TY - JOUR A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Neddemeyer, Torsten A1 - Ruhl, Aki Sebastian A1 - Hünert, Daniela A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Oder, Gabriele A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo T1 - The challenge in understanding the corrosion mechanisms under oxyfuel combustion conditions N2 - Basic research on the corrosive effect of flue gases has been performed at the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (Germany). Conditions at both high and low temperatures were simulated in specially designed experiments. Carburization occured in flue gases with high CO2 content and temperatures higher than 500 °C. In SO2 containing flue gases sulphur was detected in the oxide scale. At lower temperatures no corrosion was observed when gases with low humidity were investigated. Humidity higher than 1500 ppm was corrosive and all steels with Cr contents lower than 12% revealed corroded surfaces. At low temperatures below 10 °C a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acid condensed on metal surfaces. Acid condensation caused severe corrosion. Humidity, CO2, O2, and SO2 contents are the important factors determining corrosion. Below 300 °C acid condensation is the primary reason for corrosion. Low humidity and low temperatures are conditions which can be expected in the CO2 separation and treatment process. This work includes major conditions of the flue gas and CO2 stream in CCS plants and CCS technology. KW - Coal KW - Oxyfuel power plant KW - Corrosion KW - Carburization KW - Sulphur KW - Sulphuric acid PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.05.029 SN - 1750-5836 VL - 5 IS - Supplement 1 SP - S168 EP - S178 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-24705 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klapper, Helmuth Sarmiento A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Burkert, Annette A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Villalba, A.L. T1 - Influence of surface treatments on the pitting corrosion of type 304 stainless steel by electrochemical noise measurements N2 - Surface treatments usually are used to modify the appearance and properties of stainless steel surfaces. Simultaneously, the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel surface being related intrinsically to the spontaneous formation of a passive layer also will be affected. In this respect, the influence of different surface treatments on the corrosion resistance of Type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel to pitting corrosion has been evaluated by means of potentiostatic electrochemical noise measurements and surface characterization. Typical industrial treatments including mechanical grinding, glass blasting, and pickling were taken into account. Additionally, special consideration was put on the effect of aging conditions of the passive layer after surface treatments, in particular on the relative humidity. Benefits and limitations of the different applied surface treatments concerning protectiveness of the stainless steel surface were determined and discussed. KW - Corrosion KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - Surface treatment PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3613641 SN - 0010-9312 SN - 1938-159X VL - 67 SP - 075004-1 EP - 075004-13 PB - National Association of Corrosion Engineers CY - Houston, Tex. AN - OPUS4-24247 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Reliability of pipe steels with different amounts of C and Cr during onshore carbon dioxide injection N2 - During the compression of emission gasses into deep geological layers (Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, CCS) CO2-corrosion will become a relevant safety issue. The reliability of the steels used at a geological onshore CCS-site in the Northern German Bassin 42CrMo4 (1.7225, AISI 4140) used for casing, and the injection pipe steels X46Cr13 (1.4034, AISI 420 C), X20Cr13 (1.4021, AISI 420 J) as well as X35CrMo17 (1.4122) is demonstrated in laboratory experiments. Samples were kept in a synthetic aquifer environment at T = 60 °C. This corrosive environment is then saturated with technical CO2 at a flow rate of 3 l/h. Microstructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, after a series of heat treatments (700 h to 2 years). The non-linear isothermal surface corrosion behaviour of the steels reveals surface corrosion rates around 0.1–0.8 mm/year, when obtained by mass gain. Severe pit corrosion (pit heights ca. 4.5 mm) are only located on the injection pipe steels. Main phases of the continuous scales are siderite FeCO3 and goethite α-FeOOH. The formation of the non-protective layer is likely to form via a transient Fe(OH)2-phase. KW - Steel KW - Pipe KW - Corrosion KW - Carbonate layer KW - CO2-injection KW - CO2-storage CCS PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.03.006 SN - 1750-5836 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 757 EP - 769 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-25533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dantan, Nathalie A1 - Höhse, Marek A1 - Karasyov, A.A. A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. T1 - Entwicklung eines optischen pH-Sensors zur Früherkennung korrosionsgefährdender Zustände in Stahlbeton KW - Korrosion KW - Stahlbeton KW - Monitoring KW - pH-Wert KW - Faseroptik KW - Sensorik KW - Corrosion KW - Steel-reinforced concrete KW - pH value KW - Fiber optic sensor PY - 2007 SN - 0340-837X SN - 0178-2312 SN - 0171-8096 VL - 74 IS - 4 SP - 211 EP - 216 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-14971 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pettersson, C.O. A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Corrosion testing of welds, a review of methods KW - Austenitic stainless steels KW - Carbon steels KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion tests KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Duplex stainless steels KW - Fatigue strength KW - Galvanic corrosion KW - Intergranular corrosion KW - Low alloy steels KW - Mechanical properties KW - Nickel alloys KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Stress corrosion KW - Stainless steels KW - Steels KW - Unalloyed steels KW - Welded joints KW - Weld metal PY - 2007 SN - 0043-2288 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 51 IS - 7/8 SP - 79 EP - 106 PB - Springer CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-15727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Raupach, M. ED - Elsener, B. ED - Polder, R. ED - Mietz, Jürgen ED - M. Raupach, ED - Elsener, B. ED - R. Polder, ED - J. Mietz, T1 - Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Reinforcement KW - Rehabilitation KW - Monitoring KW - Inhibitors PY - 2007 SN - 978-1-84569-210-0 SP - 1 EP - 312 PB - Woodhead Publishing Ltd CY - Cambridge, Great Britain AN - OPUS4-16588 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Moraes, Flavia A1 - Müller, Wolfgang A1 - Frischat, G.H. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Corrosion and crystallization at the inner surfaces of glass bricks N2 - Glass bricks are important transparent building materials. They are produced by joining two halves of glass pressings at 600–700 °C. During this production process alkali oxides evaporate and are redeposited at the cooler inner front surfaces of the bricks. This surface layer reacts with H2O and CO2 from the residual brick atmosphere, leading to the formation of an alkali-rich silicate-hydrate layer of ≥50 nm thickness, which could be evidenced leading to a reduced nano-hardness of similar thickness, and from which NaHCO3 crystals can finally grow. Climate chamber experiments (repeated cooling between at -8 and -14 °C and reheating to 0 to 15 °C) resulted in reversible NaHCO3 crystallization and redissolution, presumably influenced by water evaporation or condensation and driven by the NaHCO3 supersaturation of the silicate-hydrate layer. Depending on the time–temperature schedule, different crystal morphologies became visible in this closed system, e.g. isolated spherical crystals, crystals arranged in chains and in double-chains, respectively, which can limit already the transmittance of the glass bricks. When a crack occurs or the brick is opened, the hygroscopic NaHCO3 crystals take up more H2O from the ambient, react irreversibly with the glass surface, finally leading to a total loss of transmittance. KW - Chemical properties KW - Chemical durability KW - Corrosion KW - Crystallization KW - Crystal growth KW - Nucleation KW - Glasses KW - Mass spectroscopy KW - Mechanical properties KW - Hardness KW - Indentation KW - Microindentation KW - Microscopy KW - Optical microscopy KW - Scanning electron microscopy KW - Optical properties KW - Optical spectroscopy KW - Oxide glasses KW - Alkali silicates KW - Soda-lime-silica KW - Surfaces and interfaces PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.07.086 SN - 0022-3093 VL - 354 IS - 2-9 SP - 284 EP - 289 PB - North-Holland Publ. Co. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-16433 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eichler, Thorsten A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Beck, Matthias T1 - Electrochemical noise measurements on unalloyed steel in chloride-containing alkaline environment N2 - The investigations discussed in this paper aim to clarify whether electrochemical noise measurements (ENM) are capable for application in concrete and mortar, particularly with regard to pitting initiation in such environment. For these purposes, the results of several different test series are compared and discussed. Based on investigations on passivity and pitting corrosion in alkaline solutions with different chloride contents further results in cement paste, mortar and concrete are evaluated. KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Corrosion KW - Steel in Concrete KW - Chlorides KW - Pitting Corrosion KW - Cement KW - Mortar KW - Black Steel PY - 2007 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200704089 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 58 IS - 12 SP - 961 EP - 969 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-16374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Kranzmann, Axel ED - Roland Span, ED - Ingo Weber, T1 - Effect of CO2 on the stability of steels with 1% and 13% Cr in saline water T2 - 15th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam (ICPWS XV), "Water, Steam, and Aqueous Solutions - Advances in Science and Technology for Power Generation" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2008-09-07 KW - Steel KW - Corrosion KW - Injection tube KW - Carbonate scale KW - CO2-storage KW - CO2-injection PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-931384-64-7 IS - Session 06: Electro-12 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-17869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dantan, Nathalie A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Wolfbeis, Otto S. ED - Udd, E. T1 - Fiber optic pH sensor for early detection of danger of corrosion in steel-reinforced concrete structures T2 - 12th SPIE International Symposium "Smart Structures and Materials 2005 CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 2005-05-06 KW - Korrosion KW - Stahlbeton KW - Monitoring KW - pH KW - Faseroptischer Sensor KW - Langzeitstabilität KW - Indikator KW - Immobilisierung KW - Corrosion KW - Steel-reinforced concrete KW - Fiber optic sensor KW - Long-term stability KW - Indicator KW - Immobilization PY - 2005 SN - 0-8194-5739-6 SN - 1605-7422 N1 - Serientitel: SPIE proceedings series – Series title: SPIE proceedings series IS - 5758 SP - 274 EP - 284 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham AN - OPUS4-11768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Carrillo-Salgado, I. T1 - Corrosion stability of piping steels in a circulating supercritical impure CO2 environment N2 - Within the project COORAL (German acronym for ''C02 purity for capture and storage") studies on pipeline steels exposed to circulating supercritical impure C02 have been carried out. For this purpose, a loop consisting of compressors, flow meter and two autoclaves was constructed. In order to simulate the real conditions in pipelines, impurities such as H20, CO, S02, N02 and 02 were added to the C02 stream before compression. Exposure experiments were carried out with Steel specimens placed in the autoclaves. Carbon Steel L360NB, pure iron X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X2CrMnNiN22-5-2 and alloy 31 have been exposed to circulating (flow rate 4 L/min) supercritical impure C02 for one week at 60 °C and 10 MPa Surface analysis and weight loss experiments in order to determine the corrosion products and the corrosion rates showed that the impurities cause corrosion problems. Slight general corrosion by L360NB and soft iron was observed. The initiation of pitting corrosion was observed at the surfaces of the materials X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X2CrMnNiN22-5-2. No visible signs of corrosion have been observed on alloy 31. T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2013 CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 17.03.2013 KW - Supercritical circulating CO2 KW - Impurities KW - Exposure test KW - Corrosion PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-627-48145-8 SP - 1 EP - 11 (Paper 2372) PB - Curran CY - Red Hook, NY AN - OPUS4-28965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bohraus, Stefan A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Corrosion behavior of steels for CO2 injection N2 - The process chain for Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) includes tubing for injection of CO2 into saline aquifers. The compressed CO2 is likely to contain specific impurities; small concentrations of SO2 and NO2 in combination with oxygen and humidity are most harmful. In addition, CO2 saturated brine is supposed to rise in the well when the injection process is interrupted. The material selection has to ensure that neither CO2 nor brine or a combination of both will leak out of the inner tubing. In this comprehensive paper the investigated materials range from low-alloy steels and 13% Cr steels up to high-alloy materials. Electrochemical tests as well as long term exposure tests were performed in CO2, in brine and combination of both; pressure was up to 100 bar, temperature up to 60 °C. Whereas the CO2 stream itself can be handled using low alloy steels, combinations of CO2 and brine require more resistant materials to control the strong tendency to pitting corrosion. The corrosion behavior of heat-treated steels depends on factors such as microstructure and carbon content. For different sections of the injection tube, appropriate materials should be used to guarantee safety and consider cost effectiveness. KW - CCS KW - Injection tubing KW - Corrosion KW - Safety KW - Carbon steel KW - High alloy steel KW - Saline fluid KW - Supercritical CO2 PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2013.07.002 SN - 0957-5820 SN - 1744-3598 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 108 EP - 118 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-28966 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosemann, P. A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Heyn, Andreas ED - J. Grosch, ED - E.J. Mittemeijer, T1 - Qualitätsbewertung von Schneidwaren durch Kurzzeit-Korrosionsprüfung N2 - Bei der Qualitätsbewertung von Schneidwaren aus nichtrostenden martensitischen Chrom-Stählen stellt die Überprüfung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit ein wichtiges Kriterium dar. Allgemein üblich sind Wechseltauchversuche mit relativ hohem zeitlichem und auswertungsbedingtem Aufwand, die noch dazu zerstörend sind und teilweise fragwürdige Ergebnisse liefern. In den letzten Jahren wurden neue Ansatze der Prüfung geschaffen, die eine nahezu zerstörungsfreie Kurzzeit-Korrosionsprüfung erlauben. Es wird gezeigt, dass mit dem elektrochemischen Rauschen sehr empfindlich Einflüsse des Härtens und der Oberflächenbehandlung auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit nachgewiesen werden können, wodurch eine schnelle und objektive Qualitätsbewertung innerhalb des Fertigungsprozesses und der Endkontrolle von Produkten möglich ist. Das für die Prüfmethodik ausgenutzte Phänomen des elektrochemischen Rauschens zielt darauf ab, den Beginn der Korrosion empfindlich und schnell zu detektieren, ohne die Prüfbedingungen maßlos zu verschärfen und Produkte damit zu zerstören. Neben der Funktionalität der Prüfung stehen aber auch die Anwenderfreundlichkeit und somit die Akzeptanz bei den Herstellern im Vordergrund. Aus diesem Grund wurde zusätzlich ein Indikatortest (KorroPad) als praxistaugliche Alternative zum elektrochemischen Rauschen angewendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung beider Methoden und ermöglichen eine effektive betriebliche Qualitätsüberwachung von Schneidwaren. KW - Schneidwaren KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Korrosion KW - Prüfmethoden KW - Qualitätskontrolle KW - Cutlery KW - Stainless steel KW - Corrosion KW - Testing methods KW - Quality control PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/105.110195 SN - 1867-2493 VL - 68 IS - 5 SP - 224 EP - 235 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-29341 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Wolf, Marcus A1 - Wiegand, Reiner A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Bork, Claus-Peter T1 - Corrosion fatigue behavior and S-N-curve of X46Cr13 exposed to CCS-environment obtained from laboratory in-situ-experiments N2 - In corrosive environments such as CCS bore holes or geothermal power plants the materials loaded cyclically are also exposed constantly to the highly corrosive hot thermal water. The lifetime reduction of (X46Cr13, AISI 420C) is demonstrated in in-situ-laboratory experiments (T=60 °C, geothermal brine: Stuttgart Aquifer flow rate: 9 Nl/h, CO2). S-N plots, micrographic-, phase-, fractographic- and surface analysis were applied to obtain sustainable information on the corrosion fatigue behavior. Maximum number of cycles (here 12.5 x 106 cycles to failure) is reached at σa =173 MPa. No typical fatigue strength exists and passive corrosion fatigue is most likely failure cause. KW - Steel KW - Supercritical CO2 KW - Pipeline KW - Corrosion KW - CCS KW - CO2-storage PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.499 SN - 1876-6102 VL - 37 SP - 5764 EP - 5772 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-29342 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bender, S. A1 - Göllner, J. A1 - Heyn, Andreas A1 - Blawert, C. A1 - Srinivasan, P.B. ED - Pekguleryuz, M.O. ED - Kainer, K.U. ED - Kaya, A. T1 - Corrosion and surface finishing of magnesium and its alloys N2 - While the possibilities of improving corrosion resistance (especially galvanic corrosion) by alloying are limited, surface finishing of magnesium alloys is the alternative for improving corrosion resistance. Due to the low corrosion potential of Mg and the danger of galvanic corrosion in the case of a coating defect, the choice of coatings is limited. This chapter will summarize the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys and the metallurgical possibilities to improve the corrosion resistance of the alloys and reviewing critically the most commonly used surface treatments and coatings for magnesium. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion testing KW - Negative difference effect (NDE) KW - Conversion coatings KW - Plasma electrolytic oxidation KW - Organic coatings KW - Galvanic coatings PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-85709-088-1 SN - 978-0-85709-729-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857097293.232 IS - Chapter 7 SP - 232 EP - 265 PB - Woodhead Publishing Ltd AN - OPUS4-29332 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, S. A1 - Holzhausen, U. A1 - Heyn, Andreas T1 - Investigations of the aqueous corrosion of pretreated magnesium alloys by means of electrochemical noise measurements N2 - An important possibility to improve the corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloys is the application of protective coatings. The quality of such coatings depends mainly on the pretreatment and the exposure conditions after pretreatment. Since magnesium surfaces change much faster under atmospheric conditions than those of almost any other technical material, it is necessary to pay special attention to this particular feature. The activity of acid-pickled surfaces of the magnesium alloys AZ31 and AZ91 in dependence on the exposure time and the humidity conditions was investigated with electrochemical noise (EN) measurements. In addition to pickling, plasma chemical vapour deposition processes open new possibilities for an economical, as well as ecologically quite safe, pretreatment. The results of EN investigations after acid pickling as well as specific plasma oxidation treatments of the two magnesium alloys after exposure to air with different humidities are presented. KW - Corrosion KW - CVD KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Magnesium alloys KW - Pretreatment PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201206741 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 64 IS - 8 SP - 708 EP - 713 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-29073 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosemann, P. A1 - Schmidt, J. A1 - Heyn, Andreas T1 - Short and long term degradation behaviour of Mg-1Ca magnesium alloys and protective coatings based on plasma-chemical oxidation and biodegradable polymer coating in synthetic body fluid N2 - The main problem limiting the application of magnesium alloys as biodegradable implant material is its high degradation rate. In order to slow down the corrosion rate an extrusion process and specific coating systems based on plasma-chemical oxidation (PCO) and organic dip coating with poly(ʟ-lactid-co-caprolacton) (PLLC) were applied on Mg–1Ca magnesium alloy. The additional PLLC coating is used to delay the start of substrate corrosion, while the purpose of the PCO coating is to decrease the substrate corrosion rate. The corrosion behaviour was investigated in synthetic body fluid (SBF) through measurement of the hydrogen evolution rate in long term tests and polarisation and electrochemical noise measurements in short term tests. The results showed significant differences between the cast and extruded alloys and a decrease of the corrosion rate due to corrosion product formation. The combination of both coating systems resulted in a significant delay of metal substrate corrosion and all coating systems showed good correlation between short and long term tests. The combination of the three investigation methods provides the possibility to gain more information about the degradation behaviour and break down of protective coatings. KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Magnesium KW - Plasma-chemical oxidation PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201206590 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 64 IS - 8 SP - 714 EP - 722 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-29074 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Dreßler, Martin A1 - Hünert, Daniela A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo T1 - Sol-gel alumina coatings for high-temperature corrosion protection of Ni-base alloy SC16 in water vapour containing atmosphere N2 - Alumosols in combination with well dispersed corundum were successfully used to form up to 2.5 ìm thick coatings on the Ni-base alloy SC16. These coatings withstood heat treatments at 700 °C in a water vapour containing atmosphere. The heat treatment caused formation of delta-alumina in the coating and diffusion of chromium and titanium into the coating. KW - Alumina KW - Coating KW - Sol-gel KW - Corrosion KW - Protection PY - 2009 SN - 0020-5214 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 192 EP - 195 PB - DVS-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-19726 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Kranzmann, Axel ED - C.A. Brebbia, ED - V. Popov, T1 - Influence of CO2 on the corrosion behaviour of 13Cr martensitic stainless steel AISI 420 and low-alloyed steel AISI 4140 exposed to saline aquifer water environment T2 - 17th International Conference on Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution CY - Tallinn, Estonia DA - 2009-07-20 KW - Steel KW - Pipeline KW - Corrosion KW - CCS KW - Carbon capture KW - CO2-injection PY - 2009 SN - 978-1-84564-195-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR090371 SN - 1746-448X SN - 1746-3541 VL - 123 SP - 409 EP - 418 PB - WIT Press AN - OPUS4-19783 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Linke, B. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Predicting the long term corrosion behaviour of pipe steels used at the CCS-site Ketzing, Germany in laboratory CO2-saturated saline aquifer CCS-environment T2 - First international conference on materials for energy CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2010-07-04 KW - CCS KW - Corrosion KW - Steels KW - Injection pipe PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-89746-117-8 IS - Paper 1067 SP - 1005 EP - 1007 AN - OPUS4-21684 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Linke, Barbara A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Carbon capture and storage technique (CCS): Reliability of pipe steels used in Ketzin, Germany verified in laboratory saline aquifer corrosion experiments N2 - During the compression emission gasses in deep geological layers (Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS) CO2-corrosion will become a relevant safety issue. The reliability of the steels used at the geological onshore CCS-site at Ketzin, Germany, (heat treated steel 42CrMo4 (1.7225, AISI 4140) used for casing, and the martensitic stainless injection pipe steels X46Cr13 (1.4034, AISI 420 C), X20Cr13 (1.4021, AISI 420 J), X35CrMo17 (1.4122)) is demonstrated in 1 and 2 years laboratory experiments. Samples were kept in a synthetic aquifer environment similar to the geological CCS-site at Ketzin, Germany at T=60 °C. This corrosive environment is then saturated with technical CO2 at a flow rate of 3 l/h. Microstructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray, after a series of heat treatments (700 h to 2 years). Due to very slow mass loss at extended exposure times to CCS-environment one year is sufficient to predict stable surface corrosion rates from laboratory experiments. The non-linear isothermal surface corrosion behaviour of the steels reveals surface corrosion rates around 0.1 to 0.8 mm/year, when obtained by mass gain. The loss of the base material is higher when calculated from the corrosion layer magnitude due to the unpredictable local corrosion attacks. Severe pit corrosion (pit heights ca. 4.5 mm) are only located on the high chromium steels. Main phases of the continuous scales are siderite FeCO3 and goethite α-FeOOH. The formation of the non-protective layer is likely to form via a transient Fe(OH)2-phase. T2 - MWWD & IEMES 2010 - 6th International conference on marine waste water discharges and coastal environment CY - Langkawi, Malaysia DA - 2010-10-25 KW - Saline aquiver KW - Environmental issues KW - CCS KW - CO2-injection KW - CO2-storage KW - Corrosion KW - Phase formation PY - 2010 SN - 978-9944-5566-4-4 IS - Paper 047_P SP - 1 EP - 17 AN - OPUS4-22333 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quiroz Penaranda, Vanessa A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Laser beam weldability of high-manganese austenitic and duplex stainless steel sheets N2 - Manganese alloyed stainless steels represent a cost-effective alternative to conventional CrNi- stainless steels due to strong fluctuations of the market prices for nickel seen during the last years. In CrMnNi steels, nickel is partially replaced by lower-cost manganese and small amounts of nitrogen for stabilization of the austenitic phase. This also brings benefits regarding the mechanical properties, as it results in an increased material strength. Laser beam welding of such materials was investigated for direct comparison with standard CrNi steels. Main emphasis was laid on finding adequate process parameters to achieve a stable welding process and obtain a good weld quality. Two different laser sources, a 4.4 kW Nd:YAG and a 5 kW CO2 laser, were used to weld 1.5 mm stainless steel sheets in continuous wave mode. A high-Mn austenitic (1.4376) and a lean duplex (1.4162) steel, as well as the standard austenitic (1.4301) and duplex (1.4362) grades were selected as test materials. Both butt and lap joint configurations were studied. Experiments were carried out systematically, varying the welding speed, laser power and focal point position in order to determine adequate process windows. The influence of the shielding gas type and flow rate on the process stability and the weld quality were investigated. The effects of weld edge preparation on the weld appearance and quality levels attained were also examined. The obtained welded joints were subjected to radiographic tests for detection of internal imperfections. Also a metallurgical characterization of the samples regarding the resulting phase composition or balance and hardness depending on the welding process parameters was conducted. Furthermore, tensile and potentiodynamic tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical and corrosion properties, respectively. The results provide an insight into the advantages and limitations of the laser beam welding process for joining high-manganese alloyed stainless steels. Conditions for the production of defect-free and corrosion-resistant welds having good mechanical properties could be determined. KW - Austenitic stainless steels KW - Corrosion KW - CO2 lasers KW - Duplex stainless steels KW - Laser welding KW - Manganese KW - Mechanical properties KW - Shielding gases KW - YAG lasers KW - Weldability PY - 2012 SN - 0043-2288 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 56 IS - 1/2 SP - 9 EP - 20 PB - Springer CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-25404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hong, Shuxian A1 - Lai Wai-Lok, Wallace A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie T1 - Monitoring accelerated corrosion in chloride contaminated concrete with ground penetrating radar T2 - 14th International conference on ground penetrating radar - GPR 2012 CY - Shanghai, China DA - 2012-06-04 KW - GPR KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Corrosion KW - Chloride PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-4673-2663-6 SP - 1 EP - 6(?) AN - OPUS4-26122 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eichler, Thorsten A1 - Isecke, Bernd A1 - Wilsch, Gerd ED - Forde, M.C. T1 - Investigations on the secondary protection mechanisms in cathodic protection applications N2 - A joint research project was accomplished by ibac and BAM with the aim to develop a numerical model of cathodic protection (CP) of reinforced concrete with a special focus on CP of the rear reinforcement layer. The model was intended to include the effects of chemical alterations within the concrete and the steel concrete interface, which are induced by long-term application of CP. The investigations presented in this paper focus on the migration of chloride ions due to small electric fields as applied during cathodic protection of steel in reinforced concrete structures and its impact on polarisation characteristics. A comparatively new method, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), was used to determine chloride profiles on laboratory specimens in order to investigate one of several model parameters to describe cathodic protection of the rear reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures. These investigations are described elsewhere, [1]. The paper focuses on long term polarisation tests and their impact on the charge depending cathodic polarisation behaviour of laboratory specimens. T2 - Structural faults & repair 2012 - 14th International conference and exhibition CY - Edinburgh, Scotland DA - 2012-07-03 KW - Concrete KW - Cathodic protection KW - Chloride migration KW - Corrosion KW - Steel in concrete PY - 2012 SN - 0-947664-71-7 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Engineering Technics Press AN - OPUS4-26413 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Broomfield, J. A1 - Fischer, Joachim A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Schneck, U. T1 - Case studies N2 - In this paper, some quite different survey tasks are described, and it can be seen that corrosion surveys will follow a certain scheme of data acquisition (first NDT measurements, than detailed testing on suspect areas), but the individual scope of on-site measurements may have a vast variety according to the local circumstances, and the interpretation always has to refer to a wider set of information than the data readings only. KW - Corrosion surveys KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Reinforcement KW - Concrete KW - Potential mapping KW - Corrosion PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201206649 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 147 EP - 160 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-29730 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Klinger, Christian A1 - Klingbeil, Dietmar T1 - Structural assessment of railway axles - A critical review N2 - The safety assessment of railway axles is based on a two-stage approach: fatigue strength design and regular inspections which, in terms of a general safety philosophy refer to safe-life and damage tolerance concepts. Starting with a recent failure case, a broken axle of a German high speed train, a discussion is presented on issues of both safety levels. These include ideas for finite life design, the treatment of in-service effects on the fatigue strength due to flying ballast damage and corrosion pits, the effect of corrosion on fatigue crack initiation and propagation, potential effects of non-metallic inclusions in steels, the way to detect them by quality control measures and reliability aspects of non-destructive testing with respect to the detection of fatigue cracks. Proposals are made how the safety level could be further improved. KW - Railway axles KW - Safe life design KW - Damage tolerance design KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Flying ballast impact KW - Corrosion KW - Non-metallic inclusions PY - 2013 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350630712002531 SN - 1350-6307 SN - 1873-1961 VL - 35 IS - Special issue on ICEFA V- Part 1 SP - 54 EP - 65 PB - Elsevier Science Publ. CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-29715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bohraus, Stefan T1 - Corrosion of CO2 transport and injection pipeline steels due to the condensation effects caused by SO2 and NO2 impurities N2 - Condensates from the gas stream in simulated CO2 transport pipelines have been identified during the experiments in the laboratory. Because of their acidic origin the corrosion resistance of pipeline steels used for CCS (carbon capture and storage) technology might be limited. Over the last years it has become clear that the amount of water and acid building constituents in the CO2 stream has to be controlled very well. In this work, condensates formed in experiments using gaseous CO2 containing high amounts of water, NO2 and SO2 were analyzed, replicated, and used for extensive electrochemical experiments. These highly acidic condensates were enriched with CO2 and then applied to characteristic steels planned to use in the CCS transport chain. Even high alloy steels are susceptible to localized corrosion under these conditions. The results implicate that condensation of aggressive acid droplets has to be avoided or the locations where condensation takes place have to be controlled extensively. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon steel KW - Corrosion KW - High alloy steel PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201307368 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 334 EP - 341 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-30036 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmigalla, S. A1 - Bender, S. A1 - Heyn, Andreas A1 - Schmidt, J. A1 - Hort, N. T1 - Investigation of biodegradation behaviour of an Mg-1Ca alloy influenced by heat treatment and applying plasma-chemical oxidation layers N2 - The degradation behaviour of an Mg-1Ca alloy is investigated in vitro to figure out the possibilities of influencing the degradation behaviour of such an alloy by applying heat treatment as well as the use of a coating system based on plasma-chemical oxidation. It is shown that an optimised solution annealing (T4-heat treatment) can reduce the degradation rate while an additional ageing between 240 and 300 °C (T6-heat treatment) increases it. A coating generated by plasma-chemical oxidation reduces the degradation rate in the immersion test. Its effect is depending on the former heat treatment of the Mg-1Ca alloy as well as on the parameter during plasma-chemical oxidation. KW - Biodegradation KW - Magnesium alloys KW - Plasma-chemical oxidation KW - Magnesium KW - Thermal treatment KW - Corrosion KW - Electrochemistry PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201106433 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 64 IS - 7 SP - 578 EP - 584 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-28933 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Keserovic, A. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Material evaluation for application in geothermal systems in Indonesia T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2013 CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 2013-03-17 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Low alloy steel KW - Stainless steel KW - Electrochemistry PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-627-48145-8 SP - 1 EP - 10 (Paper 2269) PB - Curran CY - Red Hook, NY AN - OPUS4-29401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromer, Ch. A1 - Schwibbert, K. A1 - Gadicherla, A. K. A1 - Thiele, D. A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Tschiche, H. R. T1 - Monitoring and imaging pH in biofilms utilizing a fluorescent polymeric nanosensor N2 - Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature and in the man-made environment. Given their harmful effects on human health, an in-depth understanding of biofilms and the monitoring of their formation and growth are important. Particularly relevant for many metabolic processes and survival strategies of biofilms is their extracellular pH. However, most conventional techniques are not suited for minimally invasive pH measurements of living biofilms. Here, a fluorescent nanosensor is presented for ratiometric measurements of pH in biofilms in the range of pH 4.5–9.5 using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The nanosensor consists of biocompatible polystyrene nanoparticles loaded with pH-inert dye Nile Red and is surface functionalized with a pH-responsive fluorescein dye. Its performance was validated by fluorometrically monitoring the time-dependent changes in pH in E. coli biofilms after glucose inoculation at 37 °C and 4 °C. This revealed a temperature-dependent decrease in pH over a 4-h period caused by the acidifying glucose metabolism of E. coli. These studies demonstrate the applicability of this nanosensor to characterize the chemical microenvironment in biofilms with fluorescence methods. KW - Dye KW - Fluorescence KW - Signal enhancement KW - Sensor KW - Quantum yield KW - Synthesis KW - Nanoparticle KW - Nano KW - Polymer KW - Ph KW - Biofilm KW - MIC KW - Corrosion KW - Microorganism KW - Bacteria PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550751 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13518-1 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-55075 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, W. A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Katsumi, N. A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Völker, Tobias T1 - Ion distribution in concrete overlay, mapped by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), modified by an embedded zinc anode N2 - Galvanic corrosion protection by embedded zinc anodes is an accepted technique for the corrosion protection of reinforcing steel in concrete. Galvanic currents flow between the zinc anode and the steel reinforcement due to the potential difference that is in the range of a few hundred mV. The ion distribution was studied on two steel reinforced concrete specimens admixed with 3 wt.% chloride/wt. cement and galvanically protected by a surface applied EZ-anode. On both specimens, a zinc anode was embedded and glued to the concrete surface by a geo-polymer-based chloride-free binder. At one specimen, the EZ-anode was operated for 2,5 years, the EZ-anode at the other specimen was not electrically connected to the reinforcement, this specimen serves as a reference. Both specimens have been stored under identical conditions. The ion distribution between the anode (EZ-ANODE) and cathode (steel reinforcement) was studied by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) after 7 months, 12 months, and 2,5 years. Results of the LIBS studies on the specimen with activated EZ-anode after 7 months, 12 months, and 2,5 years and of the reference specimen after 2,5 years are reported. Results show that diffusion of ions contributes to the changes in the ion distribution but migration, especially of chlorides towards the EZ-anode is significant despite the weak electric field – several hundred millivolts - generated by the galvanic current. Results show that chloride ions accumulate near the zinc-anode as in water-insoluble zinc-hydroxy chlorides - Simonkollite. T2 - ICCRRR 2022 CY - Capetown, South Africa KW - Corrosion KW - LIBS KW - Zinc KW - Anode PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560576 DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236404023 SN - 2261-236X VL - 364 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis AN - OPUS4-56057 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bulling, Jannis A1 - Jurgelucks, B. A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Walther, A. T1 - Defect reconstruction in a two-dimensional semi-analytical waveguide model via derivative-based optimization N2 - This paper considers an indirect measurement approach to reconstruct a defect in a two-dimensional waveguide model for a non-destructive ultrasonic inspection via derivative-based optimization. The propagation of the mechanical waves is simulated by the scaled boundary finite element method that builds on a semi-analytical approach. The simulated data are then fitted to given data associated with the reflected waves from a defect which is to be reconstructed. For this purpose, we apply an iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method in combination with algorithmic differentiation to provide the required derivative information accurately and efficiently. We present numerical results for three kinds of defects, namely, a crack, delamination, and corrosion. The objective function and the properties of the reconstruction method are investigated. The examples show that the parameterization of the defect can be reconstructed efficiently as well as robustly in the presence of noise. KW - Mechanical waves KW - Corrosion KW - Finite-element analysis KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Nondestructive testing techniques KW - Symbolic computation KW - Materials analysis KW - MATLAB KW - Newton Raphson method PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565485 DO - https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0013574 VL - 152 IS - 2 SP - 1217 EP - 1229 PB - AIP Publ. CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-56548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Grabowski, Sven A1 - Sahrhage, H. A1 - Lampke, T. T1 - Electrochemical corrosion investigations on binary and ternary zinc alloy coatings using gel electrolytes N2 - Novel agar-based test electrolytes are used to perform electrochemical corrosion investigations on ZnFe and ZnNi binary as well as ZnFeMo ternary zinc coatings. The objectives of the electrochemical investigations include the characterization of the corrosion behavior, the description of the protective effect of the coatings as well as the investigation of the layer formation and degradation under artificial aging. ZnFe and ZnFeMo coatings are applied with varying iron content as well as an additional passivation layer, respectively, to study the effect on corrosion resistance. The results show that the protective effect of the coatings is not negatively influenced by different iron contents or the addition of molybdenum. Additional passivation of the ZnFe-containing coatings by means of a passivating agent leads to a significant improvement in the protective effect. Artificial aging leads to slight degradation of the additional passivation layer whereas coatings without post-treatment enhance their protective effect by the formation of corrosion product layers. KW - Binary zinc alloys KW - Ternary zinc alloys KW - Corrosion testing KW - Gel electrolytes KW - Corrosion PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101336 SN - 1438-1656 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-54301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Achenbach, R. A1 - Angst, U. A1 - Brem, M. A1 - Dauberschmidt, C. A1 - Eichler, T. A1 - Hariri, K. A1 - Harnisch, J. A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Mayer, T.F. A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Pruckner, F. T1 - Merkblatt B 03 - Elektrochmische Potentialmessung zur Detektion von Bewehrungsstahlkorrosion N2 - Die Potentialmessung kann zum Auffinden korrosionsaktiver Bereiche neben Stahlbetonbauwerken auch bei Spannbetonbauwerken angewandt werden, die mit Spannstählen im direkten Verbund hergestellt werden. Bei Vorspannsystemen mit metallischen Hüllrohren im nachträglichen Verbund ist eine Aussage über den Korrosionszustand des Hüllrohrs, nicht aber des Spannstahls möglich. Messungen an Spannbetonbauteilen erfordern grundsätzlich die besonderen Kenntnisse eines Spezialisten. KW - Korrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung KW - Corrosion KW - Concrete PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-947971-16-9 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53091 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Achenbach, R. A1 - Angst, U. A1 - Dauberschmidt, C. A1 - Eichler, T. A1 - Hariri, K. A1 - Harnisch, J. A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Kosalla, M. A1 - Mayer, T.F. A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Pruckner, F. A1 - Sodeikat, C. T1 - Specification B 12 - Corrosion monitoring in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures N2 - This specification describes how corrosion monitoring is used to check the condition of reinforced and prestressed concrete members. In this specification, the term "corrosion monitoring" covers all methods in which it is possible to continuously track corrosion-relevant variables in the area of stationary, built-in sensors. This specification does not cover other possible methods, such as potential field measurements, involving the use of mobile, portable sensors that are placed temporarily on the membersurface to take measurements. KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Monitoring PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-947971-14-5 SP - 1 EP - 55 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53092 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Kohl, Anka T1 - Short-term exposure tests of ɣ-Al2O3 Sol-gel coating on X20Cr13 in artificial geothermal waters with different pH N2 - The suitability of an Al2O3 coating for corrosion protection on X20Cr13 was evaluated in various artificial geothermal brines, focusing on the influence of different pH (4, 6 and 8) and their chemical compositions on the coating properties. All experiments were performed in the laboratory using autoclaves at 150 ◦C and 1 MPa in deaerated condition for 1 and 7 days. Results showed that the pH of geothermal waters is the most detrimental factor in the transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 and its protective abilities. Delaminations were found in the Coating exposed to geothermal brines with pH 4. FTIR spectra indicated a transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 to boehmite AlOOH after exposure to pH 4 and 6, and bayerite Al(OH)3 was formed after exposure to pH 8. Different Crystal structures of the hydrated Al2O3 also contribute to the stability of the coatings, observed by the SEM- EDX of the surface and cross-section of coatings. This study indicated that ɣ-Al2O3 sol-gel coating presents a promising aspect of corrosion protection in geothermal environment with a neutral pH. KW - Al2O3 KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Martensitic steel PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102193 SN - 0375-6505 VL - 96 SP - 102193 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-52931 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Valet, Svenja A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Babutzka, Martin T1 - Determination of the corrosion product layer resistance on zinc and electrolytically galvanized steel samples by using gel electrolytes N2 - Although zinc and zinc coatings have been widely used for corrosion protection for decades new zinc coatings are constantly being developed. Characterizing the corrosion protectiveness of these new coatings, however, should not be underestimated. While exposure tests are time intensive, cyclic tests can only be used for a very limited field of application. Thus, electrochemical measurements provide both an efficient and an effective alternative. Conventional aqueous bulk electrolytes influence the surface layers of a tested zinc coating and are therefore not reliable. Gel electrolytes, however, have evolved over the last few years, are minimally invasive and provide reliable results. This work describes experiments with gel electrolytes made of agar. Unlike previous work, it proposes a composition of gel electrolyte for minimally invasive description of the protective power of naturally formed oxide layers on zinc and zinc coatings. Therefore, as a first part, the gel electrolyte made of agar is verified as a method for zinc and zinc-coated samples. Afterwards, this paper introduces the corrosion product layer resistance RL as a promising parameter to evaluate the protective power of zinc coatings. Results are verified with EIS and FTIR measurements. An example on a representative zinc coating demonstrates the practical application. KW - Gel electrolytes KW - Agar KW - Zinc coatings KW - Atmospheric exposure KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-526053 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138191 SN - 0013-4686 VL - 385 SP - 138191 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52605 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Poltavtseva, M. A1 - Mietz, Jürgen ED - Ottosen, L. T1 - Electrochemical investigation of carbon-based conductive coatings for application as anodes in ICCP system of reinforced concrete structures N2 - Carbon-based conductive coatings are complex composites, consisting of an organic or inorganic binder and conductive carbon components, for application as anodes in impressed current cathodic protection systems of reinforced concrete structures. The electrochemical properties of three coatings at different humidity and in saturated calcium hydroxide solution were studied by electrochemical methods, such as electrochemical impedance measurement, measuring of open circuit potential over time and galvanostatic polarization. T2 - International RILEM Conference on Materials, Systems and Structures in Civil Engineering 2016 CY - Lyngby, Denmark DA - 21.08.2016 KW - ICCP KW - Coating KW - Cunductive KW - Corrosion KW - reinforcement KW - Concrete KW - Cathodic protection PY - 2016 SN - 978-2-35158-176-6 SN - 978-2-35158-177-3 VL - Proceedings PRO 111 SP - 43 EP - 46 PB - RILEM Publications S.A.R.L. CY - Paris, France AN - OPUS4-37216 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Fischer, Joachim A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Paetsch, O. T1 - Investigation of chloride-induced pitting corrosion of steel in concrete with innovative methods N2 - The combination of electrochemical and 3D computed tomography (CT) investigations offers the possibility of verifying electrochemical measurements non-destructively. Determining the steel surfaces damaged by pitting corrosion allows developing specimens having damage pattern corresponding to practice. Corrosion phenomena like decoupled pitting corrosion cannot be verified by electrochemical measurements only, but with the combination of those two kinds of investigations it is possible. Another advantage is the minimization of the number of samples. The classical experimental procedure requires the destruction of samples after each damage step.This can be avoided by the use of 3D computed tomography. As long as the corrosion phenomena are completely within the examination zone shown by the 3D computed tomography, the electrochemical measurements can be calculated on an area basis to get the specific corrosion rate or polarization resistance. KW - Corrosion KW - Concrete KW - 3D x-ray KW - Corrosion rate PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201608969 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 0043-2822 VL - 67 IS - 6 SP - 583 EP - 590 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-36341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bosch, R.-W. A1 - Cottis, R.A. A1 - Csecs, K. A1 - Dorsch, T. A1 - Dunbar, L. A1 - Heyn, Andreas A1 - Huet, F. A1 - Hyökyvirta, O. A1 - Kerner, Z. A1 - Kobzova, A. A1 - Macak, J. A1 - Novotny, R. A1 - Öijerholm, J. A1 - Piippo, J. A1 - Richner, R. A1 - Ritter, S. A1 - Sánchez-Amaya, J.M. A1 - Somogyi, A. A1 - Väisänen, S. A1 - Zhang, W. T1 - Reliability of electrochemical noise measurements: Results of round-robin testing on electrochemical noise N2 - Sixteen laboratories have performed electrochemical noise (EN) measurements based on two systems. The first uses a series of dummy cells consisting of a 'star' arrangement of resistors in order to validate the EN measurement equipment and determine its baseline noise performance, while the second system, based on a previous round-robin in the literature, examines the corrosion of aluminium in three environments. All participants used the same measurement protocol and the data reporting and analysis were performed with automatic procedures to avoid errors. The measurement instruments used in the various laboratories include commercial general-purpose potentiostats and custom-built EN systems. The measurements on dummy cells have demonstrated that few systems are capable of achieving instrument noise levels comparable to the thermal noise of the resistors, because of its low level. However, it is of greater concern that some of the instruments exhibited significant artefacts in the measured data, mostly because of the absence of anti-aliasing filters in the equipment or because the way it is used. The measurements on the aluminium samples involve a much higher source noise level during pitting corrosion, and most (though not all) instruments were able to make reliable measurements. However, during passivation, the low level of noise could be measured by very few systems. The round-robin testing has clearly shown that improvements are necessary in the choice of EN measurement equipment and settings and in the way to validate EN data measured. The results emphasise the need to validate measurement systems by using dummy cells and the need to check systematically that the noise of the electrochemical cell to be measured is significantly higher than the instrument noise measured with dummy cells of similar impedance. KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Round-robin KW - Corrosion PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.093 SN - 0013-4686 SN - 1873-3859 VL - 120 SP - 379 EP - 389 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Kidlington AN - OPUS4-30284 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Ehrig, Karsten A1 - L'Hostis, V. A1 - Muzeau, B. A1 - Paetsch, O. T1 - Examination of damage processes in concrete with CT N2 - In order to extend the lifetime of buildings and constructions at the macro scale it is necessary to understand the damage processes of building materials at the micro scale. In particular, durability of reinforced concrete structures is one of the most important equirements for construction planning and restoration of buildings. Therefore degradation mechanisms were reproduced on laboratory specimens. CT (Computed Tomography) is commonly used for non-destructive microstructural defect analysis for recurring tests on concrete specimens. In this work a few examples of CT applications on cementitious materials (including cement paste, mortar and concrete specimens) will be presented. Firstly, in order to quantify the degradation processes, specimens analysed were damaged by corrosion due to carbonation and due to chloride ingress. Particular focus has been set to the analysis of cracks. An automated crack detection tool, developed by Zuse Institut Berlin (ZIB) and BAM in ZIBAmira, has been applied for quantitative analysis of crack parameters and 3D visualization of cracks. Furthermore the distribution of corrosion products has been evaluated inside the cement matrix and visualized in 3D data sets. Another important factor for the ageing stability of concrete is the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The ITZ consists of a layer of cement paste (20 to 40 μm) over every aggregate where porosity is generally increased in comparison with the bulk. This zone could be a preferential zone for transfer of aggressive species. To visualize the ITZ, a small sample of mortar with a diameter of 10mm has been prepared and scanned using the industrial μCT setup at BAM with a spatial resolution of 5μm voxel size. In addition the extracted surface of aggregates could be used for load simulations. We finally show how CT examination of drilled samples taken from building materials in conjunction with laboratory experiments is helpful for further evaluations of damage processes in concrete. T2 - Conference on industrial computed tomography (ICT) 2014 CY - Wels, Austria DA - 25.02.2014 KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Crack detection KW - 3D visualization PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-8440-2557-6 SN - 1610-4773 SP - 111 EP - 122 PB - Shaker Verlag GmbH AN - OPUS4-30332 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Wolthusen, Helmut A1 - Wolf, Marcus A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Effect of heat treatment of injection pipe steels on the reliability of a saline aquifer water CCS-site in the Northern German basin N2 - Samples of differently heat treated high alloyed stainless injection-pipe steels AISI 420 X46Cr13, AISI 420J X20Cr13 as well as X5CrNiCuNb16-4 AISI 630 were kept at T=60 °C and ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in a CO2- saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to possible geological on-shore CCS-sites in the northern German Basin. Corrosion rates and scale growth are lowest after long term exposure for steels hardened and tempered at 600 to 670 °C and pits - indicating local corrosion- decrease in diameter but increase in number as a function of carbon content of the steel. Martensitic microstructure is preferred with respect to this particular CCS-site. T2 - GHGT-12 - Greenhouse gas control technologies conference CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.10.2014 KW - Steel KW - Supercritical CO2 KW - Pipeline KW - Corrosion KW - CCS KW - CO2-storage PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-319433 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.609 SN - 1876-6102 N1 - Serientitel: Energy Procedia – Series title: Energy Procedia VL - 63 SP - 5762 EP - 5772 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-31943 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirmaier, L. A1 - Bender, S. A1 - Heyn, Andreas T1 - Test of resilience - Electrochemical corrosion investigations identify zinc-free anticorrosive pigments N2 - Development of anti-corrosive pigments for diverse coating systems is both time-consuming and costly, due to the necessary climatic testing, such as testing under salt spray exposure. To accelerate work on a new zinc-free pígment with improved protection, modern, electrochemical investigation methods have been used successfully and verified using traditional tests. KW - Corrosion KW - Protection KW - Coating KW - Anticorrosive KW - Pigments KW - Development KW - Electrochemical KW - Noise PY - 2014 SN - 0930-3847 IS - 6 SP - 18 EP - 22 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-30928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Heyn, Andreas A1 - Fenker, M. A1 - Balzer, Martin T1 - Investigation on defect morphology and corrosion behaviour of TiMgN hard coatings on steel substrate N2 - Nitride hard coatings, such as Titanium nitride and chromium nitride coatings are widely used for applications focussing on wear protection and decorative purposes. Also these coatings are often applied on low alloyed steel substrates. The inevitable contact of the coated components with the environment through pores and coating defects bears the danger of corrosion of the steel substrate followed by further delamination of the coating and a loss of function of the component. A new attempt to increase the corrosion behaviour of those physically deposited hard coating systems is the implementation of magnesium. The positive effect of magnesium could be verified already electrochemically. Performed experiments on TiMgN have shown that corrosion resistance could drastically improved with increasing Mg content of the TiMgN up to 30 at% compared to steel substrates with applied titanium nitride hard coatings. Besides the clarification of the electrochemical and phenomenological effect of the magnesium on the corrosion behaviour, an additional aim of this work is the investigation of the coating defects, defect morphologies and their influence on the local corrosion behaviour. For this the incorporation of the magnesium and its effects on the coating material, the influence of coating growth related defects and the effect of the coating structure on the corrosion behaviour should be experimental examined by using innovative surface and material analysis methods such as FIB and TEM. Furthermore the evolution of the coating defects should be investigated by combing confocal microscopy with a new developed exposure test method using the electrochemical indication test KorroPad. The function of the KorroPad test, which was developed and patented [1] at the BAM for the detection of corrosion sensitive steel surfaces by indicating dissolution of iron ions [1], allows the detection and identification of critical coating defects for further microscopic investigation. Additional to that the KorroPad test simulates an accelerated exposure test by simultaneous absence of the disadvantages of typical short time exposure test like salt spray tests. Thus it allows a monitoring and analysis of the evolution of the critical coating defects and their influence on the local corrosion behaviour and the overall corrosion mechanisms. The results of this work should contribute to the development of new hard coatings with improved corrosion protection properties and also to a better understanding of the corrosion mechanisms of coated steel substrates. T2 - EUROCORR 2014 - European corrosion congress CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 08.09.2014 KW - Metallic coatings KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-89746-159-8 SP - O EP - 7473, 384 AN - OPUS4-31482 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Carrillo-Salgado, I. T1 - Material challenges for stainless steel in carbon capture and storage N2 - Corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel (SS) (UNS S32101) and super austenitic SS (UNS NO8031) (Alloy 31) was investigated in crevice conditions in a saline brine. Rubber was used to form a metal/non-metal-crevice confguration. UNS NO8031 did not exhibit any signs of pitting corrosion even by applying potentials much more positive than the corrosion potential. KW - Corrosion KW - CO2 KW - Saline aquifer fluids PY - 2014 SN - 0094-1492 VL - 53 IS - 5 SP - 2 EP - 5 CY - Houston, Tex. AN - OPUS4-30633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Investigation of chloride-induced pitting corrosion of steel in concrete by a combination of electrochemical methods with X-ray tomography N2 - Steel in concrete is protected by the alkaline pore water environment and the resulting formation of a protective passive layer against corrosion. Adverse environmental conditions due to carbonation or chloride ingress can destroy the passive layer on the steel surface. Corrosion processes starting in those areas lead to uniform corrosion or local corrosion like pitting corrosion. In comparison to uniform corrosion pitting corrosion is a form of increased local corrosion and thus leads to a progressive reduction in cross-section of the reinforcing steel. The corrosion products are first absorbed by the pores of the concrete matrix, without causing visible external changes at the concrete surface. T2 - EUROCORR 2014 - European corrosion congress CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 08.09.2014 KW - Corrosion KW - Rebar KW - Chloride KW - Pitting corrosion PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-89746-159-8 SP - O-7207, 274-275 AN - OPUS4-31431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zunkel, Astrid A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Schlischka, Jörg T1 - “Stolt Rotterdam” - The sinking of an acid freighter N2 - The Stolt Rotterdam tanker ship, filled with nitric acid, was unloading at the Krefeld-Uerdingen terminal on the Rhine River in November 2001. Nitric acid ran out of the stainless steel tanks into the ship's hull and damaged the structural steel. The ship then caught fire and sank at the terminal. Large quantities of nitrogen oxides were emitted, which drifted towards a residential area. Additionally, a mixture of acid and water was introduced into the Rhine River. The area became hazardous to people and the natural environment; however, the imminent danger for the residents and the environment was reduced because of the protective measures against pollution and the good teamwork between local authorities, fire brigades and the Bayer AG company. The acid was drained off of the ship using a controlled discharge of the acid into the river. Through the use of this measure, the ship was salvaged, limiting the pollution to the area and removing the health hazards to the people and the environment. After the ship was salvaged, the river police, along with assistance from the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, impounded the ship and selected corroded parts for further examination. Some of these components have been examined in detail by the BAM. These material investigations contributed to the elucidation of the origin of the leak in the floor panel. The cause of damage was deemed to be a result of a construction flaw at the enamelled valve on the load and discharge pipes. The results from the comparative corrosion testing using the original structural steel and 60% acid revealed that the valves began to leak at least 8 h prior to the incident at the terminal. KW - Freighter KW - Nitric acid KW - Corrosion KW - Valve KW - Flat gasket PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.03.002 SN - 1350-6307 SN - 1873-1961 VL - 43 IS - Special Issue 'A Tribute to Prof. A. Martens' SP - 221 EP - 231 PB - Elsevier Science Publ. CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-31596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, Ulrich A1 - Zunkel, Astrid A1 - Eberle, Arno T1 - Breakdown of heat exchangers due to erosion corrosion and fretting caused by inappropriate operating conditions N2 - Damage analyses on two heat exchanger units showed that in both cases inappropriate flow conditions of media caused very different failure mechanisms that resulted in irreparable damage. The first incident was the breakdown of an unalloyed steel condenser, which operated in a coal-fired power plant. A considerably high number of tubes successively leaked. Metallography identified lines of segregation in the microstructure of the tube walls, thus, giving evidence that both uniform corrosion and erosion corrosion caused by low-pressure wet steam were the root cause. The second incident was the breakdown of a recuperator made from chromium–nickel steel due to mechanical damage to tubes and baffle. This unit operated as part of a pilot plant to regain heat from the drying process of sewage sludge. It turned out that soiled vapour caused clogging of the cross-sectional area and therefore accelerating the flow velocity of the vapour. This inappropriate operating condition caused the tubes to oscillate so severely that they even banged together. Abrasive wear especially at the intersection through the holes of the baffle damaged the tubes and the whole unit irreparably. KW - Corrosion KW - Condenser KW - Recuperator KW - Soiled media KW - Leakage of tubes PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.03.019 SN - 1350-6307 SN - 1873-1961 VL - 43 IS - Special Issue 'A Tribute to Prof. A. Martens' SP - 271 EP - 280 PB - Elsevier Science Publ. CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-31597 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Fakhouri, A. ED - Grantham, M. ED - Basheer, P. A. M. ED - Magee, B. ED - Soutsos, M. T1 - Suitability of embedded RFID-sensors for concrete bridge structures T2 - Concrete Solutions 2014 CY - Belfast, UK DA - 2014-09-01 KW - NDT KW - Embedded sensors KW - RFID KW - Moisture measurement KW - Corrosion PY - 2014 SN - 978-1-138-02708-4 SP - 1 EP - 6(?) PB - CRC Press AN - OPUS4-31723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eichler, Thorsten A1 - Isecke, Bernd A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Investigations on the re-passivation of carbon steel in chloride containing concrete in consequence of cathodic polarisation N2 - Although the complex changes at the steel-concrete interface due to cathodic polarisation are widely acknowledged to have a beneficial influence concerning the cathodic protection (CP) of steel in concrete, some questions concerning the repassivation of carbon steel in consequence of cathodic polarisation are still not satisfactorily clarified. In the recent literature, some indications are presented that repassivation occurs after a certain time of polarisation. Therefore, the investigations discussed in this paper aim to clarify, to what extent the re-passivation of carbon steel due to cathodic polarisation occurs, and if the ennoblement of OCP is a sufficient indication for repassivation. In a first step, the corrosion state of five nominal equal test specimens was determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After determining the initial corrosion state by evaluating the charge transfer resistance and the polarisation resistance, respectively, the specimens were polarised cathodically. Impedance data were recorded before, during and after polarisation. The impedance data were evaluated by equivalent circuit fitting with special attention to charge transfer resistances and the impact of diffusion on the corrosion and polarisation behaviour. The results indicate that the reduction of oxides and oxygen diffusion during cathodic polarisation has strong impact on the systems behaviour and that repassivation effects occur after switching off the polarisation current and during depolarisation, respectively. KW - Steel in concrete KW - Cathodic protection KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Mild steel KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - High alkaline environment KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Unalloyed steel KW - Passivity PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200805142 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 119 EP - 129 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-18808 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -