TY - CHAP A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Russo, Paolo T1 - Handbook of X-ray imaging: Physics and technology N2 - Industrial Radiology is used for volumetric inspection of industrial objects. By penetration of these objects (typically weldments, pipes or castings) with X-ray or Gamma radiation the 3D-volume is projected onto a 2D image detector. The X-ray film is the oldest radiographic image detector and still in wide use in industry. The industrial X-ray film systems used today differ from these used in medicine. Medical film systems are described well in the literature, but industrial film systems not. So we start with a description of the properties and standards for industrial film systems. The requirements on image quality are defined by several standards and can be verified with different image quality indicators (IQIs). They describe the ability of the human being to detect small and low contrast indications in a noisy image background. The essential parameters for digital industrial radiology are described. Since about 30 years electronic image detectors are gradually replacing the industrial film. These detectors are based on storage phosphor imaging plates in combination with Laser scanners (“Computed Radiography”, CR) or a variety of different digital detector arrays (DDA). Typical applications of CR and DDAs are discussed as well as new possibilities by digital image processing, which is enabled by the computer based image handling, processing and analysis. KW - Industrial radiology KW - Industrial radiography KW - NDT films KW - Computed radiography KW - Digital detector arrays PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-4987-4152-1 SP - Chapter 30, 595 EP - 617 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton, FL, USA AN - OPUS4-44026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Digitale industrielle Radiographie im Anlagenbau N2 - Der Ersatz von Röntgenfilmen durch digitale Detektoren in der Zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Anlagenbau wird seit 2013 durch neue ISO-Normen unterstützt. Nach der Erfolgsgeschichte der digitalen Photographie und der fast vollständigen Ablösung der Filmtechnik in der optischen Bilderfassung wird erwartet, dass sich der Übergang von der Filmradiographie zur digitalen Radiographie schnell vollzieht. Dieser Trend ist derzeit so noch nicht zu beobachten. Zur mobilen Prüfung wird in Europa immer noch vorrangig die Filmradiographie und nur teilweise die Computerradiographie mit Speicherfolien eingesetzt. Im Bereich der stationären Prüftechnik haben sich die Matrixdetektoren (DDA) weitgehend durchgesetzt, wobei es auch hier noch alternative Detektoren wie Bildverstärker und Fluoroskope gibt. Mit Einführung der DIN EN ISO 17636-2 zur Schweißnahtprüfung wird seit 2013 erstmalig geregelt, wie man einen digitalen Detektor für die technische Radiographie auswählen soll, um im Vergleich zur Filmradiographie eine äquivalente Bildqualität zu erhalten. Essentielle Parameter bestimmen, ob die geforderte Bildgüte (Fehlernachweißempfindlichkeit) erreicht wird. Ein Überblick zeigt, welche Parameter für den praktischen Einsatz wichtig sind und wie sie ermittelt werden. Praktische Einsatzbeispiele im Anlagenbau werden diskutiert. T2 - 47. Sondertagung: Schweißen im Anlagen- und Behälterbau CY - Munich, Germany DA - 19.02.2019 KW - Industrielle Radiographie KW - Digitaler Filmersatz KW - Stand der Normung KW - Bildqualitätsnachweis PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-96144-055-9 VL - 350 SP - 19 EP - 22 PB - DVS Media CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-50526 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Standardisierung N2 - In den letzten zwei Jahren wurden 11 neue Standards/Standardrevisionen zur RT veröffentlicht (ohne Strahlenschutz) und 5 werden dafür gestrichen. Es wird über die neuen Anforderungen ausgewählter Normen bzw. Normrevisionen informiert und insbesondere auch über die veränderten Parameter, die bei Prüfpraxis und bei der Klassifizierung zu berücksichtigen sind. Das wichtigste Projekt ist die Revision der DIN EN ISO 17636-1, -2, RT von Schweißverbindungen, in ISO TC 44 SC 5 WG 1. Die Standards zur Schweißnahtprüfung in der Kerntechnik, DIN 25435, wurden ins Englische übertragen und bei ISO TC 85 SC 6 bearbeitet. Hauptaktivität bei ASTM ist gegenwärtig die Überarbeitung der CT-Standards und die Berücksichtigung der Anforderungen an das dimensionelle Messen. Der Guide ASTM E 1441 zur Bestimmung von MTF, Kontrast-Detail-Funktion (CDF) und Kontrast-Diskrimination-Diagramm (CDD) wird revidiert. E 2445 zur CR Long Term Stability wird ebenfalls revidiert. Die Revision soll auch in die ISO 16371-1 eingehen. Dazu ist ein Round Robin-Test geplant. Auch die Standards zur Durchstrahlungsprüfung auf Korrosion und Ablagerungen in Rohren mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen (EN 16407-1, -2, 2014) wurden revidiert. Diese Revision wurde als DIN EN ISO 20769-1, -2 2018 veröffentlicht und EN 16407 wird zurückgezogen. Die Revision der Standards EN 12543 und EN 12679 zur Messung der Brennfleckgröße und der Strahlergröße ist mit Verzögerung in Überarbeitung, um die digitalen Detektoren und Messmöglichkeiten mit Bildverarbeitungsprogrammen zu berücksichtigen. Ein Entwurf zur Messung der Brennfleckgröße von nano-Fokusröhren wird derzeit vom Europäischen Metrologie-Programm EMPIR gefördert. Zur radiographischen Gussteilprüfung wurde der Standard EN 12681 revidiert und 2018 veröffentlicht. Er wurde um Zulässigkeitsgrenzen erweitert und die digitale Radiographie wurde in Teil 2 berücksichtigt. T2 - 17. Seminar der DGZfP "Aktuelle Fragen der Durchstrahlungsprüfung und des Strahlenschutzes" CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 28.03.2019 KW - Digitale Radiographie KW - Standards KW - Bildqualität KW - Klassifizierung PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505371 UR - https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=24807 VL - 24 IS - 12 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-50537 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhua, L A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Xianga, X. A1 - Pengc, Y. A1 - Wanga, X. T1 - Synchrotron phase-contrast CT to segment the structure boundaries of a TRISO-coated particle N2 - Tri-structural Isotropic (TRISO)-coated particle is the fission energy source and the first safety barrier in high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs). The integrity of TRISO particle should be carefully tested before operation because the shape may affect the failure possibility of the particles, leading to increased risk of fission product release. Due to the large difference in density between the kernel and the coating layers in TRISO particles, traditional X-ray radiography cannot achieve a good image quality in terms of identifying coating layers reliably, while phase-contrast CThas the advantageof being sensitive to boundaries. This paperpresents a non-destructive test and evaluation (NDT&E) method to facilitate 3-dimensional (3D) measurement of a TRISO particle's structure, using a synchrotron phase-contrast CT. After reconstructed, the TRISO particle was rendered in a 3D space and the thickness and asphericity of the TRISO particle's layers were measured. It was found that the thickness of coating layers of the tested particle obeys Gaussian distribution. The deviation of thicknesses of the kernel and the other four layers is −2.42%, −16.32%, 26.51%, 0.98% and 7.49% compared with the design parameters. The deviation of asphericity of the kernel, IPyC and OPyC layers is −11.51%, −0.41% and 3.39%, respectively. The effect of the deviations on the temperature distribution and failure probability calculation of the particle will be investigated in the future. KW - TRISO KW - 3D visualization KW - 3D particle analysis KW - Three-dimensional measurement PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.01.003 VL - 103 SP - 12 EP - 18 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-47303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Z., Zhang A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Barrett, T. D. A1 - Bond, L. J. T1 - Paper Watermark Imaging using Electron and Low Energy X-ray Radiography N2 - Historians and librarians are interested in watermarks and mould surface patterns in historic papers, because they represent the “fingerprints” of antique papers. However, these features are usually covered or hidden by printing, writing or other media. Different techniques have been developed to extract the watermarks in the paper while avoiding interference from media on the paper. Beta radiography provides good results, but this method cannot be widely used because of radiation safety regulations and the long exposure times required due to weak isotope sources employed. In this work, two promising methods are compared which can be used to extract digital high-resolution images for paper watermarks and these are electron radiography and low energy X-ray radiography. For electron radiography a “sandwich” of a lead sheet, the paper object, and a film in a dark cassette, is formed and it is exposed at higher X-ray potentials (> 300 kV). The photoelectrons escaping from the lead sheet penetrate the paper and expose the film. After development, the film captures the watermark and mould surface pattern Images for the paper being investigated. These images are then digitized using an X-ray film digitizer. The film employed could potentially be replaced by a special type of imaging plate with a very thin protection layer to directly generate digital Images using computed radiography (CR). For the second method, a low energy X-ray source is used with the specimen paper placed on a digital detector array (DDA). This method directly generates a low energy digital radiography (DR) image. Both methods provide high quality images without interference from the printing media, and provide the potential to generate a “fingerprint” database for historical papers. There were nevertheless found to be differences in the images obtained using the two methods. The second method, using a low energy X-ray source, has the potential to be integrated in a portable device with a small footprint incorporating user safety requirements. Differences obtained using the two methods are shown and discussed. T2 - 45th Annual Conference on Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE) CY - Burlington, VT, USA DA - 15.07.2018 KW - X-ray Radiography KW - Paper watermark PY - 2019 SN - 978-0-7354-1832-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5099750 SN - 0094-243X VL - 2102 IS - 1 SP - 030004-1 EP - 030004-9 PB - American Institute of Physics AN - OPUS4-49922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Silva, W. A1 - Lopes, R. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - X-ray imaging techniques for inspection of composite pipelines N2 - The literature has shown that the application of laminography provides advantages as 3D radiographic imaging with depth information for in house and mobile testing. This permits to distinguish between overlapping indications, measure the extension along radiation direction and classify indications as surface open or subsurface ones as required in critical engineering assessment. This work provides a comparative study and measurements of the three techniques Digital Radiography (DR) with Digital Detector Arrays (DDA), Coplanar Translational Laminography (CTL) and Computed Tomography (CT), applied for composite pipeline inspection. It is demonstrated that CTL and CT provide advantages for the evaluation of pipe-to-pipe connections and the evaluation of adhesive applications. They show indications of discontinuities with higher contrast sensitivity than radiography. Beyond it, two specimen, namely Phantom 1 and Phantom 2, were developed and manufactured by additive manufacturing to analyze the preferential detection sensitivity and the direction of features and depth information for laminographic measurements. Another goal was to show the laminographic capabilities to distinguish between overlapping discontinuities. CTL is especially suitable for mobile inspection. Special glass fiber reinforced polymer samples (GRP) were manufactured for further analysis and comparisons between the abovementioned techniques. Finally, Phantoms 1 and 2 show the capability of laminography to detect overlapping indications and also show that discontinuities oriented perpendicular to the scan direction have the highest contrast sensitivity for laminographic measurements. KW - Digital Radiography KW - Laminography KW - Computed Tomography KW - Composite Pipes KW - Image Quality PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2021.103033 SN - 0968-4328 VL - 145 SP - 103033 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52415 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Recent developments of photon counting and energy discriminating detectors for radiographic imaging N2 - The direct detection of X-ray photons into electrical signals is enabled by usage of highly absorbing photo conducting materials (e.g. CdTe) as detection layer of an underlying CMOS semiconductor X-ray image detector. If the read-out speed is high enough (ca. 50 - 100 ns dead time) single X-ray photons can be counted and their energy measured. Read-out noise and dark image correction can be diminished. By setting energy thresholds, selected energy ranges of the X-ray spectrum can be detected or suppressed. This allows material discrimination or reduction of scattered radiation, which results in an enhanced contrast sensitivity. T2 - Far East NDT New Technology & Application Forum (FENDT) CY - Xi'an, China DA - 22.06.2017 KW - Industrial X-ray imaging KW - Photon counting KW - Energy discrimination KW - Dual energy imaging KW - Direct detection PY - 2018 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8584559 SN - 978-1-5386-1615-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/FENDT.2017.8584559 VL - 2017 SP - 281 EP - 285 PB - IEEE Xplore AN - OPUS4-47175 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Meyendorf, N. A1 - Hakim, I. A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Chimenti, D. E. ED - Bond, L. J. T1 - Defect recognition in CFRP components using various NDT methods within a smart manufacturing process N2 - The manufacturing process of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) components is gaining a more and more significant role when looking at the increasing amount of CFRPs used in industries today. The monitoring of the manufacturing process and hence the reliability of the manufactured products, is one of the major challenges we need to face in the near future. Common defects which arise during manufacturing process are e.g. porosity and voids which may lead to delaminations during operation and under load. To find irregularities and classify them as possible defects in an early stage of the manufacturing process is of high importance for the safety and reliability of the finished products, as well as of significant impact from an economical point of view. In this study we compare various NDT methods which were applied to similar CFRP laminate samples in order to detect and characterize regions of defective volume. Besides ultrasound, thermography and eddy current, different X-ray methods like radiography, laminography and computed tomography are used to investigate the samples. These methods are compared with the intention to evaluate their capability to reliably detect and characterize defective volume. Beyond the detection and evaluation of defects, we also investigate possibilities to combine various NDT methods within a smart manufacturing process in which the decision which method shall be applied is inherent within the process. Is it possible to design an in-line or at-line testing process which can recognize defects reliably and reduce testing time and costs? This study aims to show up opportunities of designing a smart NDT process synchronized to the production based on the concepts of smart production (Industry 4.0). A set of defective CFRP laminate samples and different NDT methods were used to demonstrate how effective defects are recognized and how communication between interconnected NDT sensors and the manufacturing process could be organized. T2 - 44TH ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION CY - Provo, Utah, USA DA - 16.07.2017 KW - Carbon fiber reinforced polymers KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Smart industry (4.0) KW - Ultrasound KW - Laminography KW - Serial sectioning KW - Computed tompgraphy PY - 2018 SN - 978-0-7354-1644-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5031521 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1949 SP - UNSP 020024, 1 EP - 11 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-44773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Wieder, Frank A1 - Vogel, Justus A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Messerschmid, Magdalena ED - Xu, C. T1 - Scatter imaging – Simulation of aperture focusing by deconvolution N2 - X-ray scatter imaging is a well-established NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. We present a specially designed multi-slit scatter camera consisting of several twisted slits which are parallelly arranged in a metal block. The camera projects one image per slit to the digital detector array, where the images are overlaying each other. The aperture is corrected based on a de-convolution algorithm to focus the overlaying projections into a single representation of the object. To achieve high scatter intensities from an object, it is necessary to optimize the parameters of the scatter system by simulation. T2 - IEEE Far East NDT New Technology & Application Forum CY - Xi'an, China DA - 22.06.2017 KW - Scatter imaging KW - Computer simulation KW - Aperture focusing KW - Deconvolution PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-5386-1615-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/FENDT.2017.8584606 SP - 301 EP - 306 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ AN - OPUS4-48395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Waske, Anja A1 - Funk, Alexander T1 - Radiographic Visibility Limit of Pores in Metal Powder for Additive Manufacturing N2 - The quality of additively manufactured (AM) parts is determined by the applied process parameters used and the properties of the feedstock powder. The influence of inner gas pores in feedstock particles on the final AM product is a phenomenon which is difficult to investigate since very few non-destructive measurement techniques are accurate enough to resolve the micropores. 3D X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is increasingly applied during the process chain of AM parts as a non-destructive monitoring and quality control tool and it is able to detect most of the pores. However, XCT is time-consuming and limited to small amounts of feedstock powder, typically a few milligrams. The aim of the presented approach is to investigate digital radiography of AM feedstock particles as a simple and fast quality check with high throughput. 2D digital radiographs were simulated in order to predict the visibility of pores inside metallic particles for different pore and particle diameters. An experimental validation was performed. It was demonstrated numerically and experimentally that typical gas pores above a certain size (here: 3 to 4.4 µm for the selected X-ray setup), which could be found in metallic microparticles, were reliably detected by digital radiography. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Feedstock powder KW - Porosity KW - Digital radiography KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517880 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - 1634 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51788 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -