TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Landmann, M. A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Laser-based sorting of construction and demolition waste for the circular economy N2 - Closed material cycles and unmixed material fractions are required to achieve high recovery and recycling rates in the building industry. The growing diversity of construction and demolition waste is leading to increasing difficulties in separating the individual materials. Manual sorting involves many risks and dangers for the executing staff and is merely based on obvious, visually detectable differences for separation. An automated, sensor-based sorting of these building materials could complement or replace this practice to improve processing speed, recycling rates, sorting quality, and prevailing health conditions. A joint project of partners from industry and research institutions approaches this task by investigating and testing the combination of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and visual (VIS)/ near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-containing building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.). Focusing on Berlin as an example, the entire value chain will be analyzed to minimize economic/technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level and to sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates. First LIBS measurements show promising results in distinguishing various material types. A meaningful validation shall be achieved with further practical samples. Future works will investigate the combination of LIBS and VIS/NIR spectroscopy in a fully automated measurement setup with conveyor belt speeds of 3 m/s. T2 - 6th fib Congress 2022 CY - Oslo, Norway DA - 12.06.2022 KW - LIBS KW - Recycling KW - Construction and demolition waste KW - Sorting PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55120 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy A Tool for Imaging the Chemical Composition of Concrete N2 - One of the most common causes of damage is the ingress of harmful ions into the concrete, which can lead to deterioration processes and affect structural performance. Therefore, the increasingly aging infrastructure is regularly inspected to assess durability. Regular chemical analysis can be useful to determine the extent and evolution of ion ingress and to intervene in a timely manner. This could prove more economical than extensive repairs for major damage, particularly for critical infrastructure. In addition to already established elemental analysis techniques in civil engineering such as potentiometric titration or X-ray fluorescence analysis, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can provide further important complementary information and benefits. The possibilities of LIBS are demonstrated using the example of a drill core taken from a parking garage. T2 - 6th International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - LIBS KW - Concrete KW - Cement KW - Chlorine PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56061 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy – A Tool for Imaging the Chemical Composition of Concrete N2 - One of the most common causes of damage is the ingress of harmful ions into the concrete, which can lead to deterioration processes and affect structural performance. Therefore, the increasingly aging infrastructure is regularly inspected to assess durability. Regular chemical analysis can be useful to determine the extent and evolution of ion ingress and to intervene in a timely manner. This could prove more economical than extensive repairs for major damage, particularly for critical infrastructure. In addition to already established elemental analysis techniques in civil engineering such as potentiometric titration or X-ray fluorescence analysis, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can provide further important complementary information and benefits. The possibilities of LIBS are demonstrated using the example of a drill core taken from a parking garage. T2 - 6th International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting CY - Kapstadt, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - LIBS KW - Concrete KW - Chlorine PY - 2022 UR - https://iccrrr2022.org/downloads SP - 126 EP - 127 AN - OPUS4-56062 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Völker, Tobias T1 - Application of LIBS in civil engineering – status, trends and challenges N2 - The main application of LIBS in civil engineering is the detection of harmful ions in concrete, which can penetrate the component through the porous concrete structure. The advantages of LIBS over standard methods are the possibility of multi-element analysis, measurement speed, spatially resolved measurements, and minimal sample preparation. The spatially resolved measurements of LIBS allow the assessment of the heterogeneity of the concrete by measuring separately the chemical composition of the aggregates and the binder matrix. The latter is particularly relevant because the determined elemental distribution can be directly related to the binder matrix. This is not possible with standard methods, since the material is homogenized to powder during sample preparation stage and the determined concentration is thus related to the total mass. In addition to the use of LIBS for the specific analysis of individual harmful ions, LIBS can also be used to estimate the concrete composition and thus determine, for example, the type of cement used. Corresponding information are relevant for the estimation of the remaining service life and for the preparation of a maintenance concept. In recent years, LIBS has been increasingly used in civil engineering. Currently, however, it is primarily used in research institutions and only occasionally in building materials laboratories. Special commercial devices have also been developed, which greatly simplify the application due to the high degree of automation. Mobile LIBS systems allow on-site application. A central point, which limits the use of LIBS in the commercial sector, is the lack of norms and standards. Therefore, within the framework of a project funded by the German government, work has been carried out on the preparation of a leaflet on quantitative chlorine determination in concrete, which will be published this year. In interlaboratory comparisons the robustness and accuracy for the practical application was demonstrated. LIBS also has great potential in the recycling of construction waste in conjunction with hyperspectral sensors. This issue is currently being addressed in a national project. During the presentation, the state of the art of LIBS in civil engineering will be presented, next steps will be discussed, and future challenges will be outlined. T2 - XII international conference on laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS 2022) CY - Bari, Italy DA - 04.09.2022 KW - LIBS KW - Concrete KW - Chlorine KW - Civil engineering PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56535 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Günther, Tobias T1 - Condition assessment of concrete infrastructure with LIBS N2 - Due to the ageing of the infrastructure facilities, a reliable assessment of the condition of concrete structures is of great interest to plan timely and appropriate measures. In concrete structures, pittingcorrosion of the reinforcement is the predominant deterioration mechanism affecting serviceability and eventually structural performance. Determination of quantitative chloride ingress is not only necessary to obtain valuable information on the current condition of a structure, but the data obtained can also be used to predict future developments and the associated risks. An overview of the progress and the possibilities of the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for concrete analysis in daily civil engineering practice is given. High-resolution 2D measurements of drill cores to determine the penetration of harmful species into concrete is presented. Furthermore, the application of a mobile LIBS system in a parking garage is shown. The system consists of a diode-pumped low-energy laser (3 mJ, 1.5 ns, 100 Hz) and a compact NIR spectrometer. A scanner allows two-dimensional element mapping. Progress towards the establishment of LIBS in a leaflet for the analysis of chlorine ingress into concrete in civil engineering is presented. T2 - Euro-Mediterranean Symposium on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 2021 CY - Gijón, Spain DA - 29.11.2021 KW - LIBS KW - Concrete KW - Chlorine KW - Civil engineering PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-56536 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy – A Tool for the Chemical Investigation of Concrete N2 - LIBS is a complementary method to XRF and can detect all elements without the need for vacuum conditions. Automated systems are already commercially available capable of scanning surfaces with a resolution of up to 0.1 mm within a few minutes. In addition to possible applications in R&D, LIBS is also used for practical applications in building materials laboratories and even on-site. In view of ageing infrastructure facilities, a reliable assessment of the condition of concrete structures is of increasing interest. For concrete structures, the ingress of potential harmful ions is affecting the serviceability and eventually structural performance. Pitting corrosion induced by penetrating chlorides is the dominant deterioration mechanism. Condition assessment based on frequently performed chloride profiling can be useful to identify the extent and evolution of chloride ingress. This could prove to be more economical than extensive repairs, especially for important infrastructure facilities. Currently the most common procedure for determining the chloride content is wet chemical analysis with standard resolution of 10 mm. The heterogeneity is not considered. LIBS is an economical alternative for determining the chloride content at depth intervals of 1 mm or less. It provides 2D distributions of multiple elements and can locate spots with higher concentrations. The results are directly correlated to the mass of binder and can also be performed on-site with a mobile LIBS-System. The application of a LIBS-system is presented. Calibration is required for quantitative analysis. Concrete cores were drilled, sliced and analyzed to determine the 2D-distribution of harmful elements. By comparing the chloride ingress and the carbonation, the interaction of both processes can be visualized in a measurement that takes less than 10 minutes for a 50 mm x 100 mm drill core. A leaflet on the use of LIBS for the chloride ingress assessment has been completed. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 - The International Symposium on Nendestructive Testing in Civil Engineering CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - Imaging KW - Service life KW - Damage assessment KW - LIBS PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gottlieb, C. A1 - Heilmann, D. A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Günther, Tobias A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Bohling, C. T1 - Optimization of LIBS experiments using Design of experiment (DoE) N2 - To conduct a reliable, repeatable and accurate LIBS analysis, the optimization of the experimental setup is an important task. Hardware parameters of lasers and spectrometers used in the setup as well as additionally required components such as optics or process gas pipes must be carefully aligned and adjusted because factors like (i) focal conditions of the optics, (ii) alignment of the sample, (iii) process purge gas (types, flow rate) or (iv) measurement settings (integration time, accumulation of pulses) have a big impact on the signal quality. Therefore, in most cases the effect of different factors is evaluated empirically due to changing one factor at a time while keeping the overall configuration the same. In the end, the optimal configuration is selected based on the best parameters for each influencing factor. During optimization, a configuration of the experimental setup is aimed at, which allows e.g. the highest signal intensity or the lowest variation. In most cases, cross-correlation, interference and interaction among the various factors are not considered. For this reason, the possibilities of using Design of Experiment (DoE) to optimize a LIBS experiment will be shown and advantages of (i) reduction of testing plans using a feature space, (ii) identifying and considering cross-correlations and interactions, (iii) evaluating individual impacts on the measurement (e.g. contour and surface plots) as well as (iv) multivariate models for prediction of impacts will be presented. T2 - 11th Euro-Mediterranean Symposium on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (EMSLIBS) CY - Online meeting DA - 29.11.2021 KW - LIBS KW - Chlorine KW - DoE PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53899 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Götz, J. A1 - Landmann, M. A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Sorting of construction and demolition waste by combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy N2 - In a joint project of partners from industry and research, the automated recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is investigated and tested by combing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.). The project focuses primarily on the Berlin site to analyze the entire value chain, minimize economic/technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level, and sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates. First measurements with LIBS and NIR spectroscopy show promising results in distinguishing various material types and indicate the potential for a successful combination. In addition, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is being performed to obtain more information about the quantitative elemental composition of the different building materials. Future work will apply the developed sorting methodology in a fully automated measurement setup with CDW on a conveyor belt. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - LIBS KW - NDT KW - Circular economy KW - Recycling KW - Material classification PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555531 UR - http://www.ndt.net/?id=27220 VL - 2022/09 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - NDT.net CY - Bad Breisig AN - OPUS4-55553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Götz, Jenny A1 - Landmann, Mirko A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Sorting of construction and demolition waste by combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy N2 - In a joint project of partners from industry and research, the automated recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is investigated and tested by combing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.). The project focuses primarily on the Berlin site to analyze the entire value chain, minimize economic/technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level, and sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates. First measurements with LIBS and NIR spectroscopy show promising results in distinguishing various material types and indicate the potential for a successful combination. In addition, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is being performed to obtain more information about the quantitative elemental composition of the different building materials. Future work will apply the developed sorting methodology in a fully automated measurement setup with CDW on a conveyor belt. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 - The International Symposium on Nendestructive Testing in Civil Engineering CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Material classification KW - Circular economy KW - LIBS KW - Recycling PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Landmann, Mirko A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Laser-based sorting of construction and demolition waste for the circular economy N2 - Closed material cycles and unmixed material fractions are required to achieve high recovery and recycling rates in the building industry. The growing diversity of construction and demolition waste is leading to increasing difficulties in separating the individual materials. Manual sorting involves many risks and dangers for the executing staff and is merely based on obvious, visually detectable differences for separation. An automated, sensor-based sorting of these building materials could complement or replace this practice to improve processing speed, recycling rates, sorting quality, and prevailing health conditions. A joint project of partners from industry and research institutions approaches this task by investigating and testing the combination of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and visual (VIS)/ near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-containing building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.). Focusing on Berlin as an example, the entire value chain will be analyzed to minimize economic/technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level and to sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates. First LIBS measurements show promising results in distinguishing various material types. A meaningful validation shall be achieved with further practical samples. Future works will investigate the combination of LIBS and VIS/NIR spectroscopy in a fully automated measurement setup with conveyor belt speeds of 3 m/s. T2 - 6th fib Congress 2022 CY - Oslo, Norway DA - 12.06.2022 KW - LIBS KW - Data fusion KW - Circular economy KW - Recycling KW - Material classification PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-55555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -