TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Influence of brine components on materials performance in geothermal applications
N2 - Significant Cu-deposition and ‑precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Pb-deposition and ‑precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. No negative Pb-effect could be observed in combination with high-alloyed steels. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if formation of crevices with non-metallic materials can be excluded!
T2 - EUROCORR 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.08.2022
KW - Corrosion
KW - Geothermal
KW - Copper
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55624
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Béalu, Zoé
A1 - Walther, Johanna
A1 - Abusafia, Attaallah
A1 - Altmann, Korinna
A1 - Meurer, Maren
A1 - Gretzschel, Oliver
A1 - Schäfer, Michael
A1 - Steinmetz, Heidrun
T1 - Removal of Organic Micropollutants and Microplastics via Ozonation Followed by Granular Activated Carbon Filtration
N2 - Discharge from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) can result in the emission of organic micropollutants (OMPs) and microplastics (MPs) into the aquatic environment. To prevent this harmful release, a pilot plant consisting of an ozonation followed by a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter was operated at a WWTP in Germany, and its side-effects on the concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) compounds were measured. Over 80% of OMPs and transformation products were removed during the operating time (around 6000 bed volumes) no matter the ozone dose (from around 0.1 to 0.5 mgO3/mgDOC), except for Diatrizoic acid, whose breakthrough appeared at 3500 BV. Formation of the oxidation by-product, NDMA, increased with higher ozone doses, but the concentration remained below 100 ng/L. Bromate was formed at a higher ozone dose (0.4 mgO3/mgDOC) but at a low concentration—below 10 µg/L. The MP particles detected in the inflow (PE, SBR, PP, and PS) were effectively eliminated to a high degree, with a removal rate of at least 92%. Carbon parameters (COD, DOC, and SAC254) were removed further by the pilot plant, but to different extents. As expected, nitrate was formed during ozonation, while nitrite’s concentration decreased. Further, nitrite decreased and nitrate increased within the GAC filter, while ammonium was eliminated by at least 90%. Total P concentration decreased after the pilot, but the concentration of PO4-P increased.
KW - Microplastics
KW - TED-GC/MS
KW - Granular Activated Carbon Filtration
KW - Removal of Organic Micropollutants
KW - Wastewater treatment plant
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615209
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11110241
VL - 11
IS - 11
SP - 1
EP - 38
PB - MDPI AG
AN - OPUS4-61520
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chacon Castro, Jose P.
T1 - Flame Retardant Polylimonen Carbonate: Material Innovation as a Game Changer
N2 - Main message: This research seeks to understand and identify the most promising approaches to enhance the flame resistance of poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC). Furthermore, the goal is to develop a PLimC-based material that incorporates halogen-free flame retardants (FRs) that are not only highly effective but also environmentally sustainable, contributing to the advancement of greener materials for safer use. Introduction The plastic industry depends on fossil-based materials, causing environmental concerns. PLimC, a sustainable polymer derived from limonene and CO₂ [1], offers a promising alternative. Its use in fire safe applications underscores the need to optimize its performance. This study evaluates halogen free FRs to identify and understand the most promising approaches to enhance PLimC’s flame resistance, aiming to improve fire safety and support eco-friendly material development. Experimental: This study has as its main task to conduct experimental evaluations to analyze the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. Pyrolysis, together with the evolved gases of the samples, were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a FTIR spectrometer. The energy content was determined by using a bomb calorimeter. The flammability of the samples was assessed by the reaction to small flame tests such as the UL 94 burning chamber and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The burning behavior in forced flamed conditions was evaluated using the cone calorimeter. Results and Discussion: Thermal properties were first evaluated to gain a deeper understanding of the pure PLimC thermal stability and fire behavior. This analysis builds on PLimC's structural similarity to polycarbonate (PC), due to its carbonate group, and to polyolefins (PO), due to its aliphatic limonene-derived segment, providing insights into optimizing PLimC for sustainable, fire-safe applications. The initial results, which defined our starting point, showed that the LOI of PLimC was 17.2%, very close to that of PO such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) (~18%). In contrast, PC has a higher LOI of ~24%. Additionally, PLimC did not produce any char (0 wt.-%), similar to PO, whereas PC forms char due to its phenolic structures. The effective heat of combustion of PLimC, measured using bomb calorimetry, was determined to be 31.1 MJ/kg. This value is comparable to that of PC (~30 MJ/kg) but significantly lower than PO (~44 MJ/kg). These findings, which demonstrated similarities to both PO and PC, prompted the evaluation of various commercially available FRs at standard market concentrations. Four halogen-free FR systems were chosen for evaluation: 1. mixture of APP (20 wt.-%) + pentaerythritol (10 wt.-%) as an intumescent system [PLimC / APP / Penta], 2. mixture of the phosphorus compound PX200® (16 wt.-%) + PTFE (0.4 wt.-%) as antidripping [PLimC / PhosC / PTFE], 3. metal hydroxide ATH (50 wt.-%) [PLimC / ATH], and the potassium sulfonate salt Bayowet® (0.4 wt.-%) [PLimC / SulfS]. The concentrations were decided according to the standards used in the industry for polyolefins (system 1 and 3), the mixture polycarbonate / ABS (system 2) and polycarbonates (system 4). PLimC has the usual behavior of a non-charring specimen (fast burning and high peak of heat release). ATH proved to be the most effective flame retardant, achieving the biggest reductions in the effective heat of combustion (EHC) and total heat evolved (THE), as demonstrated by cone calorimeter measurements. Additionally, ATH achieved the highest increase in the LOI (17.1% —> 26.0%). With these results, we understood that the FRs commonly used with polyolefins (at concentrations standard in the industry) exhibit similar behavior in terms of flammability and flame retardancy when applied to PLimC. Although ATH has proven to be an effective flame retardant for PLimC, offering a sustainable solution due to its abundance, non-toxicity, and low environmental impact, we aim to explore bio-based flame retardants to further enhance the material’s sustainability. Since phytic acid salts [2] and lignin [3] have demonstrated flame retardant efficacy in polyolefins, we believe these compounds could also perform well in our system. Phytic acid salts are particularly promising due to their high phosphorus content—and in some cases, nitrogen—which promotes char formation and enhances flame retardancy. Lignin’s unique ability to promote charring could significantly improve flame retardancy, due to the fact that PLimC like polyolefins, lacks inherent char formation. By integrating these bio-based flame retardants, we move closer to developing a fully sustainable material that aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, contributing to a greener and more resilient future.
T2 - 20th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials (FRPM2025)
CY - Madrid, Spain
DA - 03.06.2025
KW - Poly(limonene carbonate)
KW - Sustainability
KW - Halogen free flame retardants
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63397
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chacon Castro, Jose P.
T1 - Flame retardant poly(limonene carbonate): material innovation as a game changer
N2 - The global plastic industry relies on fossil-based materials, presenting significant environmental challenges. Poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC), a sustainable alternative, is made from two renewable monomers: limonene oxide, derived from non-food sources, and CO₂, positioning it as a promising material for applications requiring flame retardants (FRs) to meet fire safety standards.
Thermal properties were initially assessed to better understand the thermal stability and fire behavior of PLimC. This analysis builds on PLimC's unique structural characteristics: its carbonate group resembling polycarbonate (PC) and its aliphatic limonene-derived segment resembling polyolefins (PO). The initial results revealed similarities to both PO and PC, prompting the evaluation of various commercially available flame retardants (FRs) at standard market concentrations.
Four halogen-free FR systems were chosen for evaluation, with the conclusion that ATH proved to be the most effective FR, decreasing the heat release rate and the total heat evolved. With these results, we understood that the FRs commonly used with polyolefins (at concentrations standard in the industry) exhibit similar behavior in terms of flammability and flame retardancy when applied to PLimC.
While ATH has proven to be an effective FR for PLimC, we aim to investigate bio-based alternatives to further improve the material's sustainability. Phytic acid salts and lignin have shown excellent FR performance in PO, and we believe these compounds could achieve similar success in our system. Their integration could bring us closer to achieving a fully sustainable material that aligns with current environmental goals.
T2 - EPF European Polymer Congress 2025
CY - Groningen, Netherlands
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - Poly(limonene carbonate)
KW - Sustainability
KW - Flame retardancy
KW - CO2 as monomer
KW - Fire Behavior
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63668
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chacon Castro, Jose P.
T1 - Flame retardant polylimonene carbonate: Material innovation as a game changer
N2 - This research seeks to understand and identify the most promising approaches to enhance the flame resistance of poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC). Furthermore, the goal is to develop a PLimC-based material that incorporates halogen-free flame retardants (FRs) that are not only highly effective but also environmentally sustainable, contributing to the advancement of greener materials for safer use.
The plastic industry depends on fossil-based materials, causing environmental concerns. PLimC, a sustainable polymer derived from limonene and CO₂, offers a promising alternative. Its use in fire-safe applications underscores the need to optimize its performance. This study evaluates halogen-free FRs to identify and understand the most promising approaches to enhance PLimC’s flame resistance, aiming to improve fire safety and support eco-friendly material development.
This study has as its main task to conduct experimental evaluations to analyze the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. Pyrolysis, together with the evolved gases of the samples, were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a FTIR spectrometer. The energy content was determined by using a bomb calorimeter. The flammability of the samples was assessed by the reaction to small flame tests such as the UL 94 burning chamber and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The burning behavior in forced flamed conditions was evaluated using the cone calorimeter.
Thermal properties were first evaluated to gain a deeper understanding of the pure PLimC thermal stability and fire behavior. This analysis builds on PLimC's structural similarity to polycarbonate (PC), due to its carbonate group, and to polyolefins (PO), due to its aliphatic limonene-derived segment, providing insights into optimizing PLimC for sustainable, fire-safe applications.
The initial results, which defined our starting point, showed that the LOI of PLimC was 17.2%, very close to that of PO such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) (~18%). In contrast, PC has a higher LOI of ~24%. Additionally, PLimC did not produce any char (0 wt.-%), similar to PO, whereas PC forms char due to its phenolic structures. The effective heat of combustion of PLimC, measured using bomb calorimetry, was determined to be 31.1 MJ/kg. This value is comparable to that of PC (~30 MJ/kg) but significantly lower than PO (~44 MJ/kg). These findings, which demonstrated similarities to both PO and PC, prompted the evaluation of various commercially available FRs at standard market concentrations.
Four halogen-free FR systems were chosen for evaluation: 1. mixture of APP (20 wt.-%) + pentaerythritol (10 wt.-%) as an intumescent system [PLimC / APP / Penta], 2. mixture of the phosphorus compound PX200® (16 wt.-%) + PTFE (0.4 wt.-%) as antidripping [PLimC / PhosC / PTFE], 3. aluminum trihydroxide ATH (50 wt.-%) [PLimC / ATH], and the potassium sulfonate salt Bayowet® (0.4 wt.-%) [PLimC / SulfS]. The concentrations were decided according to the standards used in the industry.
Cone calorimeter results show that PLimC has the usual behavior of a non-charring specimen (fast burning and high peak of heat release). ATH proved to be the most effective flame retardant, achieving the biggest reductions in the effective heat of combustion (EHC) and total heat evolved (THE). Additionally, ATH achieved the highest increase in the LOI (17.1% to 26.0%). With these results, we understood that the FRs commonly used with polyolefins (at concentrations standard in the industry) exhibit similar behavior in terms of flammability and flame retardancy when applied to PLimC.
Additionally, we aim to investigate bio-based flame retardants to further improve the sustainability of the material. Given that phytic acid salts and lignin have demonstrated effective flame-retardant performance in polyolefins, we consider these compounds promising candidates for application in our system.
T2 - 6th Asia-Oceania Symposium for Fire Safety Materials Science and Engineering
CY - Beijing, China
DA - 16.10.2025
KW - Halogen free flame retardants
KW - Poly(limonene carbonate)
KW - Sustainability
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65015
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chacon Castro, Jose P.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Translating Flame Retardant Strategies: Analogy from Polyolefins and Bisphenol A polycarbonates to Poly(limonene carbonate)
N2 - Poly(limonene carbonate)—PLimC—offers a novel sustainable alternative to traditional polymers, as it is derived from renewable limonene and carbon dioxide as monomers. Proposing PLimC as a future technical polymer for applications in electrical and electronic (E&E) devices, construction, and transportation, PLimC must meet specific fire prevention standards to be deemed suitable. Starting from the chemical structure of PLimC, strategies in analogy to flame retarded bisphenol A polycarbonates (PC), PC blends, and polyolefins (PO) are investigated to identify the most effective route to enhance the flame resistance of PLimC. This study utilized four halogen-free flame-retardant (FR) systems: APP + pentaerythritol (standard intumescent system in PO), a phosphorus flame retardant+PTFE as anti-dripping agent (used in PC blends), metal hydroxide ATH (widely used in PO), and potassium sulfonate salt (specific solution for PC). Applying these FRs at typical PC, PC blends, and PO loadings, we aim to understand their effect on PLimC and evaluated the different flame-retardant routes. Our experimental evaluations focused on the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. ATH emerged as the most effective, reducing the effective heat of combustion from 29.3 MJ kg⁻¹ to 18.6 MJ kg⁻¹ and the total heat evolved from 95 to 55 MJ m⁻². It also resulted in an increase in the limiting oxygen index from 17.1 to 26 vol.-% O2, along with a UL 94 HB40 rating. The intumescent system also exhibited considerable flame retardancy, highlighting the similarity of PLimC’s fire behavior to that of PO rather than PC
KW - Poly(limonene carbonate)
KW - Flame retardancy
KW - Sustainability
KW - Intumescent systems
KW - Metal hydroxides
KW - Sulfonate salts
KW - Phosphorus flame retardants
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643257
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111711
SN - 1873-2321
SN - 0141-3910
VL - 242
SP - 1
EP - 18
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64325
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chacon Castro, Jose Pablo
A1 - Schneider, Rika
A1 - Greiner, Andreas
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Flame retardant poly(limonene carbonate): material innovation as a game changer
N2 - The global plastic industry relies on fossil-based materials, presenting environmental challenges. A sustainable polymer namely poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC), made of limonene and CO2 as two monomers from non-food sources, shows advances in various applications where additives such as flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to comply with fire safety measures.
The variety of FRs is wide, and therefore the approach involved conducting a comparative study of four different halogen-free flame retardant systems that are conventionally used in polycarbonates and polyolefins to understand which FR enhances the flame resistance of PLimC most effectively. The primary task of the project is to conduct experimental evaluations to analyze the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. This data will offer valuable insights towards the advancement of safer and more sustainable materials.
T2 - Polymers for Sustainable Future 2024
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 24.06.2024
KW - Poly(limonene carbonate)
KW - Flame retardancy
KW - Fire science
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60556
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chandna, Sanjam
A1 - Povolotsky, Tatyana L.
A1 - Nie, Chuanxiong
A1 - Schwartz, Sophia
A1 - Wedepohl, Stefanie
A1 - Quaas, Elisa
A1 - Ludwig, Kai
A1 - Boyakova, Yulia
A1 - Bhatia, Sumati
A1 - Meyer, Klas
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
A1 - Haag, Rainer
A1 - Block, Stephan
T1 - Lignin-Based Mucus-Mimicking Antiviral Hydrogels with Enzyme Stability and Tunable Porosity
N2 - Mucus is a complex hydrogel that acts as a defensive and protective barrier in various parts of the human body. Therise in the level of viral infections has underscored the importance of advancing research into mucus-mimicking hydrogels for theefficient design of antiviral agents. Herein, we demonstrate the gram-scale synthesis of biocompatible, lignin-based virus-bindinginhibitors that reduce waste and ensure long-term availability. The lignin-based inhibitors are equipped with sulfate moieties, whichare known binding partners for many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and herpes viruses. In addition, cross-linking the synthesizedinhibitors yielded hydrogels that mimicked native mucus concerning surface functionality and rheology. The degree of sulfationexhibits a very strong impact on the mesh size distribution of the hydrogels, which provides a new means to fine-tune the steric andelectrostatic contributions of the virus−hydrogel interaction. This feature strongly impacts the sequestration capability of the lignin-based hydrogels, which is demonstrated by infection inhibition assays involving human herpes simplex virus 1, influenza A viruses,and the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). These measurements showed a reduction in plaque-forming units (HSV-1) and colony-forming units (E. coli) by more than 4 orders of magnitude, indicating the potent inhibition by the lignin-based hydrogels
KW - Lignin functionalization
KW - Mucus-mimicking hydrogels
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625301
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c18519
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
CY - USA
AN - OPUS4-62530
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Cherbib, S.
A1 - Jlalia, I.
A1 - Chabbah, T.
A1 - Chatti, S.
A1 - Marestin, C.
A1 - Mercier, R.
A1 - Weidner, Steffen
A1 - Casabianca, H.
A1 - Jaffrezic-Renault, N.
A1 - Abderrazak, H.
T1 - Design of New Partially Bio-Based Polyguanamines for the Reversible Adsorption of Phenolic Molecules from Olive Mill Wastes
N2 - Olive mill wastewater produces a variety of potent antioxidants, including hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and tyrosol, that have been widely used in agriculture, pharmacy, and cosmetics. This study aims to design new poly(guanamine)s phases by polycondensation of modified triazine monomers with both petro-based and biosourced diamines, to act as stationary phases for the uptake of these phenolic molecules. Obtained polymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption results showed that the newly synthesized polymers can effectively uptake the less polar phenolic compounds, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid. The isosorbide-based polymer (P6) presented the highest sorption efficiency, due to the hydrophilic properties of isosorbide associated with the proton affinity of the triazine groups. All the phenolic compounds were successfully desorbed from the P6 polymer using a minimal amount of a methanol/acetonitrile mixture. P6 polymer could be used for four successive adsorption processes without loss of efficiency.
KW - Olive mill wastewater
KW - Triazine
KW - Isosorbide
KW - Adsorption
KW - Phenolic compounds
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-024-01081-3
SN - 2522-5758
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-61348
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker
A1 - Fengler, Petra
A1 - Altmann, Korinna
T1 - Interlaboratory Comparison Reveals State of the Art in Microplastic Detection and Quantification Methods
N2 - In this study, we investigate the current accuracy of widely used microplastic (MP) detection methods through an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) involving ISO-approved techniques. The ILC was organized under the prestandardization platform of VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards) and gathered a large number (84) of analytical laboratories across the globe. The aim of this ILC was (i) to test and to compare two thermo-analytical and three spectroscopical methods with respect to their suitability to identify and quantify microplastics in a water-soluble matrix and (ii) to test the suitability of the microplastic test materials to be used in ILCs. Two reference materials (RMs), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene (PE) as powders with rough size ranges between 10 and 200 μm, were used to press tablets for the ILC. The following parameters had to be assessed: polymer identity, mass fraction, particle number concentration, and particle size distribution. The reproducibility, SR, in thermo-analytical experiments ranged from 62%−117% (for PE) and 45.9%−62% (for PET). In spectroscopical experiments, the SR varied between 121% and 129% (for PE) and 64% and 70% (for PET). Tablet dissolution turned out to be a very challenging step and should be optimized. Based on the knowledge gained, development of guidance for improved tablet filtration is in progress. Further, in this study, we discuss the main sources of uncertainties that need to be considered and minimized for preparation of standardized protocols for future measurements with higher accuracy.
KW - Microplastics
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
KW - PlasticsFatE
KW - PET
KW - PE
KW - Reference materials
KW - VAMAS
KW - Thermo-analytical methods
KW - Spectroscopical methods
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630462
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c05403
SN - 1520-6882
VL - 97
SP - 8719
EP - 8728
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-63046
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Cunningham, Patrick
A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram
T1 - Cement and clinker imports: embodied carbon, carbon costs, and the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
N2 - When the European Union (EU) Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) comes into force, importers of Portland cement and clinker will be required to purchase carbon allowances for their goods. Herein, the trade flows into the EU are mapped by country and the equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2-eq) emissions from production is modeled. Using average allowance prices, the additional cost passed to the consumer if carbon allowances had been purchased for imports in the modeled years are estimated. Together, this retrospective analysis provides insights into CBAM and the potential implications of carbon allowances on the cost of imported goods.
KW - Carbon border adjustment mechanism
KW - Carbon allowances
KW - Cost of carbon
KW - Cement
KW - Impact shifting
PY - 2025
UR - https://www.zkg.de/en/artikel/cement-and-clinker-imports-embodied-carbon-carbon-costs-and-the-eu-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-4252088.html
SN - 2748-8330
VL - 78
IS - 3
SP - 54
EP - 58
PB - Bauverlag BV GmbH
CY - Gutersloh, Germany
AN - OPUS4-63333
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Cunningham, Patrick
A1 - Wang, L.
A1 - Kane, S.
A1 - Kim, A.
A1 - Jenkins, B. M.
A1 - Miller, S. A.
T1 - Lifecycle implications and mechanical properties of carbonated biomass ashes as carbon-storing supplementary cementitious materials
N2 - Methods to sequester and store atmospheric CO2 are critical to combat climate change. Alkaline-rich bioashes are potential carbon fixing materials. This work investigates potential co-benefits from mineralizing carbon in biomass ashes and partially replacing high embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) Portland cement (PC) in cement-based materials with these ashes. Specifically, rice hull ash (RHA), wheat straw ash (WSA), and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) were treated to mineralize carbon, and their experimental carbon content was compared to modeled potential carbonation. To understand changes in the cement-based storage materials, mortars made with CO2-treated WSA and RHA were experimentally compared to PC-only mortars and mortars made with ashes without prior CO2 treatment. Life cycle assessment methodology was applied to understand potential reductions in GHG emissions. The modeled carbonation was ∼18 g-CO2/kg-RHA and ∼180 g-CO2/kg-WSA. Ashes oxidized at 500 °C had the largest measured carbon content (5.4 g-carbon/kg-RHA and 35.3 g-carbon/kg-WSA). This carbon appeared to be predominantly residual from the biomass. Isothermal calorimetry showed RHA-PC pastes had similar heat of hydration to PC-pastes, while WSA-PC pastes exhibited an early (at ∼1.5 min) endothermic dip. Mortars with 5 % and 15 % RHA replacement had 1–12 % higher compressive strength at 28 days than PC-only mortars, and milled WSA mortars with 5 % replacement had 3 % higher strength. A loss in strength was noted for the milled 15 % WSA, the CO2-treated 5 %, and the 15 % WSA mortars. Modeled reductions in GHG emissions from CO2-treated ashes were, however, marginal (<1 %) relative to the untreated ashes.
KW - CO2 sequestration
KW - CO2 storage
KW - Biomass ash
KW - Supplementary cementitious materials
KW - Concrete
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626959
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107772
SN - 1873-2909
VL - 197
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-62695
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Curoșu, Iurie
A1 - Balzani, Daniel
A1 - Freitag, Steffen
A1 - Neu, Gerrit Emanuel
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Simon, Sven
A1 - Weber, Sebastian
T1 - Methoden zur Bewertung abgebauter Stahlbetonelemente für deren Wiederverwendung
N2 - Ziel des neu eingerichteten SFB 1683 „Interaktionsmethoden zur modularen Wiederverwendung von Bestandstragwerken“ ist es, die Wiederverwendung von Betonbauteilen auf strukturellem Niveau zu erforschen und dazu grundlagenwissenschaftliche Methoden zu entwickeln. Es wird die Idee verfolgt, Bestandstragwerke planmäßig im Rückbau zu Modulen zu dekonstruieren, statt diese unkontrolliert abzubrechen. Hierfür müssen die Module in ihren Eigenschaften charakterisiert, aufgearbeitet, ggf. instand gesetzt oder verstärkt und baukastenartig zu neuen Tragwerken zusammengefügt werden. Die gesamte Prozesskette wird über die geplante Laufzeit des SFBs auf der Ebene der Teilprojekte (TP), Projektgruppen und Interaktionsketten (IK) systematisch und kollaborativ erforscht. Die in diesem Aufsatz präsentierte IK „Beherrschung der Unschärfe“ fokussiert sich auf die Entwicklung und Erprobung von experimentellen, numerischen und datengetriebenen Methoden und Strategien für eine umfassende, aber dennoch schnelle und zerstörungsfreie Charakterisierung der abgebauten Elemente. Auf dieser Basis werden Dauerhaftigkeits‐ und Tragfähigkeitsmodelle entwickelt, die die Prognose der Restnutzungsdauer unter verschiedenen Einwirkungen zuverlässig und unter Berücksichtigung der multiplen Unschärfen ermöglichen. Dieser Aufsatz stellt die Ziele, die Interaktionen sowie die Methoden der beteiligten TP zusammenfassend vor.
KW - Stahlbeton
KW - Wiedernutzung
KW - Bewertung
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.70002
SN - 0932-8351
VL - 102
IS - 8
SP - 483
EP - 492
PB - Ernst & Sohn GmbH
AN - OPUS4-64016
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - D'Agostino, Giancarlo
A1 - Oelze, Marcus
A1 - Vogl, Jochen
A1 - Ghestem, Jean-Philippe
A1 - Lafaurie, Nicolas
A1 - Klein, Ole
A1 - Pröfrock, Daniel
A1 - Di Luzio, Marco
A1 - Bergamaschi, Luigi
A1 - Jaćimović, Radojko
A1 - Oster, Caroline
A1 - Irrgeher, Johanna
A1 - Lancaster, Shaun T.
A1 - Walch, Anna
A1 - Röthke, Anita
A1 - Michaliszyn, Lena
A1 - Pramann, Axel
A1 - Rienitz, Olaf
A1 - Sara-Aho, Timo
A1 - Cankur, Oktay
A1 - Kutan, Derya
A1 - Noireaux, Johanna
T1 - Development and application of reference and routine analytical methods providing SI-traceable results for the determination of technology-critical elements in PCB from WEEE
N2 - The recovery and reprocessing of technology-critical elements (TCE) present in printed circuit boards (PCB) from electrical and electronic waste is essential both for recycling valuable materials subject to supply risk and for reducing the environmental impact. Although the quantitative knowledge of TCE amounts in endof- life PCB plays a key role, there are neither matrix certified reference materials nor harmonized analytical methods available to establish the traceability of the results to the International System of Units. To fill these gaps, we developed and applied five reference analytical methods based on ICP-MS standard addition calibrations and INAA k0- and relative calibrations suitable to certify reference materials. In addition, we developed and tested six analytical methods based on more commonly used ICP-MS external standard calibrations to provide industry with routine analysis methods. Twenty TCE (Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Dy, Ga, Gd, Ge, In, La, Li, Nd, Ni, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sm, Ta and Ti) were selected as target analytes and a batch of powdered PCB was used as measurement material. An overall mutual agreement was observed among data collected by reference methods at a few percent relative uncertainty levels. Moreover, all but one of the methods developed for routine analysis demonstrated their suitability in industrial applications by producing data within ± 20% of the values established with reference methods.
KW - Technology critical elements
KW - Electronic waste
KW - Printed circuit boards
KW - Traceability
KW - Uncertainty
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612416
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ja00235k
SN - 1364-5544
VL - 39
IS - 11
SP - 2809
EP - 2823
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-61241
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dace, Elina
A1 - Cascavilla, Alessandro
A1 - Bianchi, Marco
A1 - Chioatto, Elisa
A1 - Zecca, Emy
A1 - Ladu, Luana
A1 - Yilan, Gülsah
T1 - Barriers to transitioning to a circular bio-based economy: Findings from an industrial perspective
N2 - The transition from a linear fossil-based to a circular bio-based economy represents an opportunity and a suitable pathway for achieving several sustainable development goals. However, the transition is a complex process since it requires transformative policies, purposeful innovation, access to finance, risk-taking capacity as well as new and sustainable business models and markets. Accordingly, the first step in this transition process is the identification of barriers that are hampering the transition to a sustainable circular bio-based economy. With this motivation in mind, this study reviews grey literature to identify barriers focusing on four critical sectors facing major challenges within the current linear economy and requiring a sustainable transition most urgently: construction, chemicals, plastics, and textile sectors. Employing an adapted STEEP methodology (Social, Technological, Economical, Environmental, Political), a total of 193 different barriers have been identified and clustered under six categories: cultural, technical, economic, environmental, governance, and structural. Regardless of the sector, cultural and structural barriers are identified as the most prominent; the lack of incentives for consumer behaviour change and lack of stakeholder collaboration were the most cited barriers among the literature records. From a value chain perspective, most of the barriers are related to the material processing and product manufacturing stage. Finally, potential solutions, extracted from the grey literature, are proposed to fill the gaps and overcome the identified barriers. Many of the identified barriers are common across the four investigated sectors, indicating the solutions or measures can be applicable in a wider perspective to promote the transition in the right direction.
KW - Circular Bio-based Economy
KW - Barriers
KW - Sustainability
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-602062
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.05.029
VL - 48
SP - 407
EP - 418
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-60206
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Denkler, Tilman
T1 - Der digitale Produktpass für Bauprodukte
N2 - Der mit der Revidsion der Bauproduktenverordnung eingeführte digitale Produktpass für Bauprodukte wird erläutert. Speziell werden Funktion, Interaktion mit dem Register der Ökodesign-Verordnung und zukünftige Normungsaufgaben dargestellt.
T2 - Eurolab-D-Kolloquium Konformitätsbewertung von Bauprodukten -Was ändert sich?
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.05.2025
KW - Digitaler Produktpass
KW - Bauproduktenverordnung
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63297
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dey, R.
A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz
A1 - Prescher, A.
A1 - Kreitsmann, T.
A1 - Zhang, K.
A1 - Posten, C.
A1 - Thomson, C.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
A1 - Ullrich, M. S.
A1 - Thomson, L.
T1 - Sustainable Flame-Retardant Poly Lactic AcidBiocomposites Reinforced with Polyphosphate-EnrichedMicroalgae: Unlocking the Potential of Hyper-Compensation
N2 - This study examines the dual benefits of microalgae cultivation for wastewatertreatment and the enhancement of polylactic acid-based biocomposites. UsingDesmodesmus sp. in a photobioreactor, both batch and continuous operationsachieve total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal rates of up to99.9%, maintaining TN and TP levels below 0.02 mg L−1 in the effluent, aligningwith European discharge standards. Continuous cultivation increases biomassproductivity from 0.102 to 0.43 g L−1 day−1 , a 322% improvement over batchoperations. Nutrient starvation followed by reintroduction to nutrient-richwastewater induces hyper-compensation luxury uptake, with P-enrichedcells accumulating 1.33% intracellular P within six hours — 21% higherthan natural accumulation. The results reveal that luxury phosphorus uptakein microalgae follows a triphasic system of uptake and storage, challengingthe previously suggested biphasic model. When incorporated into Poly lacticacid (PLA), the biomass enhances versatility, offering potential replacementof inorganic P in industrial applications, particularly flame retardants.Pyrolysis and cone calorimetry confirm the thermal and fire-retardantbenefits, with a 20% reduction in peak heat release rate and increased charyield. This work highlights microalgae’s role in sustainable biocomposites,supporting wastewater treatment, nutrient recovery, and CO2 sequestration.
KW - biocomposites
KW - biopolymers
KW - Flame-retardant
KW - Hyper compensation
KW - Phycoremediation
KW - Wastewater treatment
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640408
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202500251
SN - 2366-7486
VL - 9
IS - 8
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-64040
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dombinov, V.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Meiller, M.
A1 - Müller, F.
A1 - Willbold, S.
A1 - Zang, J. W.
A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Klose, H.
A1 - Poorter, H.
A1 - Jablonowski, N. D.
A1 - Schrey, S. D.
T1 - Sugarcane bagasse ash as fertilizer for soybeans: Effects of added residues on ash composition, mineralogy, phosphorus extractability and plant availability
N2 - Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants.
KW - Combustion and gasification
KW - Phosphate extractability and availability
KW - X-ray diffraction (XRD)
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567632
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1041924
SN - 1664-462X
VL - 13
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
AN - OPUS4-56763
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Drago, Claudia
T1 - Sweetening the (microplastics) pill: PET tablets (1-100µm) as candidate reference material for the validation of microplastics measurement
N2 - The lack of validation and standard procedures in microplastics studies has led to the inability to compare and harmonise data from different analytical methods, laboratories and time scales. To monitor and regulate exposure to microplastics in the environment and in food for human health, it is crucial to ensure their comparability and to validate the analytical methods used in microplastics studies.
Monitoring microplastics requires complex approaches for accurate determination otherwise it can lead to an over- or underestimation in environmental and food-relevant matrices. Moreover, to support the need of reliable measurement required by the European legislation directive on drinking water (EU 2020/2184) or the revision of the urban waste water directive, which will be finalised in 2024 the production and validation of polymeric reference materials with environmentally relevant concentrations, irregular shapes, defined aging status and different sizes is essential. The production of reference material with acceptable uncertainties in homogeneity need to be balanced, considering the low microplastics concentrations detected in the environment and in food.
The aim of the project PLASTICTRACE and of this study, is to propose a “easy-to-use PET tablet ” (PET particle size mainly 1-100 µm) for routine applications as a candidate general reference material for detection methods. Batches of water-soluble matrix containing different concentrations of PET powder were produced.
Results of imaging and counting methods (SEM, Laser diffraction), including production´s challenges; together with thermo-analytical methods (TED-GC/MS and Py-GC/MS) and vibrational spectroscopy (µ-Raman and µ-FTIR), will be presented. These data are useful to assess homogeneity and stability of the particles over time according to ISO 33405:2024.
In addition, we will show some insights on the application of the PET-tablets in complex matrices, as milk powder and suspended solid from surface water, that could be easily used for routine microplastics analysis.
T2 - MICRO 2024
CY - Arrecife, Spain
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - Microplastics
KW - Reference materials
KW - Polymer 3R
KW - TED-GC/MS
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61274
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Duarte-Ruiz, D.
A1 - Saßnick, H.-D.
A1 - Ferreira De Araujo, F.
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Cocchi, C
T1 - X-ray absorption spectroscopy of scandium oxide polymorphs
N2 - Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) is a rare-earth oxide with significant potential in key technological areas, but due to its limited supply a deep understanding of its characteristics in different crystalline phases is still missing. Here, we present a combined experimental and ab initio X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of Sc2O3 focusing on excitations from the O K-edge and the Sc L2,3-edge. While measurements are performed on a cubic sample, the most stable phase under ambient conditions, six different polymorphs are computed, including two high-pressure phases with a trigonal and monoclinic lattice in addition to the cubic phase, as well as three computationally predicted structures. Our analysis of the structural and electronic properties reveals significant similarities between the cubic polymorph and the high-pressure trigonal phase, while the monoclinic crystal exhibits distinct features. The spectra simulated for these similar phases from the solution of the Bethe–Salpeter equation show very good agreement with measurements. Additional comparison with results computed in the independent-particle approximation highlights the dominant role of electron–hole correlations in shaping the absorption features, particularly at the O K-edge, where a common pattern with the features of other sesquioxides is identified. Our findings offer new insight into the spectral fingerprints of Sc2O3 polymorphs, aiding in situ characterization and informing sustainable materials management.
KW - Scandium
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-650806
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra06446e
VL - 15
IS - 56
SP - 47814
EP - 47825
AN - OPUS4-65080
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz
T1 - Synergistic effect of commercial and natural flame retardants in polylactide biocomposites
N2 - Main message: We propose a combination of natural biomass from algae species Desmodesmus sp.along with commercially available flame retardant Melapur200 (melamine polyphosphate) in different mass ratios. We have successfully demonstrated that the use of both of them in PLA matrix biocomposites shows a synergistic flame retardant effect. Introduction: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a biodegradable polymer produced from renewable resources such as corn starch and sugarcane, is increasingly being used as a substitute for traditional petrochemical-based polymers in various commercial applications. However, its flammability characteristics need improvement to enable its use as a technical polymer. Based on previous successful experiments on PLA biocomposites with phosphor-enriched algae as filler [1], it was even mandatory to continue with enhancement of PLA flame retardancy. Therefore, tests for PLA biocomposites with P-algae containing melamine polyphosphate at different mass ratios were performed. Pyrolysis, reaction to small fire and fire behavior tests were carried out. Results and Discussion: Thermal stability analyses showed that all composites decompose earlier at lower temperature than pure PLA to a small extent. The evolved gases analysis revealed the release of ammonia and phosphates for the composites tested. PCFC analysis showed the greatest decrease in pHRR for the sample containing Melapur200/Algae (Figure 1A). Similarly, in the fire behaviour analysis, the best result was obtained for the sample containing a mixture of Melapur200 and Algae (Figure 1B). Satisfying results were obtained in the tests of reaction to small flame, where all the samples passed the classification from V-2 to V-0 (in the UL 94 test) and the oxygen index for the best sample was 27.4 +- 0.2%. When only Melapur200 or algae are added separately, a slight flame retardant effect is visible, however if both materials are added in suitable mixtures to the polymer, a synergistic effect is observable. In some cases, it can even be observed that the synergistic effect has surpassed expectations from the superposition. In conclusion, the combination of Melapur200 together with microalgae gives satisfying flame retardant effects for PLA biocomposites. Acknowledgement: The authors thank Dr. Georgios Mourgas (Tecnaro GmbH), and Dr. Michael Schweizer (Tecnaro GmbH) for their contributions to conceptualizing the project, raising the grant, and supporting this work. Thanks to Dr. Robert Gleuwitz (formerly of the BAM), Dr. Claudia Thomsen (iSeaMC GmbH) and Prof. Dr. Laurenz Thomsen (formerly of Jacobs University Bremen, now University of Gothenburg), Thanks to the financial support of the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – BMBF: KMU-innovativ: Biooekonomie 031B1289B
T2 - 20th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials (FRPM2025)
CY - Madrid, Spain
DA - 03.06.2025
KW - Polylactide
KW - Melamine polyphosphate
KW - Microalgae
KW - Synergism
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63399
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz
A1 - Bhatia, Riya
A1 - Dey, R.
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
A1 - Ullrich, M. S.
A1 - Thomsen, C.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Wastewater phosphorus enriched algae as a sustainable flame retardant in polylactide
N2 - Revolutionizing our polymer industry for adaption to a sustainable carbon circular economy has become one of today’s most demanding challenges. Exploiting renewable resources to replace fossil-fuel—based plastics with biopolymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is inevitable while using waste streams as a raw material resource at least is promising. When it comes to using PLA as technical polymer, its high flammability must be addressed by flame retardants compatible with the thermoplastic processing of PLA and its compostability. This study proposes microalgae enriched with phosphorus from wastewater (P-Algae) as an elegant way towards a kind of sustainable organophosphorus flame retardant. The concept is demonstrated by investigating the processing, pyrolysis, flammability, and fire behavior of PLA/P-Algae, while varying the P-Algae content and comparing P-Algae with four alternative bio-fillers (phosphorylated lignin, biochar, thermally treated sewage sludge, and metal phytate) with different P-contents as meaningful benchmarks.
KW - PLA
KW - Flame Retardancy
KW - Phosphorylated Algae
KW - Wastewater flame retardants
KW - Zink phytate
KW - Phosphorylated lignin
KW - Thermally treated sludge
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604150
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110885
SN - 1873-2321
SN - 0141-3910
VL - 227
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-60415
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz
A1 - Bhatia, Riya
A1 - Dey, Rohit
A1 - Ullrich, Matthias S.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Phosphor-enriched wastewater products as sustainable flame retardant in PLA
N2 - Revolutionizing our polymer industry for adaption to a sustainable carbon circular economy has become one of today’s most demanding challenges. Exploiting renewable resources to replace fossil-fuel—based plastics with biopolymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is inevitable while using waste streams as a raw material resource at least is promising. When it comes to using PLA as technical polymer, its high flammability must be addressed by flame retardants compatible with the thermoplastic processing of PLA and its compostability. This study proposes microalgae enriched with phosphorus from wastewater (P-Algae) as an elegant way towards a kind of sustainable organophosphorus flame retardant. The concept is demonstrated by investigating the processing, pyrolysis, flammability, and fire behavior of PLA/P-Algae, while varying the P-Algae content and comparing P-Algae with four alternative bio-fillers (phosphorylated lignin, biochar, thermally treated sewage sludge, and metal phytate) with different P-contents as meaningful benchmarks.
T2 - EcoFRam2024
CY - Valencia, Spain
DA - 22.05.2024
KW - PLA
KW - Flame retardancy
KW - Phosphorylated algae
KW - Wastewater flame retardants
KW - Zink phytate
KW - Phosphorylated lignin
KW - Thermally treated sludge
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60142
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz
A1 - Dural, Esra
A1 - Dey, R.
A1 - Ullrich, M. S.
A1 - Huth, Christian
A1 - Thomson, C.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Together We Can: Synergistic Flame Retardancy by Melamine Polyphosphate and Phosphorylated Microalgae in Polylactide Biocomposites
N2 - A strategy for enhancing the sustainable flame retardancy of polylactide (PLA) composites by partially replacing melamine polyphosphate (MPP), a commercial flame retardant proposed for PLA, with wastewater polyphosphate-enriched microalgae (P-Algae) has been explored. The incorporation of P-Algae at a 1:1 ratio with MPP leads to a notable synergistic effect, surpassing the expected additive behavior of the individual components. Comprehensive characterization encompassing thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC), cone calorimeter, oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 tests, and rheological measurements—demonstrates that the presence of this biomaterial can significantly enhance flame retardant performance. Replacing 50% of MPP with P-Algae in PLA resulted in a 17% reduction in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and maintained a V-0 rating in UL-94 testing. The use of P-Algae does not compromise the flame retardancy of PLA but rather contributes positively, offering a promising path toward more sustainable flame-retardant systems. By leveraging naturally derived biomass, this approach aligns with the growing demand for novel eco-friendly technologies in polymer engineering. Insights into an innovative renewable additive as a functional and effective component in flame-retardant biocomposites have been achieved.
KW - Flame retardancy
KW - Melamine polyphosphate
KW - Phosphorus- enriched microalgae
KW - Polylactide PLA
KW - Synergism
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640539
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.70350
SN - 1099-1581
SN - 1042-7147
VL - 36
IS - 9
SP - e70350
PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64053
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz
A1 - Riechers, Birte
A1 - Maaß, Robert
A1 - Michalchuk, Adam
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
T1 - Beyond conventional calorimetry: Unlocking thermal characterization with fast scanning techniques
N2 - Fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) has emerged as a transformative technique in thermal analysis, enabling the investigation of rapid and kinetically driven thermal transitions that are inaccessible to conventional differential scanning calorimetry. This review highlights the capabilities enabled by FSC for studying a wide range of materials under extreme thermal conditions, including polymers, pharmaceuticals, metallic glasses, nanocomposites, and hydrogels. By employing ultrafast heating and cooling rates, FSC allows for the suppression of crystallization, resolution of weak transitions, and analysis of thermally labile or size-limited samples. The technique is particularly valuable for probing glass transitions, relaxation phenomena, and phase behavior in systems with complex morphologies or confined geometries. Case studies demonstrate the use of FSC in characterizing vitrification, physical aging, and interfacial dynamics, as well as its application in emerging fields such as additive manufacturing, supramolecular systems, and neuromorphic materials. Together, these examples underscore the role that FSC plays in advancing the understanding of structure-property relationships across diverse material classes.
KW - Flash DSC
KW - Calorimetry
KW - Glass transition
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647405
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2025.180177
VL - 754
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-64740
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Phosphor-enriched wastewater products as sustainable flame retardant in PLA
N2 - Revolutionizing our polymer industry for adaption to a sustainable carbon circular economy has become one of today’s most demanding challenges. Exploiting renewable resources to replace fossil-fuel—based plastics with biopolymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is inevitable while using waste streams as a raw material resource at least is promising. When it comes to using PLA as technical polymer, its high flammability must be addressed by flame retardants compatible with the thermoplastic processing of PLA and its compostability. This study proposes microalgae enriched with phosphorus from wastewater (P-Algae) as an elegant way towards a kind of sustainable organophosphorus flame retardant. The concept is demonstrated by investigating the processing, pyrolysis, flammability, and fire behavior of PLA/P-Algae, while varying the P-Algae content and comparing P-Algae with four alternative bio-fillers (phosphorylated lignin, biochar, thermally treated sewage sludge, and metal phytate) with different P-contents as meaningful benchmarks.
T2 - Polymers for Sustainable Future
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 24.06.2024
KW - PLA
KW - Flame Retardancy
KW - Thermally Treated Sludge
KW - Phosphorylated Algae
KW - Zink Phytate
KW - Wastewater Flame Retardants
KW - Phosphorylated Lignin
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60619
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eiby, Simon H. J.
A1 - Tobler, Dominique J.
A1 - Voigt, Laura
A1 - van Genuchten, Case M.
A1 - Bruns, Stefan
A1 - Jensen, Kirsten M. Ø.
A1 - Stawski, Tomasz M.
A1 - Wirth, Richard
A1 - Benning, Liane G.
A1 - Stipp, S. L. S.
A1 - Dideriksen, Knud
T1 - Topotactic Redox-Catalyzed Transformation of Iron Oxides
N2 - Fe oxides frequently exist in systems containing both Fe(II) and Fe(III), where their reactivity is enhanced and where interfacial electron transfer from Fe(II) adsorbed to the solids causes the transformation of metastable Fe oxides. Here, we contribute to the understanding of such a transformation using green rust sulfate (GR) synthesized in the presence or absence of Si or Al as the starting material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and pair distribution function (PDF) analyses showed that (i) rapid oxidation by Cr(VI) caused transformation to Fe oxyhydroxide with short-range ordering, with a pattern identical to that reported for the oxidation of isolated GR hydroxide sheets (i.e., a trilayer of Fe with both edge- and corner-sharing polyhedra) and (ii) goethite formed at the expense of the short-range-ordered Fe oxyhydroxide when residual Fe(II) was present, particularly when Si was absent. This is consistent with the Fe(II)-catalyzed transformation of the short-range-ordered Fe oxyhydroxide. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the two oxidation products coexisted within individual particles and that particle shape and the crystallographic orientation of both products were inherited from the original GR crystals, i.e., they had formed through topotactic transformation. We interpret that the structural reorganization to goethite occurred either in response to distortions caused by polaron movement or as a result of electron transfer reactions occurring at internal surfaces. Once nucleated, goethite growth can be sustained by dissolution–reprecipitation.
KW - Iron oxide
KW - Electron microscopy
KW - Pair distribution funvtion
KW - Total scattering
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00220
SN - 2472-3452
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-64924
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Elert, Anna Maria
A1 - Meyer, Lena
A1 - Brunner, Nanine
A1 - Melzer, Micheal
A1 - Koch, Claudia
T1 - Advancing Digital Quality Infrastructure: Transforming Laboratory Processes for Enhanced Efficiency and Reliability
N2 - The digital Quality Infrastructure (QI) holds significant potential for ensuring and enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and efficiency of laboratory processes. Establishing digital QI tools and processes and the integration into the larger digital QI ecosystem however comes with many technical and organizational challenges at the laboratory but also larger system level. This paper presents solutions of a digital QI tool set that are being developed within the German initiative QI-Digital, our own experiences in the implementation of Digital Calibration Certificates (DCCs) as eAttestation in our laboratory, as well as the structured process we have been establishing to engage with the laboratory community to support adoption of the digital QI.
T2 - 2025 IMEKO TC-6 International Conference of Metrology and Digital Transformation - M4DConf
CY - Benevento, Italy
DA - 03.09.2025
KW - Digital Calibration Certificate
KW - Digitalization
KW - Laboratories
KW - Quality Inflastructure
PY - 2025
VL - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-64283
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelt, Alexandra
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Circular Design - Prinzipien der Circular Economy in der Produktentwicklung
N2 - Die Präsentation fasst die Entwicklung und das aktuelle Verständnis von Produkteffizienz im europäischen Kontext zusammen. Aufbauend darauf werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur besseren Selbstreflexion der eigenen Produkte erörtert und ein entsprechendes systematisches Vorgehen dazu vorgestellt. Abschließend werden die Verknüpfungen zu weiteren und zukünftigen Rechtsbereichen mit einer Schnittmenge zum Produktrecht zusammengefasst.
T2 - Handelsblatt Konferenz 2026
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 21.01.2026
KW - Circular economy
KW - Product efficiency
KW - Product design
KW - Ecodesign
KW - Policy making
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65430
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
T1 - Challenges of SEC and the necessity of round robin tests
N2 - Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is still the method of choice for determining the molar mass and molar mass distribution of macromolecules. It is a liquid chromatographic technique that separates molecules based on their size, respectively their hydrodynamic volume using a porous stationary phase that allows smaller molecules to pass through the pores while excluding larger molecules. The chromatogram from the size separation can be calibrated using polymers of known molar mass resulting in a relative molar mass distribution curve. From this distribution curve molar mass averages and the oligomer content (percentage of peak area smaller than 1000 g/mol and 500 g/mol) of polymers can be derived.
The determination of oligomer content is important, because it is often used in regulatory contexts as a measure of small, mobile and potentially more toxic parts of the polymer. Polymer regulations are of increasing political and societal importance. Regulations often strive for narrow limits. But SEC has rather large error margins of 10-20% for the molar mass determination performed in different laboratories or on different instruments. These variances are well known to all experts and users and have been investigated in several round robin tests in the past. These resulted in DIN and ISO standards which, in our opinion, no longer meet today's requirements. Gaps have been identified that require further harmonization. Different polymer types or classes require different methods.
On the other hand, as far as we know, the margins of error in determining oligomer content have not yet been investigated. It is expected that the variation will be rather high. This is because it depends on many factors related to the experimental conditions (column sets used, solvent, temperatures, sample preparation) on the one hand, and the data evaluation mechanisms (choice of baseline and peak limits) on the other. In order to actually measure the error margins and to support this with actual data a round robin test has been performed from June to November 2024 with approx. 40 participating laboratories. Three different solvents were selected, namely THF, DMAc or DMF and water. The samples were selected taking into account a wide range of practical aspects far from narrowly distributed standards: e.g higher distribution range, reduced solubility, included side components, copolymers and dispersions with gel content.
In this contribution we will present the detailed concept of this round robin test and first impressions.
T2 - 11th International Symposium on the Separation and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
DA - 21.01.2025
KW - Size exclusion chromatography
KW - Round robin tests
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62533
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
T1 - Challenges of sec and the necessity of round robin tests
N2 - Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is still the method of choice for determining the molar mass and molar mass distribution of macromolecules. From the distribution curve molar mass averages and the oligomer content (percentage of peak area smaller than 1000 g/mol and 500 g/mol) of polymers can be derived.
The determination of oligomer content is important, because it is often used in regulatory contexts as a measure of small, mobile and potentially more toxic parts of the polymer. Polymer regulations are of increasing political and societal importance. Regulations often strive for narrow limits. But SEC has rather large error margins of 10-20% for the molar mass determination performed in different laboratories or on different instruments. These variances are well known to all experts and users and have been investigated in several round robin tests in the past. These resulted in DIN and ISO standards which, in our opinion, no longer meet today's requirements. Gaps have been identified that require further harmonization. Different polymer types or classes require different methods.
On the other hand, as far as we know, the margins of error in determining oligomer content have not yet been investigated. It is expected that the variation will be rather high. This is because it depends on many factors related to the experimental conditions (column sets used, solvent, temperatures, sample preparation) on the one hand, and the data evaluation mechanisms (choice of baseline and peak limits) on the other. In order to actually measure the error margins and to support this with actual data a round robin test has been performed from June to November 2024 with approx. 40 participating laboratories. Three different solvents were selected, namely THF, DMAc or DMF and water. The samples were selected taking into account a wide range of practical aspects far from narrowly distributed standards: e.g higher distribution range, reduced solubility, included side components, copolymers and dispersions with gel content.
In this contribution we will present the detailed concept of this round robin test and impressions
T2 - 2025 Polymer Separations GNT meeting, Dow
CY - Online meeting
DA - 25.02.2025
KW - Polymers
KW - Size exclusion chromatography
KW - REACH
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63314
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
T1 - 70 years size exclusion chromatography - An ongoing challenge
N2 - The reason for our current activities is that polymers may also be subject to REACh regulations in the future. In this context, the determination of oligomer content is important.
SEC is still the method of choice for determining molar mass distribution. The regulations aim for narrow limits and SEC has rather large error margins, which are well known to all experts. Different polymers need different methods. What to do when samples with a wide range of practical aspects, samples with higher distribution range, reduced solubility, including side components, gel content etc. need be analyzed?
A concept for round robin tests and first impressions will be presented.
T2 - Analytical Solutions 2025
CY - Ede, Netherlands
DA - 04.06.2025
KW - Polymers
KW - Size exclusion chromatography
KW - REACH
KW - Round Robin Tests
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63310
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
T1 - Error margins in the Determination of Molar Mass and Oligomer Content of Polymers
N2 - Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is still the method of choice for determining the molar mass and molar mass distribution of macromolecules.
It is a liquid chromatographic technique that separates molecules based on their size, respectively their hydrodynamic volume using a porous stationary phase that allows smaller molecules to pass through the pores while excluding larger molecules. The chromatogram from the size separation can be calibrated using polymers of known molar mass resulting in a relative molar mass distribution curve. From this distribution curve molar mass averages and the oligomer content (percentage of peak area smaller than 1000 g/mol and 500 g/mol) of polymers can be derived.
The determination of oligomer content is important, because it is often used in regulatory contexts as a measure of small, mobile and potentially more toxic parts of the polymer. Polymer regulations are of increasing political and social importance. Regulations often set very narrow limits.
SEC has rather large error margins of 10-20% for the molar mass determination performed in different laboratories or on different instruments. These variances are well known to all experts and users and have been investigated in several round robin tests in the past. These resulted in DIN and ISO standards which, in our opinion, no longer meet today's requirements.
As far as we know, the margins of error in determining oligomer content have not yet been investigated. It is expected that the variation will be rather high. This is because it depends on many factors related to the experimental conditions (column sets used, solvent, temperatures, sample preparation) on the one hand, and the data evaluation mechanisms (choice of baseline and peak limits) on the other.
In order to actually measure the error margins and to support this with actual data a round robin test has been performed from June to November 2024 with approx. 40 participating laboratories.
Three different solvents were selected, namely THF, DMAc or DMF and water.
The samples were selected together with all the experts, taking into account a wide range of practical aspects far from narrowly distributed standards: e.g higher distribution range, reduced solubility, included side components, copolymers and dispersions with gel content.
In this contribution we will present the detailed concept of this round robin test and first results.
T2 - SETAC Europe 35th Annual Meeting
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 11.05.2025
KW - Size exclusion chromatography
KW - REACH
KW - Polymers
KW - Round Robin Tests
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63307
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
T1 - Limitations of SEC: Strategies for Improved Regulatory Polymer Analysis
N2 - Polymers, composed of repeating units called monomers, exhibit a diverse range of properties, with molecular weight distribution (MWD) being particularly important for regulatory risk assessments. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), or gel permeation chromatography (GPC), is the primary technique for MWD characterization, as detailed in OECD guidelines 118 and 119, along with DIN and ISO standards. However, SEC faces significant shortcomings that complicate the accurate determination of MWD and oligomer content. These limitations include the insolubility of certain polymers, crosslinking, and ultra-high molecular weight characteristics, which can exceed SEC's separation capabilities. The presence of salts or modifiers can further interfere with oligomer content determination, and the availability of appropriate SEC columns and calibration standards limits comparability across laboratories.
To enhance SEC's reliability and applicability within regulatory frameworks, innovative methods and strategies are essential. Proposed solutions involve new sample preparation techniques, advanced data interpretation methods, and the establishment of standardized methodologies to promote harmonization. This is especially crucial in light of the expected Polymer REACh (PREACh) legislation, which aims to regulate polymer registration and risk assessment within the European market.
Given the anticipated complexity of the registration process, which requires extensive data generation, proactive strategies are needed to address SEC's challenges. Currently, there are no viable alternatives for oligomer content determination, and the unique properties of polymers often necessitate tailored analytical approaches. Without new methodologies and guidelines, the polymer registration process could become burdensome and costly, jeopardizing important products and markets in the EU.
Key areas for improvement include extending existing norms to cover a broader range of solvents, addressing high error margins in oligomer content determination, establishing harmonized approaches for dealing with side components, and providing clarity on measuring partially soluble polymers. In conclusion, addressing SEC's limitations through the development of comprehensive guidelines and harmonization is critical for ensuring accurate and efficient polymer analysis, ultimately facilitating smoother registration processes.
T2 - SETAC Europe 35th Annual Meeting
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 11.05.2025
KW - Size exclusion chromatography
KW - Polymers
KW - REACH
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63309
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
A1 - Fink, Friedrich
T1 - Biobased and biodegradable polymers - sustainability and circular economy
N2 - The presentation shows recent results on the synthesis and modification of environmentally relevant polymers based on renewable resources and the associated development of robust, high quality analytical methods. The first topic presents analytical results for star-shaped polylactides with different degrees of functionalisation. It is shown how liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry methods complement each other in a proven way to obtain accurate molar masses and to quantify chemically heterogeneous species. The second part presents an approach to incorporate lignin into epoxy matrices to obtain covalently adaptable epoxy networks that can be reprocessed and reused.
T2 - 11th International Symposium on the Separation and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
DA - 21.01.2025
KW - Polylactides
KW - Ligninbased thermosets
KW - MALDI-TOF-MS
KW - Gradient elution liquid adsorption chromatography
KW - Atomic force spectroscopy
KW - FT-IR
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62532
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Falkenhagen, Sandra F.
T1 - black as hell, strong as death and sweet as love - pyrolyzed waste materials and cyclodextrins as effective filler in flame retarded epoxy composites
N2 - Renewable alternatives for common thermoset resins are demanded to go for sustainability. The objective is to create a flame retarded epoxy resin from a commercial bio epoxy resin with halogen free inorganic and organic flame retardants, respectively. Alumina trihydrate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, a DOPO-based phosphonamidate and ammonium polyphosphate seem to have promising performances. Properties are enhanced with different bio fillers: pyrolyzed cocoa shells and plant waste (provided by Otto A. Müller Recycling GmbH, thanks!), short fibers and nonwovens of the natural fiber kenaf, hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-ß-cyclodextrin.
Fire performance is investigated by cone calorimeter examinations, LOI and UL-94 ratings. Thermal analysis is given by TG-FTIR and DSC measurements.
Combinations of flame retardants and bio-fillers lead to reduced PHRR and THR, reach V0 in UL-94 and have a significant increase in LOI of up to 37 vol.-%. 10 % ammonium polyphosphate with 10 % pyrolyzed cocoa shell performs best, builds a magnificent protective layer, and shows good intumescence.
T2 - 3rd international conference on eco-friendly flame retardant additives and materials
CY - Alès, France
DA - 17.05.2022
KW - Epoxy resin
KW - Flame retardant
KW - Kenaf fiber
KW - Pyrolyzed plant waste
KW - Cyclodextrin
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54928
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fink, Friedrich
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
T1 - From bench to mini – Classification of technical lignins with NIR
N2 - Lignin, a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, is the second most abundant biopolymer but remains underutilized due to its complex structure and variability in biomass origin. Classification based on biomass source is crucial for quality assurance and application predictability. This study employs near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to classify technical lignins from softwoods, hardwoods, straw, and grasses. Machine learning models (ML), including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Gaussian Process Classification (GPC), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), and Decision Tree Classification (DTC), were developed using spectral preprocessing and principle component analysis (PCA).
The models were compared with spectra from handheld and compact
spectrometers. Results highlight the potential of NIR spectroscopy and machine learning to enable rapid, reliable lignin classification, paving the way for improved industrial utilization of this abundant resource.
T2 - 11th International Symposium on the Separation and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules
CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands
DA - 21.01.2025
KW - Lignin
KW - Classification
KW - Near infrared spectroscopy
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62531
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Fink, Friedrich
A1 - Stawski, Tomasz M.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana
T1 - A novel machine-learning approach to unlock technical lignin classification by NIR spectroscopy - bench to handheld
N2 - In this research, the utilization of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with advanced machine learning methods is investigated for categorizing technical lignins obtained from different biomass sources and industrial procedures. Technical lignins, such as kraft, organosolv and lignosulfonates, have different chemical compositions, which continue to make uniform characterization and application in sustainable sectors extremely difficult. Fast, universally accessible analytics combined with data analysis is still an open question. For the first time three distinct NIR spectrometers—a high-performance benchtop system, a mid-priced compact device, and an economical handheld unit—were utilized to record NIR spectra of 31 unique lignin samples. The spectra underwent pre-processing through standard normal variate (SNV) transformation and Savitzky-Golay derivatives to amplify spectral features and decrease noise. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to reduce data complexity and extract crucial characteristics for classification purposes. Subsequently, four machine learning algorithms—Support Vector Machines (SVM), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), Gaussian Process Classification (GPC), and Decision Tree Classification (DTC)—were implemented for the classification of the lignin samples. The DTC model exhibited the highest accuracy among them across different spectrometers. Although the benchtop spectrometer produced the most precise outcomes, the compact NeoSpectra system also displayed potential as a cost-efficient option. Nonetheless, the restricted spectral coverage of the handheld NIRONE spectrometer resulted in reduced classification accuracy. Our discoveries highlight the capability of NIR spectroscopy, combined with robust data analysis techniques, for the swift and non-destructive classification of technical lignins, facilitating their improved utilization in sustainable fields.
KW - Technical lignins
KW - NIR spectroscopy
KW - Classification
KW - Machine-learning
KW - PCA
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634518
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2025.105467
SN - 0169-7439
VL - 264
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-63451
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Fliehe, Marc
A1 - Steinke, Ingo
A1 - Koch, Claudia
A1 - Elert, Anna Maria
A1 - Meyer, Lena
T1 - Konformität digital nachweisen: Maschinenlesbare Zertifikate für mehr Vertrauen und Effizienz
N2 - Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung und die Komplexität globaler Lieferketten erfordern ein Umdenken in der Qualitätsinfrastruktur (QI). Papierbasierte Prozesse werden den Anforderungen der digitalen Wirtschaft nicht mehr gerecht. Um wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben und Handelshemmnisse abzubauen, müssen diese Strukturen modernisiert werden.
Digitale, maschinenlesbare Zertifikate ermöglichen eine Neugestaltung der Qualitätssicherung entlang globaler Wertschöpfungsketten. Sie bieten Verbraucher*innen, Wirtschaft und Behörden erhebliche Vorteile, erleichtern die Automatisierung von Konformitätsprüfungen und unterstützen die Einhaltung komplexer regulatorischer Anforderungen.
KW - Digitale Zertifikate
KW - Maschinenlesbare Zertifikate
KW - Digitale Transformation
KW - Digitalisierung
KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur
KW - Konformitätsbewertung
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 16
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-62043
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gebhardt, M.
A1 - Malolakis, I.
A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard
A1 - Deubener, J.
A1 - Chakraborty, S.
A1 - Meiners, D.
T1 - Re-use potential of carbon fibre fabric recovered from infusible thermoplastic CFRPs in 2nd generation thermosetting-matrix composites
N2 - The research presented here attempts to assess the potential for re-using carbon fibre (CF) fabrics recovered from recycling infusible acrylic thermoplastic carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) in a universal manner, i.e. by combining with a wide variety of matrices to manufacture 2nd generation composite laminates by resin infusion. The 2nd generation composites have been compared in terms of bulk and interfacial properties against counteparts processed with virgin carbon fibre fabric infused with the same matrices. Generally, an increase in damping (tanδ) was observed in all 2nd generation composites, which can be attributed to a residual thin thermoplastic layer present on the recovered fibres. The interfacial adhesion of the 2nd generation Composites was investigated by shear tests and scanning electron micsoscopy, and also appears to be less influenced by the type of matrix.
KW - Composite recycling
KW - Thermoplastic matrix
KW - Thermosetting resin
KW - Fibre/matrix bonding
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.100974
VL - 28
SP - 100974
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Niederlande
AN - OPUS4-53639
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Geburtig, Anja
T1 - Umfassende Analyse von Leachabels aus rezyklierten HDPE-Kanistern
N2 - Es wurde untersucht, welche Substanzen aus rHDPE-Post-Consumer-Rezyklat herausgelöst und nachgewiesen werden können (Non-Target-Analytik). Die Substanzen wurden sowohl chemisch als auch anwendungsbezogen systematisiert.
Diskutiert wurde die Nutzung der Ergebnisse zur Festlegung von Qualitätskriterien von rHDPE sowie zur Verbesserung des mechanischen Recycling-Prozesses.
T2 - 20. Gefahrgut-Technik-Tage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.11.2025
KW - rHDPE
KW - Rezyklat
KW - Leachables
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64852
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
T1 - Investigation and comparison of Scandium species in different European bauxite residues by combination of novel analytocall tools
N2 - In recent times, as the need for new high-tech materials is growing steadily to fulfil future sustainability goals, more and more looks turn towards industrial waste streams as potential sources of valuable metals. Bauxite residue (BR), accumulating during alumina production, is one of the major waste streams in the metal industry. Suitable re-use possibilities for BR are intensively investigated including approaches for the recovery of scandium (Sc). This transition metal, even though rarely recognized by the broader audience yet, has recently gained the interest of e.g. aerospace industries and SOFC-producers since its use is strongly improving the performance and durability of the respective materials.
Even though many sources classify Sc as one of the REE, there are many aspects, such as its ionic radius, which significantly differentiate Sc from the REE and cause its behaviour to be distinct as well. The large ionic potential (radius/charge) causes Sc to be incompatible in most rock forming minerals, which results in generally low concentrations in the earth’s crust and rare occurrences of natural Sc-deposits.
The general occurrence of enriched concentrations of Sc in some BRs compared to the earth’s crust is known for some time now and has especially been investigated for Greek materials. However, the (geo)chemical and mineralogical behaviour, the Sc speciation, the association and the variation of Sc occurrences in BRs of different origin is still not fully understood. This study aims to gain better knowledge on the different kinds of Sc-occurrences and their possible impact on future recovery schemes. We therefore apply a diverse set of analytical methods including novel measurement techniques such as X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy as well as standard techniques such as electron microprobe analyses, and Raman spectroscopy on BRs from Germany, Hungary and Greece. Information on the local distribution of Sc is determined by high-resolution laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) mappings.
Sc in Greek BR seems to have an affinity towards Fe-Phases such as Goethite and Hematite. However, whereas some of these phases show distinct enrichment of Sc, others are particularly barren, which might be a result of the different input materials. By means of XANES measurements it was possible to show that Sc in the Greek samples occurs adsorbed on the surface of those Fe-Phases, likely in the form of amorphous Sc-hydroxide or -oxyhydroxide or can be incorporated into the crystal lattice as well. The general affinity of Sc to those kinds of phases has been reported for natural rocks such as laterites before, where similar investigations were made using the XANES method [8]. Likewise, the Fe-association has been observed for Greek BR by Vind et al. [7]. Hungarian BRs show similar results as the Greek samples and LA-ICP-MS mappings show distinct Sc enrichment rims surrounding mineral particles. In German BR, Fe as well as Ti-phases occur to be partially enriched in Sc. Depending on the original primary bauxite, the source rock of the bauxite and the bauxite processing route, it is likely that many different parameters influence the occurrence and species of Sc in the BR. Theoretically, it either can therefore remain within its original carrier or can be partially or fully redistributed within the BR. Since the processing of the bauxite involves elevated temperatures, pressure and dissolving reagents, it is however very likely that some of the Sc will be redistributed and adsorb on mineral surfaces of smaller and larger particles, making beneficiation steps rather ineffective.
The study shows that there is no general rule defining how Sc is associated mineralogically or chemically within BRs. Therefore, the effective development of a recovery method needs a case specific background knowledge on the Sc-species present in the BR of interest. This research has received funding from the European Community’s Horizon 2020 Programme SCALE (H2020/2014-2020) under grant agreement n° 730105.
T2 - 3rd European Rare Earth Resources Conference (ERES) 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.10.2020
KW - Red Mud
KW - Scandium
KW - Bauxite Residue
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51570
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Paul, Andrea
A1 - Serrano, Juan
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Understanding scandium leaching from bauxite residues of different geological backgrounds using statistical design of experiments
N2 - The leaching behavior of scandium (Sc) from bauxite residues can differ significantly when residues of different geological backgrounds are compared. The mineralogy of the source rock and the physicochemical environment during bauxitization affect the association of Sc in the bauxite i.e., how Sc is distributed amongst different mineral phases and whether it is incorporated in and/or adsorbed onto those phases. The Sc association in the bauxite is in turn crucial for the resulting Sc association in the bauxite residue. In this study systematic leaching experiments were performed on three different bauxite residues using a statistical design of experiments approach. The three bauxite residues compared originated from processing of lateritic and karstic bauxites from
Germany, Hungary, and Russia. The recovery of Sc and Fe was determined by ICP-OES measurements. Mineralogical changes were analyzed by X-ray-diffraction and subsequent Rietveld refinement. The effects of various parameters including temperature, acid type, acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and residence time were studied. A response surface model was calculated for the selected case of citric acid leaching of Hungarian bauxite residue. The investigations showed that the type of bauxite residue has a strong influence. The easily leachable fraction of Sc can vary considerably between the types, reaching ~20–25% in German Bauxite residue and ~50% in Russian bauxite residue. Mineralogical investigations revealed that a major part of this fraction was released from secondary phases such as cancrinite and katoite formed during Bayer processing of the bauxite.
The effect of temperature on Sc and Fe recovery is strong especially when citric acid is used. Based on the exponential relationship between temperature and Fe-recovery it was found to be particularly important for the selectivity of Sc over Fe. Optimization of the model for a maximum Sc recovery combined with a minimum Fe
recovery yielded results of ~28% Sc recovery at <2% Fe recovery at a temperature of 60 ◦C, a citric acid normality of 1.8, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16 ml/g. Our study has shown that detailed knowledge about the Sc association and distribution in bauxite and bauxite residue is key to an efficient and selective leaching of Sc
from bauxite residues.
KW - Bauxite residue
KW - Scandium
KW - Leaching
KW - Design of experiments
KW - Red mud
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.107041
SN - 0375-6742
VL - 2022
IS - 240
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Science
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-55531
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Vogel, Christian
A1 - Gäbler, H.-E.
A1 - Huthwelker, T.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Investigation of scandium in bauxite residues of different origin
N2 - This paper focuses on the scandium speciation in bauxite residues of different origin. Insights into mineralchemical similarities and differences of these materials will be presented and links to their natural geological background discussed. The presented research should provide fundamental knowledge for the future development of efficient and viable technologies for Sc-recovery from bauxite residues derived from different bauxites and accumulating at different localities. In total, five bauxite residues were investigated which originated from Greece, Germany, Hungary and Russia (North Ural & North Timan) using a combination of different analytical tools. Those included: laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption near Edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, μ-Raman spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analyses. X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to determine the overall chemical composition. The investigated samples were found to exhibit a relatively homogenous distribution of Sc between the larger mineral particles and the fine-grained matrix except for Al-phases like diaspore, boehmite and gibbsite. These phases were found to be particularly low in Sc. The only sample where Sc mass fractions in Al-phases exceeded 50 mg/kg was the Russian sample from North Ural. Fe-phases such as goethite, hematite and chamosite (for Russian samples) were more enriched in Sc than the Al-phases.
In fact, in Greek samples goethite showed a higher capacity to incorporate or adsorb Sc than hematite. Accessory minerals like zircon, rutile/anatase and ilmenite were found to incorporate higher mass fractions of Sc (>150 mg/kg), however, those minerals are only present in small amounts and do not represent major host phases for Sc. In Russian samples from North Ural an additional Ca–Mg rich phase was found to contain significant mass fractions of Sc (>500 mg/kg). μ-XANES spectroscopy was able to show that Sc in bauxite residue occurs adsorbed onto mineral surfaces as well as incorporated into the crystal lattice of certain Fe-phases. According to our observations the bauxite type, i.e. karstic or lateritic, the atmospheric conditions during bauxitization, i.e. oxidizing or reducing, and consequently the dominant Sc-bearing species in the primary Bauxite influence the occurrence of Sc in bauxite residues. In karstic bauxites, underlying carbonate rocks can work as a pH-barrier and stabilize Sc. This prevents the Sc from being mobilized and removed during bauxitization. Hence, karstic bauxites are more prone to show a Sc enrichment than lateritic bauxites. Reducing conditions during bauxitization support the incorporation of Sc into clay minerals such as chamosite, which can dissolve and reprecipitate during Bayer processing causing Sc to be redistributed and primarily adsorb onto mineral surfaces in the bauxite residue. Oxidizing conditions support the incorporation of Sc into the crystal lattice of Fe-oxides and hydroxides, which are not affected in the Bayer process. The genetic history of the bauxite is therefore the major influential factor for the Sc occurrence in bauxite residues.
KW - Sc recovery
KW - Scandium
KW - Bauxite Residue
KW - Red Mud
KW - XANES
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.104898
SN - 0883-2927
VL - 126
SP - 104898
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-52123
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Giovannozzi, A
T1 - Metrological traceability of measurement data from nano- to small microplastics for a greener environment and food safety
N2 - This talk descibes the EMPIR project PlasticTrace. Reference materials for microplastics will be developed. The production process and characterisation is explained by SEM, Raman, IR, Py-GC/MS and TED-GC/MS. Homogeneity control was successful. Stability check show no changes over 6 month.
T2 - SETAC Europe 2024
CY - Sevilla, Spain
DA - 05.05.2024
KW - Microplastics
KW - Reference materials
KW - Polymer 3R
KW - TED-GC/MS
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60033
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gleis, Markus
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Schwermetallbelastung und Behandlung von Aschen aus Abfallverbrennungsanlagen
N2 - Die Thermische Abfallbehandlung in Abfallverbrennungsanlagen sorgt für eine Inertisierung des Restmülls bei gleichzeitiger Minimierung von abgas- und abwasserseitigen Emissionen. Da der Großteil der Rückstände in verwertbare Sekundärprodukte überführt wird, fördert die thermische Abfallbehandlung die Verwirklichung einer Circular Economy in Europa.
KW - Rostasche
KW - Circular Economy
KW - Ersatzbaustoffe
PY - 2021
SN - 1436-9095
VL - 23
IS - 3
SP - 48
EP - 52
PB - Springer Vieweg
CY - Wiesbaden
AN - OPUS4-52344
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleuwitz, F. Robert
T1 - Non-vegan flame retardant biocomposites
N2 - Products and by-products of the invertebrate and vertebrate farming, respectively, are shown to be promising bio-based flame retardant adjuvants in epoxy thermosets. While the addition of bone meal results in the formation of an inorganic shield, protein-based powders from insects provide an intumescent behavior under forced flaming conditions. Combining the latter with a common flame retardant such as ethylene diamine phosphate, the charring efficiency and self-extinguishing properties can be further enhanced.
T2 - 18th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials, FRPM21
CY - Budapest, Hungary
DA - 29.08.2021
KW - Bio-based
KW - Insects
KW - Epoxy
KW - Intumescence
KW - Flame retardancy
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53219
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gleuwitz, F. Robert
A1 - Battig, Alexander
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
T1 - Tenebrio molitor Beetle as a “Nonvegan” Adjuvant to Flame Retardants in Tannic Acid-Based Epoxy Thermosets
N2 - Material solutions that meet both circular bioeconomy policies and high technical requirements have become a matter of particular interest. In this work, a prospectively abundant proteinrich waste resource for the manufacturing of flame-retardant epoxy biocomposites, as well as for the synthesis of biobased flame retardants or adjuvants, is introduced. Different biomass fillers sourced from the cultivation of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor are embedded in a bioepoxy resin cured with tannic acid and investigated regarding the fire performance of the thermosets. By means of spectroscopic and thermal analysis (attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis-coupled FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry), the influence of the biomass microparticles on the curing and thermal degradation behavior is evaluated. The final performance of the biocomposites is assessed based on fire testing methodology (limited oxygen index, UL-94, and cone calorimetry). Providing a high charring efficiency in the specific tannic acid-based epoxy matrix, the protein-rich adult beetle is further investigated in combination with commercial environmentally benign flame retardants in view of its potential as an adjuvant. The results highlight a char forming effect of nonvegan fillers in the presence of tannic acid, particularly during thermal decomposition, and point toward the potential of protein-based flame retardants from industrial insect rearing for future formulations.
KW - Tannic acid
KW - Flame retardancy
KW - Sustainable
KW - Epoxy resin
KW - Insects
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00746
SN - 2168-0485
VL - 10
IS - 19
SP - 6313
EP - 6324
PB - ACS
AN - OPUS4-54845
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hamann, Christopher
A1 - Piehl, Patrick
A1 - Weingart, Eric
A1 - Stolle, Dirk
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Auer, Gerhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Selective removal of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust by chlorination–evaporation reactions
N2 - Re-melting of scrap in an electric arc furnace (EAF) results in the accumulation of filter dust from off-gas treatment that predominantly consists of iron and zinc oxides. Filter dust is classified as hazardous waste due to its high contents of potentially toxic or ecotoxic elements such as Pb, Cr, Cd, and As. A promising processing route for this waste is selective chlorination, in which the non-ferrous metal oxides are chlorinated and selectively evaporated in form of their respective chlorides from the remaining solids via the process gas flow. Here, we investigate stepwise thermochemical treatment of EAF dust with either waste iron(II) chloride solution or hydrochloric acid at 650, 800, and 1100 ◦C. The Zn and Pb contents of the thermochemically processed EAF dust could be lowered from 29.9% and 1.63% to 0.09% and 0.004%, respectively. Stepwise heating allowed high separation between zinc chloride at the 650 ◦C step and sodium-, potassium-, and lead-containing chlorides at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the lab-scale results were transferred to the use of an experimental rotary kiln highlighting the possibilities of upscaling the presented process. Selective chlorination of EAF dust with liquid chlorine donors is, therefore, suggested as a potential recycling method for Zn-enriched steelworks dusts.
KW - Electric arc furnace dust
KW - Zinc
KW - Selective Chlorination
KW - Hazardous waste
KW - Resource Recovery
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133421
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 465
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-59345
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hamann, Christopher
A1 - Spanka, M.
A1 - Stolle, Dirk
A1 - Auer, G.
A1 - Weingart, Eric
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recycling of blast-furnace sludge by thermochemical treatment with spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling
N2 - One of the typical wastes produced in blast-furnace (BF) ironmaking is BF sludge, which mostly consists of carbon and iron oxides, but also contains toxic trace metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg that render the material hazardous. Due to the lack of an established recycling process, BF sludges are landfilled, which is ecologically questionable and costly. Here, we investigate selective removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd from BF sludge by chlorination–evaporation reactions using thermodynamic modelling and laboratory-scale experiments. Specifically, BF sludge was thermochemically treated at 650–1000 °C with a spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling and the effects of process temperature and retention time on removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd were investigated. Zinc and Pb were quantitatively removed from BF sludge thermochemically treated at 900–1000 °C, whereas Fe and C as well as other major elements were mostly retained. The Zn, Pb, and Cd contents in the thermochemically treated BF sludge could be lowered from ∼56 g/kg, ∼4 g/kg, and ∼0.02 g/kg to ≤0.7 g/kg, ≤0.02 g/kg, and ≤0.008 g/kg, respectively, thus rendering the processed mineral residue a non-hazardous raw material that may be re-utilized in the blast furnace or on the sinter band.
KW - Blast-furnace sludge
KW - Selective chlorination
KW - Zinc chloride
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123511
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 402
IS - 123511
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51141
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -