TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - From Egypt to Hiddensee – Analysis of Gold with Synchrotron Radiation V N2 - Gold is one of the seven metals already known in antiquity and was used from time immemorial as a medium of exchange and for the production of jewelry because of its luster and rarity. In addition, it is easy to work and largely resistant to chemical influences. Investigations of gold using synchrotron radiation excited X-ray fluorescence analysis are non-destructive and provide information about the chemical elements present in the sample under investigation. The investigations presented here at BAMline focus on questions such as the origin, manufacturing process, and association of gold findings. The different questions are explained by a number of examples ranging from the Viking treasure from Hiddensee to the Nebra Sky Disk and finds from Egypt. The find from Bernstorf is discussed in detail. A Bayesian treatment of the authenticity is shown. T2 - Ringvorlesung Einführung in die Archäometrie CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.11.2024 KW - Gold KW - Synchrotron KW - XRF KW - BAMline KW - Bayes PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61699 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guerra, M.F. A1 - Neri, E. A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Gold leaf tesserae: tracing the origins of gold using synchrotron-based techniques N2 - To gain insight into the possible origin of the gold used in the production of tesserae containing gold leaf less than 0.5 μm thick placed between two layers of glass, we propose a non-destructive synchrotron radiation (SR) XRF protocol based on sequential analysis under optimised analytical conditions. Using this protocol, trace element analysis is achieved with detection limits of 1–6 mg/kg. As Pt and Au have adjacent fluorescence energies, we tested the most challenging situation, when Pt is present in very low concentrations in gold. Data obtained by double-dispersive XRF (D2XRF) and μXRF for fourth–ninth-century mosaics decorating nine Eastern and Western religious buildings show that the Eastern and Western tesserae are made from different alloys. However, these alloys are identical to those used to make gold leaf for gilding, because plastic deformation requires the use of gold alloys with high ductility and malleability. Although trace element composition of gold used in the concerned period is only available for coins, by comparing the amounts of Pt contained in the tesserae and in the coins we show that Roman tesserae are made from Roman gold, as described in the documentary sources. We observe for the Byzantine period the use of a Byzantine gold and of gold supposedly from different stages of recycling, and we suggest the use of Umayyad and Abbasid gold for the production of Islamic tesserae. KW - Gold KW - XRF KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - D2XRF KW - Tesserae PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-03638-y SN - 2190-5444 VL - 138 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-57208 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Von Ägypten bis Hiddensee Analyse von Gold mit Synchrotronstrahlung III N2 - Gold ist eines der sieben schon im Altertum bekannten Metalle und wurde wg. seines Glanzes und seiner Seltenheit von alters her als Tauschmittel und zur Herstellung von Schmuck benutzt. Außerdem ist es einfach bearbeitbar und weitestgehend gegen chemische Einflüsse resistent. Die Untersuchungen von Gold mit synchrotronstrahlungsangeregter Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse sind zerstörungsfrei und geben Auskunft über die in der untersuchten Probe vorhandenen chemischen Elemente. Bei den hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen an der BAMline stehen Fragestellungen wie Herkunft, Herstellungsverfahren und Zusammengehörigkeit von Goldfunden im Vordergrund. Die verschiedenen Fragestellungen werden an einer Reihe von Beispielen erläutert die vom Wikingerschatz aus Hiddensee über die Himmelsscheibe von Nebra bis hin zu Funden aus Ägypten langen. Der Fund von Bernstorf wird ausführlich diskutiert. T2 - Vorlesung FU Berlin Einführung in die Archäometrie CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.11.2020 KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - XRF KW - Gold KW - Archäometrie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51893 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Decoding the Elemental Fingerprints of Ancient Gold: A Synchrotron-based Approach N2 - This contribution focuses on the application of synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR XRF) for the analysis of ancient gold objects at the BAMline, showcasing several noteworthy examples. One prominent artifact is the Sky Disc of Nebra, which presented a relatively straightforward question to be addressed: Do the gold inlays belong together, and can we glean insights about their origin? In contrast, the analysis of the Bernstorf gold, an alleged Bronze Age treasure composed of exceptionally pure gold, posed a more intricate challenge. The debate surrounding its authenticity prompted an in-depth investigation utilizing SR XRF with different experimental conditions. This approach, involving the analysis of trace elements, played a pivotal role in elucidating the nature and age of the gold, offering valuable insights into its production Platinum emerges as a crucial trace element for gold analysis, given its typically low concentration in gold artifacts, often in the range of a few parts per million (ppm). Accurately measuring Platinum in the presence of overlapping emission lines from gold is arduous. To overcome this challenge, BAMline developed a wavelength dispersive set-up known as D2XRF, employing a pixelated energy-dispersive X-ray detector (pnCCD). This innovative approach enables the resolution of overlapping emission lines, leading to a remarkable detection limit of 1 ppm for Platinum in gold samples. Furthermore, the application of the pnCCD for imaging element distributions on a Phoenician ivory artifact will be showcased. This technique allows for the visualization and mapping of various elements, which opens the possibility to reconstruct the original appearance. The comprehensive analysis of ancient gold artifacts at BAMline has provided valuable insights into the craftsmanship, trade, and technological advancements of ancient civilizations. By unraveling the complex stories these artifacts carry, our studies contributed significantly to the fields of archaeology, history, and materials science. It underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in piecing together the puzzle of human history, revealing the interconnectedness of cultures through the lens of non-destructive analysis. T2 - Denver X-ray Conference 2024 CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 04.08.2024 KW - Gold KW - Synchrotron KW - XRF KW - BAMline PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61701 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Cakir, Cafer Tufan T1 - Optimization of depth resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy in grazing emission mode for characterizing compositionally complex alloys N2 - Layered materials are fundamental to technological advancements, offering distinct properties that differentiate them from bulk materials. In electronics, for instance, thin-film transistors (TFTs) are used to enhance charge transport and flexibility, thereby improving device performance. In the same way, thin-film photovoltaic devices used in renewable energy use strategic layering to absorb light more efficiently and separate electron-hole pairs more effectively, which leads to higher energy conversion efficiency. In recent decades, the development of new alloys has highlighted the importance of layered materials in another context. Compositionally complex alloys, for example, form multiple oxide layers on their surfaces when they oxidize. Studying these corrosion layers is crucial for understanding material-environment interactions. Typical surface analysis techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and Meitner-Auger electron spectroscopy (MAES), provide valuable insights but are constrained by their requirements for high Vacuum conditions and their limited depth analysis. In contrast, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy presents a versatile and advantageous alternative. It operates effectively under ambient conditions and allows time-resolved measurements, enhancing the analysis of materials in real-time as they undergo structural and compositional changes. This adaptability broadens the scope for material analysis, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of dynamic processes. Grazing Emission X-ray Fluorescence (GEXRF) spectroscopy stands out as a nondestructive, depth-resolved, element-specific characterization technique important for collecting depth-resolved information at the nanometer scale. Its ability to collect in-Depth resolved information based on the grazing emission angle of the fluorescence Radiation makes it ideal for investigating thin films, corrosion layers, and interfaces within layered materials. The integration of XANES in emission mode with GEXRF enables detailed exploration of the chemical states of the analyzed atom and provides depth-resolved information. This study discusses grazing emission X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (GEXANES), a novel layer analysis technique that is created by integrating these two methods. This study also innovatively combines machine learning with GEXANES spectroscopy to reduce experimental times. By using active learning, a subset of machine learning, it refines the data acquisition process, enabling more efficient and streamlined methods. The application of active learning in this context illustrates the potential of data-driven approaches to transform experimental methodologies, particularly in resource-limited environments such as synchrotron facilities, thereby accelerating scientific research and discovery. KW - Angle resolved XRF KW - GEXRF KW - BO KW - Active Learning KW - XRF PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.34726/hss.2025.101302 SP - 1 EP - 129 CY - Technische Univeristät Wien AN - OPUS4-63793 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reifschneider, O. A1 - Vennemann, A. A1 - Buzanich, Günter A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Hogeback, J A1 - Köppen, C. A1 - Großgarten, M. A1 - Sperling, M. A1 - Wiemann, M. A1 - Karst, U. T1 - Revealing Silver Nanoparticle Uptake by Macrophages Using SR-μXRF and LA-ICP-MS N2 - To better study the impact of nanoparticles on both in vitro and in vivo models, tissue distribution and cellular doses need to be described more closely. Here silver nanoparticles were visualized in alveolar macrophages by means of synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR-μXRF) with high spatial resolution of 3 × 3 μm2. For the spatial allocation of silver signals to cells and tissue structures, additional elemental labeling was carried out by staining with eosin, which binds to protein and can be detected as bromine signal with SR-μXRF. The method was compatible with immunostaining of macrophage antigens. We found that the silver distribution obtained with SR-μXRF was largely congruent with distribution maps from a subsequent laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of the same tissue sites. The study shows a predominant, though not exclusive uptake of silver into alveolar macrophages in the rat lung, which can be modeled by a similar uptake in cultured alveolar macrophages. Advantages and limitations of the different strategies for measuring nanoparticle uptake at the single cell level are discussed. KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - XRF KW - Nanoparticle KW - Macrophagen PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00507 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 1250 EP - 1255 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50855 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Getting more efficient – The use of Bayesian optimization and Gaussian processes at the BAMline N2 - The BAMline, a beamline for material science research at BESSY II, has been operated by the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung for over two decades. In the last few years, Bayesian optimization (BO) with Gaussian processes (GP) has been introduced as a transformative method in this setting. This contribution highlights the integration and impact of BO and GP in refining BAMline operations. We will explore the impact of integrating Bayesian methods, especially when combined with Gaussian processes, on the operational efficiency of the BAMline. Our discussion commences with an overview of the fundamental concepts of active learning and optimization. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of specific case studies, drawing on our direct experience with these innovative methods. For this our focus is on three key applications: Alignment of Optical Elements (DCM and DMM): The implementation of Bayesian optimization using Gaussian processes has revolutionized the alignment process for the Double Crystal Monochromator (DCM) and the Double Multilayer Monochromator (DMM). This approach greatly reduced manual effort and enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of the alignment procedure. Optimal Spot Selection for Spatial Mapping in XRF Studies: In X-ray fluorescence (XRF) experiments, determining the most informative sampling spots is crucial. The introduction of BO, informed by GP, has significantly improved the selection process, especially in large or heterogeneous samples. This methodology ensures maximum information gain, optimizing the balance between comprehensive mapping and resource management. Selection of Optimal Energies for XANES Measurements in GEXANES Geometry: In the specific context of X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) studies using Grazing Exit (GEXANES) geometry, the Bayesian approach with Gaussian processes is now utilized to identify the most effective energy settings. This results in detailed spectral data acquired in a much shorter time. We also address challenges and limitations encountered during implementation. Additionally, the versatility of this approach in addressing a range of different research questions will be demonstrated. T2 - Machine Learning Conference for X-Ray and Neutron-Based Experiments CY - Garching bei München, Germany DA - 08.04.2024 KW - BAMline KW - Synchrotron KW - XRF KW - Bayes PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - BAMline@BESSY2 - Advanced Techniques and Applications N2 - Synchrotron radiation sources offer a wide range of possibilities in materials research due to their unique properties in terms of intensity, polarization and adjustability. A basic introduction about the creation and special properties of synchrotron radiation will be given. Examples of current work at BAMline, the high-energy measuring facility of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing at the synchrotron BESSY, are used to illustrate the possibilities and limitations of existing measuring methods.” T2 - GDCH Kolloquium CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany DA - 17.11.2022 KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - XRF KW - XANES PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61706 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Trace element analysis with synchrotron radiation N2 - Trace elements are chemical elements whose concentration in a material is very low. The exact definition depends on the application and varies for example between 100 micrograms per gram in analytical chemistry and 1000 micrograms per gram in geology. The ability to detect trace elements fast and quantitatively is of great importance in many areas of science and technology. With its high brilliance and flexibility in the excitation conditions, synchrotron radiation is an ideal tool for detecting traces even in small sample quantities. In this contribution I will report about the use of X-ray fluorescence(XRF)for qualitative and quantitative element sensitiveanalysis. In addition to the fundamentals of XRF and its quantification methods, the advantages and problems of different geometries like e.g. microXRF, Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF)or Double Dispersive XRF (D²XRF) will be discussed. Practical examples from BAMline from the research fields of medicine, geology and archaeometry will complete the lecture. T2 - Denver X-Ray Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - XRF PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51890 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Machine learning - Examples from BAM Line N2 - This talk explores applications of artificial intelligence in the field of spectroscopy, with a special focus on research conducted at BAMline. We begin with an overview of synchrotron radiation and its unique capabilities in material analysis. The first part of the talk will cover the integration of AI algorithms in quantifying X-ray fluorescence measurements, providing enhanced precision and efficiency in data analysis. Following this, we will examine the role of language models in spectroscopic research, showcasing how these tools can facilitate the control of complex experimental set-ups T2 - Analytical Academy CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.11.2024 KW - ChatGPT KW - Neural networks KW - XRF KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61698 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -