannbetonbrücken wird häufig mit externen Spanngliedern am Überbau als Verstärkungsmaßnahme durchgeführt. Die externen Spannglieder werden dabei am Überbau u. a. durch Querspannglieder befestigt. Für die Führung- und Aufnahme der Querspannglieder sind Kernbohrungen notwendig, die die vorhandene Spannbewehrung nicht beschädigen dürfen, um eine zusätzliche Schwächung der Brücke zu vermeiden. Das Radar- und Ultraschallverfahren können als zerstörungsfreie Ortungsverfahren von Spanngliedern im Vorfeld für eine schadensfreie Kernbohrung eingesetzt werden. Beide Verfahren sind in der Lage, von der Oberfläche aus die Lage einzelner Spannglieder zu bestimmen. Wird die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) im Vorfeld einer Ertüchtigungsmaßnahme durchgeführt, können die Ergebnisse in die Planung der Ertüchtigungsmaßnahme einfließen und dabei helfen, Verzögerungen bei den Baumaßnahmen zu vermeiden. Mögliche Risiken, die eine Verzögerung verursachen können, sind z. B. deutliche Abweichungen der tatsächlichen Lage der Spannglieder von den Bestandsunterlagen oder das Vorhandensein zusätzlicher Einbauteile, die in den Bestandsunterlagen nicht eingezeichnet sind. Eine Verzögerung von Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen kann durch die rechtzeitige Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse von ZfP-Untersuchungen vermieden werden, da die Planungen nicht mehr überarbeitet werden müssen. Auch wenn eine Abweichung zwischen Bestandsunterlagen und tatsächlicher Lage der Spannbewehrung nicht erwartet wird, kann die zerstörungsfreie Sondierung sicherstellen, dass die Positionen der Kernbohrungen fehlerfrei markiert (angezeichnet) worden sind. Ob die Aufgabe die Spannglieder zu orten mit beiden ZfP-Verfahren erfolgreich gelöst werden kann und welches Verfahren eingesetzt werden muss, hängt von der Einbautiefe der Spannglieder, den Betoneigenschaften und der Dichte der Bewehrung ab. In wurde die Ortung von Spanngliedern für eine schadensfreie Kernbohrung mit Radar als Einzelverfahren vorgestellt. Eine Kombination aus dem schnellen Radarverfahren und dem detailliert auflösenden Ultraschallverfahren wird in dieser Arbeit am Beispiel der Untersuchung an einer Spannbetonbrücke in Bremen gezeigt. T2 - Georadar - Erfahrungen und Perspektiven CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 06.10.2011 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Radar KW - Ultraschall KW - Spanngliedortung KW - Verfahrenskombination PY - 2012 SN - 0947-1944 VL - I SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Dt. Geophysikalische Ges. CY - Potsdam AN - OPUS4-25767 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konersmann, Rainer T1 - Risiken infolge naturbedingter Gefahrenquellen N2 - In zunehmendem Maße stellen Extremwetterlagen, wie Stürme, Starkregen und Hochwasser für Siedlungsgebiete und Infrastruktur eine ernstzunehmende Gefahr dar. In vielen Fällen kommen diese Wetterkapriolen nicht unvorbereitet. Dank verbesserter und vermehrt eingesetzter Vorwarnsysteme, z .B. Wetterbojen in den Ozeanen und vernetzter Wettersatelliten, sind die Wetterprognosen schneller und genauer geworden. Einige Wetterphänomene entwickeln sich jedoch 'urplötzlich' und haben darum nur eine geringe Vorwarnzeit. Ein solches Wetterphänomen ist z. B. der Tornado. Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in diese Problematik. KW - Klimainduzierte Risiken KW - Tornado KW - Lastannahmen PY - 2012 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 2 IS - 7/8 SP - 45 EP - 50 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-26236 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kasparek, Eva Maria A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Experimental and numerical studies of shock absorbing materials for containers for radioactive waste N2 - Safety assessments of Containers for Transport and storage of radioactive materials involvedrop scenarios prescribed in the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA or potential accidents that might occur in a specific nuclear facility. Hereby, the design of impact limiters and foundation properties of the handling Region have a major effect on the mechanical loading of the cask and lid System. Reliable numerical simulations, which very often constitute a relevant part of such safety proofs, require systematic information About the energy absorption potential of the respectiye materials and its implementation in FEM (finite element) programs. However, when performing drop tests, BAM (BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) identified significant differences between numerical and experimental results, which most likely result from numerical methods that do not sufficiently reproduce the behaviour of impact limiting structures. Particularly concerned are Container impact limiter made of wood or Polyurethane foam as well as damping concrete bricks, which are embedded in foundations of German interim storages. PY - 2012 SN - 1431-5254 VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - 397 EP - 401 PB - Inforum CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-26261 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Knaust, Christian A1 - Rogge, Andreas T1 - CFD modeling of a tunnel fire by thermal coupling of fluid flow and structure N2 - The current technology allows the coupling of the temperature-dependent heat transfer mechanisms in case of fire within the structural components and at their surface by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this paper the thermal coupling of a fluid and a solid region in case of a 100 MW tunnel fire caused by a truck was carried out with CFD. The transient fire simulations were performed with the CFD program ANSYS FLUENT. The fire was modeled by the combustion of zz-heptane CrHir, using the eddy dissipation model. The fluid and the solid region were coupled by an interface. The unsteady heat conduction for the 0.4 m thick concrete structure is modeled by using the Fourier heat transfer equation. The transient thermal behavior of quartz containing concrete component was analyzed. Temperature-dependent material properties of the concrete were considered. T2 - International congress ' Fire computer modeling' CY - Cantabria, Spain DA - 18.10.2012 PY - 2012 SN - 978-84-86116-69-9 SP - 201 EP - 213 AN - OPUS4-27900 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kasparek, Eva Maria A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Zencker, Uwe T1 - Numerical and experimental investigations of polyurethane foam for use as cask impact limiter in accidental drop scenarios N2 - Rigid, closed-cell polyurethane foams are frequently used as cask impact limiters in nuclear materials and hazardous waste transport due to their high energy-absorption potential. When assessing the cask integrity in accidental scenarios based on numerical simulations, a description of the foam damping properties is required for different strain rates and for a wide temperature ränge with respect to waste heat generation in conjunction with critical operating and environmental conditions. Implementation and adaption of a respective finite element material model strongly relies on an appropriate experimental data base. Even though extensive impact experiments were conducted e.g. in Sandia National Laboratories, Savannah River National Laboratory and by Rolls Royce plc, not all relevant factors were taken into account. Hence, BAM who is in Charge of the mechanical evaluation of such packages within the approval procedure in Germany, incorporated systematic test series into a comprehensive research project aimed to develop numerical methods for a couple of damping materials. In a first step, displacement driven compression tests have beenperformed on confined, cubic specimens at five loading rates ranging from 0.02 mm/s to 3 m/s attemperatures between +90°C and -40°C. Materials include two differentPolyurethane foam types called FR3718 and FR3730 having densities of 280 kg/m3 and 488 kg/m3 from the product line-up of General Plastics Manufacturing Company. Their data was used to adapt an advanced plasticity model allowing for reliably simulating cellular materials under multi-axial compression States, Therefore, an automated parameter identification procedure had been established by combining an artificial neural network with local optimization techniques. Currently, the selected numerical material input values are validated and optimized by means of more complex loading configurations with the prospect of establishing methods applicable to impact limiters under severe accidental conditions. The reference data base is provided by experiments, where weights between 212 kg and 1200 kg have been dropped from heights between 1.25 m and 7 m on confined 10 cm cubic foam specimens. By presenting the deviations between experimental values and the corresponding Output of finite element simulations, the Potentials and restrictions of the resulting models are highlighted. T2 - WM2012 - Waste management conference CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA DA - 26.02.2012 KW - Plasticity KW - Finite elements KW - Material models KW - Rate dependency KW - Temperature dependency KW - Compression tests KW - Drop tests KW - Parameter identification PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-9836186-1-4 N1 - Serientitel: WM Symposia – Series title: WM Symposia IS - Paper 12099 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-26270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Stark, Wolfgang T1 - Low temperature properties of rubber seals - results of component tests N2 - Rubbers are widely used as sealing material in various applications. In many fields the function of seal materials at low temperatures is required. Therefore the understanding of failure mechanisms that lead to leakage at low temperatures is of high importance. Therefore the lower operation temperature limit of rubber seals should be determined in dependence of the material properties. The results of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) are combined with results of standardized measurements as the compression set according to ISO 815. To reduce the test time of the standard tests a faster and more efficient technique was developed and applied. In addition the breakdown temperature of the sealing function of O-ring seals at low temperatures is measured in a component test setup in dependence of the material and the degree of compression. T2 - 10th Fall rubber colloquium CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 07.11.2012 PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-9814076-1-7 IS - khk2012_jaunich.pdf SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-26995 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Sensory tests for building materials and rooms - Status of the standardisation N2 - To control the emission of pollutants from building materials, a few different voluntary labelling Systems have been introduced in Europe. In Germany mandatory “Principles for the health assessment of construction products used in interiors” have also been applied for the technical approval of floor coverings since 2004. All of these both voluntary and mandatory Systems combine measurements of volatile organic compounds according to ISO 16000-9 and sensory evaluations (new ISO 16000-28). In this paper a German project financed by the Umweltbundesamt (Federal Environmental Agency) will be presented. The project deals with the questions of how to combine the emission tests with the sensory evaluation and what the best sensory evaluation procedure is for achieving valid and accurate results. The limited values and the evaluation methods will be presented and discussed. In the next Step the criteria for labelling those products without an unpleasant odour will be determined. The current Status of ISO 16000 - 28 and 30 will be also presented. T2 - Healthy Buildings 2012 - 10th International conference CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 08.07.2012 KW - Sensory evaluation of building materials and rooms KW - Perceived air quality KW - Standardisation KW - Label KW - Normung KW - Geruch KW - Messmethoden KW - Emissionsmessung KW - Bauprodukte PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-921897-40-5 SP - 1 EP - 6 (3E.5) AN - OPUS4-27561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Stark, Wolfgang A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Material behaviour of static seals at low temperatures N2 - For many sealing applications rubber materials are applied due to their Special material properties and easy use. The crucial advantage of elastomeric seals in comparison to other seal is their high resilience. In many applications as e.g. in aviation, traffic or process technology the material can be exposed to low temperatures during Operation. Therefore it is important to know the material behavior at those low temperatures to determine the temperature ränge that allows a safe Operation of the seal. For low temperatures the seal function of an elastomer is in a way limited by the rubber-glass transition during which the material properties change from rubber-like to stiff and glass-like. This may result in a direct loss of the sealing function but especially for purely static applications a leak tightness well below the rubber-glass transition was observed, For a given application this correlation is not trivial, as the glass-rubber transition covers a broad temperature region and is strongly influenced by the applied load period. Therefore the applicability of a seal material has to be assessed by its properties in relation to the application conditions and the -ecessary level of tightness. T2 - 17th ISC - International sealing conference CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 13.09.2012 PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-00-039198-9 IS - A 16 SP - 295 EP - 300 CY - Frankfurt/M. AN - OPUS4-26524 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konersmann, Rainer T1 - Zugentgleisungen mit Eisenbahnkesselwagen N2 - Auch in hoch industrialisierten Ländern, die für alle Lebensbereiche hohe Sicherheitsstandards entwickelt haben, gehören Unfallereignisse zum täglichen Leben. Unfälle mit Eisenbahnkesselwagen, in denen Gefahrgut transportiert wird, stehen in Europa und Deutschland zum Glück nicht auf der Tagesordnung. Dies bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass bestehende Risiken nicht weiter verringert werden müssen. Durch die marginale Datenbasis sind risikoanalytische Untersuchungen jedoch nur eingeschränkt möglich. Diese Situation kann verbessert werden, wenn auch internationale Unfallanalysen miteinbezogen werden. Die BAM hat über einhundert Unfallberichte mit Eisenbahnkesselwagen analysiert. Über die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung wird nachfolgend berichtet. KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Eisenbahnkesselwagen KW - Entgleisungstopografie KW - Entgleisungsgeschwindigkeit KW - Risikominimierung PY - 2012 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 38 EP - 46 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-25831 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konersmann, Rainer T1 - Risiken des Transports von Gefahrgut durch Tunnel, über Brücken und auf offenen Binnenfährschiffen N2 - Eine hoch entwickelte Industriegesellschaft benötigt ein leistungsfähiges Transportnetz. Der Warentransport ist jedoch nicht beliebig gestaltbar. In besonderem Maße betrifft dies den Transport von Gefahrgütern. Viele Transportwege dürfen aus Gründen des Umweltschutzes nicht benutzt werden, da die Risiken im Falle eines Unfalls mit Gefahrgutfreisetzung als zu hoch bewertet werden. Darüber hinaus gibt es Fälle, bei denen eine sorgfältige Abwägung getroffen werden muss, z. B. bei der Benutzung von sensiblen Straßenbauwerken, von Tunneln und Brücken. Einige schwere Unfallereignisse zeigten, dass bei einer Gefahrgutfreisetzung mit der Nichtverfügbarkeit des Verkehrswegs gerechnet werden muss und deshalb längere und mitunter risikoreiche Ersatzrouten befahren werden mussten. Ein spezielles Problem ist der Transport von Gefahrgütern über Binnenwasserstraßen mit einem Fährschiff. Wie dieser hinsichtlich des Transportrisikos zu bewerten ist, versucht der Beitrag zu beantworten. KW - Risikovergleich KW - Tunnel KW - Brücken KW - Binnenfährschiffe PY - 2012 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 2 IS - 11/12 SP - 51 EP - 57 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-27430 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konersmann, Rainer T1 - Zur Abschätzung von Bauwerksschäden durch Flugzeugabstürze N2 - Die Mehrzahl der Flugzeugabstürze ereignet sich in Einflugschneisen. Aus diesem Grund wird die flugplatznahe Bebauung mit sensiblen Industrieanlagen oder Baulichkeiten mit einer hohen Bevölkerungsdichte besonders kritisch betrachtet. Außerhalb dieser Zonen scheint sich das Problem aufzulösen. Ein Überflugverbot für Bauwerke und Anlagen am Boden ist kein geeigneter Schutz, um gegen Flugzeugabstürze, die sich in großen Höhen ereignen, gewappnet zu sein. Niemand kann exakt berechnen, welche Regionen weniger oder stärker bei einem Absturz betroffen sind. Die Schadensfolgen lassen sich jedoch relativ gut ermitteln. Der Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in diese Problematik. KW - Risiko KW - Flugzeugabsturz KW - Triebwerksanprall KW - Berechnungsgrundlagen PY - 2012 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 2 IS - 1/2 SP - 36 EP - 42 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-25425 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lorenz, S. A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Posch, G. T1 - Suitability of high-alloyed flux-cored wire electrodes for laser-GMA hybrid welding N2 - The object of this research project related to investigations into the qualification of flux-cored wire electrodes for the laser-GMA hybrid welding of high-alloyed steels. Because of its annular metal shell and the powdery filling, this type of wire electrode permits stable, low-spatter metal transfer comparable with that in the spray arc, particularly in the upper range of the attainable deposition rates. In contrast with this, controlled metal transfer during the deposition of solid wire electrodes is achieved using pulsed arc technology. When these filler materials are welded, the properties specific to the material and to the process have a significant influence on the weld metallurgy as well as on the process stability. Tests were carried out on the AISI 403L (X2CrNi1911) high-alloyed base material in order to investigate the transferability of the attainable material properties from GMA welding to laser-GMA hybrid welding. Four wire electrodes were used according to DIN EN 12072 and DIN EN ISO 17633: a T 19 9 L P M 1 rutile fluxcored wire designed specifically for welding in position, a T 19 9 L R M (C) 3 rutile flux-cored wire suitable for welding in the flat position, a T 19 9 L M M 1 metal-powder flux-cored wire as well as a G 19 9 L Si solid wire. KW - Welding KW - Laser GMA hybrid welding PY - 2012 SN - 1612-3433 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 181 EP - 187 PB - DVS - German Welding Society CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-26298 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lerena, P. A1 - Auerkari, Pertti A1 - Knaust, Christian A1 - Vela-Wallenschus, Iris A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Approaches towards a generic methodology for storage of hazardous energy carriers and waste products N2 - Energy carriers – either conventional or 'new' ones – have to be provided in large amounts to meet the requirements of permanent availability and reliable supply of electricity. Depending on their state of aggregation, energy carriers are either stored in large masses (if solid or liquid) or at elevated pressures (if gaseous). Both impose the hazard of large-scale fire, in the latter case additionally the danger of explosion or unintended release. Very similar hazards occur for wastes. Solid wastes are present in large masses and only a small part is recycled. Most of the solid wastes are used in energy conversion. The main gaseous waste is CO2. During capturing also the hazard of unintended release exists. In this article, existing approaches for safe storage and fire prevention are discussed and a generic methodology is outlined. This methodology consists of the following steps: - gaining knowledge about the behaviour of the material stored (reactivity, thermal stability, etc.), - assessing the environmental conditions for the storage site (neighbourhood, safety distances, etc.), - assessment of prospective consequences of an incident and - development of individual loss prevention conceptions. All steps require both experimental testing and theoretical considerations about accident scenarios as integral parts of the methodology. KW - Storage KW - Hazardous materials KW - Energy carriers PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2012.729524 SN - 1366-9877 SN - 1466-4461 N1 - Geburtsname von Vela-Wallenschus, Iris: Vela, I. - Birth name of Vela-Wallenschus, Iris: Vela, I. VL - 16 IS - 3-4 SP - 433 EP - 445 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-26882 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -