TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Götz, Jenny A1 - Landmann, Mirko A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Sorting of construction and demolition waste by combining LIBS with NIR spectroscopy N2 - In a joint project of partners from industry and research, the automated recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is investigated and tested by combing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-cotaining building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.). The project focuses primarily on the Berlin site to analyze the entire value chain, minimize economic/technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level, and sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates. First measurements with LIBS and NIR spectroscopy show promising results in distinguishing various material types and indicate the potential for a successful combination. In addition, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is being performed to obtain more information about the quantitative elemental composition of the different building materials. Future work will apply the developed sorting methodology in a fully automated measurement setup with CDW on a conveyor belt. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 - The International Symposium on Nendestructive Testing in Civil Engineering CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Material classification KW - Circular economy KW - LIBS KW - Recycling PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Landmann, Mirko A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Laser-based sorting of construction and demolition waste for the circular economy N2 - Closed material cycles and unmixed material fractions are required to achieve high recovery and recycling rates in the building industry. The growing diversity of construction and demolition waste is leading to increasing difficulties in separating the individual materials. Manual sorting involves many risks and dangers for the executing staff and is merely based on obvious, visually detectable differences for separation. An automated, sensor-based sorting of these building materials could complement or replace this practice to improve processing speed, recycling rates, sorting quality, and prevailing health conditions. A joint project of partners from industry and research institutions approaches this task by investigating and testing the combination of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and visual (VIS)/ near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Joint processing of information (data fusion) is expected to significantly improve the sorting quality of various materials like concrete, main masonry building materials, organic components, etc., and may enable the detection and separation of impurities such as SO3-containing building materials (gypsum, aerated concrete, etc.). Focusing on Berlin as an example, the entire value chain will be analyzed to minimize economic/technological barriers and obstacles at the cluster level and to sustainably increase recovery and recycling rates. First LIBS measurements show promising results in distinguishing various material types. A meaningful validation shall be achieved with further practical samples. Future works will investigate the combination of LIBS and VIS/NIR spectroscopy in a fully automated measurement setup with conveyor belt speeds of 3 m/s. T2 - 6th fib Congress 2022 CY - Oslo, Norway DA - 12.06.2022 KW - LIBS KW - Data fusion KW - Circular economy KW - Recycling KW - Material classification PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-55555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Waske, Anja T1 - XCT data of metallic feedstock powder with pore size analysis N2 - X-Ray computed tomography (XCT) scan of 11 individual metallic powder particles, made of (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si) alloy. The data set consists of 4 single XCT scans which have been stitched together [3] after reconstruction. The powder material is an (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si) alloy with an average density of 6.4 g/cm³. The particle size range is about 100 - 150 µm with equivalent pore diameters up to 75 µm. The powder and the metallic alloy are described in detail in [1, 2]. KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Feedstock powder KW - Powder Characterization KW - X-Ray Computed Tomography PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5796487 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-55556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Büyüksahin, Kaan A1 - Stolpe, Heiko A1 - Lay, Vera T1 - Bore hole probe for ultrasound-based quality control of sealing constructions N2 - Several countries, which use or used nuclear power, started to destruct nuclear power plants. Thus, large amounts of radioactive waste have to be stored safely during the next decades. Large underground caverns will be used a nuclear waste disposal. Once the cavern is full, a sealing construction is required. The sealing should avoid the contact to any fluids or substances of the storage barrels and reduce hazardous radiation. T2 - International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Nuclear waste PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55530 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - New possibilities in single cell analysis via ICP-ToF-MS – zooming into the region where materials meet environment N2 - Materials are key for our modern communities; current life seems nearly impossible without concrete, plastic and metal. In particular metals play important roles in all areas of our daily life - from building materials to high tech products. However, due to the increasing consumption of metals and corresponding waste production, an elevated release of metals from buildings and consumer goods into the environment takes place. Furthermore, metals in direct contact with the environment undergo corrosion processes which leads also to a release of metals into the (aquatic) environment. Besides this immediate metal release, the lifespan of products/buildings are substantially reduced – hence unnecessary economic costs arise. Thus, research in this regard is needed within the force field of metal/material  environment. However, to evaluate the environmental impact of materials as well as developing “safe” materials, new analytical methods are highly needed. One promising powerful tool in this regard is single cell-ICP-ToF-MS for multi-elemental analysis on a single cell/organism level. Within this presentation the concept, strength as well as challenge of single cell-ICP-MS are briefly introduced. Afterwards, two application examples are presented: (i) assessing the environmental impact of metals and (ii) the impact of the environment on metal-based materials and the derivation of potential environmental-friendly material protection strategies. These applications highlight the strength of new analytical approaches to explore the durability and safety of newly developed materials. Thus, analytical chemistry is one corner stone to transformation of modern society into circular economy (CEco). (i) Diatoms are located at the bottom of the food chain. Thus, toxicological relevant metals taken up by diatoms can possibly accumulate within the food web and cause harmful effects. Diatoms are a common test system in ecotoxicology. To investigate potential metal uptake and harmful effects on a single cell level, we developed an on-line single cell-ICP-ToF-MS approach for multi-elemental diatom analysis. Our approach is a new potential tool in ecotoxicological testing for metal-based materials. (ii) Next to classical corrosion processes, microorganisms are responsible for so called microbially influenced corrosion (MIC). MIC is a highly unpredictable process relying on the interaction pathways between cells and the metal surface. To shed light on MIC processes and derivate potential metal protection strategies, we applied single cell-ICP-ToF-MS for MIC research on a single bacteria/archaea level. It turned out that microorganism are taking up particular metals from alloys - thus, single bacteria-ICP-ToF-MS will enable the development of environmental friendly corrosion protection strategies. T2 - 10th Nordic Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY - Loen, Norway DA - 12.06.2022 KW - sc-ICP-ToF-MS KW - Material - Environment interaction KW - Diatom, Bacteria PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Golusda, L. A1 - Kühl, A. A. A1 - Lehmann, M. A1 - Dahlke, K. A1 - Mueller, S. A1 - Boehm-Sturm, P. A1 - Saatz, Jessica A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Schnorr, J. A1 - Freise, C. A1 - Taupitz, M. A1 - Biskup, K. A1 - Blanchard, V. A1 - Klein, O. A1 - Sack, I. A1 - Siegmund, B. A1 - Paclik, D. T1 - Visualization of inflammation in experimental colitis by magnetic resonance imaging using very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles N2 - Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn´s disease (CD). Both forms present with a chronic inflammation of the (gastro) intestinal tract, which induces excessive changes in the composition of the associated extracellular matrix (ECM). In UC, the inflammation is limited to the colon, whereas it can occur throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract in CD. Tools for early diagnosis of IBD are still very limited and highly invasive and measures for standardized evaluation of structural changes are scarce. To investigate an efficient non-invasive way of diagnosing intestinal inflammation and early changes of the ECM, very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (VSOPs) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were applied in two mouse models of experimental colitis: the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and the transfer model of colitis. For further validation of ECM changes and inflammation, tissue sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. For in depth ex-vivo investigation of VSOPs localization within the tissue, Europium-doped VSOPs served to visualize the contrast agent by imaging mass cytometry (IMC). VSOPs accumulation in the inflamed colon wall of DSS-induced colitis mice was visualized in T2* weighted MRI scans. Components of the ECM, especially the hyaluronic acid content, were found to influence VSOPs binding. Using IMC, colocalization of VSOPs with macrophages and endothelial cells in colon tissue was shown. In contrast to the DSS model, colonic inflammation could not be visualized with VSOP-enhanced MRI in transfer colitis. VSOPs present a potential contrast agent for contrast-enhanced MRI to detect intestinal inflammation in mice at an early stage and in a less invasive manner depending on hyaluronic acid content. KW - Inflammation KW - Imaging KW - Immunohistochemistry KW - MRI KW - Nanoparticle KW - Extracellular matrix KW - Laser ablation KW - ICP-MS PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555395 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.862212 SN - 1664-042X VL - 13 IS - July 2022 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-55539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Obituary of Christiane Maierhofer N2 - Obituary for Christiane Maierhofer, the head of the department "Thermographic Methods" at BAM (2015-2022). KW - Obituary KW - In Memoriam PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/17686733.2022.2105019 SN - 1768-6733 SN - 2116-7176 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 221 EP - 222 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-55603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ladu, Luana A1 - Koch, Claudia A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa A1 - Blind, K. A1 - Castka, P. T1 - Digitalization in conformity assessment- an explorative study from Germany N2 - First insights from a survey conducted among German Conformity Assessment Bodies (CABs) to explore their status of digital transformation, incl. their digital maturity, benefits and obstacles as well as actual technology trends. T2 - EU – SPRI 2022 CY - Utrecht, Netherlands DA - 02.06.2022 KW - Digitaler Reifegrad KW - Digitalisierung KW - Konformitätsbewertung KW - Prüflaboratorien KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur KW - Zertifizierungsstellen PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55519 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian T1 - Certified reference material for the determination of hydrolytic resistance of borosilicate glass N2 - The preparation of certified reference material for the determination of hydrolytic resistance of borosilicate glass is described. Certified properties are the acid consumption according to the relevant standard procedures described in ISO 720, USP<660> and Ph.Eur. 3.2.1. T2 - 26. International Congress on Glass CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 03.07.2022 KW - Borosilicate glass KW - CRM KW - Hydrolytic resistance PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55521 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bühling, Benjamin A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - OsciCheck - A Novel Fluidic Transducer for Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Measurements N2 - Ultrasonic measurement technology has become indispensable in NDT-CE. Air-coupled ultrasonic (ACU) measurement techniques promise to reduce measurement time. However, the signal quality suffers from large specific impedance mismatch at the transducer-air and air-specimen interface. Additionally, large pressure amplitudes are necessary for the penetration depth required in NDT-CE applications. To address the specific requirements of ultrasonic testing in NDT-CE, a robust ACU transducer was developed, that generates ultrasound by quickly switching a pressurized air flow. The simple design of the fluidic transducer makes the device maintenance free and resilient against harsh environmental conditions. Since the signal is generated by aeroacoustics, there is no specific impedance mismatch between the transducer and the surrounding air. The ultrasonic signal exhibits frequencies in the 30-60 kHz range and is therefore well suited to penetrate heterogenous materials such as concrete. This contribution gives an introduction in the working principle and signal characteristics of the fluidic transducer. Its applicability to measurements in concrete is verified. A detailed outlook is given to discuss the future potential of fluidic ultrasonic actuators. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Air-coupled ultrasound KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Fluidics KW - Bistable amplifier KW - Aeroacoustics PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555271 UR - https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=27319 VL - 2022/09 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - NDT.net CY - Bad Breisig AN - OPUS4-55527 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Bühling, Benjamin A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - OsciCheck - A novel fluidic transducer for air coupled ultrasonic measurements N2 - Ultrasonic measurement technology has become indispensable in NDT-CE. Air-coupled ultrasonic (ACU) measurement techniques promise to reduce measurement time. However, the signal quality suffers from large specific impedance mismatch at the transducer-air and air-specimen interface. Additionally, large pressure amplitudes are necessary for the penetration depth required in NDT-CE applications. To address the specific requirements of ultrasonic testing in NDT-CE, a robust ACU transducer was developed, that generates ultrasound by quickly switching a pressurized air flow. The simple design of the fluidic transducer makes the device maintenance free and resilient against harsh environmental conditions. Since the signal is generated by aeroacoustics, there is no specific impedance mismatch between the transducer and the surrounding air. The ultrasonic signal exhibits frequencies in the 30-60 kHz range and is therefore well suited to penetrate heterogenous materials such as concrete. This contribution gives an introduction in the working principle and signal characteristics of the fluidic transducer. A detailed outlook is given to discuss the future potential of fluidic ultrasonic actuators. T2 - International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Air-coupled ultrasound KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Fluidics KW - Bistable amplifier KW - Aeroacoustics PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55529 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mueller, I. A1 - Memmolo, V. A1 - Tschöke, K. A1 - Moix-Bonet, M. A1 - Möllenhoff, K. A1 - Golub, M. A1 - Sridaran Venkat, R. A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya A1 - Eremin, A. A1 - Moll, J. T1 - Performance Assessment for a Guided Wave-Based SHM System Applied to a Stiffened Composite Structure N2 - To assess the ability of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems, a variety of prerequisites and contributing factors have to be taken into account. Within this publication, this variety is analyzed for actively introduced guided wave-based SHM systems. For these systems, it is not possible to analyze their performance without taking into account their structure and their applied system parameters. Therefore, interdependencies of performance assessment are displayed in an SHM pyramid based on the structure and its monitoring requirements. Factors influencing the quality, capability and reliability of the monitoring system are given and put into relation with state-of-the-art performance analysis in a non-destructive evaluation. While some aspects are similar and can be treated in similar ways, others, such as location, environmental condition and structural dependency, demand novel solutions. Using an open-access data set from the Open Guided Waves platform, a detailed method description and analysis of path-based performance assessment is presented.The adopted approach clearly begs the question about the decision framework, as the threshold affects the reliability of the system. In addition, the findings show the effect of the propagation path according to the damage position. Indeed, the distance of damage directly affects the system performance. Otherwise, the propagation direction does not alter the potentiality of the detection approach despite the anisotropy of composites. Nonetheless, the finite waveguide makes it necessary to look at the whole paths, as singular phenomena associated with the reflections may appear. Numerical investigation helps to clarify the centrality of wave mechanics and the necessity to take sensor position into account as an influencing factor. Starting from the findings achieved, all the issues are discussed, and potential future steps are outlined. KW - Reliability assessment KW - Ultrasonic Guided Waves KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Probability of detection KW - Path-based analysis PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558853 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197529 VL - 22 IS - 19 SP - 1 EP - 28 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-55885 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Philipp, Rosemarie A1 - Lalere, B. A1 - Gantois, F. A1 - Sánchez, C. A1 - Sáez, A. A1 - Bebić, J. A1 - Banjanac, K. A1 - Alexopoulos, Ch. A1 - Kakoulides, E. A1 - Claramunt, A. V. A1 - Janko, P. A1 - Jotanovic, A. A1 - Hafner-Vuk, K. A1 - Buzoianu, M. A1 - Mihail, R. A1 - Fernández, M. M. A1 - Etcheverry, J. A1 - Mbithi Muendo, B. A1 - Muriira Karau, G. A1 - Silva, A. A1 - Almirón, F. A1 - Marajh, D. A1 - Makgatho, P. A1 - Visser, R. A1 - Alaskar, A. R. A1 - Alosaimi, A. A1 - Alrashed, M. A1 - Yılmaz, H. A1 - Ün, İ. A1 - Gündüz, S. A1 - Topal, K. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Karasinski, J. A1 - Torres, J. T1 - Supplementary comparison study - measurement capabilities for the quantification of ethanol in water N2 - The accurate quantification of ethanol in water is essential for forensic applications such as blood and breath alcohol testing and for commercial applications such as the assessment of alcoholic beverages. The intercomparison EURAMET.QM-S14 is part of a capacity building project named ALCOREF “Certified forensic alcohol reference materials” that is running within the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR). The intercomparison should allow project partners and other interested National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) to benchmark their analytical methods for the quantification of ethanol in water. The study plan was agreed by the European Association of National Metrology Institutes (EURAMET) Subcommittee Bio- and Organic Analysis (SCBOA) and the Organic Analysis Working Group (OAWG) of the Comité Consultatif pour la Quantité de Matière (CCQM) in February and April 2019, respectively. The intercomparison was coordinated by BAM. Two concentration levels relevant for the calibration and verification of evidential breath alcohol analysers were distributed to study participants. Fifteen institutes from 15 countries registered for the intercomparison and returned results. Participants mostly applied gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) or mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), one participant used titrimetry and one participant employed a test bench for breath analyser calibration (“bubble train”). Participants did either in-house purity assessment of their commercial ethanol calibrants by Karl-Fischer titration, chromatographic methods, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR) and/or density measurements; or they used ethanol/water Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) from NMIs/DIs for calibration. CCQM OAWG agreed to use a consensus value from participants results that utilizes the reported uncertainties as Key Comparison Reference Value (KCRV). The Gaussian Random effects model with Hierarchical Bayesian solution (HB-REM) is a reasonable approach in this case. The KCRVs and Degrees of Equivalence (DoEs) were calculated with the NIST consensus builder version 1.2 Hierarchical Bayes procedure. Successful participation in the interlaboratory comparison has demonstrated the capabilities in determining the mass fraction of ethanol in aqueous matrices in the range 0.1 mg/g to 8 mg/g. Fourteen out of 15 participants have successfully quantified both samples, one participant successfully quantified only the lower-level (0.6 mg/g) sample. KW - Certified reference material KW - EURAMET KW - EMPIR KW - ALCOREF KW - Ethanol in water KW - Supplementary comparison PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/59/1A/08015 VL - 59 IS - 1A SP - 08015 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-55889 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Given, Joseph A1 - Lehleitner, Johannes T1 - First insights into the human-related risks of tunnel inspection N2 - Whereas human factors (HF) in the non-destructive testing (NDT) of metallic components are a poorly investigated topic (in comparison to other industrial fields such as aviation), HF in the inspection of concrete components are even less known. Studies have shown that there is always some variability between individuals in their inspection results and that HF affect the reliability of NDT inspections. The aim of the ongoing WIPANO project is to draft a standard for a holistic reliability assessment, with concrete inspection as one case study. This includes also the HF. A human-oriented Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was carried out to do the following: a) identify possible human-related risks in tunnel inspection processes using a laser scan method (including data collection,evaluation, and assessment of tunnel damage) and b) evaluate these human-related risks as regards their possible causes, consequences and probability of occurrence – in addition with respect to existing and possible preventive measures. The results show that the causes for possible failures can lie within people, the physical environment, technology, organisation, and extra-organisational environment. Whereas current preventive measures rely mostly on the individual and quality management practices, there is potential for even larger improvement at the organisational and extra-organisational level. The FMEA results were also used to develop a quantification method to further understand the HF in tunnel inspection, which could possibly be included in the information into the overall reliability assessment. The usage of qualitative and quantitative data collected through the human-FMEA within the proposed quantification method shows promise that HF can be quantified and could offer broader understanding of HF influences on inspection in various industries T2 - The International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing in Civil Engineering CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Human Factors KW - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis KW - FMEA KW - Tunnel Inspection KW - NDT Reliability KW - Quantification PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560138 SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-56013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fritzsche, Sven A1 - Sänger, Johanna Christiane A1 - Topolniak, Ievgeniia A1 - Sturm, Heinz T1 - Classification of defects in Direct Laser Writing N2 - Direct laser writing grows to an industry-ready manufacturing platform. A stable quality infrastructure is needed for robust processing. However, flaws, errors or impurities are neither described nor communicated in the community of two-photon polymerization. In contrast, additive manufacturing errors in metals manufacturing are described thoroughly. T2 - MNE EUROSENSORS 2022 CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 19.09.2022 KW - Quality infrastructure KW - Direct laser writing KW - Two photon polymerisation PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Taffe, A. T1 - Imaging of results in NDT-CE: Strength and limitations in the use of Radar vs. Ultrasonic Echo N2 - Presentation on behalf of the co-author specified in BAM-Publica. Study on capabilities of volume methods (GPR, Ultrasonic Echo) regarding lateral and depth localisation of reinforcement and tendons in concrete components. Varied boundary conditions: spacing and diameter of both the near surface rebars of the mesh, and the reflectors of interest, as well as component thickness and concrete cover. Please find corresponding references on slide 2. T2 - 6th International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR2022) CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - Reinforcement KW - Tendon duct KW - Concrete KW - NDT KW - Localisation PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55987 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Taffe, A. T1 - On the accuracy of tendon localization in concrete using ultrasound N2 - Approaches to the development of a (GUM-) measurement model for the calculation of measurement uncertainties in the localization of tendons in concrete structures using the ultrasonic echo method including demonstration were presented. T2 - 6th International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2022) CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - Reliability KW - Measurement Uncertainty KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Existing Concrete Structures PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Given, Joseph A1 - Lehleitner, Johannes T1 - First insights into the human-related risks of tunnel inspection N2 - Whereas human factors (HF) in the non-destructive testing (NDT) of metallic components are a poorly investigated topic (in comparison to other industrial fields such as aviation), HF in the inspection of concrete components are even less known. Studies have shown that there is always some variability between individuals in their inspection results and that HF affect the reliability of NDT inspections. The aim of the ongoing WIPANO project is to draft a standard for a holistic reliability assessment, with concrete inspection as one case study. This includes also the HF. A human-oriented Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was carried out to do the following: a) identify possible human-related risks in tunnel inspection processes using a laser scan method (including data collection,evaluation, and assessment of tunnel damage) and b) evaluate these human-related risks as regards their possible causes, consequences and probability of occurrence – in addition with respect to existing and possible preventive measures. The results show that the causes for possible failures can lie within people, the physical environment, technology, organisation, and extra-organisational environment. Whereas current preventive measures rely mostly on the individual and quality management practices, there is potential for even larger improvement at the organisational and extra-organisational level. The FMEA results were also used to develop a quantification method to further understand the HF in tunnel inspection, which could possibly be included in the information into the overall reliability assessment. The usage of qualitative and quantitative data collected through the human-FMEA within the proposed quantification method shows promise that HF can be quantified and could offer broader understanding of HF influences on inspection in various industries. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Human Factors KW - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis KW - FMEA KW - Tunnel Inspection KW - NDT Reliability KW - Quantification PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56015 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blankschän, M. A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Liebich, R. T1 - Influence of illuminance on indication detectability during visual testing N2 - Visually detecting irregularities on components is a complex process, influenced by physical, technical, and human factors. Current standards mainly focus on illuminance, demanding highest accuracy for it, without providing scientific justification. In this research, 63 inspectors visually inspected forgings, with and without crack-like indications. The influence of illuminance on probability of detection was investigated. Therefore, illuminance was varied in three steps (200 lx, 350 lx, 500 lx). Human factors (e.g., experience, motivation) were recorded by using questionnaires. The results show no significant difference in probability of detection between the three illuminance levels. Equal probability of detection rates could be achieved at illuminances below and at the required threshold (500 lx). A difference in illuminance was found between the measurement point and the test area of the respective participant. This leads to higher assumed illuminance than present on the component. Compared with the measurement accuracy of the used illuminance meter, none of these deviations could be used to explain the similar results at different illuminance. The fact that illuminance has a significant influence in detecting indications has been disproven for this case. Whether human factors can provide explanation for the results remains unclear. This will be investigated in further research. KW - Illuminance KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Probability of detection KW - Reliability KW - Visual inspection PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0112 VL - 64 IS - 10 SP - 1532 EP - 1543 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-56019 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ecke, Alexander A1 - Westphalen, Tanja A1 - Retzmann, Anika A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - The Fate of the Antibiotic Amoxicillin in the Aquatic Environment N2 - Contamination of the environment with antibiotics is of great concern as it promotes the evolution of antimicrobial resistances. In case of amoxicillin (AMX) in the aquatic environment, further risk arises from hydrolysis products (HPs) which can cause allergy. To assess these risks, a comprehensive investigation and understanding of the degradation of AMX is necessary. We investigated the hydrolysis rate of AMX in different types of water as well as the influence of temperature and irradiation. The content of the heavy metal ions copper and zinc was found to be crucial for the hydrolysis rate of AMX and stability of HPs. Eventually, a new degradation pathway for AMX could be elaborated and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). T2 - Berliner Chemie in Praxis Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.10.2022 KW - Hydrolysis KW - Amoxicillin KW - LC-MS/MS KW - ICP-MS PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Taffe, A. T1 - Approach to the development of a model to quantify the quality of tendon localization in concrete using ultrasound N2 - Each engineering decision is based on a number of more or less accurate information. In assessment of existing structures, additional relevant information collected with on-site inspections facilitate better decisions. However, observed data basically represents the physical characteristic of interest with an uncertainty. This uncertainty is a measure of the inspection quality and can be quantified by expressing the measurement uncertainty. The internationally accepted rules for calculating measurement uncertainty are well established and can be applied straightforwardly in many practical cases. Nevertheless, the calculations require the occasionally time-consuming development of an individually suitable measurement model. This contribution attempts to emphasize proposals for modelling the non-destructive depth measurement of tendons in concrete using the ultrasonic echo technique. The proposed model can serve as guideline for the determination of the quality of the measured information in future comparable inspection scenarios. T2 - International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2022) CY - Kapstadt, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - Reliability KW - Measurement Uncertainty KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Existing Concrete Structures PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559927 DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236403007 SN - 2261-236X VL - 364 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis, France AN - OPUS4-55992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Practical procedure for the precise measurement of geometrical tendon positions in concrete with ultrasonic echo N2 - Existing concrete structures were usually designed for lifetimes of several decades. The current and urgently required efforts to increase sustainability and protect the environment will likely result in extended service lives up to 100 years. To achieve such objectives, it is required to assess structures over their entire lifecycles. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods can reliably support the assessment of existing structures during the construction, operational, and decommissioning phases. One of the most important and safety-relevant components of a prestressed concrete structure are the tendons. NDT methods such as the ultrasonic echo method are suitable for both the detection and the localization of the tendons, i.e., the measurement of their geometrical position inside the component. The uniqueness of structures, concrete heterogeneity, and varying amounts of secondary components such as the reinforcement represent obstacles in the application of these methods in practice. The aim of this contribution is to demonstrate a practicable procedure, that can be used in the field to determine the parameters required for the measuring data analysis without extensive knowledge about the investigated components. For this purpose, a polyamide reference specimen is used to show which steps are required to obtain reliable imaging information on the position of tendons from the measurement data. The procedure is then demonstrated on a concrete test specimen that covers various relevant and practice-oriented test scenarios, such as varying tendon depths and component thicknesses. T2 - International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2022) CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - Validation KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Ultrasonic KW - Reconstruction KW - Concrete KW - Tendon duct PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559979 DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236403007 SN - 2261-263X SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-55997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - Moisture distribution in amorphous porous materials N2 - Mesopores dominate the material moisture and influence the gas diffusion through materials such as concrete or sandstone T2 - Nano@bam Round Table Nano Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.10.2022 KW - Physisorption KW - Mesopores KW - Amorphous materials PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55998 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Practical procedure for the precise measurement of geometrical tendon positions in concrete with ultrasonic echo N2 - Existing concrete structures were usually designed for lifetimes of several decades. The current and urgently required efforts to increase sustainability and protect the environment will likely result in extended service lives up to 100 years. To achieve such objectives, it is required to assess structures over their entire lifecycles. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods can reliably support the assessment of existing structures during the construction, operational, and decommissioning phases. One of the most important and safety-relevant components of a prestressed concrete structure are the tendons. NDT methods such as the ultrasonic echo method are suitable for both the detection and the localization of the tendons, i.e., the measurement of their geometrical position inside the component. The uniqueness of structures, concrete heterogeneity, and varying amounts of secondary components such as the reinforcement represent obstacles in the application of these methods in practice. The aim of this contribution is to demonstrate a practicable procedure, that can be used in the field to determine the parameters required for the measuring data analysis without extensive knowledge about the investigated components. For this purpose, a polyamide reference specimen is used to show which steps are required to obtain reliable imaging information on the position of tendons from the measurement data. The procedure is then demonstrated on a concrete test specimen that covers various relevant and practice-oriented test scenarios, such as varying tendon depths and component thicknesses. T2 - International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2022) CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - Validation KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Ultrasonic KW - Reconstruction KW - Concrete KW - Tendon duct PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55999 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Epple, Niklas A1 - Liao, Chun-Man T1 - Recent advances in (ultra)sonic active and passive monitoring of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures N2 - In addition to already established structural monitoring methods such as deformation, inclination or strain gauges or acoustic emission sensors, sonic or ultrasonic monitoring might provide valuable information about the condition or alteration of a structure. Sensors such as geophones, recording ambient noise in the sonic and subsonic frequency range can provide information beyond modal analysis by using interferometric methods. Wave velocities determined by this method are related to the elastic properties and stiffness of material and structure and can be converted into damage indicators. Embedded active ultrasonic transducer networks can provide more detailed insight about deterioration or damages again, using interferometric technologies. This approach is extremely sensible, detecting relative change in velocity on down to 10-5. These methods, including benefits and remaining challenges, are demonstrated using data from a test structure at BAM’s test site demonstrating the case of prestress loss, and data from an actual bridge still under traffic. T2 - International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2022) CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - Monitoring KW - Ultrasonic KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Coda wave KW - Bridge PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56000 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Kowarik, Stefan A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Abele, M. A1 - Falkenstein, S. T1 - Modular process control with compact NMR spectroscopy – From field integration to automated data analysis N2 - Chemical and pharmaceutical companies have to find new paths to survive successfully in a changing environment, while also finding more flexible ways of product and process development to bring their products to market more quickly – especially high-quality high-end products like fine chemicals or pharmaceuticals. A current approach uses flexible and modular chemical production units, which can produce different high-quality products using multi-purpose equipment with short downtimes between campaigns and reduce the time to market of new products. NMR spectroscopy appeared as excellent online analytical tool and allowed a modular data analysis approach, which even served as reliable reference method for further Process Analytical Technology (PAT) applications. Using the available datasets, a second data analysis approach based on artificial neural networks (ANN) was evaluated. Therefore, amount of data was augmented to be sufficient for training. The results show comparable performance, while improving the calculation time tremendously. In future, such fully integrated and interconnecting “smart” systems and processes can increase the efficiency of the production of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. T2 - GIDRM Day (Gruppo Italiano Discussione Risonanze Magnetiche) - Data analysis and NMR: from fundamental aspects to health and material applications CY - Online meeting DA - 14.10.2022 KW - Process Control KW - Online NMR Spectroscopy KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - Data Analysis KW - Machine-Assisted Workflows PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/http://www.gidrm.org/index.php/activities/workshops/2022-workshops/gidrm-day-data-analysis-and-nmr-from-fundamental-aspects-to-health-and-material-applications AN - OPUS4-56002 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Multifaceted laser induced plasma: spectroscopy and beyond N2 - In this presentation, I will give a brief overview of my personal experience with laser induced plasma (LIP). I will start from my and colleagues’ early works, where we used LIP as an atomic reservoir for laser induced fluorescence (LIP). We applied LIP-LIF for a sensitive detection of trace elements in various materials and demonstrated that under certain conditions the technique can even be used for isotope analysis. Next, I will discuss the application of LIP spectroscopy, i.e., LIBS, to material identification that nowadays constitutes one of the best applications of this technique. In those early days, we used correlation analysis for spectra processing; it is now replaced by more powerful chemometric methods. Further, I will stop on our efforts in modeling LIP that we first intended for the improved quality of spectroscopic analysis and later extended to non-spectroscopic fields such as chemical vapor deposition and surface structuring. We developed a version of calibration-free LIBS, in which we iterated model-generated spectra until a close match was achieved between experimental and synthetic spectra to determine concentrations. Next, I will briefly overview our recent developments in plasma modeling that include plasma chemistry. This was important in view of widening application of LIBS as a molecular technique. I will also address several plasma diagnostics, e.g., Radon transform tomography that we developed to get more insight about LIP that was helpful for both analytic spectroscopy and modeling. Finally, I will mention several exotic applications of LIP such as LIP-based lasers and chemical reactors to illustrate a real multifaceted character of laser induced plasma and usefulness of its study for many science fields. T2 - SciX 2022, The Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS) CY - Cincinnati, OH, USA DA - 02.10.2022 KW - Emission spectroscopy KW - Laser ablation KW - Laser induced plasma deposition KW - Surface coating KW - Hydrodynamic model KW - Plasma chemistry PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55968 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Veiko, V. A1 - Karlagina, J. A1 - Samokhvalov, A. A1 - Polyakov, D. T1 - Back Deposition of Titanium Oxides under Laser Ablation of Titanium: Simulation and Experiment N2 - Titanium is widely used in medicine for implants and prostheses, thanks to its high biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, and high corrosion resistance. Pure titanium, however, has low wear resistance and may release metallic titanium into surrounding tissues. Structuring and coating its surface with oxide layers are necessary for high wear resistance and improved biocompatibility. In this work, a combination of theoretical and experimental methods was used to study processes responsible for deposition of titanium oxides during ablation of titanium in air. The deposition process was modeled via the Navier-Stokes equations that accounted for the material removal and accumulation of the deposit on the ablation surface. The chemical part was based on the equilibrium model embedded into the hydrodynamic code. Simulations showed that the most active zone of production of condensed titanium oxides were at plasma periphery whereas a zone of strong condensation of titanium metal was above the molten pool. In experiment, a pulsed Yb fiber laser was scanned across a titanium surface. The temperature and composition of the plasma were inferred from plasma emission spectra. The post-ablation surface was analyzed by SEM, TEM, STEM, AFM, and XRD. The developed model well reproduced the main features of experimental data. It was concluded that the deposition of condensed metal oxides from the plasma is a principal mechanism of formation of nanoporous oxide layer on the metal surface. The method of surface structuring and modification by nanosecond laser ablation can be developed into a useful technology that may find applications in medicine, photonics, and other areas. T2 - SciX 2022, The Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS) CY - Cincinnati, OH, USA DA - 02.10.2022 KW - Surface coating KW - Laser ablation KW - Plasma modeling PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55969 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Kern, S. A1 - Wander, L. A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Modular production involving benchtop NMR Current Application Examples Driven by Digitalization N2 - The demand for increasing product diversity in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry calls for new production processes that enable greater flexibility. Therefore, plants are needed which can be adapted to new processes in a fast manner and be scaled up and down easily to volatile market demands. Modular production techniques in combination with advanced process analytical technology (PAT) are considered as a promising solution able to fulfil these requirements. The success and acceptance of modular concepts in both new and existing plants is dependent of its reliability, easy applicability, and standardization. In recent past, enormous efforts were made to overcome existing barriers in a superordinate level, e.g. DEXPI, ENPRO, or MTP naming just a few. Here, we’d like to present a few, more hands-on, application examples which are shown in Figure 1 aiming to increase process flexibility and applicability. T2 - Achema 2022 CY - Frankfurt a.M., Germany DA - 22.08.2022 KW - Process analytical technology KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - Digitization PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55974 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob T1 - X-ray scattering Datasets of gold and silver nanoparticle composites, relating to the publication "Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup" N2 - Wide-range X-ray scattering datasets and analyses for all samples described in the 2020 publication "Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup". These datasets are composed by combining multiple small-angle x-ray scattering and wide-angle x-ray scattering curves into a single dataset. They have been analyzed using McSAS to extract polydispersities and volume fractions. They have been collected using the MOUSE project (instrument and methodology). KW - X-ray scattering KW - MOUSE KW - Saxs KW - Waxs KW - Analyses KW - Datasets PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7193859 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-55979 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Koch, Claudia A1 - Ladu, Luana A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa A1 - Blind, K. A1 - Castka, P. T1 - Digitalization in conformity assessment in Spain - A QI-FoKuS study N2 - This report summarizes findings from the first comprehensive study on digitalization in conformity assessment in Spain. The reults are based on data from a survey among conformity assessment bodies (CABs) conducted in 2022. It highlights the digital maturity of the organizations, the motives, benefits and obstacles of digital transformation as well as the actual technology trends. The study on Spanish CABs is part of a global project that covers various other countries (see www.qi-fokus.de). KW - COVID-19 KW - Calibration KW - Certification KW - Conformity assessment KW - Conformity assessment body KW - Digital transformation KW - Digitalization KW - Laboratory KW - Quality infrastructure KW - TIC KW - Testing PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558465 UR - https://www.qi-fokus.de SP - 1 EP - 44 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55846 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp T1 - Analytical Challenges for PFAS in Environmental Samples - Methods, Approaches and Applicability N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anionic, cationic and zwitterionic synthetic products, in which the hydrogen atoms on the carbon skeleton of at least one carbon atom have been completely replaced by fluorine atoms and which include up to 1.7 M compounds, depending on the definition. As a result of continuous and prolific use, mainly in aviation firefighting foams, thousands of industrial and military installations have been found to contain contaminated soil, groundwater and surface water. Furthermore, because of the continuous contamination through PFAS containing commercial products, effluents and sewage sludge from WWTPs have been shown to be an important source of PFAS discharge into the aquatic environment. In the last few years, legacy PFAS (≥C4) have been found in various environments, including soil, water and wastewater, and their environmental pathways have been partly described. Several long-chain PFAS species, and their respective salts are considered as persistent organic pollutants by the United Nations Stockholm Convention. These pollutants have been linked to altered immune and thyroid function, liver disease, lipid and insulin dysregulation, kidney disease, adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes, and cancer. A significant shift in the chemical industry towards production of short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) alternatives was observed in response to recently intensified regulations and restrictions on the use of long-chain (≥C8) PFAS. PFAS analysis in environmental samples is currently mainly done by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This efficient method is conducted in a targeted fashion analyzing a small subset of PFAS. The US EPA method for analysis of PFAS using LC-MS/MS for example currently lists 40 PFAS (≥C4). However, to get a better overview of the amount of “total PFAS,” sum parameter methods like total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay and methods based on combustion ion chromatography (CIC) are in development. CIC results in data regarding the sum of absorbable organic fluorine (AOF) or extractable organic fluorine (EOF), which can also quantify other organically bound fluorine compounds such as fluorinated pesticides and pharmaceutical. Moreover, non-target and suspect screening mass spectrometry can be used to identify novel emerging PFAS and partly unknown fluorinated compounds in environmental samples. Furthermore, to analyze ultrashort PFAS (C1-C3), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are available, but further research is needed to develop reliable and accurate methods to quantify several ultrashort PFAS in environmental samples. Additionally, for research purpose several spectroscopical methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES)spectroscopy, particular induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are available. T2 - CleanUp 2022 CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 11.09.2022 KW - PFAS KW - Combustion ion chromatography KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55741 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Ludwig, S. A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Vigelahn, L. A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Birke, V. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Mechanochemical Remediation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substanzes (PFAS) in Soils N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic organofluorine surfactants used in the formulations of thousands of products and consumer goods, including aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used to suppress aviation fires in training scenarios, non-stick cookware, fast-food wrappers, water-repellent fabrics, medical equipment. Because PFAS have been extensively used in a variety of AFFF products they can be found in soils from industrial and military installations. Current decontamination strategies of PFAS-burdened soils mainly consist of adsorption methods using adsorbents for fixation of PFAS in the ground. A second option is the utilization of a “pump and treat” process, cycling polluted soils through a washing plant leading to the concentration of the pollutants in the fine fraction. Only a subsequent, high-energy consuming pyrolysis process guarantees the total destruction of all fluorinated organic contaminants. Both approaches are cost-intensive and not intended for the direct decomposition of all PFAS contaminants. Hence, there is a great demand for innovative developments and chemical treatment technologies, dealing with new strategies of tackling the PFAS problem. Previously, mechanochemical treatment of polychlorinated organic compounds in soils showed an efficient dechlorination. Thus, we investigated mechanochemical treatment of PFAS contaminated soils with various additives in a ball mill and analyzed the PFAS defluorination with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively, as well es the fluoride mineralization by ion chromatography (IC) and fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. T2 - CleanUp 2022 CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 11.09.2022 KW - PFAS KW - Mechanochemical treatment KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55742 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp T1 - PFAS Sum Parameter and Structural Analysis N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anionic, cationic and zwitterionic synthetic products, in which the hydrogen atoms on the carbon skeleton of at least one carbon atom have been completely replaced by fluorine atoms (see Figure 1) and which include more than 4730 compounds, depending on the definition. As a result of continuous and prolific use, mainly in aviation firefighting foams, thousands of industrial and military installations have been found to contain contaminated soil, groundwater and surface water. Furthermore, because of the continuous contamination through PFAS containing commercial products, effluents and sewage sludge from WWTPs have been shown to be an important source of PFAS discharge into the aquatic environment. In the last few years, legacy PFAS (≥C4) have been found in various environments, including soil, water and wastewater, and their environmental pathways have been partly described. To get a better overview of the amount of “total PFAS,” sum parameter methods like total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay and methods based on combustion ion chromatography (CIC) are in development. CIC results in data regarding the sum of absorbable organic fluorine (AOF) or extractable organic fluorine (EOF), which can also quantify other organically bound fluorine compounds such as fluorinated pesticides and pharmaceutical. Additionally, for research purpose several spectroscopical methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, particular induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are available. Therefore, an overview is given on various analytical techniques for PFAS in environmental samples and their application possibilities discussed for different kind of PFAS compounds T2 - CleanUp 2022 CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 11.09.2022 KW - PFAS KW - Combustion ion chromatography KW - XANES spectroscopy KW - Soil PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55743 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Raman microspectroscopy elucidates Early Medieval art technology: high-fired gypsum mortar and Egyptian blue from the church St. Peter above Gratsch (South Tyrol, Northern Italy) N2 - Raman microspectroscopy enables imaging of the distributions of mineral phases as well as physical properties of materials, such as crystal orientations and crystallinities, with down to sub-micrometre resolution. In a combination with other spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, this approach was applied to the analysis and elucidation of ancient production technologies of stucco fragments made of high-fired gypsum mortar and Egyptian blue pigment discovered on a monochrome wall painting fragment originating from the Early Medieval (5th/6th century AD) construction phase of the church St. Peter above Gratsch in South Tyrol (Northern Italy). T2 - Analytica Conference 2022 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 21.06.2022 KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Gypsum KW - Pigments PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55896 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radnik, Jörg T1 - ToF-SIMS at advanced materials - from nano to energy N2 - The basic principles of ToF-SIMS will be explained. Examples of the use of ToF-SIMS for the investigation of titania and core-shell nanoplastic will be given. Furhtermore, 3d reconstruction is explained for nanoparticle research and energy-related materials. T2 - BUA Summer School Mass Spectrometry CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.10.2022 KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Nanomaterials KW - Imaging PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Raman focal point on Roman Egyptian blue elucidates disordered cuprorivaite, green glass phase and trace compounds N2 - The discussed comparative analyses of Roman Imperial pigment balls and fragmentary murals unearthed in the ancient cities of Aventicum and Augusta Raurica (Switzerland) by means of Raman microspectroscopy pertain to a predecessor study on trace compounds in Early Medieval Egyptian blue (St. Peter, Gratsch, South Tyrol, Northern Italy). The plethora of newly detected associated minerals of the raw materials surviving the synthesis procedure validate the use of quartz sand matching the composition of sediments transported by the Volturno river into the Gulf of Gaeta (Campania, Southern Italy) with a roasted sulphidic copper ore and a mixed-alkaline plant ash as fluxing agent. Thus, the results corroborate a monopolised pigment production site located in the northern Phlegrean Fields persisting over the first centuries A.D., this in line with statements of the antique Roman writers Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder and recent archaeological evidences. Beyond that, Raman spectra reveal through gradual peak shifts and changes of band width locally divergent process conditions and compositional inhomogeneities provoking crystal lattice disorder in the chromophoric cuprorivaite as well as the formation of a copper-bearing green glass phase, the latter probably in dependency of the concentration of alkali flux, notwithstanding that otherwise solid-state reactions predominate the synthesis. KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Egyptian blue KW - Cuprorivaite PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559028 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19923-w SN - 2045-2322 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-55902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sechi, R. A1 - Fackeldey, K. A1 - Chewle, Surahit A1 - Weber, M. T1 - SepFree NMF: A toolbox for analyzing the kinetics of sequential spectroscopic data N2 - This work addresses the problem of determining the number of components from sequential spectroscopic data analyzed by non-negative matrix factorization without separability assumption (SepFree NMF). These data are stored in a matrix M of dimension “measured times” versus “measured wavenumbers” and can be decomposed to obtain the spectral fingerprints of the states and their evolution over time. SepFree NMF assumes a memoryless (Markovian) process to underline the dynamics and decomposes M so that M = WH, with W representing the components’ fingerprints and H their kinetics. However, the rank of this decomposition (i.e., the number of physical states in the process) has to be guessed from pre-existing knowledge on the observed process. We propose a measure for determining the number of components with the computation of the minimal memory effect resulting from the decomposition; by quantifying how much the obtained factorization is deviating from the Markovian property, we are able to score factorizations of a different number of components. In this way, we estimate the number of different entities which contribute to the observed system, and we can extract kinetic information without knowing the characteristic spectra of the single components. This manuscript provides the mathematical background as well as an analysis of computer generated and experimental sequentially measured Raman spectra. KW - Kinetics from experiments KW - Separability assumption KW - Sequential spectroscopic data PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559046 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/a15090297 SN - 1999-4893 VL - 15 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-55904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - BioSAXS models for TOPAS/Geant4 N2 - Models for TOPAS/Geant4 to estimate the microscopic dose received by biomolecules during bioSAXS experiments. The C++ classes in this repository extend the functionality of the TOPAS (http://www.topasmc.org/) Monte-Carlo program, which is itself a wrapper of the Geant4 MCS Toolkit (http://geant4.org). KW - TOPAS KW - TOPAS-nBio KW - Geant4 KW - Geant4-DNA KW - MCS KW - Microdosimetry KW - Protein KW - Proteins KW - Particle scattering KW - G5P KW - GV5 KW - SAXS KW - Monte-Carlo simulation KW - Dosimetry KW - Micorscopic dose-damage relation PY - 2022 UR - https://github.com/MarcBHahn/TOPAS-bioSAXS-dosimetry DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-55751 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob T1 - X-ray scattering for nanostructure quantification, and the quest for the perfect experiment N2 - Measuring an X-ray scattering pattern is relatively easy, but measuring a steady stream of high-quality, useful patterns requires significant effort and good laboratory organization. Such laboratory organization can help address the reproducibility crisis in science, and easily multiply the scientific output of a laboratory, while greatly elevating the quality of the measurements. We have demonstrated this for small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering in the MOUSE project (Methodology Optimization for Ultrafine Structure Exploration). With the MOUSE, we have combined a comprehensive and highly automated laboratory workflow with a heavily modified X-ray scattering instrument. This combination allows us to collect fully traceable scattering data, within a well-documented, FAIR-compliant data flow (akin to what is found at the more automated synchrotron beamlines). With two full-time researchers, our lab collects and interprets thousands of datasets, on hundreds of samples, for dozens of projects per year, supporting many users along the entire process from sample selection and preparation, to the analysis of the resulting data. This talk will briefly introduce the foundations of X-ray scattering, present the MOUSE project, and will highlight the proven utility of the methodology for materials science. Upgrades to the methodology will also be discussed, as well as possible avenues for transferring this holistic methodology to other instruments T2 - SNI 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.09.2022 KW - Methodology KW - X-ray scattering KW - Laboratory management KW - Instrumentation utilization KW - MOUSE KW - SAXS KW - WAXS KW - Automation PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55760 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Musyanovych, A. A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Sadak, A. E. A1 - Heßling, L. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Polymeric Capsules with VOCs for Controlled Emission N2 - Micro-(nano-)encapsulation technology involves building a barrier between the core and the environment and offers several benefits to preserve the functional and physicochemical properties of core material. Tremendous progress has been made in synthesizing well-defined capsules to achieve desired properties such as particle size, chemical composition, and controlled release of loaded compounds. Encapsulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could evaporate with a defined rate is of immense interest for application in emission reference materials (ERM). These are urgently needed for quality assurance and quality control purposes (QA/QC) required by test standards for the determination of chemical emissions of construction and other materials for interior use. As such ERMs are hardly available on the market, the EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ was started to fill this gap by developing a material with temporally constant emission of VOCs typically found in indoor air. T2 - 36th European Colloid & Interface Society Conference CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Capsules KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Material emissions KW - QA/QC KW - Reference materials PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55917 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Kern, S. A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Döring, T. A1 - Falkenstein, S. A1 - Abele, M. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Compact NMR Spectroscopy in the field: A Versatile PAT Tool for Production of Specialty Chemicals N2 - Chemical companies must find new paths to successfully survive in a changing environment, especially by utilizing the potential of digital technologies. Flexible and modular chemical plants can produce various high-quality products using multi-purpose equipment with short downtimes between campaigns and reduce time to market for new products. Therefore, fully automated process control along with real-time quality control are prerequisites to such concepts and thus should be based on “chemical” information. A commercially available benchtop NMR spectrometer was integrated to the full requirements of chemical production environment such as explosion safety, field communication, and robust evaluation of sensor data. It was used for direct loop advanced process control and real-time optimization of the process. Field studies in modular and conventional production plants show promising results gaining process knowledge. NMR appeared as preeminent online analytical method and allow using a modular data analysis tool, which even served as reliable reference method for further PAT applications (e.g. NIR spectroscopy). In the future, fully integrated and interconnecting “smart” systems and processes can speed up the high-quality production of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. T2 - ProcessNet and DECHEMA-BioTechNet Jahrestagungen 2022 with 13th ESBES Symposium CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 12.09.2022 KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - Benchtop NMR KW - Modular production PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55918 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Kern, S. A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Döring, T. A1 - Falkenstein, S. A1 - Abele, M. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Compact NMR Spectroscopy in the field: A Versatile PAT Tool for Production of Specialty Chemicals N2 - Chemical companies must find new paths to successfully survive in a changing environment, especially by utilizing the potential of digital technologies. Flexible and modular chemical plants can produce various high-quality products using multi-purpose equipment with short downtimes between campaigns and reduce time to market for new products. Therefore, fully automated process control along with real-time quality control are prerequisites to such concepts and thus should be based on “chemical” information. A commercially available benchtop NMR spectrometer was integrated to the full requirements of chemical production environment such as explosion safety, field communication, and robust evaluation of sensor data. It was used for direct loop advanced process control and real-time optimization of the process. Field studies in modular and conventional production plants show promising results gaining process knowledge. NMR appeared as preeminent online analytical method and allow using a modular data analysis tool, which even served as reliable reference method for further PAT applications (e.g. NIR spectroscopy). In the future, fully integrated and interconnecting “smart” systems and processes can speed up the high-quality production of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. T2 - 17. AKPAT Kolloquium 2022 CY - Amersfoort, Netherlands DA - 19.09.2022 KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - Benchtop NMR KW - Modular production PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Procop, Mathias A1 - Terborg, R. T1 - Measurement and calculation of x-ray production efficiencies for copper, zirconium, and tungsten N2 - Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is based on physical relations between measured X-ray intensities of characteristic lines and their Xray production efficiency, which depends on the specimen composition. The quality of the analysis results relies on how realistically the physical relations describe the generation and emission of X-rays. Special experiments are necessary to measure X-ray production efficiencies. A challenge in these experiments is the determination of the detection efficiency of the spectrometer as a function of the photon energy. An energy-dispersive spectrometer was used in this work, for which the efficiency was determined at metrological synchrotron beamlines with an accuracy of ±2%. X-ray production efficiencies for the L series and the Kα series of copper and zirconium and for the M and L series of tungsten were determined at energies up to 30 keV in a scanning electron microscope. These experimental values were compared with calculated X-ray production efficiencies using physical relations and material constants applied in EPMA. The objective of the comparison is the further improvement of EPMA algorithms as well as extending the available database for X-ray production efficiencies. Experimental data for the X-ray production efficiency are also useful for the assessment of spectrum simulation software. KW - Copper KW - Electron probe microanalysis KW - Tungsten KW - X-ray production efficiency KW - Zirconium PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927622012351 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 1865 EP - 1877 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-55711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cordsmeier, Leo A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - DNA Stability in Biodosimetry, Pharmacy and DNA Based Data-Storage: Optimal Storage and Handling Conditions N2 - DNA long-term stability and integrity is of importance for applications in DNA based bio-dosimetry, data-storage, pharmaceutical quality-control, donor insemination and DNA based functional nanomaterials. Standard protocols for these applications involve repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the DNA, which can cause detrimental damage to the nucleobases, as well as the sugar-phosphate backbone and therefore the whole molecule. Throughout the literature three hypotheses can be found about the underlying mechanisms occurring during freeze-thaw cycles. It is hypothesized that DNA single-strand breaks during freezing can be induced by mechanical stress leading to shearing of the DNA molecule, by acidic pH causing damage through depurination and beta elimination or by the presence of metal ions catalyzing oxidative damage via reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we test these hypotheses under well defined conditions with plasmid DNA pUC19 in high-purity buffer (1xPBS) at physiological salt and pH 7.4 conditions, under pH 6 and in the presence of metal ions in combination with the radical scavengers DMSO and Ectoine. The results show for the 2686 bp long plasmid DNA, that neither mechanical stress, nor pH 6 lead to degradation during repeated freeze-thaw cycles. In contrast, the presence of metal ions (Fe2+) leads to degradation of DNA via the production of radical species. KW - DNA KW - DNA stability KW - Pharmacy KW - Reference material KW - pUC19 KW - Strand break KW - SSB KW - Dosimetry KW - Biodosimetry KW - Biologisches Dosimeter KW - DNA Dosimeter KW - Quality control KW - Plasmid DNA KW - DNA data storage KW - Nucleobase KW - Base damage KW - Base loss KW - DNA degradation KW - Metal ions KW - ROS KW - OH radical KW - Fenton Reaction KW - H2O2 KW - DNA based data storage KW - Freezing KW - Thawing KW - Mechanical stress KW - pH KW - Beta elimination KW - Ectoine KW - Ectoin KW - THP(B) KW - Radical scavenger KW - DMSO KW - Buffer KW - lN2 KW - DNA vortexing KW - AGE KW - SYBR Gold KW - Gel electrophoresis KW - DNA long term storage KW - DNA reference material PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-557148 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202200391 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-55714 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Wander, Lukas T1 - Integrated and Networked Systems and Processes - How NMR Spectroscopy Can Transform our Chemical and Pharmaceutical Production N2 - Chemical and pharmaceutical companies need to find new ways to survive successfully in a changing environment, while finding more flexible ways of product and process development to bring their products to market faster - especially high-value, high-end products such as fine chemicals or pharmaceuticals. This is complicated by changes in value chains along a potential circular economy. One current approach is flexible and modular chemical production units that use multi-purpose equipment to produce various high-value products with short downtimes between campaigns and can shorten time-to-market for new products. Online NMR spectroscopy will play an important role for plant automation and quality control, as the method brings very high linearity, matrix independence and thus works almost calibration-free. Moreover, these properties ideally enable automated and machine-aided data analysis for the above-mentioned applications. Using examples, this presentation will outline a possible more holistic approach to digitalization and the use of machine-based processes in the production of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals through the introduction of integrated and networked systems and processes. T2 - 43rd FGMR Annual Discussion Meeting CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 12.09.2022 KW - Digital Transformatioin KW - Process Industry KW - Pharmaceuticals KW - Specialty Chemicals KW - Automation KW - Online NMR Spectroscopy KW - Industry 4.0 PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruna, F. G. A1 - Prokop, M. A1 - Bystron, T. A1 - Loukrakpam, R. A1 - Melke, J. A1 - Lobo, C. M. S. A1 - Fink, M. A1 - Zhu, M. A1 - Voloshina, E. A1 - Kutter, M. A1 - Hoffmann, H. A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Röder, B. A1 - Bouzek, K. A1 - Paulus, B. A1 - Roth, C. T1 - Following adsorbed intermediates on a platinum gas diffusion electrode in H3PO3‑containing electrolytes using in situ X‑ray absorption spectroscopy N2 - One of the challenges of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the poisoning of the Pt catalyst with H3PO4. H3PO4 is imbibed into the routinely used polybenzimidazole-based membranes, which facilitate proton conductivity in the temperature range of 120−200 °C. However, when leached out of the membrane by water produced during operation, H3PO4 adsorbs on the Pt catalyst surface, blocking the active sites and hindering the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The reduction of H3PO4 to H3PO3, which occurs at the anode due to a combination of a low potential and the presence of gaseous H2, has been investigated as an additional important contributing factor to the observed poisoning effect. H3PO3 has an affinity toward adsorption on Pt surfaces even greater than that of H2PO4 −. In this work, we investigated the poisoning effect of both H3PO3 and H3PO4 using a half-cell setup with a gas diffusion electrode under ambient conditions. By means of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, it was possible to follow the signature of different species adsorbed on the Pt nanoparticle catalyst (H, O, H2PO4 −, and H3PO3) at different potentials under ORR conditions in various electrolytes (HClO4, H3PO4, and H3PO3). It was found that H3PO3 adsorbs in a pyramidal configuration P(OH)3 through a Pt−P bond. The competition between H3PO4 and H3PO3 adsorption was studied, which should allow for a better understanding of the catalyst poisoning mechanism and thus assist in the development of strategies to mitigate this phenomenon in the future by minimizing H3PO3 generation by, for example, improved catalyst design or adapted operation conditions or changes in the electrolyte composition. KW - H3PO4 life cycle KW - XAS KW - In situ coupling KW - High-temperature fuel cells KW - Δμ XANES KW - H3PO3 PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c02630 SN - 2155-5435 VL - 12 IS - 18 SP - 11472 EP - 11484 PB - ACS CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-55815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rautenberg, Max A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit A1 - Witt, Julia A1 - Jain, Mohit A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - In situ time-resolved monitoring of mixed-ligand metal–organic framework mechanosynthesis N2 - The mechanism of mixed-ligand metal–organic framework (MOF) formation, and the possible role of intermediate single-ligand metal complexes during mechanosynthesis, have not been explored yet. For the first time, we report here in situ real-time monitoring of the mechanochemical formation mechanism of mixed-ligand MOFs. Our results show that binary phases can act as intermediates or competing products in one-pot and stepwise synthesis. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Metal-organic-frameworks KW - In situ X-ray diffraction KW - Mixed-ligand MOFs PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558167 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CE00803C SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-55816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Wöstmann, Jens T1 - Overview of NDT techniques for moisture measurements in building materials N2 - Overview of NDT techniques for moisture measurements in building materials used in department 8 of BAM. T2 - ENBRI Expert Workshop "Hygrothermal testing - a necessity to guarantee durable buildings" CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 21.09.2022 KW - Moisture KW - Building materials KW - GPR KW - NMR KW - Microwave PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55817 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - CCQM-P213: BAM procedure for obtaining Cu delta values N2 - BAM participated in the CCQM pilot study P213 for obtaining copper isotope delta values. This presentations provides details on the MC-ICP-MS based measruement procedure, which has been applied to obtain such copper delta values. T2 - IRWG Meeting 2022 CY - Online meeting DA - 20.09.2022 KW - Isotope ratio KW - Copper KW - Metrology KW - Traceability KW - Uncertainty PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55864 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -