TY - JOUR A1 - Schulze-Makuch, D. A1 - Haque, S. A1 - Beckles, D. A1 - Schmitt-Kopplin, P. A1 - Harir, M. A1 - Schneider, Beate A1 - Stumpp, C. A1 - Wagner, D. T1 - A chemical and microbial characterization of selected mud volcanoes in Trinidad reveals pathogens introduced by surface water and rain water N2 - Terrestrial mud volcanoes are unique structures driven by tectonic pressure and fluids from the deep subsurface. These structures are mainly found in active tectonic zones, such as the area near the Los Bajos Fault in Trinidad. Here we report a chemical and microbiological characterization of three mud volcanoes, which included analyses of multiple liquid and solid samples from the mud volcanoes. Our study confirms previous suggestions that at least some of the mud volcano fluids are a mixture of deeper salt-rich water and surficial/precipitation water. No apparent water quality differences were found between sampling sites north and south of a major geological fault line. Microbiological analyses revealed diverse communities, both aerobic and anaerobic, including sulfate reducers, methanogens, carbon dioxide fixing and denitrifying bacteria. Several identified species were halophilic and likely derived from the deeper salt-rich subsurface water, while we also cultivated pathogenic species from the Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Shewanellaceae, and Clostridiaceae. These microorganisms were likely introduced into the mud volcano fluids both from surface water or shallow ground-water, and perhaps to a more minor degree by rain water. The identified pathogens are a major health concern that needs to be addressed. KW - Water stable isotope analysis KW - Mud volcanoe fluids KW - Metabolomics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136087 VL - 707 SP - 136087 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50499 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart A1 - Simon, Fabian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Fischer, E. A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Pfeifer, Jens A1 - Cossmer, Antje A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - Determination of organically bound fluorine sum parameters in river water samples - Comparison of combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) N2 - In this study, we compare combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) with respect to their applicability for determining organically Bound fluorine sum parameters. Extractable (EOF) and adsorbable (AOF) organically bound fluorine as well as total fluorine (TF) were measured in samples fromriver Spree in Berlin, Germany, to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques used as well as the two established fluorine sum Parameters AOF and EOF. TF concentrations determined via HR-CS-GFMAS and CIC were comparable between 148 and 270 μg/L. On average, AOF concentrations were higher than EOF concentrations, with AOF making up 0.14–0.81% of TF (determined using CIC) and EOF 0.04–0.28% of TF (determined using HR-CSGFMAS). The results obtained by the two independent methods were in good agreement. It turned out that HR-CS-GFMAS is a more sensitive and precise method for fluorine analysis compared to CIC. EOF and AOF are comparable tools in Risk evaluation for the emerging pollutants per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances; however, EOF is much faster to conduct. KW - High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) KW - Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) KW - Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) KW - Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) KW - Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) KW - Surface waters PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515351 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-03010-y SN - 1618-2650 VL - 413 IS - 28 SP - 103 EP - 115 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51535 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liaskos, C. A1 - Rhoderick, G. A1 - Hodges, J. A1 - Possolo, A. A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Pilot comparison CCQM-P177 - monoterpenes in nitrogen at 2.5 nmol/mol - final report N2 - Growing awareness of the impact of monoterpenes on climate, atmospheric chemistry, and indoor air quality has necessitated the development of measurement standards to globally monitor and control their emissions. For National Metrology Institutes to develop such standards, it is essential that they demonstrate measurement equivalence for assigned values at the highest levels of accuracy. This report describes the results of a pilot comparison for 4 key monoterpene species: α-pinene, 3-carene, R-limonene and 1,8-cineole, at a nominal amount-of-substance fraction of 2.5 nmol mol-1. The objective of this comparison is to evaluate participant capabilities to measure trace-level monoterpenes using their own calibration techniques. KW - Pilot comparison KW - CCQM KW - Monoterpene KW - Accuracy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/57/1A/08018 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 57 IS - 1A SP - 08018-1 EP - 08018-21 PB - IOP Science AN - OPUS4-51111 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schatten, René A1 - Szuppa, Tony T1 - Monitoringprogramm zur Verwertung von Bodenmaterial gemäß §§ 6-8 Novelle BBodSchV N2 - Mit der Novellierung der Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (BBodSchV) (am 6.11.2020 im Bundesratsverfahren beschlossen) werden Regelungen zum Auf- und Einbringen von Bodenmaterial außerhalb der durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht aufgenommen (sogenannte Verfüllungen). Ziel des Vorhabens war es, durch die Auswertung vorhandener und durchzuführender Untersuchungen eine Einstufung von Bodenmaterialien (jährlich fallen weit über 100 Mio. Tonnen davon an) für bestimmte Verwertungswege vornehmen zu können. Es sollte herausgefunden werden, ob Veränderungen hinsichtlich des Verwertungspotentials nachgewiesen werden können. Basis für die Durchführung und Bewertung waren die neuen Regelungen (hier insbesondere die Untersuchung mit einem Wasser/Feststoffverhältnis von 2:1, neue nationale und europäische Elutions- und Untersuchungsverfahren) der novellierten BBodSchV. Der Fokus lag dabei auf den polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) sowie ausgewählte anorganische Stoffe (Schwermetalle und Anionen) unter der Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Bodenmaterialien zur Verwertung. Dabei handelte es sich um: - Böden aus urban geprägten Gebieten, - Oberböden aus dem Straßenrandbereich in Form von Bankettschälgut, - Baggergut aus Gewässern mit Verdacht auf eine Kontamination, - Bergematerial (Mischung von Abraum- und Bodenmaterial), - Auenböden mit vermuteten Verunreinigungen aus Industrie und Gewerbe. Anhand der vorgelegten Ergebnisse kann nun eine Versachlichung der Diskussion um Ressorcenschutz vs. Schadlosigkeit der Verwertung erfolgen. Sie zeigen für die untersuchten Stoffe, dass bei einer Einführung der §§ 6-8 Novelle BBodSchV mit einer Erhöhung der Verwertungsquote für Bodenmaterial gerechnet werden kann. Eine Erhöhung des Deponievolumens ist somit nicht zu befürchten. Neben den ermittelten Daten konnten Grundlagen für die Überarbeitung verschiedener DIN-Normen für Bodenuntersuchungen erarbeitet werden. KW - Verwertung Bodenmaterial KW - Schadstofftransfer KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - BBodSchV KW - PAK PY - 2020 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/monitoringprogramm-zur-verwertung-von-bodenmaterial SN - 1862-4804 VL - 127/2020 SP - 1 EP - 248 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau AN - OPUS4-52039 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wittwer, Philipp T1 - Herausforderungen bei der Anwendung von Summenparametern (EOF) in der PFAS Analytik N2 - Problemstellen die bei der Arbeit mit der CIC in unserem Fachbereich aufgetreten sind und wie wir diese Probleme angegangen sind und die verwendeten Methoden weiterentwickelt haben. T2 - 25.Jahrestagung SETAC & GDCh "Umwelt 2021" CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2021 KW - PFAS KW - EOF KW - CIC PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53267 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albarrán Martínez, M. J. A1 - Ghigo, Tea T1 - The practice of writing inside an Egyptian monastic settlement N2 - Over the last few years, the Federal Institute for material research (BAM, Berlin) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC, University of Hamburg) have initiated a systematic material investigation of black inks produced from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages (ca. fourth century CE–fourteenth/fifteenth centuries CE), aimed primarily at extending and complementing findings from previous sporadic studies. Part of this systematic investigation has focused on Egyptian Coptic manuscripts, and the present preliminary study is one of its outputs. It centres on a corpus of 45 Coptic manuscripts—43 papyri and 2 ostraca—preserved at the Palau-Ribes and Roca-Puig collections in Barcelona. The manuscripts come from the Monastery of Apa Apollo at Bawit, one of the largest monastic settlements in Egypt between the Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic Period (sixth–eighth centuries CE). The composition of their black inks was investigated in situ using near-infrared reflectography (NIRR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The analyses determined that the manuscripts were written using different types of ink: pure carbon ink; carbon ink containing iron; mixed inks containing carbon, polyphenols and metallic elements; and iron-gall ink. The variety of inks used for the documentary texts seems to reflect the articulate administrative system of the monastery of Bawit. This study reveals that, in contrast to the documents, written mostly with carbon-based inks, literary biblical texts were written with iron-gall ink. The frequent reuse of papyrus paper for certain categories of documents may suggest that carbon-based inks were used for ephemeral manuscripts, since they were easy to erase by abrasion. KW - Papyrus KW - Ink analysis KW - Coptic manuscripts KW - Bawit KW - Mixed ink KW - Near-infrared refectography KW - X-ray fuorescence PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528833 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00541-0 SN - 2050-7445 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer Open CY - Rome, Italy AN - OPUS4-52883 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane T1 - Formaldehyde Emissions from Wooden Toys: Method Comparison and Exposure Assessment N2 - Formaldehyde is considered as carcinogenic and is emitted from particleboards and plywood used in toy manufacturing. Currently, the flask method is frequently used in Europe for market surveillance purposes to assess formaldehyde release from toys, but its concordance to levels measured in emission test chambers is poor. Surveillance laboratories are unable to afford laborious and expensive emission chamber testing to comply with a new amendment of the European Toy Directive; they need an alternative method that can provide reliable results. Therefore, the application of miniaturised emission test chambers was tested. Comparisons between a 1 m3 emission test chamber and 44 mL microchambers with two particleboards over 28 days and between a 24 L desiccator chamber and the microchambers with three puzzle samples over 10 days resulted in a correlation coefficient r2 of 0.834 for formaldehyde at steady state. The correlation between the results obtained in microchambers vs. flask showed a high variability over 10 samples (r2: 0.145), thereby demonstrating the error-proneness of the flask method in comparison to methods carried out under ambient parameters. An exposure assessment was also performed for three toy puzzles: indoor formaldehyde concentrations caused by puzzles were not negligible (up to 8 μg/m3), especially when more conservative exposure scenarios were considered. T2 - OE conference CY - Online meeting DA - 23.03.2021 KW - Formaldehyde KW - Wooden toys PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) in indoor air by sorbent-based active sampling: Identifying the gaps towards standardisation N2 - The ISO 16000-6 standard describes a method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor and test chamber air by sorbent-based active sampling, thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It also gives directions to adapt this methodology to very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs). Indeed, toxicologically based guideline values are being implemented for these compounds and it becomes necessary to measure them. But a comprehensive and robust measurement method is lacking. This work highlights the points that still need to be explored towards the standardisation of a suitable procedure: investigations on sorbent combinations, the suitability of chromatography columns and the use of gaseous standards are required. The biggest challenge remains in the fact that strong sorbents adsorb water together with VVOCs. Water may impair the analysis and the optimal approach to eliminate it is still to be found and integrated into the sampling strategy. KW - Solvents KW - Air analysis KW - VOC KW - Thermal desorption KW - Gas chromatography KW - ISO 16000-6 PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523919 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116265 VL - 140 SP - 116265 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-52391 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart T1 - Organically bound fluorine in river water - A methode comparison of CIC and HR-CS-GFMAS N2 - Abstract: Since it is unknown for many applications, which PFASs are used and how they enter the environment, target analysis-based methods reach their limits. The two most frequently used sum parameters are the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) and the extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF). Both can be quantified using either combustion ion chromatography (CIC) or high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). Here we provide an insight on the advantageous and disadvantageous of both sum parameters and both detection methods. Our study is based on the analysis of surface water samples. Next to total fluorine (TF) analysis, AOF and EOF were determined as well as CIC and HR-CS-GFMAS are compared and results are comparatively discussed. Fluorine mass balancing revealed that, the AOF/TF proportion was higher than the EOF/TF proportion. The AOF made up 0.14–0.81% of TF and the EOF 0.04–0.28% of TF. Although, organically bound fluorine represents only a small portion of TF, PFASs are of worldwide concern, because of their extreme persistence and their bioaccumulation potential. The EOF-HR-CS-GFMAS method turned out to be more precise and sensitive than the AOF-CIC method and is a promising tool for future monitoring studies/routine analysis of PFASs in the environment. T2 - SALSA Make and Measure 2020: Advanced Characterization of Materials CY - Online meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) KW - Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) KW - Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) KW - Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) KW - Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) KW - Surfacewaters PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Contaminants of Emerging Concern from Materials and Products: Measurement and Evaluation N2 - Test chamber measurements are an important tool to improve indoor air quality and occupational safety. Test chamber measurements are possible for a wide range of materials, products and technologies. Determination of concerning contaminants is important to ensure good indoor air quality. The detection of concerning contaminants depends on the approriate sampling and analysis. T2 - Webinar BAM-University of Birmingham CY - Online meeting DA - 24.02.2021 KW - Emerging Contaminants KW - Emission Test Chamber KW - Thermal Extraction KW - Thermal Desorption PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52262 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Fabian T1 - A fast and simple extraction method for the determination of PFASs in soil samples - HR-CS-GFMAS a new screening tool N2 - Here, we describe a fast and simple extraction method for the determination of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) utilizing extractable organic fluorine (EOF) sum parameter analysis and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) in soil samples. After extraction and separation of inorganic and organic fluorinated compounds, organically bound fluorinated compounds were indirectly determined via the molecular absorption of gallium mono-fluoride at 211.248 nm. The implementation of the decisions of the “Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants” as well as the “Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution” of the UNECE include the reduction respectively the elimination of PFASs in the environment. Currently, regulations aim to target single compounds (mostly C8-PFAS). But the PFAS group includes over 4700 substances, which are potentially persistent and toxic, thus target analytical approaches are not suitable for a holistic approach investigating the PFAS pollutant situation. Furthermore, forbidden PFASs are substituted by short-chain PFASs, thus the number of unknow substances is steadily increasing. For this reason, sum parameter approaches are more suitable to investigate and assess the pollution situation as well as derive exposure limits. Our developed analytical method was successfully applied to determine PFASs in soil samples from a polluted site. In view of steadily increasing numbers of PFAS substances, our method will make an important contribution in assessing the pollution situation as well as support policy makers in deriving exposure limits for PFAS in the future. T2 - ENSOr - International Workshop on Emerging policy challenges on new soil contaminants CY - Online Meeting DA - 06.05.2021 KW - PFAS KW - HR-CS-GFMAS KW - Soil KW - Sediment PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane T1 - Formaldehydemissionen aus Holzspielzeug: Methodenvergleich und Expositionsabschätzung N2 - Formaldehyd gilt als krebserregend und wird von Spanplatten und Sperrholz emittiert, die bei der Spielzeugherstellung verwendet werden. Die Untersuchungsänter benötigen eine wirtschaftliche und zuverlässige Methode. Die Anwendung miniaturisierter Emissionsprüfkammern wurde getestet und mit größeren Emissionsprüfkammern und die Flaschenmethode verglichen. Eine Expositionsabschätzung wird auch vorgestellt. T2 - 28. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage CY - Online Meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Formaldehyd KW - Emission KW - Spielzeug KW - Methoden PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52628 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dinter, Adelina-Elisa ED - Dinter, Adelina-Elisa T1 - Development of a MIC single archaea-ICP-ToF-MS-method for analysis of various elements in solid steel samples N2 - With the latest ICP-MS technology - ICP-ToF (time of flight)-MS - it is possible to analyze the multi-element fingerprint of individual cells. The interface between material and environmental analysis thus receives special attention, e.g. when considering corrosion processes. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is highly unpredictable due to the diversity of microbial communities involved. The development of the MIC-specific ICP-ToF-MS analytical method presented here at the single cell level, in combination with the investigation of steel-MIC interactions, contributes significantly to progress in instrumental MIC analysis and will enable clarification of the processes taking place. The supplied document shows the basis of a four minutes lightning talk. T2 - EuroMIC 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 22.06.2021 KW - SC-ICP-ToF-MS KW - Single cell analysis KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Lightning talk PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52905 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long T1 - Chemical characterization of ultrafine particles released from 3D printers N2 - Previous studies have shown that desktop 3D printers (Fused Filament Fabrication) emit high numbers of particulate matter, mainly as ultrafine particles (UFP, particle diameter less than 100 nm). However, the chemical composition of emitted particles has been less extensively investigated. In this study, we therefore focused on the chemical composition of particles emitted from 3D printing. The measurements were conducted in a 1 m³ emission test chamber. Emitted particles were sampled by a 13-stage low-pressure cascade impactor onto aluminum foils and then analyzed by TD-GC/MS to identify their organic compounds. Nine commercial filaments made from basic polymers such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), Polycarbonate (PC), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Nylon, High Performance Polystyrene (HIPS) and a copper-filled Polylactide (PLA) were investigated. The results show that the organic components of the particles are primarily plastic additives such as plasticizer, antioxidant agents, lubricants, UV-absorbers and UV-stabilizers from the filaments. T2 - Healthy Buildings Europe 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.06.2021 KW - UFP KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - Chemical characterization PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin T1 - Chemical characterization of ultrafine particles released from 3D printers N2 - Previous studies have shown that desktop 3D printers (Fused Filament Fabrication) emit high numbers of particulate matter, mainly as ultrafine particles (UFP, particle diameter less than 100 nm). However, the chemical composition of emitted particles has been less extensively investigated. In this study, we therefore focused on the chemical composition of particles emitted from 3D printing. The measurements were conducted in a 1 m³ emission test chamber. Emitted particles were sampled by a 13-stage low-pressure cascade impactor onto aluminum foils and then analyzed by TD-GC/MS to identify their organic compounds. Nine commercial filaments made from basic polymers such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), Polycarbonate (PC), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Nylon, High Performance Polystyrene (HIPS) and a copper-filled Polylactide (PLA) were investigated. The results show that the organic components of the particles are primarily plastic additives such as plasticizer, antioxidant agents, lubricants, UV-absorbers and UV-stabilizers from the filaments. T2 - 17th International Conference Healthy Buildings Europe 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 21.06.2021 KW - Chemical characterization KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - UFP KW - Chamber measurement PY - 2021 SP - 251 EP - 252 AN - OPUS4-54255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Fabian A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Wittwer, Phillip A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Pfeifer, Jens A1 - Cossmer, Antje A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - A fast and simple PFAS extraction method utilizing HR–CS–GFMAS for soil samples N2 - Here, we describe an optimized fast and simple extraction method for the determination of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in soils utilizing high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR–CS–GFMAS). To omit the bias of the solid phase extraction (SPE) step commonly used during the analysis of extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) we optimized a fast and simple SPE-free extraction method. The developed extraction method consists of a liquid-solid extraction using acidified methanol without any additional SPE. Four extraction steps were representative to determine a high proportion of the EOF (>80% of eight extractions). Comparison of the optimized method with and without an additional SPE clean-up step revealed a drastic underestimation of EOF concentrations using SPE. Differences of up to 94% were observed which were not explainable by coextracted inorganic fluoride. Therefore, not only a more accurate but also a more economic as well as ecologic method (bypassing of unnecessary SPE) was developed. The procedural limit of quantification (LOQ) of the developed method was 10.30 μg/kg which was sufficient for quantifying EOF concentrations in all tested samples. For future PFAS monitoring and potential regulative decisions the herein presented optimized extraction method can offer a valuable contribution. KW - Per- and polyfluorinated alkly substances (PFASs) KW - High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) KW - Soils KW - Solid phase extraction (SPE) KW - Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) KW - Solid-liquid extraction PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133922 VL - 295 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-54359 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane T1 - Development of a procedure for the analysis of the emissions of VVOCs N2 - Several aspects were explored towards the standardization of a suitable procedure. The use of gaseous standards is necessary and a standard gas mixture containing 60 substances was successfully generated and employed for further investigations. The suitability of different chromatography columns was addressed: The use of PLOT (Porous Layer Open Tubular) columns is well suitable for VVOC analysis. The recoveries of the 60 analytes on several adsorbents and their combinations were determined: A combination of a graphitized carbon black and a carbon molecular sieve showed great results for all analytes. Carbon molecular sieves adsorb water which can impair the analysis. Different options such as purging, the use of a drying system or splitting were investigated for water removal. This contribution will present experimental results supporting the standardization of a method for VVOC analysis. T2 - Indoor Air conference CY - Kuopio, Finland DA - 12.06.2022 KW - Analytical method KW - EN 16516 KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - VVOCs PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55282 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schühle, Florian T1 - Bereitstellung qualitätsgesicherter VOC-Aufnahmeraten für axiale Passivsammler N2 - Quality assured uptake rates for passive sampling of indoor air VOCs Passive sampling of VOCs with Tenax® TA and thermal desorption GC-MS analysis is a simple, cost efficient and representative method to determine VOCs concentrations in indoor air. In theory, the uptake into the passive sampler is only dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in air and the geometry of the sampler (ideal adsorption). For characterization, the uptake rate (UR) is used, defined as the ratio of the uptaken mass and the product of ambient concentration and exposure time. Various reported effective uptake rates (UR,eff) differ considerably from ideal values (UR,id). Literature values in national and international standards, are essentially sorted by the applicable exposure time, while detailed information about the corresponding concentration range is lacking. Moreover the number of itemized substances is limited. The aim of this study was to review and expand this set of uptake rates by determination of own quality assured laboratory values.The determined uptake rates are considered accurate in terms of RSD and comparability to literature values and can be recommended for exposure times of seven days at 50 100 µg/m³ (approximately 100 300 ppm min). Seven day uptake rates in ISO16017 2 and ASTM D6196 are not generally suited for this purpose, as has been exemplarily shown for benzene. N2 - Die passive Probenahme von VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) mit Tenax® TA und Thermodesorption GC/MS Analytik ist eine einfache, kosteneffiziente und repräsentative Methode zur Bestimmung der VOC-Konzentrationen in der Innenraumluft. In der Theorie ist die Stoffaufnahme in den Passivsammler nur abhängig vom Diffusionskoeffizienten der Substanz in Luft und der Geometrie des Sammlers (ideale Adsorption). Um sie zu charakterisieren, wird die Aufnahmerate (UR), definiert als Quotient der Massenaufnahme und dem Produkt aus Konzentration und Expositionszeit, verwendet. Viele effektive Aufnahmeraten (UR,eff) unterscheiden sich beträchtlich von idealen (theoretischen) Werten (UR,id). Literaturwerte sind in nationalen und internationalen Normen lediglich für bestimmte Expositionszeiten vorgegeben, während detaillierte Informationen über den zugehörigen Konzentrationsbereich fehlen. Außerdem ist die Anzahl der insgesamt in der Literatur beschriebenen Substanzen begrenzt. Das Ziel der vorgestellten Studie ist es diesen Fundus an Aufnahmeraten zu begutachten und zu prüfen und ihn durch die Bestimmung eigener qualitätsgesicherter Laborwerte zu ergänzen. Die bestimmten Aufnahmeraten werden als akkurat bezüglich ihrer relativen Standardabweichung und Vergleichbarkeit zu Literaturwerten betrachtet und können für Expositionszeiten von 7 Tagen bei Konzentrationen von 50 100 µg/m³ (ca. 100 300 ppm min) empfohlen werden. Die Sieben Tage Aufnahmeraten aus ISO16017 2 und ASTM D6196 sind nicht generell für diesen Zweck geeignet, wie exemplarisch für Benzol gezeigt wurde. T2 - Kongress 29. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.05.2022 KW - IAQ KW - VOC KW - Passive sampling KW - Uptake rate PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-949241-04-8 AN - OPUS4-55209 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane T1 - Weiterentwicklung und Validierung eines leistungsfähigen Verfahrens zur Bestimmung von VVOCs aus Bauprodukten und in der Innenraumluft N2 - Mehrere Aspekte wurden im Hinblick auf die Standardisierung eines geeigneten Verfahrens für die Analyse sehr flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VVOCs) untersucht. Die Verwendung gasförmiger Standards ist notwendig und es wurde ein stabiles Standardgasgemisch aus 60 Substanzen erfolgreich erzeugt und auf Stabilität und Reaktivität überprüft. Die Eignungsuntersuchung verschiedener Chromatographiesäulen ergab, dass PLOT-Säulen (Porous Layer Open Tubular) für die VVOC-Analytik gut geeignet sind. Für die 60 Analyten wurden Wiederfindungsraten auf mehreren Adsorbenzien und deren Kombinationen bestimmt. Dabei zeigte eine Kombination aus einem graphitierten Ruß und einem Kohlenstoff-Molekularsieb hervorragende Ergebnisse für alle Zielkomponenten. Nachteilig an Kohlenstoff-Molekularsieben ist, dass sie Wasser adsorbieren, was die Analyse beeinträchtigen kann. Zur Wasserentfernung wurden verschiedene Optionen wie das Trockenspülen oder der Einsatz eines Trocknungssystems untersucht. T2 - WaBoLu Innenraumtage CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.05.2022 KW - Analytische Methode KW - EN 16516 KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - VVOCs PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55281 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane T1 - Development of a procedure for the analysis of the emissions of VVOCs – Results of a research project N2 - Since 1997, the Committee for Health-related Evaluation of Building Products (AgBB) has been developing the basis for building regulations for protection against indoor health risks that may arise when building products are used. In 2009, the AgBB decided to include relevant VVOCs in the assessment procedure. The ISO 16000-6 (2021) states that the use of the thermal desorption gas chromatography technique is appropriate for VVOCs, if adaptations are considered. However, a suitable method for the trustworthy quantification of VVOC emissions from building products and in the indoor air is still missing. This webinar will present the results of a research project on the development of a procedure for VVOC analysis: • identification of the gaps towards standardization • investigations on gas standards and the suitability of chromatography columns • investigations on sorbent combinations and water management • validation of the method and screening of VVOC emissions from building products. T2 - Webinar organized by Umweltbundesamt and BAM CY - Online meeting DA - 13.09.2022 KW - Analytical method KW - EN 16516 KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - VVOCs PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55693 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin A1 - Rasch, Fabian T1 - Chemical characterization of ultra-fine particles released from laser printers N2 - 11 laser printers from 5 manufacturers were purchased in 2017 and tested for their UFP emissions. Size resolved sampling of the emitted particles was done with a 13 stage (30 nm to 10 µm) low pressure cascade impactor. The sampled particles were analysed for their chemical composition by thermal extraction (vaporization at 290°C) followed by GC-MS analysis. High boiling cyclic siloxanes (D10 to D16) were detected as constituents of UFP from laser printers. In comparison to measurements in 2008, aliphatic long-chain alkanes (C22 to C34) were detected additionally as chemical constituents of UFP from most of the tested printers and their amounts were higher than for cyclic siloxanes. Printers of one manufacturer showed very low UPF emissions compared to the other manufacturers. T2 - Indoor Air Conference 2022 CY - Kuopio, Finland DA - 12.06.2022 KW - UFP KW - Thermal extraction KW - Cascade impactor PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-55106 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Chemical characterization of ultra-fine particles released from laser printers N2 - 11 laser printers from 5 manufacturers were purchased in 2017 and tested for their UFP emissions. Size resolved sampling of the emitted particles was done with a 13 stage (30 nm to 10 µm) low pressure cascade impactor. The sampled particles were analysed for their chemical composition by thermal extraction (vaporization at 290°C) followed by GC-MS analysis. High boiling cyclic siloxanes (D10 to D16) were detected as constituents of UFP from laser printers. In comparison to measurements in 2008, aliphatic long-chain alkanes (C22 to C34) were detected additionally as chemical constituents of UFP from most of the tested printers and their amounts were higher than for cyclic siloxanes. Printers of one manufacturer showed very low UPF emissions compared to the other manufacturers. T2 - Indoor Air Conference 2022 CY - Kuopio, Finland DA - 12.06.2022 KW - UFP KW - Thermal extraction KW - Cascade impactor PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55107 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zweigle, J. A1 - Capitain, C. A1 - Simon, Fabian Michael A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Bugsel, B. A1 - Zwiener, C. T1 - Non-extractable PFAS in functional textiles − Characterization by complementary methods: oxidation, hydrolysis, and fluorine sum parameters N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used for durable water-repellent finishing of different fabrics and textiles like outdoor clothing, carpets, medical textiles and more. Existing PFAS extraction techniques followed by target analysis are often insufficient in detecting widely used side-chain fluorinated polymers (SFPs) that are barely or non-extractable. SFPs are typically copolymers consisting of a non-fluorinated backbone with perfluoroalkyl side-chains to obtain desired properties. We compared the accessible analytical information and performance of complementary techniques based on oxidation (dTOP assay, PhotoTOP), hydrolysis (THP assay), standard extraction, extractable organic fluorine (EOF), and total fluorine (TF) with five functional textiles and characterized 7 further textiles only by PhotoTOP oxidation. The results show that when applied directly to textile samples, oxidation by dTOP and PhotoTOP and also hydrolysis by the THP are able to capture large fractions of the TF in form of perfluoroalkyl side-chains present in the textiles while methods relying on extracts (EOF, target and non-target analysis) were much lower (e.g., factor ~25-50 lower). The conversion of large fractions of the measured TF into PFCAs or FTOHs from fluorinated side chains is in contrast to previous studies. Concentrations ranged from 0.999 has been achieved. For all weighing and GC/MS measurements uncertainties have been calculated. The peaks of the peak pair t-butyl formate (CoD >0.999) and isobutanol (CoD >0.99), have been simulated and used for calibrations. DEC gave a decomposition of TBHP on the column. With DMC, a problem of peak purity of TBHP appeared but could be resolved. The use of the green solvent DMC, compared to also studied traditional solvents like heptane and toluene, proved to be very beneficial, since it also permitted to determine polar compounds, e. g. carbon dioxide and formic acid. KW - GC/MS KW - Green solvent KW - Method development KW - Peroxide KW - Measurement uncertainties KW - Oxidation products KW - Simulation PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2025.465892 SN - 0021-9673 VL - 1753 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-63202 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Leube, Peter A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ski Waxes and Snow from Cross-Country Skiing in Germany - Comparative study of Sum Parameter and Target Analysis N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are often environmentally exposed via discharge through human consumer products, such as ski waxes. In our study we analyzed various ski waxes from the 1980s and 2020s, to determine both the sum parameter values total fluorine (TF), extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF), hydrolysable organically bound fluorine (HOF) as well as targeted PFAS analysis. This showed that modern high-performance waxes contain up to 6 % TF, but also PFAS-free labelled ski waxes contain traces of PFAS with EOF/HOF values in the low mg kg-1 range. With the ban of all fluorine-based waxes with the start of the 2023/2024 winter season this will probably change soon. Moreover, we applied our analysis methods to snow samples from a frequently used cross country ski trail (Kammloipe) in the Ore Mountain region in Germany, assessing the potential PFAS entry/discharge through ski waxes. Melted snow samples from different spots were analyzed by the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) sum parameter and PFAS target analysis and confirmed the abrasion of the ski waxes into the snow. Moreover, on a PFAS hotspot also soil samples were analyzed, which indicate that PFAS from the ski waxes adsorb after snow melting into the soil. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Consumer Products PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612760 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100484 VL - 16 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-61276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Caliebe, W. A1 - Tayal, A. A1 - Vasala, S. J. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Speciation of antimony and vanadium in municipal solid waste incineration ashes analyzed by XANES spectroscopy N2 - The use of ashes from municipal solid waste incineration as secondary building materials is an important pillar for the circular economy in Germany. However, leaching of potential toxic elements from these materials must be at environmentally acceptable levels. Normally, a three-month ageing period immobilizes most hazardous heavy metals, but antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) showed previously unusual leaching. In order to clarify the mechanisms, we analyzed the Sb and V species in various bottom and fly ashes from municipal waste incineration by XANES spectroscopy. Antimony oxidizes from Sb(+ III) species used as flame retardants in plastics to Sb(+ V) compounds during waste incineration. However, owing to the similarity of different Sb(+ V) compound in the Sb K- and L-edge XANES spectra, it was not possible to accurately identify an exact Sb(+ V) species. Moreover, V is mainly present as oxidation state + V compound in the analyzed ashes. However, the coarse and magnetic fraction of the bottom ashes contain larger amounts of V(+ III) and V(+ IV) compounds which might enter the waste incineration from vanadium carbide containing steel tools. Thus, Sb and V could be critical potential toxic elements in secondary building materials and long-term monitoring of the release should be taken into account in the future. KW - Müllverbrennung KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599841 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-024-01954-2 SN - 1438-4957 VL - 26 SP - 2152 EP - 72158 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-59984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Danielewski, A. ED - Nöller, Renate ED - Doil, Thorsten T1 - Manuscripta americana - Tras las huellas de los aztecas - La exposición en la Kulturwerk en la Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - 07 diciembre 2022 hasta el 26 de febrero de 2023 T1 - Manuscripta americana - Den Azteken auf der Spur - Eine Ausstellung im Kulturwerk der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - 07. Dezember 2022 bis 26. Februar 2023 N2 - Esta publicación, que acompaña a la exposición Manuscripta americana. Tras las huellas de los aztecas, se ocupa de una colección excepcional de manuscritos mexicanos y sudamericanos. La colección se inició cuando, a principios del siglo XIX, Alexander von Humboldt donó a la Biblioteca Real de Berlín varios fragmentos de manuscritos pictográficos indígenas del siglo XVI procedentes del actual México. Estos documentos, conocidos habitualmente como Fragmentos Humboldt, representan la parte más notable de la colección, que con el tiempo se fue ampliando a través de la adquisición de diferentes manuscritos mesoamericanos, principalmente escritos en lenguas indígenas con caracteres latinos. Entre abril de 2017 y marzo de 2019, la Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - PK (SBB) y el Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) llevaron a cabo un proyecto científico conjunto, financiado generosamente por la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) con el nombre de Análisis material y estudios histórico-culturales de manuscritos coloniales mexicanos en Berlín y Cracovia. Los principales objetivos del proyecto fueron determinar la procedencia de los manuscritos americanos y, dado que presentan un alto grado de fragmentación, establecer sus relaciones internas y las que establecen con otros objetos ajenos a la colección. Para ello, se combinaron métodos de análisis de corte etnográfico, cultural e histórico con otros propios de las ciencias naturales. Gracias a la buena cooperación con la Bibliotheka Jagiellońska tuvimos acceso tanto a los Manuscripta americana de Berlín como a los de Cracovia, pudiendo proceder a su examen exhaustivo y realizar exámenes científicos de alta precisión. N2 - Die Publikation befasst sich mit einer einzigartigen Sammlung mexikanischer und südamerikanischer Handschriften, die zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts ins Leben gerufen wurde, als Alexander von Humboldt der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin Fragmente indigener mexikanischer Bilderhandschriften aus dem 16. Jahrhundert schenkte. Sie sind heute auch unter der Bezeichnung Humboldt-Fragmente bekannt und stellen den bedeutendsten Teil der Sammlung dar, die im Laufe der Zeit durch den Ankauf verschiedener Arten von Handschriften aus Mittelamerika, vorwiegend in indigenen Sprachen und lateinischer Schrift, erweitert wurde. In den zwei Jahren von April 2017 bis März 2019 verfolgten die Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz (SBB-PK) und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ein gemeinsames, von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) großzügig gefördertes wissenschaftliches Projekt: Materialanalysen und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchungen mexikanischer Handschriften aus der Kolonialzeit in Berlin und Krakau. Die Hauptziele des Projekts bestanden darin, die Provenienz der Manuscripta americana zu ermitteln und, da sie einen hohen Grad an Fragmentierung aufweisen, festzustellen, wie sie untereinander und mit Objekten außerhalb der Sammlung in Beziehung stehen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden ethno-kulturhistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Methoden kombiniert. Dank einer guten Zusammenarbeit mit der Jagiellonen-Bibliothek konnten wir die Manuscripta americana sowohl in Berlin als auch in Krakau sehen und studieren und sie wissenschaftlich vermessen. T2 - Manuscripta americana - Tras las huellas de los aztecas - La exposición en la Kulturwerk en la Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.12.2022 KW - Amate KW - Arqueometria KW - Manuscrito KW - Pruebas no destructivas PY - 2022 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Es gibt parallele Sprachausgaben (deutsch und englisch), Links befinden sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There are parallel language editions (German and English), links are in the field related identifier VL - 4 SP - 1 EP - 120 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62427 LA - spa AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Danielewski, A. ED - Nöller, Renate ED - Doil, Thorsten T1 - Manuscripta americana - Fragments of the Aztec legacy - An exhibition at Kulturwerk in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - December 07, 2022 until February 26, 2023 N2 - This publication, which accompanies the exhibition Manuscripta americana - On the traces of the Aztecs, concerns a unique collection of Mexican and South American manuscripts. The collection was established at the beginning of the 19th century, when Alexander von Humboldt donated fragments of 16th century indigenous Mexican pictorial manuscripts to the Royal Library in Berlin. Today these are also known as the Humboldt fragments and represent the most significant part of a collection that was augmented over the years by the purchase of various types of Mesoamerican manuscripts, mainly in indigenous languages with Latin script. During the two year period from April 2017 to March 2019, the Berlin State Library (SBB - SPK) and the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) carried out a joint scientific project funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) entitled "Material-analytical and cultural-historical examinations of colonial-period manuscripts from Mexico in Berlin and Cracow." The main objectives of the project were to determine the provenance of the Manuscripta americana and, since they exhibit a high degree of fragmentation, to examine how they are related to each other and to objects outside the collection. The investigation combined ethnocultural-historical and materials science methods of analysis. Thanks to the constructive partnership with the Jagiellonian Library, we were able to see and study the Manuscripta americana in both Kraków and Berlin and to carry out scientific measurements on them. T2 - Manuscripta Americana - Fragments of the Aztec Legacy - An Exhibition at Kulturwerk in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.12.2022 KW - Amate KW - Archaeometry KW - Manuscripts KW - Nondestructive testing PY - 2022 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Es gibt parallele Sprachausgaben (deutsch und spanisch), Links befinden sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There are parallel language editions (German and Spanish), links are in the field related identifier VL - 4 SP - 1 EP - 120 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Comparing PFAS analysis in batch leaching and column leaching tests N2 - Laboratory leaching tests are tools to assess the mobility of environmental contaminants released from granular materials. Comparative leaching tests were performed using four PFAS-contaminated soils whose concentration patterns of 10 selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) differed due to the two types of contamination sources. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of two usual laboratory-scale leaching test procedures, batch and column percolation tests, at liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) of 2 l/kg, which is the current practice within the German assessment framework, and 10 l/kg (relevant for some EU regulations such as the landfill directive). The differences between the replicates of leaching tests investigating PFAS were smaller for column percolation tests than for batch tests, probably mainly due to the greater sample size and the better representativeness of the sample portion analyzed. It was observed that batch tests overestimate the release of shorter-chain PFAS, whereby the effect was greater with carboxylic than with sulfonic acids. Currently, the limits of detection of analyses given by the DIN standard with regard to PFCA and PFSA in soils are partly not sufficient to detect very low contents, whereas the detection of selected PFCA and PFSA in eluates is more sensitive, in accordance with the available standards. This results in limitations when calculating mass balances. KW - PFAS KW - Leaching KW - Column percolation test KW - Batch test KW - Soil PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618187 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35510-0 SN - 1614-7499 VL - 31 IS - 57 SP - 65233 EP - 65251 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-61818 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Poelke, Birte A1 - Klein, Luise A1 - Rohloff, Alexander A1 - Hoffmann, Holger T1 - Initial VOC Emissions from Consumer Products Determined in Micro-Scale Test Chambers: Results of a Round Robin Test N2 - Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from consumer products may have a negative impact on indoor air quality, potentially also affecting human wellbeing. Since consumers may be exposed to these VOCs immediately after e.g. unwrapping of newly purchased products, reliable analytical methods are needed to determine air concentration profiles in the early phase of VOC emissions. Concerning typical sample sizes of consumer products, micro-scale test chambers (μ-chambers) were considered suitable for this purpose. In addition, compared to medium- or large-scale test chambers, μ-chambers require lower initial investment and operational costs, and offer options for emissions screenings where higher sample throughput is essential. For these reasons, a μ-chamber-based method to determine initial concentrations of VOCs emitting within the first hours of simulated product use was developed. The chamber air was frequently sampled on desorption tubes loaded with Tenax® TA, followed by quantification of emitted VOCs via thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The method was assessed in a round robin test involving eight participating laboratories from 2 countries. Pieces of a rain poncho (sample area A: 2.01·10-4 m2) emitting cyclohexanone, phenol, 2-ethylhexanol, naphthalene and isophorone in significant concentrations were distributed as sample material. Each laboratory conducted triplicate emission tests over a period of 48 h in μ-chambers with volumes of 44 or 114 mL. The loading factors L of 4.57 m2·m-3 (44 mL) or 1.76 m2·m-3 (114 mL) and air flow rates of 24 mL·min-1 resulted in area-specific air flow rates q of 7.17 m3·m-2·h-1 in both chamber types. The temperature was set to 23°C and, if possible, relative humidity was set to approx. 50%. The chamber air was sampled after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours. In addition, to assess the analytical performance, each participating laboratory received two analyte-spiked Tenax® TA-loaded desorption tubes for quality control (QC). Very low relative standard deviations (11–17%) were obtained for the QC test. The results of the emissions tests in the early phase (0.5–4 h) were also adequate, with acceptable z scores (|z|≤2.00) received by six to seven participating laboratories. All eight laboratories obtained acceptable z scores after the longer sampling periods (24 and 48 h). Hence, the inter-laboratory comparability of the results obtained with the developed μ-chamber method was successfully confirmed. T2 - Healthy Buildings Europe 2025 CY - Reykjavik, Iceland DA - 08.06.2025 KW - VOC Emissions KW - Consumer Product KW - Test Chamber KW - Round Robin Test PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63706 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimmer, Christoph T1 - Development, application and measurement uncertainty of emission reference materials N2 - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by furniture and building materials can cause health issues. For an improvement of indoor air quality low emitting materials should be used. Quality assurance and –control (QA/QC) measures require an emission reference material (ERM) with a predictable emission rate of VOCs. The idea is to use porous materials as ERM, which store the VOCs inside their pores and emit them constantly. T2 - Webinar Metrology for Indoor Air Quality Reference materials for QA/QC of the emission test chamber procedure CY - Online meeting DA - 11.04.2024 KW - Emission reference materials KW - Indoor air quality KW - Materials emissions test KW - VOC PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59963 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimmer, Christoph T1 - Preparation of novel emission reference materials: μ-capsules & impregnated porous materials N2 - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by furniture and building materials can cause health issues. For an improvement of indoor air quality low emitting materials should be used. Quality assurance and –control (QA/QC) measures require an emission reference material (ERM) with a predictable emission rate of VOCs. The idea is to use porous materials as ERM, which store the VOCs inside their pores and emit them constantly. T2 - WORKSHOP: METROLOGY FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY CY - Mol, Belgium DA - 18.10.2023 KW - Emission reference materials KW - Indoor air quality KW - Materials emissions test KW - VOC PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Emission reference materials for indoor air measurements N2 - In industrialised countries more than 80% of the time is spent indoors. Products, such as building materials and furniture, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are therefore ubiquitous in indoor air. VOC in combination may, under certain environmental and occupational conditions, result in reported sensory irritation and health complaints. Emission concentrations can become further elevated in new or refurbished buildings where the rate of air exchange with fresh ambient air may be limited due to improved energy saving aspects. A healthy indoor environment can be achieved by controlling the sources and by eliminating or limiting the release of harmful substances into the air. One way is to use (building) materials proved to be low emitting. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. A laboratory’s proficiency can be proven by internal and external validation measures that both include the application of suitable emission reference materials (ERM). For the emission test chamber procedure according to EN 16516, no artificial ERM is commercially available. The EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ aims to fill this gap by developing new and improved ERMs. The goal is to obtain a material with a reproducible and temporally constant compound release (less than 10 % variability over 14 days). Two approaches were tested: the impregnation of porous materials with VOC, and the encapsulation of VOC in polymer microcapsules. Impregnation is performed with help of an autoclave and supercritical CO2. The encapsulation is done by interfacial polymerisation on VOC droplets. For both approaches, synthesis and/or material parameters were varied to obtain an optimal ERM. Findings about the optimisation of ERM generation, as well as performance of the best emission reference materials, will be presented. T2 - GAS Analysis 2024 CY - Paris, France DA - 30.01.2024 KW - Emission reference materials KW - Materials emissions test KW - VOC KW - Indoor air quality PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Blotevogel, J. T1 - Thermal PFAS Destruction in a Full-Scale Hazardous Waste Incinerator N2 - Incineration is currently the only commercial full-scale technology available to destroy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in large solid and liquid waste streams. Given previous experience of dioxin formation during halogenated waste incineration, concerns about the emission of products of incomplete destruction (PIDs) from PFAS incineration exist. The overarching objective of this project is to track the fate of fluorine during full-scale hazardous waste incineration in order to demonstrate the readiness, viability, and level of safety for thermal PFAS destruction in various waste streams. The specific objectives of this project are (1) to enhance our understanding of key variables and conditions on PFAS incineration performance, (2) to identify major PIDs under insufficient treatment conditions, (3) to explore the catalytic role of fly ash and other process-relevant surfaces in thermal PFAS decomposition, and (4) to determine the potential formation of polyfluorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. T2 - 2025 SERDP & ESTCP PFAS Project Meeting CY - Long Beach, CA, USA DA - 04.08.2025 KW - PFAS KW - Hazardous waste incineration PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64189 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Current status of monitoring of PFAS release from industrial facilities N2 - Increasing studies report per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the ambient air and emissions from diverse industrial sources. Therefore, a comprehensive framework for characterizing PFAS emissions by identifying source-specific chemical fingerprints, evaluating emission pathways and assessing the impact of remediation technologies is needed. Depending on the type of PFAS, dedicated sampling and analytical procedures are required. Here, also the detection of possible PFAS transformation products, so-called products of incomplete combustion (PICs) are more mobile or toxic, is also of great interest to evaluate these technologies in terms of mineralisation potential and fluorine mass balance. T2 - PFAS study and technical exchange tour of MEE-FECO in Germany CY - Online meeting DA - 12.09.2025 KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Incineration PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64081 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Raggetti, L. T1 - Material Studies of Historic Inks: Transition from Carbon to Iron-Gall Inks N2 - This chapter offers observations and considerations concerning black writing inks encountered in writing supports transmitting documentary and literary texts of the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages. It discusses different types of inks, the Methods of their detection and their use in different times and geographical areas. KW - Material analysis KW - Writing inks KW - Ink fingerprint PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528057 DO - https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004444805_006 SP - 70 EP - 78 PB - Brill CY - Leiden AN - OPUS4-52805 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Calvillo, Nelson T1 - Coloured Ruling Lines in a Fourteenth-Century Ashkenazi Torah Scroll N2 - Rabbinic halakhah required that Torah scrolls be written with relief ruling, horizontal and vertical lines scored into the writing surface. Coloured ruling with plummet or ink would make a Torah scroll invalid for liturgical use. Ruling lines on some leather fragments of early Oriental Torah scrolls give the impression of being produced with plummet or ink but may be the result of dust in the furrows of relief ruling. Erfurt 9, a fourteenth-century Ashkenazi Torah scroll, has coloured ruling, which is partial secondary re-ruling, on 13 of the 34 surviving sheets, perhaps added when the original relief ruling was difficult to see. The coloured ruling in Erfurt 9 is brown, giving it the visual appearance of iron-gall ink. However, XRF tests showed that the only meaningful metallic component in the coloured ruling was lead (Pb). Lead plummet ruling tends to have a greyish appearance. Black specks under near infrared light are consistent with minium, a lead-based red ink that can turn brown when it degrades. Partial secondary re-ruling added with minium to the original relief ruling comes as a surprise as it would have rendered Erfurt 9 unfit for liturgical use. KW - Hebrew Manuscripts KW - Ruling Lines KW - Coloured Ink PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-628531 DO - https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.17169 SN - 2410-0951 VL - 10 SP - 9 EP - 32 AN - OPUS4-62853 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dietz, Georg T1 - Wasserzeichen- und Papierstrukturanalysen für die kunstgeschichtliche Forschung N2 - Wasserzeichen und Papierstrukturen können einen wesentlichen Beitrag bei der Analyse von Kunstobjekten auf Papier darstellen. Ausgangspunkt hierfür bildet die korrekte Dokumentation mit entsprechender Bildaufnahme und der richtigen Erfassung und Interpretation der Phänomene. An Fallbeispielen aus Forschungsprojekten zu niederländischen Zeichnungen am Kupferstich-Kabinett Dresden und der Grafischen Sammlung Weimar sollen die Möglichkeiten der Papier- und Wasserzeichenforschung als historische Hilfswissenschaft demonstriert werden. Dieser Abendvortrag dient zugleich als Einführung in die Technologie der (Hand-)Papierherstellung, Wasserzeichenerfassung und –recherche. T2 - Papier - unde venis? Hochschule der Künste Bern CY - Bern, Switzerland DA - 16.01.2020 KW - Papier KW - Wasserzeichen KW - ZfP PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50617 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Beyond Chocolate and Apricot Using Scientific Techniques to Determine the Relationship of the Inks of Codex Vaticanus N2 - Codex Vaticanus was written by multiple scribes and annotated by over thirty different hands. In the past, scholars have speculated about the relationship between the inks using highly subjective observations. For example, The scholars spoke about “apricot” and “chocolate” distigmai, arguing for their respective origins based on their visual similarity to the original ink and that of the medieval reinker, respectively. In recent decades, micro X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) has revolutionized the study of ancient and medieval cultural artifacts, making it possible to examine them using objective criteria. The application of such objective scientific measurements to ancient and medieval manuscripts will be explained with examples of how color, hue, and appearance of ink can be highly misleading. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Siciety of Biblical Literature CY - San Antonio, TX, USA DA - 18.11.2023 KW - Codex B KW - Codex Vaticanus KW - Historic ink KW - Micro-XRF PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61200 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El-Athman, Rukeia A1 - Rädler, Jörg A1 - Löhmann, Oliver A1 - Ariza de Schellenberger, Angela A1 - Muth, Thilo T1 - The BAM Data Store N2 - As a partner in several NFDI consortia, the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM, German federal institute for materials science and testing) contributes to research data standardization efforts in various domains of materials science and engineering (MSE). To implement a central research data management (RDM) infrastructure that meets the requirements of MSE groups at BAM, we initiated the Data Store pilot project in 2021. The resulting infrastructure should enable researchers to digitally document research processes and store related data in a standardized and interoperable manner. As a software solution, we chose openBIS, an open-source framework that is increasingly being used for RDM in MSE communities. The pilot project was conducted for one year with five research groups across different organizational units and MSE disciplines. The main results are presented for the use case “nanoPlattform”. The group registered experimental steps and linked associated instruments and chemicals in the Data Store to ensure full traceability of data related to the synthesis of ~400 nanomaterials. The system also supported researchers in implementing RDM practices in their workflows, e.g., by automating data import and documentation and by integrating infrastructure for data analysis. Based on the promising results of the pilot phase, we will roll out the Data Store as the central RDM infrastructure of BAM starting in 2023. We further aim to develop openBIS plugins, metadata standards, and RDM workflows to contribute to the openBIS community and to foster RDM in MSE. T2 - 1st Conference on Research Data Infrastructure DA - 12.09.2023 KW - Research Data Infrastructure KW - Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) KW - openBIS KW - Research Data Management PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-596032 DO - https://doi.org/10.52825/CoRDI.v1i.229 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-59603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Musyanovych, A. A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Sadak, A. E. A1 - Heßling, L. A1 - Lüdicke, M. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Polymer Capsules with Volatile Organic Compounds as Reference Materials for Controlled Emission N2 - Encapsulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could evaporate at a defined rate is of immense interest for application in emission reference materials (ERMs). Polyurethane/polyurea microcapsules with various VOC active ingredients (limonene, pinene, and toluene) were successfully produced by interfacial polymerization with Shirasu porous glass membrane emulsification in a size range between 10 and 50 μm. The effect of surfactant, VOC, monomer(s) type, and ratio has a great effect on the formulation process and morphology of capsules. The type of VOC played a significant role in the encapsulation efficiency. Due to the difference in vapor pressure and VOC/water interfacial tension, the formulation for encapsulation was optimized for each individual VOC. Furthermore, to achieve effective stability of the large droplets/capsules, a combination of ionic and nonionic surfactants was used. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were used to characterize the optimized microcapsules. The results showed that the obtained microcapsules exhibited a spherical shape and core–shell morphology and featured characteristic urethane-urea bonds. The amount of encapsulated VOC ranges between 54 and 7 wt %. The emission tests were performed with the help of the emission test chamber procedure (EN 16516). The limonene-loaded polyurethane/polyurea microcapsules show a change in emission rate of less than 10% within 14 days and can be considered as a potential candidate for use as an ERM. KW - Polymer microcapsules KW - Membrane emulsification KW - Polyaddition KW - Volatile organic compound (VOC) KW - Emission testing PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-619227 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c12826 SN - 1944-8252 VL - 16 IS - 50 SP - 69999 EP - 70009 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-61922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Kluge, Stephanie A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various wastewater-derived fertilizers - Analytical investigations from different perspectives N2 - Solid wastewater-based fertilizers were screened for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) sum parameter method. The EOF values for ten sewage sludges from Germany and Switzerland range from 154 to 7209 mg kg−1. For thermal treated sewage sludge and struvite the EOF were lower with values up to 121 mg kg−1. Moreover, the application of PFAS targeted and suspect screening analysis of selected sewage sludge samples showed that only a small part of the EOF sum parameter values can be explained by the usually screened legacy PFAS. The hitherto unknown part of EOF sum parameter contains also fluorinated pesticides, pharmaceutical and aromatic compounds. Because these partly fluorinated compounds can degrade to (ultra-)short PFAS in wastewater treatment plants they should be considered as significant sources of organic fluorine in the environment. The combined results of sum parameter analysis and suspect screening reveal the need to update current regulations, such as the German fertilizer ordinance, to focus not solely on a few selected PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) but consider an additional sum parameter approach as a more holistic alternative. Moreover, diffusion gradient in thin-films (DGT) passive samplers were utilized as an alternative simplified extraction method for PFAS in solid wastewater-based fertilizers and subsequently quantified via combustion ion chromatography. However, the DGT method was less sensitive and only comparable to the EOF values of the fertilizers in samples with >150 mg kg−1, because of different diffusion properties for various PFAS, but also kinetic exchange limitations. KW - Combustion ion chromatography KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Sewage sludge KW - Fertilizer PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583429 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3va00178d SN - 2754-7000 VL - 2 IS - 10 SP - 1436 EP - 1445 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) CY - London AN - OPUS4-58342 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in ski waxes and snow from cross-country skiing in Germany - Comparative study of target analysis and sum parameters N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) can enter the environment in different ways. Possible sources are PFAS containing consumer products. One common product that makes use of the material properties of PFAS is ski wax. Here, the PFAS ensure less frictional resistance, thus allows for increased speed. However, people who wax their ski with these waxes could absorb PFAS in their body, which can lead to health problems in the long term. Moreover, PFAS applied in ski wax abrade onto snow during use, which contaminates the environment. In our study, we analyzed various currently available ski waxes (2020s) and ski waxes from the 1980s with PFAS target analysis and with the sum parameters extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF), hydrolysable organically bound fluorine (HOF) and total fluorine (TF). Moreover, snow samples from the long-distance cross-country ski trail “Kammloipe” in the Ore mountains in Germany where sampled and analyzed with PFAS target analysis and the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) sum parameter to document the entry of PFAS from ski waxes into the environment. In opposite to the ski waxes from the 1980s much more ski waxes from the 2020s contain high (total) fluorine values. The highly fluorinated ski waxes contain up to approx. 6% of fluorine. The EOF and HOF sum parameters of the ski waxes are strongly decreased in comparison to the TF values (max. approx. 1000 mg/kg = 0.1%). But even the PFAS-free labeled ski waxes have EOF/HOF values in the low mg/kg range. In the snow samples from different spots of the ski trail, both the AOF sum parameter and the PFAS target analysis identified PFAS. Moreover, on a PFAS hotspot also soil samples were analyzed, which indicate that PFAS from the ski waxes adsorb after snow melting into the soil. Thus, our results show that the use of ski waxes is a possible contribution to the environmental contamination of PFAS, which is hopefully drastically reduced with the ban on fluorinated waxes by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS). T2 - SETAC Europe CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.05.2025 KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Contaminated Soil KW - Ski wax PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63096 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) technique as screening tool for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in wastewater-based fertilizers N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of organofluorine surfactants used in the formulations of thousands of consumer goods, including aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used to suppress aviation fires in training scenarios, non-stick cookware, fast-food wrappers, water-repellent fabrics, medical equipment, and plastic and leather products. As a result of the perpetual use of PFAS containing products, effluents and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been observed to be an important pathway for PFAS into the environment. In Germany, phosphorus and other nutrients from sewage sludge and wastewater should be recycled in WWTPs of cities with a large population. However, it is not clear if PFAS contamination from wastewater and sewage sludge end up in novel wastewater-based fertilizers. Normally, PFAS are analyzed using PFAS protocols typically with time-consuming extraction steps and LC-MS-MS quantification. However, for screening of PFAS contaminations in sewage sludge or wastewater-based fertilizers also passive sampler based on the Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) technique can be used for the PFAS extraction. Afterwards, combustion ion chromatography (CIC) can be applied to analyse the “total” amount of PFAS on the passive sampler. Here, we show results from the DGT method in comparison to those of the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) method for a variety of wastewater-based fertilizers. Additionally, we analysed the adsorption of PFAS on the weak anion exchanger (WAX) based DGT passive sampler binding layer by infrared and fluorine K-edge X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. T2 - SETAC Europe 2022 CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 15.05.2022 KW - Passive sampling KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Sewage sludge KW - Wastewater PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54883 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Susset, Bernd A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Spezifische Herausforderungen bei der PFAS-Elution N2 - Im Teil des Workshops, der sich mit Praxiserfahrungen zu den Elutionsverfahren DIN 19528 und DIN 19529 befasste, wurden spezifische Herausforderungen bei Elutionsuntersuchungen von Bodenproben mit einer PFAS-Kontamination vorgestellt. Aus durchgeführten Robustheitsuntersuchungen im ZAG der Universität Tübingen sowie in der BAM wurden praxisrelevante Schlussfolgerungen erläutert und für einzelne PFAS-Verbindungen und Vorläufersubstanzen konkretisiert. Dabei wurde auch auf die Vergleichbarkeit von Schüttel- und Säulenversuchen beim bewertungsrelevanten Wasser/Feststoff-Verhältnis von 2 l/kg und die Bedeutung des Fest/Flüssigtrennschrittes beim Schüttelverfahren eingegangen. Die Untersuchung von Böden auf PFAS mit Elutionsversuchen ist generell möglich, aber es besteht eine komplexe Abhängigkeit der Konzentrationen im Eluat vom Gesamtgehalt, der Löslichkeit und des Verteilungsmusters der einzelnen PFAS, der Art der Bodenmatrix und dem Einfluss der Probenaufbereitung vor der Analytik. Die geringere Sensitivität der Feststoffanalytik für PFAS im Vergleich zur Eluatanalytik erschwert die Berechnung von Massenbilanzen. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elution KW - PFAS KW - Prekursoren KW - Boden KW - Säulenversuch KW - Schüttelversuch PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62065 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Ergebnisvergleich Teil 4 – Untersuchung von BM/BG mit und ohne CaCl2-Lösung als Elutionsmittel N2 - Im Teil des Workshops, der sich mit Praxiserfahrungen und Methodenvergleichen zu den Elutionsverfahren DIN 19528 und DIN 19529 befasste, wurden Robustheitsuntersuchungen für die Wahl des Eluenten besonders für Böden mit hohem Humusgehalt und/oder Tongehalt vorgestellt und die Einführung einer neuen Option in die Normen begründet. Der Einsatz 0,001 molarer CaCl2-Lösung als Elutionsmittel führt zu niedrigeren Trübungen im Eluat und reduziert den Aufwand zur Vorbereitung der Eluate für die Folgeanalytik, erleichtert den Fest-Flüssig-Trennschritt bei Schütteleluaten und hat Auswirkungen auf die Mobilisierung/Freisetzungspotenziale bestimmter Analyten, die häufig an Kolloide im Boden binden. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Eluent KW - Kolloide PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62063 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Robustheit und Validierung der Elutionsnormen N2 - Im Vortrag wurden die den deutschen Elutionsnormen DIN 19528 und DIN 19529 zugrunde liegenden Validierungsdaten erörtert. Dabei wurde auf die Herstellung von Referenzmaterialien durch die BAM, die Vorgehensweise bei den Robustheitsuntersuchungen und die Ableitung der Versuchsbedingungen der Normen erläutert. Die Verfahrenskenndaten aus den durch die BAM veranstalteten Ringversuchen zur Validierung der Elutionsverfahren DIN 19528 und DIN 19527/19529 wurden mit besonderem Focus auf die Vergleichbarkeit von Schüttel- und Säulenversuchen beim bewertungsrelevanten Wasser/Feststoff-Verhältnis von 2 l/kg diskutiert. Des Weiteren wurden Hintergründe für die Überarbeitung der deutschen Elutionsnormen und notwendige Angleichung an die zukünftige harmonisierte europäische Säulenversuchsnorm im Bereich Bauprodukte beleuchtet. T2 - Workshop / Anwendertreffen Elutionsverfahren im Regelungsbereich der Mantelverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV / BBodSchV) und der EU-BauPVO CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Robustheitsuntersuchungen KW - Validierung KW - Ringversuche KW - Verfahrenskenndaten PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62061 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Seasonal microplastic concentrations along the rivers Rhine and Danube N2 - Over the last 20 years, many researchers, politicians and citizens have become increasingly aware of the growing plastic problem of our time. A lack of recycling concepts and plastic collection points as well as careless dumping lead to accumulation of plastic products in the environment. Natural weathering can cause these plastics to degrade and fractionate, meaning that microplastics (1 1,000 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020) and nanoplastics (< 1 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020) of various synthetic polymer materials can now be detected in all parts of the world. Whether microplastics or nanoplastics pose a toxicological hazard is being investigated in a variety of ways. Valid results are still pending. However, the EU precautionary principle applies to micro- and nanoplastics. Monitoring of microplastics is already required in the revision of the Drinking Water and Wastewater Framework Directive. Reliable monitoring of rivers can be carried out by sampling with sedimentation boxes and microplastic detection by using thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) in routine operation (Figure 1). The river Rhine was sampled for microplastic masses at three different sampling locations over a period of one year and in addition the Danube at randomized sampling locations The TED-GC/MS results showed that various synthetic polymers frequently produced in industry, such as polyethylene, polypropylene or polystyrene as well as the tire compound styrene-butadiene rubber were found. The work not only shows a possible workflow for monitoring concepts, but also provides information on environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics and tire components in surface waters. This in turn is necessary for ecotoxicological studies. T2 - ESOPS CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Microplastics KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Polymer 3R PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Wintermann, Carsten A1 - Laurenza, D. ED - Quenzer, J. B. T1 - Scientific Analysis of Leonardo’s Manuscript with Anatomic Drawings and Notes N2 - In this paper, we discuss the importance of scientifically investigating cultural artefacts in a non-invasive way. Taking as test case Leonardo da Vinci’s Manuscript with anatomic drawings and notes, which is stored in Weimar, we clarify fundamental steps in the chronology of this folio. By means of microscopy, infrared reflectography, UV photography, and X-ray fluorescence analysis, we were able to identify various types of sketching material and several varieties of iron gall ink. For his sketches, Leonardo used two different sketching tools, a lead pencil and a graphite pencil, as well as several types of ink for developing these sketches into drawings. With regard to ink, it is important to observe that there is no difference between the ink Leonardo used for drawing and the ink he used for writing text. Based on the materials analysed, we suggest a chronology for the creation of this unique folio. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-invasive analysis KW - Drawings KW - Leonardo da Vinci PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543460 SN - 978-3-11-074545-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110753301-011 VL - 25 SP - 213 EP - 228 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH CY - Berlin/Boston AN - OPUS4-54346 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Eggert, Claudia A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Ludwig, A. A1 - Melzer, C. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Wintermann, C. ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Doil, Thorsten ED - Wintermann, C. T1 - Die Materialität der Zeichnung - Eine naturwissenschaftliche Annäherung N2 - Der Band 5 der N.i.Ke.-Schriftenreihe präsentiert den aktuellen Stand materialwissenschaftlicher und bildgebender Verfahren, die bei der Untersuchung von Zeichnungen Anwendung finden. Im ersten Teil der Publikation werden die klassischen Zeichnungsträger und Zeichnungsmaterialien vorgestellt. Der mittlere Teil der Publikation beschreibt die relevanten materialwissenschaftlichen und bildgebenden Verfahren. Der letzte Teil diskutiert anhand einiger Fallbeispiele die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Methoden. KW - Archäometrie KW - Zeichnungen KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Papier KW - Pergament KW - Zeichenmaterialien PY - 2024 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (englisch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (English), a link is in the field related identifier VL - 5 SP - VII EP - 111 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-60751 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Doil, Thorsten T1 - Der Bestand der Rembrandt-Zeichnungen in der Klassik Stiftung Weimar - Kritischer Katalog und materialtechnischer Befund N2 - Mit dem aktuellen Band 6 der N.i.Ke.-Schriftenreihe erscheint der kritische Katalog aller Rembrandt-Zeichnungen in der Klassik Stiftung Weimar. Im Unterschied zu vielen anderen Graphischen Kabinetten, die ihre Rembrandt-Bestände bereits erfolgreich publiziert haben, existierte eine solche Gesamtschau in Weimar bisher nicht. Die nun vorliegende Publikation mit 51 Katalognummern umfasst alle, aktuell Rembrandt zugeschriebenen Blätter, alle rembrandtesken Zeichnungen, die ehemals als Werk Rembrandts angesehen wurden, aber auch alle Zeichnungen, die einmal mit Rembrandt und seiner Schule in Verbindung gebracht wurden. Der Titel "Der Bestand der Rembrandt-Zeichnungen in der Klassik Stiftung Weimar - Kritischer Katalog und materialtechnischer Befund" macht deutlich, dass hier neue Wege beschritten wurden. Auch diese Publikation basiert auf Quellen der klassischen Kunstgeschichte, wie etwa bestehende Werkverzeichnisse. Die Befunde werden jedoch mit materialwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen erheblich erweitert. Jedes der hier besprochenen Blätter wurde verschiedenen naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen unterzogen, um die Materialität jeder Zeichnung in ihrer Gesamtheit zu bestimmen. Es wird der Versuch unternommen, die Materialität mit der klassischen Stilkritik zu verzahnen, um neue Hinweise auf die Genese, den Gebrauch oder die Funktion der Zeichnung zu erhalten. Nicht jedes naturwissenschaftliche Ergebnis findet sich im Katalogteil, aber alle Hinweise, die zum Verständnis der Materialität der Zeichnung unmittelbar notwendig sind, werden zitiert. T2 - Rembrandt in Weimar - Ein Beitrag zur Neujustierung der Kennerschaft CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 20.03.2025 KW - Rembrandt KW - Zeichnung KW - Katalog KW - Materialität PY - 2025 SN - 2567-1251 VL - 6 SP - 1 EP - 242 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63538 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Eggert, Claudia A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Ludwig, A. A1 - Melzer, C. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Wintermann, C. ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Doil, Thorsten ED - Wintermann, C. T1 - The materiality of drawings - A scientific approach N2 - Volume 5 of the N.i.Ke. series presents the current state of materials science and imaging techniques used in the examination of drawings. The first part of the publication introduces the classic drawing substrates and materials. The middle part of the publication describes the relevant materials science and imaging techniques. The final part discusses the possibilities and limitations of these methods using several case studies. KW - Archaeometry KW - Paper KW - Parchment KW - Drawing materials KW - Drawings KW - Nondestructive testing PY - 2024 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (deutsch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (German), a link is in the field related identifier VL - 5 SP - VII EP - 110 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63672 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Patrick, Andrist A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Vasileiadis, Pavlos D. A1 - Calvillo, Nelson A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Did the Original Scribes Write the Distigmai in Codex Vaticanus B of the Bible (Vat. gr. 1209)? N2 - The fourth-century Greek Bible manuscript Codex Vaticanus B (Vat. gr. 1209) contains pairs of horizontally aligned marginal dots known as distigmai, which correspond to textual variants in other manuscripts. The production of the distigmai has been variously dated to the 4th or 16th centuries. A fourth-century date would prove the early existence of hundreds of textual variants, many of which are otherwise only witnessed by later manuscripts. Near infrared microscope reflectography combined with micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy proved that the distigmai, both those categorized as “apricot” (which are visually similar to the ink of the original main text) and “chocolate” (which are visually similar to the reinking of the main text) were written with ink(s) made from chemically purified vitriol, a process that only became standard in the 16th century. As a result, there is no reasonable chance that the distigmai were written in the fourth century. Horizontal lines that have been hypothesized to function as text-critical obeloi were written in the same ink as the original main text, which differs completely from that of the distigmai. In other words, the distigmai and horizontal lines tested were not produced during the same writing session and are separated by more than 1,000 years, making it impossible for them to have functioned as conjoining text-critical symbols in the 4th century. KW - Bible manuscripts KW - New Testament KW - Paratextual features KW - Textual criticism KW - Obelos KW - Septuagint KW - XRF KW - Greek palaeography PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622902 DO - https://doi.org/10.1163/27728641-00302005 SN - 2772-8633 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 125 EP - 156 PB - Brill CY - Leiden AN - OPUS4-62290 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Wintermann, C. ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Doil, Thorsten T1 - Katalog der Rembrandt-Zeichnungen in Weimar N2 - Hiermit liegt der kritische Katalog aller Rembrandt-Zeichnungen in der Klassik Stiftung Weimar vor. Im Unterschied zu vielen anderen Graphischen Kabinetten, die ihre Rembrandt-Bestände bereits erfolgreich publiziert haben, existierte eine solche Gesamtschau in Weimar bisher nicht. Die umfassten 51 Katalognummern umfassen alle aktuell Rembrandt zugeschriebenen Blätter, alle rembrandtesken Zeichnungen, die ehemals als Werk Rembrandts angesehen wurden, aber auch alle Zeichnungen, die einmal mit Rembrandt und seiner Schule in Verbindung gebracht wurden. T2 - Rembrandt in Weimar - Ein Beitrag zur Neujustierung der Kennerschaft CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 20.03.2025 KW - Katalog KW - Materialität KW - Rembrandt KW - Zeichnung PY - 2025 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Serientitel: N.i.Ke. Schriftenreihe des Netzwerks zur interdisziplinären Kulturguterhaltung – Series title: N.i.Ke. Schriftenreihe des Netzwerks zur interdisziplinären Kulturguterhaltung VL - 6 SP - 57 EP - 217 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63618 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Doil, Thorsten T1 - Von 25 auf 6: Der Bestand der Rembrandt-Zeichnungen in Weimar N2 - Das Rembrandt-Projekt ist ein Teilresultat, das aus der dreijährigen Katalogisierung der niederländischen und flämischen Zeichnungen in den Graphischen Sammlungen erwachsen ist. Es umfasst alle heute Rembrandt zugeschriebenen Blätter, alle rembrandtesken Zeichnungen, die ehemals als Rembrandts angesehen wurden, aber auch alle Zeichnungen, die einmal mit Rembrandt und seiner Schule in Verbindung gebracht wurden. T2 - Rembrandt in Weimar - Ein Beitrag zur Neujustierung der Kennerschaft CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 20.03.2025 KW - Katalog KW - Materialität KW - Rembrandt KW - Zeichnung PY - 2025 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Serientitel: N.i.Ke. Schriftenreihe des Netzwerks zur interdisziplinären Kulturguterhaltung – Series title: N.i.Ke. Schriftenreihe des Netzwerks zur interdisziplinären Kulturguterhaltung VL - 6 SP - 10 EP - 12 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63576 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Investigating the Thermal Decomposition of PFAS in a Full-Scale Commercial Hazardous Waste Incinerator N2 - Incineration is currently the only commercial full-scale technology available to destroy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in large solid and liquid waste streams. Given previous experience of dioxin formation during halogenated waste incineration, concerns about the emission of products of incomplete destruction (PIDs) from PFAS incineration exist. The overarching objective of this project is to track the fate of fluorine during full-scale hazardous waste incineration in order to demonstrate the readiness, viability, and level of safety for thermal PFAS destruction in various waste streams. The specific objectives of this project are (1) to enhance our understanding of key variables and conditions on PFAS incineration performance, (2) to identify major PIDs under insufficient treatment conditions, (3) to explore the catalytic role of fly ash and other process-relevant surfaces in thermal PFAS decomposition, and (4) to determine the potential formation of polyfluorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. T2 - CEN/TC 264/WG48 Symposium - Emissions and ambient air - Determination of PFAS CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 16.07.2025 KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Incineration PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63714 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Panorama of Black writing inks: From Antiquity to the Middle Ages N2 - Black writing inks in the period under consideration can be divided into three different classes: soot, tannin and iron-gall ink. The first one is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water-soluble binding agent, the second one is a solution of plant extract from tree barks or gallnuts, while the third one contains both soluble and insoluble phases. This last ink is based on metal (iron) and is produced by a chemical reaction of soluble iron (II) with tannin in aqueous solution. Tracing the transition from writing inks based on carbon pigments (soot or charcoal), common in Antiquity to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages builds a focus of our investigative work at the BAM (Federal Institute of Material Analysis and Testing) [1-5]. With the aim of creating a detailed history of writing black inks, we worked out a non-invasive protocol to collect statistically relevant ink data from dated and localized manuscripts covering a large time span and different geographic areas. The first step of our protocol consists of the screening carried out by means of imaging in the near infrared region. The optical differences between carbon, tannin, and iron-gall inks are best recognized by comparing their response to the infrared light: carbon ink has a deep black colour, iron-gall ink becomes transparent above 1400 nm, and tannin ink disappears at about 750 nm, we have simplified the analysis using a small USB microscope with built-in NIR (940 nm) and UV (395 nm) LED in addition to an external white light source [1]. Comparing the images under white and near infrared illumination, we determine the ink typology by observing the changes in the opacity of the ink. Here, carbon-based inks show no change in their opacity when illuminated with near infrared light, while the opacity of iron-gall inks changes considerably, and tannin inks become transparent. Our own recent finding that mixed carbon / iron-gall inks were quite popular in the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages suggested to return to the conventional method using infrared light in the spectral region 1000 – 1400 nm. The presentation will show the panorama of historic inks and our attempt to follow up the transition of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages. T2 - Public lecture CY - Manchester, UK DA - 01.02.2024 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61201 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Methoden und Erkenntnismöglichkeiten von Tintenanalysen N2 - Der Vortrag stellt die Palette der zerstörungsfreien analytischen Methoden, die zur Identifizierung und Vergleich der Tinten, Tuschen und Pigmente verwendet werden. T2 - Experten-Workshop CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 06.10.2022 KW - Tinte KW - Tusche KW - Pigmente PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61195 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Unveiling the use of writing materials in Carolingian manuscripts N2 - After having been neglected for a long time, materiality is nowadays of great interest in the study of manuscripts. This allows us to explore the variety (and potential coexistence) of different inks and pigments in type and composition in their use over time and geographical area. In this presentation, we aim to contribute to their study through archaeometric analyses of black and red inks used in Carolingian manuscripts copied between the 8th and the 10th centuries. These analyses are based on an interdisciplinary strategy, bringing together knowledge from the humanities and natural sciences to understand the global use of black and red inks in the Carolingian Empire. In this regard, we adopted a non-invasive protocol that included near-infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for on-site measurements supported by historical and palaeographic analysis. The results have been collected in the framework of two projects at the University of Hamburg in close collaboration with the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin (BAM) and will be compared with several other archaeometric studies of contemporary manuscripts. T2 - Novel approaches to Digital Codicology CY - Tours, France DA - 10.05.2023 KW - Carolingian manuscripts KW - Historick inks KW - Pigments PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61199 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Imaging micro-XRF in studies of manuscripts N2 - Availability of mobile XRF-equipment with an interaction spot of ca. 100 µm produced a revolution in the studies of manuscripts. A protocol for the use of line-scans introduced in the beginning of 2000 permitted large scale and extremely successful investigations of the medieval iron-gall inks. Here, we usually focus on a comparison of the characteristic metallic components in the inks. In our work, we encountered cases that could be adequately addressed only using large area imaging XRF. However, conducting an M6 scan on a bound manuscript or on a scroll of huge dimensions is not a simple and easy matter. In our presentation, we want to share our experience by presenting a series of the case studies, in which many an original solution was found. T2 - M6 JETSTREAM European User Meeting CY - London, GB DA - 03.04.2023 KW - Micro-XRF KW - Manuscripts KW - Imaging PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61198 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Authentic vs. inauthentic Dead Sea Scrolls from the point of view of material analysis N2 - The paper seeks to illuminate the problem of identifying forgeries among the Dead Sea Scrolls from the point of view of material analysis. It will present the sum of our technical knowledge of the skin-based material of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which includes the original treatment of the skins and the resulting typology as well as degradation effects due to their sojourn in caves and post-discovery interventions. We will try then to list the characteristic properties that must be found in the authentic material. We will supplement the presentation with a short description of the relevant methods of material analysis and their contribution to the secure identification of inauthentic Dead Sea Scrolls. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Siciety of Biblical Literature CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 19.11.2022 KW - Dear Sea Scrolls KW - Forgery PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61196 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis - results N2 - The presentations describes the results obtained by material analysis of the writing materials. Their relevance in the field of digital editing and publishing is discussed. T2 - Communicating Revealed Texts: Best Practices for Born-Digital Editions Using Enhanced Imaging CY - Iowa City, IA, USA DA - 29.06.2024 KW - Writing materials KW - Manuscripts KW - Material analysis PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61202 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Ward, Aengus T1 - Centenary Paper: Of Inks and Scribes: The Composition of a Thirteenth-Century Castilian Manuscript – British Library Res 20787 N2 - This article presents the results of the first scientific analysis of the inks of a thirteenth-century Castilian manuscript – British Library Res 20787, a copy of the Fuero de las leyes. The analysis reveals the fingerprint of the inks used in the codex and points the way to future cross-disciplinary research based on a wider corpus of evidence. KW - Archaeometry KW - Manuscript KW - Colorant KW - Cinnabar PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2024.56 SN - 1475-3839 VL - 101 SP - 703 EP - 720 PB - Liverpool University Press AN - OPUS4-61435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cohen, Z. A1 - Hennings, T. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Depreux, P. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Black inks under examination. Part 2: a case study of Carolingian manuscripts N2 - With this paper, we would like to contribute to the study of black writing materials by investigating the black inks used in the manuscripts from monastic production in the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom, especially in the region of Lake Constance and in Bavaria and dated to the period between the 8th and the 10th centuries. The corpus under study contains manuscripts with formulae, i.e. model letters and charters, besides numerous other types of texts with no clear separation between them (for example by titles). Sixty-three manuscripts have been studied with the aim of reconstructing the history of both their copying and their use. To this aim, we adopted a non-invasive approach that included near-infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for on-site measurements, supported by historical and palaeographic analysis. The results obtained in this project are compared with several other archaeometric studies of contemporary manuscripts with the general aim of understanding the use of black ink in medieval manuscripts. KW - Manuscript KW - Ink analysis KW - Carolingian PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.4000/techne.18919 SN - 2239-0243 VL - 56 SP - 105 EP - 113 AN - OPUS4-61582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Advances in Characterization of Written Heritage N2 - The session discusses three brances of teh work on the manuscripts: ink analysis, parchment analysis by proteomics (Matthew Collins) and lipids (Mélanie Roffet-Salque); revealing of hidden text using AI. The example of Vesuvium Challenge is presented and discussed by Bren Seales. T2 - Scientific Methods in Cultural Heritage Research Gordon Research Conference CY - Vaud, Switzerland DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Written Heritage KW - Vesuvius challenge KW - Proteomics KW - Lipids PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61203 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Cohen, Zina T1 - Inks of the Bologna Scroll: A Preliminary Study N2 - Rotolo 2 at the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, also known simply as the “Bologna Scroll,” is currently the oldest known complete Torah scroll without later replacement sheets or significant lacunae. The Bologna Scroll has some unusual scribal features. According to one opinion in the Babylonian Talmud, a Torah scroll must be written with carbon ink to be valid for liturgical use.12 The main inks of the Bologna Scroll are very black, and the inks of the marginal corrections in tiny letters are even blacker. In this study, eh inks were tested by means of XRF-spectroscopy and NIR imaging. Conreary to the expectations, the current tests have definitively determined that the Bologna Scroll was both written and corrected using multiple iron-gall inks. KW - Torah KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1353/mns.2024.a945374 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 222 EP - 242 AN - OPUS4-62264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Krutzsch, A1 - Nehring, ED - Prignitz, Sebastian ED - Vaelske, Veit T1 - Der Papyruskodex Berlin P 1862: Restaurierung und materialtechnische Beobachtungen N2 - This paper presents the conservation of the codex Berlin P 1862, which includes the reconstruction of the original double leaves. This made it possible to reconstruct the original sequence of the layers of the codex. In addition to a detailed description of the papyrus material, technical details are explained. These concern the production, structure and layout of this codex. KW - Papyrus KW - Tusche PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111345253-011 SP - 141 EP - 163 AN - OPUS4-62265 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Danielewski, A. ED - Nöller, Renate ED - Doil, Thorsten T1 - Manuscripta americana - Den Azteken auf der Spur - Eine Ausstellung im Kulturwerk der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - 07. Dezember 2022 bis 26. Februar 2023 N2 - Die Publikation befasst sich mit einer einzigartigen Sammlung mexikanischer und südamerikanischer Handschriften, die zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts ins Leben gerufen wurde, als Alexander von Humboldt der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin Fragmente indigener mexikanischer Bilderhandschriften aus dem 16. Jahrhundert schenkte. Sie sind heute auch unter der Bezeichnung Humboldt-Fragmente bekannt und stellen den bedeutendsten Teil der Sammlung dar, die im Laufe der Zeit durch den Ankauf verschiedener Arten von Handschriften aus Mittelamerika, vorwiegend in indigenen Sprachen und lateinischer Schrift, erweitert wurde. In den zwei Jahren von April 2017 bis März 2019 verfolgten die Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz (SBB-PK) und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ein gemeinsames, von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) großzügig gefördertes wissenschaftliches Projekt: Materialanalysen und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchungen mexikanischer Handschriften aus der Kolonialzeit in Berlin und Krakau. Die Hauptziele des Projekts bestanden darin, die Provenienz der Manuscripta americana zu ermitteln und, da sie einen hohen Grad an Fragmentierung aufweisen, festzustellen, wie sie untereinander und mit Objekten außerhalb der Sammlung in Beziehung stehen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden ethno-kulturhistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Methoden kombiniert. Dank einer guten Zusammenarbeit mit der Jagiellonen-Bibliothek konnten wir die Manuscripta americana sowohl in Berlin als auch in Krakau sehen und studieren und sie wissenschaftlich vermessen. T2 - Manuscripta americana - Den Azteken auf der Spur - Eine Ausstellung im Kulturwerk der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.12.2022 KW - Archäometrie KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Manuskripte KW - Amate PY - 2022 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Es gibt parallele Sprachausgaben (englisch und spanisch), Links befinden sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There are parallel language editions (English and Spanish), links are in the field related identifier VL - 4 SP - 1 EP - 120 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-56729 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rosner, M. T1 - Trends in selected fields of reference material production N2 - For more than 110 years, BAM has been producing reference materials for a wide range of application fields. With the development of new analytical methods and new applications as well as continuously emerging more stringent requirements of laboratory accreditation with regard to quality control and metrological traceability, the demand and requirements for reference materials are increasing. This trend article gives an overview of general developments in the field of reference materials as well as developments in selected fields of application in which BAM is active. This includes inorganic and metal analysis, gas analysis, food and consumer products, and geological samples. In addition to these more traditional fields of application, developments in the areas of optical spectroscopy, particulary fluorescence methods, and nanomaterials are considered. T2 - 150 years BAM: Science with impact CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.01.2021 KW - Reference material KW - ISO REMCO KW - Gas analysis KW - Food KW - Nanomaterials KW - Fluorescence PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548407 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-03996-7 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 414 IS - Topical collection: Analytical methods and applications in the materials and life sciences SP - 4281 EP - 4289 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Charakterisierung historischer Schreibtinten: optische Eigenschaften und elementare Zusammensetzung N2 - Unsere Forschung zielt in erster Linie darauf ab, eine soziogeografische Geschichte von Tinte, Pergament und Papyrus zu rekonstruieren, und umfasst die Materialanalyse der Schreibtinten der Schriftrollen vom Toten Meer, der antiken und hellenistischen Papyri in Ägypten, sowie der Koptischen und Europäischen Tinten des Mittelalters. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir ein Protokoll für die zerstörungsfreie Tintenanalyse entwickelt. Es besteht aus einem ersten Screening mit Hilfe der VIS/NIR Fotografie, um die Art der Tinte zu bestimmen, und der anschließenden Analyse mit der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA). Letztere spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Identifizierung der Metalle in den Rußtuschen und der Bestimmung der charakteristischen Zusammensetzung metallhaltiger Tinten, um zwischen den verschiedenen Tinten zu unterscheiden. Der Vortrag bietet ein Panorama schwarzer historischer Schreibmittel und zeigt, dass die Materialanalyse einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Beantwortung vieler kulturhistorischen Fragen leisten kann. T2 - Eingeladener Vortrag bei GStA CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.11.2025 KW - Tinte KW - Tusche PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64783 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Current status of monitoring of PFAS release from industrial facilities N2 - Increasing studies report per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the ambient air and emissions from diverse industrial sources. Therefore, a comprehensive framework for characterizing PFAS emissions by identifying source-specific chemical fingerprints, evaluating emission pathways and assessing the impact of remediation technologies is needed. Depending on the type of PFAS, dedicated sampling and analytical procedures are required. Here, also the detection of possible PFAS transformation products, so-called products of incomplete combustion (PICs) are more mobile or toxic, is also of great interest to evaluate these technologies in terms of mineralisation potential and fluorine mass balance. T2 - Consortium for analysis and remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (CAR-PFAS Japan) visit Uni Örebro CY - Online meeting DA - 09.10.2025 KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Incineration KW - Remediation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64318 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Poelke, B. A1 - Klein, Luise A1 - Hoffmann, H. A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Roloff, A. T1 - Bestimmung von VOC-Emissionen aus Verbraucherprodukten in mikroskaligen Emissionsprüfkammern: Ergebnisse eines Rundversuchs T1 - Determining VOC Emissions from Consumer Products in Micro-Scale Emission Test Chambers: Results of a Round Robin Test N2 - Die Bestimmung der Anfangskonzentrationen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen, die innerhalb der ersten Stunden des Gebrauchs aus Verbraucherprodukten emittiert werden, wurde in einem Ringversuch getestet, bei dem Mikro-Kammern verwendet wurden. Neun Labore nahmen an dem Ringversuch teil, der sich aus zwei Teilen zusammensetzte: Im ersten Teil wurde die analytische Leistungsfähigkeit beurteilt. Jedes beteiligte Labor erhielt zwei mit Analyten dotierte Tenax® TA Desorptionsröhrchen zur Qualitätskontrolle (QC). Im zweiten Teil führte jedes Labor Emissionsmessungen über einen Zeitraum von 48 Stunden in Mikro-Kammern mit Volumina von 44 oder 114 ml durch. Als Probenmaterial dienten Stücke eines Regenponchos, der Cyclohexanon, Phenol, 2-Ethylhexanol, Naphthalin und Isophoron in signifikanten Konzentrationen emittierte. Für den QC-Test wurden sehr geringe relative Standardabweichungen (9 14 %) erhalten. Die Ergebnisse der Emissionsmessungen waren ebenfalls sehr gut. In der frühen Phase (0,5 4 Stunden) wurden akzeptable z-Scores (|z| ≤ 2,00) von mindestens sieben Laboren erhalten, nach 24 und 48 Stunden erhielten alle Labore akzeptable z-Scores. KW - Emissionsprüfkammer KW - Ringversuch KW - Verbraucherprodukt KW - VOC-Emission PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.37544/0949-8036-2025-03-04-71 VL - 85 IS - 03-04 SP - 71 EP - 76 AN - OPUS4-63561 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Sewage Sludge and Wastewater-based Fertilizers N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals which were developed to improve humanity’s quality of life. Due to their high chemical stability and resistance to degradation by heat or acids, PFAS were used in a variety of consumer products. The continuous use of PFAS in household products and the discharge of PFAS from industrial plants into the sewer system resulted in the contamination of effluents and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (Roesch et al. 2022). Since sewage sludge is often used as fertilizer, its application on agricultural soils has been observed as a significant entry path for PFAS into the environment, specifically in our food chain. In Germany the sewage sludge/biosolid application on agricultural land was banned with the amendment of the German Sewage Sludge Ordinance and by 2029 sewage sludge application will be totally prohibited. However, phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge should still be recycled in WWTPs of cities with a population larger than 50,000 residents. To produce high-quality P-fertilizers for a circular economy, PFAS and other pollutants (e.g. pesticides and pharmaceuticals) must be separated from sewage sludge. Due to the strong diversity of industrial PFAS usage it is not clear if a safe application of novel recycled P-fertilizers from WWTPs can be guaranteed. Therefore, we analyzed various sewage sludges and wastewater-based fertilizers. Sewage sludge (SL) samples from various WWTPs in Germany and Switzerland, six sewage sludge ashes (SSA) from Germany, six thermally treated SL and SSA samples with different additives (temperatures: 700-1050 °C), two pyrolyzed SL samples (temperature: 400 °C) and two struvite samples from Germany and Canada were analyzed. The goal was to quantify PFAS in sewage sludges and wastewater-based P-fertilizers with the sum parameter extractable organic fluorine (EOF) by combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The results were compared with data from classical LC-MS/MS target analysis as well as selected samples by HR-MS suspect screening. The EOF values of the SLs mainly range between 154 and 538 µg/kg except for one SL which showed an elevated EOF value of 7209 µg/kg due to high organofluorine contamination. For the SSA samples the EOF values were lower and values between LOQ (approx. 60 µg/kg) and 121 µg/kg could be detected. For the pyrolyzed SLs no EOF values above the LOQ were detected. Moreover, the two wastewater-based struvite fertilizers contain 96 and 112 µg/kg EOF, respectively. In contrast to the EOF values, the sum of PFAS target values were relatively low for all SLs. Additional applied PFAS HR-MS suspect screening aimed to tentatively identify PFAS that could contribute to the hitherto unknown part of the EOF value. The majority of the detected fluorinated compounds are legacy PFAS such as short- and long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA), polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) and perfluorophosphonic acids (PFPA). Moreover, fluorinated pesticides, pharmaceutical as well as aromatic compounds were also identified, which are all included in the EOF parameter. Our research revealed that the current PFAS limit of 100 µg/kg for the sum of PFOS + PFOA in the German Fertilizer Ordinance is no longer up to date. Since the number of known PFAS already exceeds 10,000, the ordinance limit should be updated accordingly. Recent regulations and restrictions on using long-chain PFAS (≥C8) have resulted in a significant shift in the industry towards (ultra-)short-chain alternatives, and other, partly unknown, emerging PFAS. Ultimately, also fluorinated pesticides and pharmaceuticals, which end up as ultrashort PFAS in the WWTPs, have to be considered as possible pollutants in fertilizers from wastewater, too. T2 - Dioxin Konferenz CY - Maastricht, Netherlands DA - 10.09.2023 KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Sewage sludge KW - Fertilizer PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58345 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Combining DGT and combustion ion chromatography (CIC) as screening tool for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in wastewater-based fertilizers N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of organofluorine surfactants used in the formulations of thousands of consumer goods. The continuous use of PFAS in household products and the discharge of PFAS from industrial plants into the sewer system have been resulted in contaminated effluents and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which became an important pathway for PFAS into the environment. Because sewage sludge is often used as fertilizer its application on agricultural soils has been observed as significant input path for PFAS into our food chain. To produce high-quality phosphorus fertilizers for a circular economy from sewage sludge, PFAS and other pollutants (e.g. pesticides and pharmaceuticals) must be separated from sewage sludge. Normally, PFAS are analyzed using PFAS protocols typically with time-consuming extraction steps and LC-MS/MS target quantification. However, for screening of PFAS contaminations in wastewater-based fertilizers also the DGT technique can be used for the PFAS extraction. Afterwards, combustion ion chromatography (CIC) can be applied to analyze the “total” amount of PFAS on the DGT binding layer. The DGT method was less sensitive and only comparable to the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) method values of the fertilizers in samples with >150 µg/kg, because of different diffusion properties for various PFAS, but also kinetic exchange limitations. However, the DGT approach has the advantage that almost no sample preparation is necessary. Moreover, the PFAS adsorption on the DGT binding layer was investigated via surface sensitive spectroscopical methods, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. T2 - DGT Konferenz CY - Paris, France DA - 11.10.2023 KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Sewage sludge PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Helfenstein, J. A1 - Massey, M. A1 - Kretzschmar, R. A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Verel, R. A1 - Chadwick, O. A1 - Frossard, E. T1 - Spectroscopic analysis shows crandallite can be a major component of soil phosphorus N2 - Phosphorus (P) bioavailability is crucial for the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems, and soil P speciation plays a major role therein. Better understanding of P forms present in soil is thus essential to predict bioavailability. Most studies on soil P forms differentiate between Ca-bound P (e.g. apatite), organic P, Fe-bound P, and Al-bound P. In our analysis of a Ca, Al, and P rich soil from the Kohala region of Hawaii, we identified the mineral crandallite, CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5∙H2O, a mineral previously not considered to play a significant role in soils. Crandallite was first identified with powder X-ray diffraction, and then confirmed with microfocused P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, micro-infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Crandallite XANES spectra were distinct from other common XANES spectra due to the presence of features in the post-edge region of the spectrum. Linear combination fitting of bulk P K-edge XANES spectra allowed the determination of the proportion of crandallite to the total P content, indicating that crandallite comprises up to half, possibly even more of the soil P in the samples. Crandallite is therefore an important and potentially overlooked component of soil P, which pedogenically forms in soils with high P, Al, and Ca contents, where it likely plays an important role in P bioavailability. KW - Phosphor KW - XANES spectrosocpy KW - infrared spectroscopy PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5556609 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - SRN AN - OPUS4-64739 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Binder, J. T1 - The marginal notes of Tosefta MS Erfurt N2 - Manuscript Erfurt 12 of the Tosefta (now Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Ms. or. fol. 1220) is one of three major textual witnesses of the Tosefta. This manuscript has over 80 marginal notes which have not merited scholarly attention. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of all the marginal notes, including an evaluation of their ink composition, a palaeographic assessment of the scripts, as well as a philological assessment of their contents. Combining these methodologies differentiates between the glosses of the scribe and those added by later hands and identifies their provenance, allowing us to trace the history of the manuscript via the emendations that took place in the scholarly communities in which the manuscript was studied. One of the important outcomes of the research is an early dating of the manuscript to eleventh-century Italy, overturning the scholarly view which dates the manuscript to twelfth-century Rhineland KW - Hebrew Manuscripts KW - Ink KW - NIR KW - XRF PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3828/jjs.2025.76.2.272 SN - 0022-2097 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 272 EP - 300 AN - OPUS4-64770 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Black ink from antiquity to the Middle Ages N2 - Il nostro lavoro di ricerca al BAM si concentra sul passaggio dagli inchiostri a base di fuliggine, comuni nell'antichità, agli inchiostri ferro-gallici, comunemente usati nel Medioevo. Con l'obiettivo di creare una storia dettagliata degli inchiostri neri, abbiamo elaborato un protocollo non invasivo per raccogliere dati statisticamente rilevanti sugli inchiostri da manoscritti datati e localizzati che coprono un ampio arco temporale e diverse aree geografiche. Il primo passo del nostro protocollo consiste nella selezione effettuata mediante riflettografia NIR e IRR. Le differenze ottiche tra gli inchiostri a base di carbonio, tannino e ferro-gallio sono meglio riconoscibili confrontando la loro risposta alla luce infrarossa: l'inchiostro a base di carbonio ha un colore nero intenso, l'inchiostro ferro-gallico diventa trasparente al di sopra dei 1400 nm e l'inchiostro a base di tannino scompare a circa 750 nm. abbiamo semplificato l'analisi utilizzando un piccolo microscopio USB con LED NIR (940 nm) e UV (395 nm) integrati, oltre a una fonte di luce bianca esterna. Confrontando le immagini sotto illuminazione bianca e nel vicino infrarosso, determiniamo la tipologia di inchiostro osservando i cambiamenti nell'opacità dell'inchiostro. In questo caso, gli inchiostri a base di carbonio non mostrano alcuna variazione di opacità quando illuminati con lunghezza d'onda NIR, mentre l'opacità degli inchiostri ferro-gallici cambia notevolmente e gli inchiostri tanninici diventano trasparenti. La nostra recente scoperta che gli inchiostri misti carbonio/ferro-gallici erano piuttosto diffusi nella tarda antichità e nell'alto Medioevo ci ha suggerito di tornare al metodo IRR convenzionale. Il secondo passo del protocollo prevede l'analisi micro-XRF per identificare i componenti inorganici dell'inchiostro. Nel caso degli inchiostri ferro-gallici, stabiliamo le impronte digitali, ovvero i rapporti caratteristici tra i componenti vitriolici dell'inchiostro e l'elemento principale, ferro. T2 - 1° SEMINARIO di studi dottorali CY - Benevento, Italy DA - 06.10.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Ink Analysis of Relic Texts N2 - The presentation will show the multitude of black writing inks in use during the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages in Europa and the Near East and our attempt to follow up the transition of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages. Black writing inks in the period under consideration can be divided into three different classes: soot, tannin and iron-gall ink. The first one is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water-soluble binding agent, the second one is a solution of plant extract from tree barks or gallnuts, while the third one contains both soluble and insoluble phases. This last ink is based on metal (iron) and is produced by a chemical reaction of soluble iron (II) with tannin in aqueous solution. Tracing the transition from writing inks based on carbon pigments (soot or charcoal), common in Antiquity to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages builds a focus of our investigative work at the BAM (Federal Institute of Material Analysis and Testing). In this context, we will discuss the results of the ink analysis obtained within the project “Crafting documents”. T2 - Heritage Science and Manuscripts from Antiquity and the Middle Ages CY - Oxford, United Kingdom DA - 13.11.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis of afghanistan liturgical quire (ALQ) conducted at the BAM N2 - The lecture presents the results of the detailed material analysis of the inks and of the parchment of the Afghanistan Liturgical Quire (ALQ), conducted at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) in Berlin. Testing was conducted using the following techniques: 3-color photography, 3D-digital microscopy, scanning μ-X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), μ- Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. I will give a short explanation of the principles of the techniques and explain the choice of the instruments. The main task of our work at the BAM required characterization of the inks and comparison of the ink as well as the composition of parchment. For the ink characterization we have followed the protocol developed at the BAM. The standard protocol includes three non-invasive stages: a) near infrared photography (NIRR) to determine the ink type or its main component; b) X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) to determine a fingerprint for iron-gall inks or contaminants in carbon/plant inks; c) Raman spectroscopy if there is an indication that the inks are of a mixed type. For parchment characterization, we usually employ µ-XRF-mapping and FTIR to gain information on specific treatments experienced by the parchment during its preparation and history. T2 - 19th World Congress of Jewish Studies CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 04.08.2025 KW - Hebrew Manuscripts KW - Parchment KW - Ink KW - XRF KW - NIR PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Studies of the black writing inks N2 - In recent years, the interest in the composition of the inks in papyri documents grew exponentially. Different types of inks were found in the period 4th century BCE to 7th century CE. The paper will demonstrate a simple protocol based on comparison of the ink transparency in the near infrared light and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The importance of including ink composition into new catalogues and possible formats of such data will be also presented and discussed. T2 - 31st International Congress of Papyrology CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 28.07.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink KW - Papyrus PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Inks in Early Medieval Manuscripts from Chelles: a Scientific Study N2 - The talk will start with the overview of the ink types and the methods of their characterisation. After displaying XRF spectra of different Carolingian inks the talk will discuss Chelles collection and the labels attributed to Chelles. We will concentrate then on the study of the Chelles manuscripts preserved in Cologne, Vatican and Paris. We will show that there is a good degree of coincidence between the inks of the Chelles manuscripts and the labels attributed to Chelles. We observe unusually early use of vitriolic ink north of the Alps. T2 - Leeds International Medieval Congress (IMC 2025) CY - Leeds, United Kingdom DA - 07.07.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64778 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -