TY - JOUR A1 - Jlalia, I. A1 - Gomri, M. A1 - Chabbah, T. A1 - Chatti, S. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Abderrazak, H. A1 - Marestin, C. A1 - Mercier, R. A1 - Ben Halima, H. A1 - Lakard, B. A1 - Jaffrezic Renault, N. T1 - Design of Fluorinated Poly(Ether-Pyridine) Films for Impedimetric Detection of Heavy Metal Ions N2 - A series of fluorinated poly(ether-pyridine)s were synthesized via polycondensation of bis-perfluoropyridine with either bisphe-nol A (BPA) or isosorbide, a bio-sourced diol. The polymers were characterized using 1 H and 19 F NMR spectroscopy, and their molecular weights were determined using GPC. Thermal properties were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The presence of isosorbide in polymer P2 increases the glass transition temperature and results in a lower molecular weight and a higher hydrophilicity. On the other hand, polymer P3, based on BPA, shows the best thermal stability, the highest molecular weight, and the most pronounced hydrophobic character. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the modified gold electrodes for the selective detection of metal ions. Among the four target ions (Ni 2+, Cd 2+, Pb2+, and Hg 2+), defined by the European Water Framework Directive, Pb2+ was selectively detected on the hydrophilic polymer P2, while Cd 2+ was selectively detected on the hydrophobic polymer P3. The achieved detection limits were 5 × 10−11 M, corresponding to 10 ng/L for Pb2+ and 5.6 ng/L for Cd 2+, respectively. KW - Cadmium KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy KW - Fluorinated polyether pyridines KW - Isosorbide KW - Lead PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.70038 SN - 1099-1581 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd. AN - OPUS4-62384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Yu, Jialu T1 - Simultaneous In Situ Fe Isotope and Trace Element Analysis by LASS-MC-ICPMS / ICP-ToF-MS: Validation and Applications N2 - Iron isotopes serve as sensitive tracers of iron’s origin, transformations, and cycling in the natural system. Their sensitivity to redox changes, biological processing, and mineral–fluid interactions makes them a valuable indicators in both geochemical and biological studies. To obtain Fe isotope ratios together with trace elemental information from the same ablation volume, a laser-ablation split-stream (LASS) configuration was employed:. The laser system was coupled simultaneously to a multi-collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) and an inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ICP-ToF-MS). The ablated aerosol is divided into two gas streams which enable for a high-precision Fe isotope measurements on the MC-ICP-MS while acquiring full quantitative multi-element datasets on ICP-ToF-MS. The performance of this approach was assessed validated using in-house gelatin reference materials and two well-characterized basaltic glass standards, BHVO-2G and BCR-2G. These materials were prepared and analysed to determine the accuracy and precision of the LASS setup. The obtained Fe isotope ratios and elemental concentrations were in a good agreement with established/published values, indicating that the method provides reliable isotope measurements alongside robust, quantitative elemental data. Following validation, the LASS technique was applied to a series of materials representing different scientific domains: the biological reference material NIST 1577c (bovine liver) and two iron-oxide materials: hematite (HMIE-NP-B01) and magnetite (MARK-NP-B01). The successful application of the method to these contrasting materials highlights the flexibility and analytical ability of the LASS approach for Fe isotope ratio measurement and elemental fingerprint in diverse geological and biological contexts. T2 - DGMS ICP-MS user meeting 2026 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 10.03.2026 KW - Fe isotope KW - Laser ablation KW - Geological materials KW - Split stream KW - Gelatin KW - ICP-ToF-MS KW - Elemental fingerprint PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65677 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sanchez-Olivares, Guadalupe A1 - Brehme, Sven A1 - Calderas, F. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame Retardant Polyolefins Using Fibers From Leather Waste: Adjusting Extrusion Variables to Balance the Property Profile N2 - The extrusion processing variables represent a key to the optimal use of additives and thus the development of flame-retardant polymer composites. Adjusting the property profile, for example, finding a balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties is the main challenge. In this work, the effect of blending temperature and rotational speed on physico-mechanical properties and fire behavior of polyolefin composites was investigated. High-density polyethylene or polypropylene was used as polymer matrices; the polymers were compounded by the extrusion process using industrial-waste leather fibers as flame retardant adjuvant and commercial flame-retardant additives. A detailed rheological analysis highlighted different viscoelastic behavior, that is, a predominant elastic or viscous one. The effect of the extrusion processing variables was also investigated on the morphology, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition, fire behavior under forced flaming combustion and flammability. Important improvements were revealed with respect to using only high loading of flame retardants. For high-density polyethylene-based composites, impact resistance and elongation at break increased 8 and 7.5 times, respectively. The total heat evolved (87MJ/m2), effective heat of combustion (31.6MJ/kg), flame retardancy (UL 94 rating) results were comparable with the reference sample. Meanwhile for polypropylene composites, the impact resistance increased 2.2 times and the flame retardancy was improved from no rating in the UL 94 vertical test to V-0 rating. Tailored processing was highlighted as an autonomous and powerful approach to achieve balanced and demanding properties. KW - Biomaterials KW - Composites KW - Extrusion KW - Flame retardance KW - Leather waste KW - Polyolefins PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656732 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.70048 SN - 1548-0585 SN - 1083-5601 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 410 EP - 430 PB - Wiley Periodicals LLC. AN - OPUS4-65673 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scharek, Vera M. A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - A direct solid sampling approach for fluorine determination via ETV/ICP-QQQ-MS N2 - Organic fluorine sum parameters are used to detect F-containing pollutants, e.g., per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), in the environment, within materials, or for monitoring technical processess, e.g., thermal decomposition of PFAS during municipal waste incineration. However, established approaches determining the extractable organic and adsorbable organic fluorine content (EOC and AOC) require laborious and error-prone sample preparation. We report a solid sampling-electrothermal vaporization (ETV) method for direct fluorine measurement based on the formation of [138Ba19F]+ with an inductively coupled plasma-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometer (ICP-QQQ-MS). Method development involved the instrumental setup for Ba introduction and fluorine-specific tuning of lens and collision-reaction cell (CRC) parameters. An inorganic fluorine fraction was detected in a cyclonic dust sample from a municipal waste incineration plant as a peak above a broad background signal. The content was estimated through standard addition using a NaF solution to 2300 mgg−1. With a limit of detection (LOD) of 130 mg g−1, which was below the reported value for an electrothermal vaporization/inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ETV/ICP-MS) approach, acquiring [19F]+. The method's potential for fractionation analysis was demonstrated by analyzing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder. KW - PFAS KW - ETV/ICP-QQQ-MS KW - Solid sampling PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656766 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ja00014b SN - 0267-9477 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-65676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelles aus dem BAM-Fachbeirat N2 - Die Anforderungen an Geokunststoffprodukte und deren Qualitätssicherung unterliegen einem stetigen Wandel, der sowohl durch technische Veränderungen als auch durch normative und organisatorische Entwicklungen geprägt ist. Insbesondere der Fachbeirat der BAM gemäß Deponieverordnung (DepV) spielt hier im Bereich der Deponietechnik eine wichtige Rolle. An dieser Stelle sollen aktuelle Themen aus dem Fachbeirat der BAM vorgestellt werden, die wesentliche Änderungen in der Zulassungs- und Anwendungspraxis betreffen. Der Beitrag beleuchtet unter anderem Veränderungen innerhalb der BAM, die Modernisierung der Publikationsformate sowie die fachliche Weiterentwicklung der Zulassungsrichtlinien. T2 - 22. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 10.03.2026 KW - Deponie KW - Geotextil KW - Abdichtungssystem PY - 2026 SN - 978-3-00-085899-4 VL - 22 SP - 15 EP - 22 PB - HWTK Leipzig CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-65664 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roß, Marcel A1 - Severin, Stefanie A1 - Hildebrandt, Jana A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin A1 - Miaskiewicz, Aleksandra A1 - Škorjanc, Viktor A1 - Bernardes de Araujo, Wander Max A1 - Leyden, Matthew A1 - Korte, Lars A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Dallmann, André A1 - Albrecht, Steve T1 - Compositional Analysis of Metal Halide Perovskites: Insight into the Coevaporation Process via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy N2 - Lead halide perovskites have emerged as a highly promising class of materials for solar cells. Nevertheless, suitable procedures to analyze the exact composition of the perovskite films are rare and are not generally applicable. Here we show a simple and fast method to determine the absolute composition of mixed metal halide perovskites through a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance and total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The method is validated on powder mixtures and applied to thin film samples prepared by coevaporation of formamidinium iodide (FAI), CsI, PbI2 and PbBr2, allowing correlation between film composition and solar cell performance. We show that the rates of the individual precursors do not always translate linearly into film composition and that the preparation of the hole transport layer MeO-2PACz strongly influences the incorporation of FAI. Our work highlights the importance of compositional analysis and demonstrates how the developed method provides new insights into the complex coevaporation process in perovskite solar cells. KW - e‑ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy KW - Metal Halide Perovskites KW - CoevaporationP rocess KW - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656932 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03689 SN - 2380-8195 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 1935 EP - 1943 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) AN - OPUS4-65693 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bijeljic, Jelena A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Concrete performance assessment based on gas permeability testing N2 - Designing of structures with medium to high performance requirements is a demanding and challenging engineering task. Depending on the location and type of the planned structure, various pre-testing methods should be applied. In recent decades, there has been a focus on the durability of concrete. Concrete is a porous material with a relatively thin protective cover layer, making it vulnerable to the penetration of external agents such as carbon dioxide. Gas permeability testing (kT), a relatively new non-destructive method (NDT), should therefore be considered. This paper presents results of gas permeability testing on a set of larger concrete samples made under controlled conditions with some paroperty variations order to find initial kT parameters important for quality assurance. KW - Concrete KW - Permeability KW - Durability KW - Torrent Tester PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.62683/ZRGAF41.2 SN - 3009-4674 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 23 PB - Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Nis AN - OPUS4-65715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Abusafia, A A1 - Bannick, C-G A1 - Braun, U A1 - Crasselt, Claudia A1 - Dittmar, S A1 - Fuchs, M A1 - Gehde, M A1 - Hagendorf, C A1 - Heller, C A1 - Herper, D A1 - Heymann, S A1 - Kerndorff, A A1 - Knefel, M A1 - Jekel, M A1 - Lelonek, M A1 - Lunkenbein, T A1 - Obermaier, N A1 - Manhart, M A1 - Meurer, Maren A1 - Miclea, P-T A1 - Paul, A A1 - Richter, S A1 - Ricking, M A1 - Rohner, C A1 - Ruhl, A A1 - Sakai, Y A1 - Saravia Arzabe, C A1 - Scheid, C A1 - Schmitt, M A1 - Schnarr, M A1 - Schwertfirm, F A1 - Steinmetz, H A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Wiesner, Yosri A1 - Zechmeister, L T1 - RUSEKU - Repräsentative Untersuchungsstrategien für ein integratives Systemverständnis von spezifischen Einträgen von Kunststoffen in die Umwelt : Abschlussbericht N2 - Im Verbundprojekt RUSEKU wurde die Probenahme von Wasserproben entscheidend weiterentwickelt. Wichtig ist hierbei zu gewährleisten, dass genügend Merkmalsträger in jeder Probe untersucht werden. Es muss daher eine für den Probenahmeort repräsentative Beprobung hinsichtlich des Wasservolumens in Abhängigkeit der Partikelanzahl gewährleistet sein. Das Hauptaugenmerk lag im vorliegenden Projekt auf einer praxisnahen Beprobungsstrategie. Es wurden verschiedene Konzepte ausprobiert. • Grundsätzlich hat sich gezeigt, dass eine Stichprobe eine Momentaufnahme des MP-Massengehaltes zeigt. Es wird eine hohe Statistik, also eine Vielzahl an Messungen am gleichen Probenahmeort, benötigt, um eine valide Aussage über den MP-Gehalt zu machen. • Es zeigt sich, dass eine integrale Probenahme über mehrere Wochen mit dem SK routinemäßig möglich ist. Die erfassten MP-Massen sind reproduzierbar und robust. • Die DFZ ist für Stichproben geeignet. Partikel < 50 µm werden eventuell unterschätzt • Die fraktionierte Filtration kann für Stich- und Mischproben direkt im Feld genutzt werden. Fraktionen von 10 und 5 µm werden später im Labor Vakuum filtriert. Es erfolgt eine Fraktionierung der Probe mit Siebmaschenweiten von 1000, 500, 100, 50, 10 und 5 µm. • Die fraktionierte Filtration kann auch anschließend an die Beprobung mit dem SK zur Anwendung kommen. Wird die mit dem SK gewonnene Wasserprobe fraktioniert filtriert, kann neben einem MP-Gesamtgehalt auch eine Einschätzung über die Partikelgrößen gewonnen werden. • Für Wässer mit geringen Partikelzahlen wurde ein Messfiltertiegel entwickelt. Dieser hat eine Maschenweite von 6 µm. Seine Anwendung kann mögliche Verluste beim Transferieren vom Probenahmetool zum Messgefäß und mögliche Kontaminationen reduzieren. Die Optimierung der Probenahmestrategie wurde durch Modellversuche und Simulationen unterstützt. Modellversuche zum Sinkverhalten und Simulationen von MP in realen Gewässern verdeutlichten das komplexe Verhalten der Partikel. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Partikel ab einer bestimmten Größe (und kleiner) bei genügend starker Turbulenz sich in der Wassersäule unabhängig von ihrer Dichte verhalten und so auch MP mit kleiner Dichte (z.B. PE) in der gesamten Wassersäule zu finden sind. Es konnte mit dem TEM die Existenz von NP gezeigt werden. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt des RUSEKU Projektes war die Beprobung realer Kompartimente. Beprobt wurde neben Oberflächengewässern, das urbane Abwassersystem der Stadt Kaiserslautern, Waschmaschinenabwasser und Flaschenwasser. • In Oberflächengewässern wurde hauptsächlich PE gefunden. Je nach Probe und Gewässer konnten auch PP, PS, PET, PA, SBR und Acrylate nachgewiesen werden. • Im urbanen Abwassersystem der Stadt Kaiserslautern konnte an allen Probenahmestandorten MP nachgewiesen werden. Es wurde hauptsächlich PE, neben geringeren Mengen an PP, PS und SBR gefunden. Nach einem Regenereignis war der SBR Anteil deutlich erhöht. • Die Beprobung eines realen Wäschepostens, bestehend aus T-Shirts und Hemden mit PA/CO oder PES/CO Mischgewebe, zeigte einen PA- und PES-Austrag im Waschwasser. Der überwiegende Teil der detektierten Fasern ist aber auf Baumwolle zurückzuführen. Reine gravimetrische Messungen zur Detektion von MP führen zu einer starken Überschätzung. • In Flaschenwasser (PET-Flaschen) konnte MP detektiert werden. PET wurde nur im stillen Mineralwasser, nicht in Mineralwasser mit Kohlensäure gefunden werden. Teilweise wurde auch das MP-Material des Verschlusses im Wasser detektiert. • Für Luftproben konnte ein Aufbau zur größenselektiven Beprobung getestet werden. Neben der Probenahme hat das Projekt auch gezeigt, dass die TED-GC/MS geeignet für die MP-Detektion im Routinebetrieb ist. Die TED-GC/MS konnte weiter optimiert werden. Es wurden MP-Massen bestimmt. Im Projekt wurden erste realitätsnahe Referenzmaterialien für die MP Detektion hergestellt. Die Herstellung von realitätsnahen Polymeren in ausreichender Homogenität und Menge hat sich als große Herausforderung herausgestellt. KW - Mikroplastik KW - Probennahme KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Fraktionierte Filtration KW - Mikroplastikreferenzmaterial PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 201 AN - OPUS4-57800 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Developtment of Nanoplastics Reference Materials at BAM N2 - Engineered particles are essential for sustainable innovation and modern industrial applications, but their reliable, number‑based characterisation remains a major challenge. Regulatory frameworks in healthcare, personal care (EU 745/2017, 749/2017, 1223/2009), and environmental monitoring—such as the EU Drinking Water Directive 21840/2020—demand robust particle measurements across complex matrices. Yet standardised methods currently exist only for simple particle systems, leaving significant gaps for technologically relevant materials and for micro‑ and nanoplastics as emerging pollutants. These challenges are amplified by the lack of well‑defined input parameters, particularly density and refractive index, which are critical for many analytical and modelling approaches. This talk highlights BAM’s work on developing nanoplastics reference materials to support validated, traceable, and harmonised measurement methods. I will outline strategies for producing stable, well‑characterised polymeric nanoparticles, establishing accurate material parameters, and integrating these reference materials into interlaboratory and standardisation activities. These efforts provide the metrological foundation urgently needed for regulatory testing, environmental monitoring, and industry innovation. T2 - ConcenSus Virtual Webinar on Reference Materials supporting characterization of nanomaterials: Current status and future trends CY - Online meeting DA - 17.03.2026 KW - Nanoplastics KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65717 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Enhancing wastewater surveillance through anthropogenic markers N2 - Since the global COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increased focus on systematically monitoring pathogens in raw wastewater - a practice known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). This approach, aligned with the One Health concept, the revised EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (2024), and Germany’s amended Infection Protection Act (2023), aims to generate health data independently of individual testing and reporting behaviors through wastewater surveillance. – Germany’s AMELAG project implemented wastewater surveillance at approximately 170 treatment plants, with biweekly sampling. This infrastructure - comprising treatment plants, logistics, laboratories, and health authorities - also provided us samples that were analyzed for their levels of a series of anthropogenic markers. These markers improve data accuracy by accounting for site-specific variations in wastewater composition and flow rates, such as those caused by stormwater runoff. Beyond epidemiology, wastewater surveillance provides valuable insights into the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), drug consumption, industrial discharges, and the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants in eliminating indicator substances. To assess these factors, cost-effective, high-throughput methods such as ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) offer a practical solution. This study examines ELISA’s application in detecting diclofenac, carbamazepine, and bisphenol A in wastewater samples from various locations. T2 - Pacifichem 2025 CY - Honolulu, HI, USA DA - 15.12.2025 KW - Antibodies KW - Immunoassay KW - Pharmaceuticals PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Advancing environmental screening and monitoring: Immunoanalytical approaches for emerging contaminants N2 - Micropollutants, including various emerging contaminants, are continuously released into the environment. Detecting their presence using conventional analytical methods is often expensive and time-consuming, making large-scale monitoring impractical. To effectively protect ecosystems and human health, rapid and cost-efficient screening methods are essential. Furthermore, the need to monitor the entire water cycle for micropollutants is becoming increasingly critical, particularly from a One Health perspective, as climate change and growing demands for water reuse amplify environmental challenges. – Antibody-based methods, commonly referred to as immunoassays, offer a promising solution. These rapid and cost-effective techniques can fill information gaps and provide sensors and process analytical technology with short response times. A wide range of immunoanalytical formats is available, from laboratory-based methods to portable analyzers and online sensors. Ensuring the availability of high-quality antibodies is essential to the reliability of these approaches. This talk presents how a whole range of immunoanalytical methods can be employed to trace emerging contaminants in the environment. An indicator for specific industrial inputs is bisphenol A which is also an endocrine disruptor. Additionally, pharmaceuticals serve as important markers of human impact on the water cycle. Natural tracers, such as endogenous hormones and bile acids, help track wastewater pathways, while anthropogenic markers - most notably caffeine - serve as indicators of human activity, frequently appearing in environmental water samples. T2 - Pacifichem 2025 CY - Honolulu, HI, USA DA - 15.12.2025 KW - Antibodies KW - Immunoassay KW - Pharmaceuticals PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65719 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ryll, Tom William T1 - Multi-modal characterization for transformation of gypsum to anhydrite N2 - We investigate recycling of gypsum waste materials and have developed a method to synthesize phase pure anhydrite in solution, while contaminants could easily be separated from products. In-situ XRD measurements were conducted in a dedicated automation setup at BESSY II to find exact reaction conditions and were supported by in-situ Raman spectroscopy. T2 - Joint BAM-HZB Symposium on Multimodal Synchrotron Experiments for Next-Generation Materials Research CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2026 KW - Recycling KW - Automation KW - Synchrotron XRD KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Gypsum PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65607 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chandna, Sanjam A1 - Povolotsky, Tatyana L. A1 - Nie, Chuanxiong A1 - Schwartz, Sophia A1 - Wedepohl, Stefanie A1 - Quaas, Elisa A1 - Ludwig, Kai A1 - Boyakova, Yulia A1 - Bhatia, Sumati A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Haag, Rainer A1 - Block, Stephan T1 - Lignin-Based Mucus-Mimicking Antiviral Hydrogels with Enzyme Stability and Tunable Porosity N2 - Mucus is a complex hydrogel that acts as a defensive and protective barrier in various parts of the human body. Therise in the level of viral infections has underscored the importance of advancing research into mucus-mimicking hydrogels for theefficient design of antiviral agents. Herein, we demonstrate the gram-scale synthesis of biocompatible, lignin-based virus-bindinginhibitors that reduce waste and ensure long-term availability. The lignin-based inhibitors are equipped with sulfate moieties, whichare known binding partners for many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and herpes viruses. In addition, cross-linking the synthesizedinhibitors yielded hydrogels that mimicked native mucus concerning surface functionality and rheology. The degree of sulfationexhibits a very strong impact on the mesh size distribution of the hydrogels, which provides a new means to fine-tune the steric andelectrostatic contributions of the virus−hydrogel interaction. This feature strongly impacts the sequestration capability of the lignin-based hydrogels, which is demonstrated by infection inhibition assays involving human herpes simplex virus 1, influenza A viruses,and the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). These measurements showed a reduction in plaque-forming units (HSV-1) and colony-forming units (E. coli) by more than 4 orders of magnitude, indicating the potent inhibition by the lignin-based hydrogels KW - Lignin functionalization KW - Mucus-mimicking hydrogels PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625301 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c18519 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) CY - USA AN - OPUS4-62530 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wagner, Jan A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Rockel, Daniel A1 - Reimann, H.-A A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - This is the way: An evidence based route to phytic-acid–based flame retardant poly(lactide acid) N2 - A systematic sequence of materials was investigated to develop phytic-acid (Phyt)–based flame retarded poly (lactide acid) (PLA), while factoring in molecular weight (MW), crystallinity and mechanical properties. Synergistic approaches were developed based on combinations with lignin and expandable graphite (EG), as well as by applying different Phyt salts of melamine (Mel), piperazine (Pip), and arginine (Arg). Compounds were twin screw extruded, injection molded, hot pressed and investigated with thermal analysis, size exclusion chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, tensile testing, limited oxygen index (LOI), UL 94, cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope. 16.7 wt.% flame retardant (FR) slightly enhances crystallization while MW remains unchanged in PLA Phyt Arg and PLA Phyt Mel. LOI was improved to 43.7 vol.% for PLA Phyt Arg, UL 94 V0 achieved for PLA Phyt Pip. Cone calorimeter results show total heat evolved reduced by 14 %, maximum average rate of heat emission 43 % lower, and peak heat release rate reduced by 50 % for PLA Phyt Mel. Phyt Mel combined with EG increased the char yield of PLA to 20 wt.% and 15.5 wt.% at 600 and 900 ◦C, respectively. Phyt is exploited to enhance char yield, stabilize the intumescent char, and lower the apparent effective heat of combustion. The combination of Phyt Mel and EG was proposed as an efficient FR for PLA via an evidence based developing route. KW - Polylactide acid KW - Intumescent flame retardant KW - Phosphorous flame retardant KW - Phytic acid KW - Expandable graphite KW - Melamine PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626395 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111242 SN - 1873-2321 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 234 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-62639 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid (HNO3) on HDPE jerrycans – comparison of outdoor and lab test N2 - A damaging action of HNO3-55% only occurs in combination with its decomposition into nitrous gases, which can be caused by UV radiation. In a laboratory test, transparent HDPE jerrycans have been exposed to both UV radiation and 55 wt-% nitric acid solution at (41 ± 2)°C, for up to 20 days. For comparison, UV radiant exposure (21 days) and nitric acid exposure (up to 6 weeks) were performed separately, at nearly equal temperatures. The respective damages are compared with FTIR spectroscopy in ATR and HT-gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on a molecular level and with hydraulic internal pressure testing as a component test. For the used jerrycans, relevant oxidation can only be found after the combined exposure. The gradual increase in oxidative damage shows the good reproducibility of the lab exposure. The decomposition of nitric acid into nitrous gases by UV radiation – as well as the jerrycan oxidation – is also observed at lower HNO3 concentration (28 wt- %). Similar results are obtained after outdoor tests. Again, the damage occurs only after combined exposure, in contrast to the exposures to UV only and to HNO3 only, which were conducted in parallel. Outdoor exposures are most readily accepted as they represent possible end-use conditions. However, the reproducibility of these exposures is poor due to the large temporal variations in weather. There are also several safety risks, which is why the number of replicates remains limited. Since the outdoor and lab exposure tests show the same qualitative results, it is appropriate to conduct systematic studies in the laboratory. After 6 days of lab exposure, the oxidation damage is rated as critical, which corresponds to about 1/10 year in Central Europe, according to the UV radiant exposure. It should be noted that this amount can also occur in two sunny weeks. T2 - 24th iapri World Packaging Conference CY - Valencia, Spain DA - 17.06.2024 KW - Ppolyethylene KW - UV exposure KW - Nitric acid KW - Oxidation PY - 2024 VL - 2 SP - 30 EP - 37 PB - ITENE AN - OPUS4-60414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - 70 years size exclusion chromatography - An ongoing challenge N2 - The reason for our current activities is that polymers may also be subject to REACh regulations in the future. In this context, the determination of oligomer content is important. SEC is still the method of choice for determining molar mass distribution. The regulations aim for narrow limits and SEC has rather large error margins, which are well known to all experts. Different polymers need different methods. What to do when samples with a wide range of practical aspects, samples with higher distribution range, reduced solubility, including side components, gel content etc. need be analyzed? A concept for round robin tests and first impressions will be presented. T2 - Analytical Solutions 2025 CY - Ede, Netherlands DA - 04.06.2025 KW - Polymers KW - Size exclusion chromatography KW - REACH KW - Round Robin Tests PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63310 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Challenges of sec and the necessity of round robin tests N2 - Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is still the method of choice for determining the molar mass and molar mass distribution of macromolecules. From the distribution curve molar mass averages and the oligomer content (percentage of peak area smaller than 1000 g/mol and 500 g/mol) of polymers can be derived. The determination of oligomer content is important, because it is often used in regulatory contexts as a measure of small, mobile and potentially more toxic parts of the polymer. Polymer regulations are of increasing political and societal importance. Regulations often strive for narrow limits. But SEC has rather large error margins of 10-20% for the molar mass determination performed in different laboratories or on different instruments. These variances are well known to all experts and users and have been investigated in several round robin tests in the past. These resulted in DIN and ISO standards which, in our opinion, no longer meet today's requirements. Gaps have been identified that require further harmonization. Different polymer types or classes require different methods. On the other hand, as far as we know, the margins of error in determining oligomer content have not yet been investigated. It is expected that the variation will be rather high. This is because it depends on many factors related to the experimental conditions (column sets used, solvent, temperatures, sample preparation) on the one hand, and the data evaluation mechanisms (choice of baseline and peak limits) on the other. In order to actually measure the error margins and to support this with actual data a round robin test has been performed from June to November 2024 with approx. 40 participating laboratories. Three different solvents were selected, namely THF, DMAc or DMF and water. The samples were selected taking into account a wide range of practical aspects far from narrowly distributed standards: e.g higher distribution range, reduced solubility, included side components, copolymers and dispersions with gel content. In this contribution we will present the detailed concept of this round robin test and impressions T2 - 2025 Polymer Separations GNT meeting, Dow CY - Online meeting DA - 25.02.2025 KW - Polymers KW - Size exclusion chromatography KW - REACH PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63314 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Fink, Friedrich T1 - Biobased and biodegradable polymers - sustainability and circular economy N2 - The presentation shows recent results on the synthesis and modification of environmentally relevant polymers based on renewable resources and the associated development of robust, high quality analytical methods. The first topic presents analytical results for star-shaped polylactides with different degrees of functionalisation. It is shown how liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry methods complement each other in a proven way to obtain accurate molar masses and to quantify chemically heterogeneous species. The second part presents an approach to incorporate lignin into epoxy matrices to obtain covalently adaptable epoxy networks that can be reprocessed and reused. T2 - 11th International Symposium on the Separation and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands DA - 21.01.2025 KW - Polylactides KW - Ligninbased thermosets KW - MALDI-TOF-MS KW - Gradient elution liquid adsorption chromatography KW - Atomic force spectroscopy KW - FT-IR PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Deliverable 2: Summary report on: The development of pristine SI traceable reference materials for SMPs (0.1 μm - 10 μm) and NPs (< 0.1 μm), representative of partially degraded/naturally aged samples in complex food and environmental matrices, and for realistic polydisperse size distributions and irregular shapes N2 - PlasticTrace aims to address the urgent need for development and harmonisation of methods for the chemical identification, physical characterisation and quantification of released small micro/nanoplastics (SMPs/NPs) in drinking water, food and environmental matrices, as required by the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP). This report describs the characterisation of nanoPP analysed in the PlasticTrace project aiming to develop a reference material. The nanoPP was analysed mainly by light scattering methods. Homogeneity control was done by DLS. KW - Nanoplastics KW - Reference materials PY - 2024 N1 - Project Number 21GRD07: PlasticTrace (Tracing Micro and NanoPlastics in Food and Environment), funded by the European Union SP - 1 EP - 29 PB - European Association of National Metrology Institutes (EURAMET) CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-62299 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Alić Stolar, Jasna T1 - Harnessing Mechanochemistry to Combat PFAS Contamination N2 - For over 70 years, the uncontrolled production, use, and disposal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have led to widespread global contamination, necessitating the rapid development of innovative and efficient remediation technologies. State-of-the-art strategies rely on energy-intensive incineration, which releases greenhouse gases and smaller, volatile PFAS derivatives. Here, we present a fast, simple, and sustainable method for the complete degradation of PFAS leveraging mechanochemistry to break down the persistent carbon-fluorine bonds. Our findings indicate that liquid-assisted grinding conditions accelerate the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid compared to neat grinding conditions, resulting in a significant reduction in energy consumption. Moreover, the fluoride released during the process binds to inorganic additives, allowing fluorine recovery as crystalline salts and preventing the formation of secondary toxic waste. The method has strong potential for scaling up and offers a green and viable solution for real-world application in PFAS decontamination. T2 - International Conference on Sustainable Chemistry for Net Zero (ICSC-NZ) CY - St. Andrews, Scotland DA - 10.06.2025 KW - Mechanochemistry KW - PFAS KW - Remediation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Reference material candidates for microplastic analysis N2 - Every day, there are new headlines in the media about microplastics (1-1000 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020) and nanoplastics (< 1 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020) findings all over the planet with high variations in particle number and mass. The challenges in analytics are very complex, e.g. representative sampling, non-destructive sample preparation with concentrated particles and homogeneous distribution and true detection. All together lead to lacks in harmonization and results, which are hardly comparable. On the other hand, monitoring of microplastics is mandatory in the future strictly regulated by the EU commission in the Drinking water and Wastewater Framework Directive. One step to accurate and precise results will be the development of suitable reference materials mimicking particles in the environment. BAM developed test materials, which are produced by mixing a small portion of microplastic particles with a water-soluble matrix. After solid phase dilution and homogenisation small portions are pressed into tablets and bottled in glass vials (Figure 1). These tablets are well characterized with particle size distribution and SEM images. Additionally, they are tested as reference material candidate according to homogeneity and stability for particle number with µ-IR and µ-Raman as well as on particle mass with Py-GC/MS and TED-GC/MS after ISO Guide 35. Results are promising. The material passed the homogeneity control. No changes are observed within 6 months of storage. The same tested reference material is finally used in sample preparation experiments, where environmental suspended particular matter from surface water or baby milk powders are spiked with the tablets. T2 - ESOPS CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Microplastics KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Reference materials KW - Polymer 3R KW - Tablets PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61017 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Challenges in microplastics standardisation N2 - This talk addresses the challanges in microplastic analytics. It shows the need of standards, analytics and reference materials for accurate and reliable measurements. It explains the state of the art for referenence materials in this field and their problems. A solution is presented with PET tablets. The urgent need of harmonisation it also emphasised. T2 - MARII Summit CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 15.10.2025 KW - Microplastics KW - Reference materials PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64488 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Alić Stolar, Jasna T1 - Harnessing mechanochemistry to combat PFAS contamination N2 - For over 70 years, the uncontrolled production, use, and disposal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have led to widespread global contamination, necessitating the rapid development of innovative and efficient remediation technologies. State-of-the-art strategies rely on energy-intensive incineration, which releases greenhouse gases and smaller, volatile PFAS derivatives. Here, we present a fast, simple, and sustainable method for the complete degradation of PFAS leveraging mechanochemistry to break down the persistent carbon-fluorine bonds. Our findings indicate that liquid-assisted grinding conditions accelerate the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid compared to neat grinding conditions, resulting in a significant reduction in energy consumption. Moreover, the fluoride released during the process binds to inorganic additives, allowing fluorine recovery as crystalline salts and preventing the formation of secondary toxic waste. The method has strong potential for scaling up and offers a green and viable solution for real-world application in PFAS decontamination. T2 - International Conference on Sustainable Chemistry for Net Zero (ICSC-NZ) CY - St. Andrews, Scotland DA - 10.06.2025 KW - Mechanochemistry KW - PFAS KW - Remediation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Alić Stolar, Jasna T1 - Harnessing mechanochemistry to combat PFAS contamination N2 - For over 70 years, the uncontrolled production, use, and disposal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have led to widespread global contamination, necessitating the rapid development of innovative and efficient remediation technologies. State-of-the-art strategies rely on energy-intensive incineration, which releases greenhouse gases and smaller, volatile PFAS derivatives. Here, we present a fast, simple, and sustainable method for the complete degradation of PFAS leveraging mechanochemistry to break down the persistent carbon-fluorine bonds. Our findings indicate that liquid-assisted grinding conditions accelerate the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid compared to neat grinding conditions, resulting in a significant reduction in energy consumption. Moreover, the fluoride released during the process binds to inorganic additives, allowing fluorine recovery as crystalline salts and preventing the formation of secondary toxic waste. The method has strong potential for scaling up and offers a green and viable solution for real-world application in PFAS decontamination. T2 - The International Symposium on Mechanochemistry (Mech’cheM 2025) CY - Montpellier, France DA - 04.06.2025 KW - Mechanochemistry KW - PFAS PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ryll, Tom William T1 - In-situ analysis of nucleation processes – case study: calciumsulfate N2 - In this project we investigate nucleation pathways by utilizing synchrotron-XRD and running a case-study on calcium sulfate and its polymorphs. To accomplish this, we developed a modular automation setup for reactions in solution to run synthesis and control reaction conditions. So far we successfully characterized the recycling process of gypsum (CaSO4*2H2O) and are now investigating the formation of anhydrite (CaSO4*0H2O) as well as possible applications for the automation setup and analysis. T2 - SALSA Make & Measure 2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.09.2025 KW - Recycling KW - Gypsum KW - Synchrotron-X-ray-diffraction KW - Raman-spectroscopy KW - Automation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64135 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sieg, Holger A1 - Heilscher, Jasmin A1 - Ott, Franziska A1 - Böhmert, Linda A1 - Drusch, Stephan A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Rohn, Sascha A1 - Braeuning, Albert A1 - Kieserling, Helena T1 - Direct Interactions of Micro- and Nanoplastics with Proteins – A Key to Mechanistic Understanding? N2 - Micro-/Nanoplastics (MNP) have gained widespread scientific and public attention within the last two decades. While knowledge about measuring techniques, occurrence and exposure was improved substantially, questions on toxicological impact of MNP remained unclear. A major reason for that are the continued remaining knowledge gaps with regard to mechanistical understanding of MNP effects. Our work aimed at investigating MNP properties, protein interactions, and cellular effects in combination. Therefore, we characterized MNP-protein- adsorption, changes in protein structure, cellular uptake and cellular modes of action. In a first study, we studied the molecular interactions of β-lactoglobulin, a serum and storage protein, with different MNP materials1. We identified structural changes, depending on physicochemical MNP properties, using FTIR- and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, we investigated cellular uptake of MNP individually and as a complex with β-lactoglobulin and studied the effects on cell growth and viability, using colorimetric MTT testing, flow cytometry, and cell impedance measurements. MNP material properties, especially hydrophobicity, had an impact on protein folding and consequently also on cellular interactions. In a second study, we applied α-amylase, an extracellular digestive protein with enzymatic activity. Here, in addition, we investigated the influence of MNP binding on enzyme activity, using a colorimetric starch degradation assay. We observed for the most MNP, that adsorption processes resulted in a decrease of enzyme activity. Furthermore, we used Alexa633 staining to visualize MNP uptake with and without the presence of α-amylase. Taken together, this work aims to close data gaps regarding mechanistical effects of MNP on cells by investigating direct MNP-protein-interactions. Mechanistic knowledge is crucial for understanding toxicological effects of MNP, and therefore, also for the risk assessment of possible hazards on human health. T2 - 92. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (DGPT) CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 17.03.2026 KW - Microplastics KW - Nanoplastics PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65667 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelles aus dem BAM-Fachbeirat N2 - Die Anforderungen an Geokunststoffprodukte und deren Qualitätssicherung unterliegen einem stetigen Wandel, der sowohl durch technische Veränderungen als auch durch normative und organisatorische Entwicklungen geprägt ist. Insbesondere der Fachbeirat der BAM gemäß Deponieverordnung (DepV) spielt hier im Bereich der Deponietechnik eine wichtige Rolle. An dieser Stelle sollen aktuelle Themen aus dem Fachbeirat der BAM vorgestellt werden, die wesentliche Änderungen in der Zulassungs- und Anwendungspraxis betreffen. Der Beitrag beleuchtet unter anderem Veränderungen innerhalb der BAM, die Modernisierung der Publikationsformate sowie die fachliche Weiterentwicklung der Zulassungsrichtlinien. T2 - 22. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 10.03.2026 KW - Deponie KW - Geotextil KW - Abdichtungssystem PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65665 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Diehn, S. A1 - Zimmermann, B. A1 - Tafintseva, V. A1 - Seifert, S. A1 - Bagcioglu, M. A1 - Ohlson, M. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Fjellheim, S. A1 - Kohler, A. A1 - Kneipp, Janina T1 - Combining Chemical Information From Grass Pollen in Multimodal Characterization N2 - The analysis of pollen chemical composition is important to many fields, including agriculture, plant physiology, ecology, allergology, and climate studies. Here, the potential of a combination of different spectroscopic and spectrometric methods regarding the characterization of small biochemical differences between pollen samples was evaluated using multivariate statistical approaches. Pollen samples, collected from three populations of the grass Poa alpina, were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The variation in the sample set can be described in a hierarchical framework comprising three populations of the same grass species and four different growth conditions of the parent plants for each of the populations. Therefore, the data set can work here as a model system to evaluate the classification and characterization ability of the different spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. ANOVA Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) was applied to achieve a separation of different sources of variance in the complex sample set. Since the chosen methods and sample preparations probe different parts and/or molecular constituents of the pollen grains, complementary information about the chemical composition of the pollen can be obtained. By using consensus principal component analysis (CPCA), data from the different methods are linked together. This enables an investigation of the underlying global information, since complementary chemical data are combined. The molecular information from four spectroscopies was combined with phenotypical information gathered from the parent plants, thereby helping to potentially link pollen chemistry to other biotic and abiotic parameters. KW - Pollen KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - FTIR KW - Raman KW - Multivariate analyses PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504822 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01788 VL - 10 SP - 1788 AN - OPUS4-50482 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Polymerization of L-lactide with SnCl2: A Low Toxic and Eco-friendly Catalyst N2 - Polymerizations of L-lactide catalyzed either by neat SnCl2 or by SnCl2 + difunctional cocatalysts were conducted in bulk at 180, 160 and 140 °C with variation of the Lac/Cat ratio and time. With neat SnCl2 poly(L-lactide) having weight average molecular weights (uncorrected Mw’s) up to 190 000 g mol−1 were obtained mainly consisting of linear chains. Addition of salicylic acid or 1,1-bisphenol yielded a higher fraction of cyclic polylactides but lower molecular weights. Furthermore, SnCl2 was compared with Bu2SnCl2 and various other metal chlorides and the best results were obtained with SnCl2. With ethyl L-lactate as initiator SnCl2-catalyzed ROPs were performed at 120 °C and the lac/initiator ratio was varied. All these experiments were conducted under conditions allowing for comparison with ROPs catalyzed with neat Sn(II)-2-ethyhexanoate. Such a comparison was also performed with ε-caprolactone as monomer. KW - Catalyst KW - Polylactide KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - Polycondensation PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520517 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-02042-w SN - 1566-2543 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-52051 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz A1 - Bhatia, Riya A1 - Dey, R. A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Ullrich, M. S. A1 - Thomsen, C. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Wastewater phosphorus enriched algae as a sustainable flame retardant in polylactide N2 - Revolutionizing our polymer industry for adaption to a sustainable carbon circular economy has become one of today’s most demanding challenges. Exploiting renewable resources to replace fossil-fuel—based plastics with biopolymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is inevitable while using waste streams as a raw material resource at least is promising. When it comes to using PLA as technical polymer, its high flammability must be addressed by flame retardants compatible with the thermoplastic processing of PLA and its compostability. This study proposes microalgae enriched with phosphorus from wastewater (P-Algae) as an elegant way towards a kind of sustainable organophosphorus flame retardant. The concept is demonstrated by investigating the processing, pyrolysis, flammability, and fire behavior of PLA/P-Algae, while varying the P-Algae content and comparing P-Algae with four alternative bio-fillers (phosphorylated lignin, biochar, thermally treated sewage sludge, and metal phytate) with different P-contents as meaningful benchmarks. KW - PLA KW - Flame Retardancy KW - Phosphorylated Algae KW - Wastewater flame retardants KW - Zink phytate KW - Phosphorylated lignin KW - Thermally treated sludge PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604150 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110885 SN - 1873-2321 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 227 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-60415 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cherbib, S. A1 - Jlalia, I. A1 - Chabbah, T. A1 - Chatti, S. A1 - Marestin, C. A1 - Mercier, R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Casabianca, H. A1 - Jaffrezic-Renault, N. A1 - Abderrazak, H. T1 - Design of New Partially Bio-Based Polyguanamines for the Reversible Adsorption of Phenolic Molecules from Olive Mill Wastes N2 - Olive mill wastewater produces a variety of potent antioxidants, including hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and tyrosol, that have been widely used in agriculture, pharmacy, and cosmetics. This study aims to design new poly(guanamine)s phases by polycondensation of modified triazine monomers with both petro-based and biosourced diamines, to act as stationary phases for the uptake of these phenolic molecules. Obtained polymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption results showed that the newly synthesized polymers can effectively uptake the less polar phenolic compounds, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid. The isosorbide-based polymer (P6) presented the highest sorption efficiency, due to the hydrophilic properties of isosorbide associated with the proton affinity of the triazine groups. All the phenolic compounds were successfully desorbed from the P6 polymer using a minimal amount of a methanol/acetonitrile mixture. P6 polymer could be used for four successive adsorption processes without loss of efficiency. KW - Olive mill wastewater KW - Triazine KW - Isosorbide KW - Adsorption KW - Phenolic compounds PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-024-01081-3 SN - 2522-5758 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-61348 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid on high‐density polyethylene containers as a laboratory test N2 - In a laboratory test, transparent high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) jerrycans have been exposed to both UV radiation and 55 wt‐% nitric acid solution at (41 ± 2)°C, for up to 20 days. For comparison, UV radiant exposure (21 days) and nitric acid exposure (up to 6 weeks) were performed separately, at nearly equal temperatures. The damages are compared with FTIR spectroscopy in ATR and HT‐gel permeation chromatography(GPC) on a molecular level and with hydraulic internal pressure testing as a component test. For the used jerrycans, relevant oxidation can only be found after the combined exposure. This is caused by the decomposition of nitric acid into nitrous gases by UV radiation, which is also observed at lower concentrations (28 wt‐%). After 6 days of laboratory exposure, this is rated as critical, which corresponds to about 1/10 year in Central Europe, according to the UV radiant exposure. The gradual increase in oxidative damage shows the reproducibility of the test. KW - Molecular mass distribution KW - High-density polyethylene KW - Nitric acid KW - UV radiation PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550141 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2673 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 35 IS - 10 SP - 729 EP - 735 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-55014 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kricheldorf, Hans. R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - About the Toxicity of Polymerization Catalysts and Polymer Additives Based on Tin(II) Salts and Tin(IV) Compounds N2 - This article reviews and discusses information on the toxicity of numerous tin-based catalysts used in academic research and industrial production for the synthesis of various polymers, such as polyesters, polyurethanes, and polysiloxanes. Tin(IV) compounds used as additives and as PVC stabilizers are also considered. Emphasis is put on the differentiation between tin(II) salts on the one hand and tin(IV) compounds on the other hand. In the first chapter, historical facts about human contact with stannous ions are discussed, along with toxicity studies of canned foods and beverages. In the second part, toxicity tests based on cell cultures and medical applications of tin(II)-containing films or implants are described. The third part focuses on alkyl and aryl tin(IV) compounds. KW - Tin KW - Toxicity KW - Environment KW - Polymer catalysts KW - Polymer additives PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642877 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00105 SN - 1871-5532 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) AN - OPUS4-64287 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fink, Friedrich A1 - Stawski, Tomasz M. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - A novel machine-learning approach to unlock technical lignin classification by NIR spectroscopy - bench to handheld N2 - In this research, the utilization of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with advanced machine learning methods is investigated for categorizing technical lignins obtained from different biomass sources and industrial procedures. Technical lignins, such as kraft, organosolv and lignosulfonates, have different chemical compositions, which continue to make uniform characterization and application in sustainable sectors extremely difficult. Fast, universally accessible analytics combined with data analysis is still an open question. For the first time three distinct NIR spectrometers—a high-performance benchtop system, a mid-priced compact device, and an economical handheld unit—were utilized to record NIR spectra of 31 unique lignin samples. The spectra underwent pre-processing through standard normal variate (SNV) transformation and Savitzky-Golay derivatives to amplify spectral features and decrease noise. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to reduce data complexity and extract crucial characteristics for classification purposes. Subsequently, four machine learning algorithms—Support Vector Machines (SVM), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), Gaussian Process Classification (GPC), and Decision Tree Classification (DTC)—were implemented for the classification of the lignin samples. The DTC model exhibited the highest accuracy among them across different spectrometers. Although the benchtop spectrometer produced the most precise outcomes, the compact NeoSpectra system also displayed potential as a cost-efficient option. Nonetheless, the restricted spectral coverage of the handheld NIRONE spectrometer resulted in reduced classification accuracy. Our discoveries highlight the capability of NIR spectroscopy, combined with robust data analysis techniques, for the swift and non-destructive classification of technical lignins, facilitating their improved utilization in sustainable fields. KW - Technical lignins KW - NIR spectroscopy KW - Classification KW - Machine-learning KW - PCA PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634518 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2025.105467 SN - 0169-7439 VL - 264 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-63451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolar, Tomislav A1 - Bayram, Dilara A1 - May, Anastasia A1 - Sundermann, Remie A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Myxa, Anett A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Selective mechanochemical conversion of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate waste into hcp and fcu UiO-66 metal–organic frameworks N2 - Single-use plastics strongly contribute to plastic pollution, and less than 10% of plastic waste is recycled globally. Here, we present a selective mechanochemical protocol for converting post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) transparent bottles and coloured textile waste into the porous metal–organic framework (MOF) UiO-66 materials. We used time-resolved in situ (TRIS) synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to monitor the depolymerization of PET during ball milling. To convert disodium terephthalate to UiO-66, we developed base and base-free synthetic routes that lead to fcu and hcp UiO-66 phases, respectively, including the first ever synthesis of hcp UiO-66 by mechanochemistry. Our results demonstrate the potential of mechanochemistry to selectively access fcu and hcp UiO-66 phases using post-consumer PET waste. KW - Mechanochemistry PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653958 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00126E SN - 2976-8683 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-65395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Beskers, Timo. F. A1 - Myxa, Anett A1 - Pursch, Matthias T1 - Round-robin test for size exclusion chromatography – Data summary N2 - Size exclusion chromatography (SEC or GPC) is one critical component of polymer analysis to meet the increasing requirements in regulatory context – namely, determination of Mn, as well as oligomers of less than 500 g mol-1 and 1000 g mol-1. The underlying test methods (OECD 118/119 and DIN EN ISO 13885 1 to 3) provide a framework for SEC measurements; however, they lack sufficient specificity to obtain accurate results. Previous SEC round robin tests were mostly performed on homopolymers and did not collect data on oligomer contents. A new round robin test was initiated and conceptualized within the Task force “Method Evaluation for Polymer REACh (MeEP)”, an initiative of “Industrieforum Analytik” within the German Chemical Society (GDCh). Samples for this study were selected to represent both easy benchmark polymers as well as real-life, industry-relevant polymer materials. Data collection focused on the regulatory requirements. Distribution of samples, gathering of individual results and evaluation were carried out by BAM. A data summary as initial result is reported here. Further evaluation and interpretation are a part of ongoing research. KW - Size exclusion chromatography KW - Polymers KW - Oligomer content KW - Round-robin test PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-65587 SP - 1 EP - 84 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-65587 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stolar, Tomislav T1 - Mechanochemical conversion of polyethylene terephthalate into valuable metal-organic frameworks N2 - Single-use plastics are causing plastic pollution, and less than 10% of plastic waste is recycled globally. Here, we present a sustainable mechanochemical1 protocol for converting post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile and bottles into the porous metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-66. We used time-resolved in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to monitor the depolymerization of PET during ball milling with sodium and potassium hydroxide and water as a liquid additive (Figure 1). For synthesizing UiO-66, we focused on the better performing sodium hydroxide and optimized two distinct synthetic routes to produce high-quality UiO-66. Our results demonstrate the potential of mechanochemistry to enable more circular MOF synthesis using post-consumer PET waste. T2 - The International Symposium on Mechanochemistry (Mech’cheM) 2025: New forces in Mechanochemistry CY - Montpellier, France DA - 04.06.2025 KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Plastic recycling KW - Circular economy PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63943 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Challenges of SEC and the necessity of round robin tests N2 - Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is still the method of choice for determining the molar mass and molar mass distribution of macromolecules. It is a liquid chromatographic technique that separates molecules based on their size, respectively their hydrodynamic volume using a porous stationary phase that allows smaller molecules to pass through the pores while excluding larger molecules. The chromatogram from the size separation can be calibrated using polymers of known molar mass resulting in a relative molar mass distribution curve. From this distribution curve molar mass averages and the oligomer content (percentage of peak area smaller than 1000 g/mol and 500 g/mol) of polymers can be derived. The determination of oligomer content is important, because it is often used in regulatory contexts as a measure of small, mobile and potentially more toxic parts of the polymer. Polymer regulations are of increasing political and societal importance. Regulations often strive for narrow limits. But SEC has rather large error margins of 10-20% for the molar mass determination performed in different laboratories or on different instruments. These variances are well known to all experts and users and have been investigated in several round robin tests in the past. These resulted in DIN and ISO standards which, in our opinion, no longer meet today's requirements. Gaps have been identified that require further harmonization. Different polymer types or classes require different methods. On the other hand, as far as we know, the margins of error in determining oligomer content have not yet been investigated. It is expected that the variation will be rather high. This is because it depends on many factors related to the experimental conditions (column sets used, solvent, temperatures, sample preparation) on the one hand, and the data evaluation mechanisms (choice of baseline and peak limits) on the other. In order to actually measure the error margins and to support this with actual data a round robin test has been performed from June to November 2024 with approx. 40 participating laboratories. Three different solvents were selected, namely THF, DMAc or DMF and water. The samples were selected taking into account a wide range of practical aspects far from narrowly distributed standards: e.g higher distribution range, reduced solubility, included side components, copolymers and dispersions with gel content. In this contribution we will present the detailed concept of this round robin test and first impressions. T2 - 11th International Symposium on the Separation and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands DA - 21.01.2025 KW - Size exclusion chromatography KW - Round robin tests PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Error margins in the Determination of Molar Mass and Oligomer Content of Polymers N2 - Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is still the method of choice for determining the molar mass and molar mass distribution of macromolecules. It is a liquid chromatographic technique that separates molecules based on their size, respectively their hydrodynamic volume using a porous stationary phase that allows smaller molecules to pass through the pores while excluding larger molecules. The chromatogram from the size separation can be calibrated using polymers of known molar mass resulting in a relative molar mass distribution curve. From this distribution curve molar mass averages and the oligomer content (percentage of peak area smaller than 1000 g/mol and 500 g/mol) of polymers can be derived. The determination of oligomer content is important, because it is often used in regulatory contexts as a measure of small, mobile and potentially more toxic parts of the polymer. Polymer regulations are of increasing political and social importance. Regulations often set very narrow limits. SEC has rather large error margins of 10-20% for the molar mass determination performed in different laboratories or on different instruments. These variances are well known to all experts and users and have been investigated in several round robin tests in the past. These resulted in DIN and ISO standards which, in our opinion, no longer meet today's requirements. As far as we know, the margins of error in determining oligomer content have not yet been investigated. It is expected that the variation will be rather high. This is because it depends on many factors related to the experimental conditions (column sets used, solvent, temperatures, sample preparation) on the one hand, and the data evaluation mechanisms (choice of baseline and peak limits) on the other. In order to actually measure the error margins and to support this with actual data a round robin test has been performed from June to November 2024 with approx. 40 participating laboratories. Three different solvents were selected, namely THF, DMAc or DMF and water. The samples were selected together with all the experts, taking into account a wide range of practical aspects far from narrowly distributed standards: e.g higher distribution range, reduced solubility, included side components, copolymers and dispersions with gel content. In this contribution we will present the detailed concept of this round robin test and first results. T2 - SETAC Europe 35th Annual Meeting CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.05.2025 KW - Size exclusion chromatography KW - REACH KW - Polymers KW - Round Robin Tests PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63307 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Limitations of SEC: Strategies for Improved Regulatory Polymer Analysis N2 - Polymers, composed of repeating units called monomers, exhibit a diverse range of properties, with molecular weight distribution (MWD) being particularly important for regulatory risk assessments. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), or gel permeation chromatography (GPC), is the primary technique for MWD characterization, as detailed in OECD guidelines 118 and 119, along with DIN and ISO standards. However, SEC faces significant shortcomings that complicate the accurate determination of MWD and oligomer content. These limitations include the insolubility of certain polymers, crosslinking, and ultra-high molecular weight characteristics, which can exceed SEC's separation capabilities. The presence of salts or modifiers can further interfere with oligomer content determination, and the availability of appropriate SEC columns and calibration standards limits comparability across laboratories. To enhance SEC's reliability and applicability within regulatory frameworks, innovative methods and strategies are essential. Proposed solutions involve new sample preparation techniques, advanced data interpretation methods, and the establishment of standardized methodologies to promote harmonization. This is especially crucial in light of the expected Polymer REACh (PREACh) legislation, which aims to regulate polymer registration and risk assessment within the European market. Given the anticipated complexity of the registration process, which requires extensive data generation, proactive strategies are needed to address SEC's challenges. Currently, there are no viable alternatives for oligomer content determination, and the unique properties of polymers often necessitate tailored analytical approaches. Without new methodologies and guidelines, the polymer registration process could become burdensome and costly, jeopardizing important products and markets in the EU. Key areas for improvement include extending existing norms to cover a broader range of solvents, addressing high error margins in oligomer content determination, establishing harmonized approaches for dealing with side components, and providing clarity on measuring partially soluble polymers. In conclusion, addressing SEC's limitations through the development of comprehensive guidelines and harmonization is critical for ensuring accurate and efficient polymer analysis, ultimately facilitating smoother registration processes. T2 - SETAC Europe 35th Annual Meeting CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.05.2025 KW - Size exclusion chromatography KW - Polymers KW - REACH PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63309 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stolar, Tomislav T1 - Upcycling waste PET bottles to porous UiO-66 by mechanochemistry N2 - Single-use plastics are causing plastic pollution, and less than 10% of plastic waste gets recycled globally. Most of it ends up in landfills or gets incinerated in a highly unsustainable manner. Here, I will present a sustainable mechanochemical protocol for the chemical upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to porous UiO-66 metal-organic framework (MOF). In the first step, PET is ball-milled with sodium hydroxide and undergoes alkaline hydrolysis to disodium terephthalate (Na2TP). Time-resolved in situ monitoring of ball milling reaction by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction shows the appearance of crystalline Na2TP after 20 min of milling. However, ex-situ analysis at different milling times by gel permeation chromatography reveals that the depolymerisation step needs more milling for completion. After two hours of ball milling, there are only trace amounts of leftover PET. For upcycling to UiO-66, a zirconium acetate cluster is added to Na2TP together with liquid additives and after milling for T2 - International Conference on Resource Chemistry 2024 CY - Alzenau, Germany DA - 13.03.2024 KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Plastic recycling KW - Circular economy PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62105 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fink, Friedrich A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - From bench to mini – Classification of technical lignins with NIR N2 - Lignin, a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, is the second most abundant biopolymer but remains underutilized due to its complex structure and variability in biomass origin. Classification based on biomass source is crucial for quality assurance and application predictability. This study employs near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to classify technical lignins from softwoods, hardwoods, straw, and grasses. Machine learning models (ML), including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Gaussian Process Classification (GPC), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), and Decision Tree Classification (DTC), were developed using spectral preprocessing and principle component analysis (PCA). The models were compared with spectra from handheld and compact spectrometers. Results highlight the potential of NIR spectroscopy and machine learning to enable rapid, reliable lignin classification, paving the way for improved industrial utilization of this abundant resource. T2 - 11th International Symposium on the Separation and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands DA - 21.01.2025 KW - Lignin KW - Classification KW - Near infrared spectroscopy PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62531 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stolar, Tomislav T1 - Waste to value: upcycling PET bottles into MOFs using mechanochemistry N2 - Single-use plastics are causing plastic pollution, and less than 10% of plastic waste gets recycled globally. Most of it ends up in landfills or gets incinerated in a highly unsustainable manner. Here, I will present a sustainable mechanochemical protocol for the chemical upcycling of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to porous UiO-66 metal-organic framework (MOF). We used in situ and ex situ characterization to gain a deep understanding of the underlying mechanochemical process leading to high crystallinity and -porosity UiO-66. Our results show the potential of mechanochemistry for the sustainable production of high-quality value-added materials such as UiO-66 from waste PET bottles. T2 - 2024 Green Chemistry Gordon Research Conference CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 31.07.2024 KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Plastic recycling KW - Circular economy PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62107 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Unlocking black fungi: from genomes to material conservation and biotechnological innovation N2 - Black fungi are a polyphyletic group of melanized ascomycetes adapted to extreme environments such as deserts, rocks, and human-made surfaces. Their slow compact growth, and thick melanized cell walls confer exceptional stress tolerance but have long hindered molecular studies and genetic engineering. Consequently, the biology and biotechnological potential of these organisms remained largely unexplored. To overcome these limitations, we selected the rock-inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola as a model. Its genome sequence (12 contigs, ~10,000 genes) enabled the development of a versatile genetic toolbox based on CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing, achieving up to 100% homologous recombination and supporting multiplex editing of at least six genomic regions. Color-based selection systems targeting pigment genes enable rapid identification of strains with correctly integrated expression cassettes, including simultaneous insertion of optimized genes coding for blue, green, and red fluorescent proteins for co-localization and protein interaction studies. These tools enable functional analyses of traits central to extremotolerance, such as the role of melanin in stress protection, biofilm formation, and material interactions. Furthermore, K. petricola has been established as a eukaryotic expression platform: heterologous genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants can be expressed under constitutive or inducible promoters, including the Tet-on system for tunable gene regulation. Pigment-free strains provide access to metabolic precursors, enabling high-level synthesis of alternative secondary metabolites. Importantly, the optimized transformation protocols were successfully transferred to the Antarctic black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus, a cryptoendolithic extremophile and astrobiology model, demonstrating that even the most stress-tolerant fungi can be genetically engineered. Together, the genome sequence and advanced genetic engineering strategies have transformed K. petricola from a challenging extremotolerant organism into a tractable model for studying stress adaptation, material interactions and a promising host for biotechnology and synthetic biology approaches. These achievements, combined with emerging black fungal genomes, inform sustainable material protection strategies to mitigate colonization and biodeterioration of exposed surfaces, linking fundamental research with applied solutions for material conservation and industrial biotechnology. T2 - Annual Conference of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) 2026 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2026 KW - Functional genetics KW - Material colonizer KW - Pigments PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Biodiversity on Materials: Black Fungi Colonizing Solar Panels N2 - Sun-exposed surfaces are extreme environments characterized by intense UV radiation, temperature fluctuations, desiccation, and nutrient scarcity. These habitats are colonized by extremotolerant microorganisms that often form multispecies biofilms. Among them, black fungi (Ascomycota) stand out for their unique morphophysiological traits: slow growth, small compact colonies, reproduction by budding or meristematic growth, and continuous deposition of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin on thickened cell walls. This melanin is thought to provide protection against abiotic stress, for both the fungi and their microbial partners. Originally associated with natural substrates such as rocks in hot, cold, or saline deserts, black fungi have recently been detected on human-made surfaces, including solar panels, where they may reduce system efficiency. Despite their simple morphology, black fungi represent a vast and underestimated genetic diversity with representatives in Eurotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Arthoniomycetes. They exhibit diverse lifestyles, including lichen symbioses, opportunistic pathogenicity, and saprobic growth. However, only a few genomes of black fungi have been sequenced to date. Initial analyses indicate haploid or diploid states, occasional genome duplications, and gene loss, reflecting adaptation to extreme conditions. For even fewer species, genetic engineering tools are available. To address this gap, we develop genetic tools for functional studies and compare genome sequences. The STRES Community Science Program, funded by the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), aims to sequence up to 600 black fungal genomes from diverse extreme environments (https://stresblackfungi.org/). Our contribution includes black fungi isolated from solar panels in Germany and the United States – among some several new species. Annotated genomes are now becoming available, enabling comparative analyses to discover novel genes for enzymes and secondary metabolites. These efforts also support strategies to mitigate undesired biofilm formation on man-made surfaces such as facades and solar panels. T2 - Annual Conference of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) 2026 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2026 KW - Biodiversity KW - Fungi KW - Melanin PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65750 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erdmann, Eileen A. T1 - In-vivo Transposon Mutagenesis in the Black Fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Microcolonial black fungi, commonly found on sun-exposed natural and man-made surfaces worldwide, belong to different classes within the Ascomycota but convergently evolved similar morpho-physiological adaptations to colonize extreme low-competitive environments. Genetic studies of these organisms have long been hampered by slow growth, lack of sexual cycles and difficulties in transformation. To overcome these limitations, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing was implemented in the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales). This enables efficient generation of deletion mutants and overexpression strains for functional analyses, and thus hypothesis-driven targeted mutagenesis. However, the unique ability of black fungi to colonize oligotrophic extreme environments remains poorly understood, and genes involved are unknown. To address this, a hypothesis-generating tool for functional assessment of new species- and/or trait-specific genes was implemented in K. petricola. Specifically, we adapted the two-component Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transposon system from maize for generating insertional mutants by in vivo mutagenesis. For controlling the transposition of a Ds transposon carrying a resistance cassette, the inducible and metabolism-independent Tet-on promoter system was combined with the Ac transposase (AcTPase) coding sequence fused to a functional nuclear localization signal. In total, six auxotrophic Ac/Ds starter strains were generated, each harboring the Ds transposon at different positions within ade2, ura3 or ppt1. Induction of TET::AcTPase with doxycycline followed by selection on ADE/URA/LYS-lacking media resulted in prototrophic revertants for most Ac/Ds strains. Sequencing of excision sites revealed characteristic footprints. Mapping of Ds re-insertion sites demonstrated transpositions both within the same chromosome and across different chromosomes, identifying 30 genes as non-essential. Current efforts include scaling up mutant generation, as the generation and sequencing of saturated mutant libraries combined with mutation mapping will enable the systematic identification of essential genes under diverse culture conditions. T2 - Annual Conference of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) 2026 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2026 KW - Genetics KW - Material colonizer KW - Melanin PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65749 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Iron Acquisition in Black Fungi: Genomic Insights & Mitigation N2 - Iron is an essential micronutrient for all organisms, driving intense competition for its acquisition. This competition is particularly evident in parasitic interactions, where hosts actively restrict iron availability to inhibit the growth of fungal invaders (nutritional immunity). Saprobic fungi, on the other hand, acquire iron by digesting dead organic material and may protect their nutrient sources from competitors through efficient iron uptake, rapid growth, and the production of toxic secondary metabolites. Rock-inhabiting black fungi colonize – alone or within microbial communities (subaerial biofilms) – oligotrophic, exposed surfaces such as rocks, stone monuments, and photovoltaic panels, where competition from fast-growing saprobes is minimal. To understand how these fungi acquire iron, we combined comparative genomics with targeted gene deletions in the model species Knufia petricola. Genome analysis revealed a reduced repertoire of iron acquisition-related genes compared to those of pathogenic relatives: a single reductive iron assimilation (RIA) complex, one non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) for siderophore biosynthesis, and absence of vacuolar iron transporters. Functional assays demonstrated that K. petricola primarily relies on RIA, mediated by FTR1–FET1, and secondarily on siderophore-mediated iron acquisition (SIA) via NPS1. Mutants lacking both systems were nearly non-viable under iron limitation, confirming that RIA and SIA are the only relevant uptake routes under laboratory conditions, that simulate the free-living lifestyle. Cross-feeding and chemotropism assays indicated secretion of an extracellular siderophore enabling growth toward the iron-containing mineral olivine. This siderophore, however, failed to mobilize iron from strong chelators such as BPS and EDTA, and its chemical nature remains unknown. Although melanin adsorbs and reduces iron, results on deletion mutants showed that melanin does not contribute to iron uptake or chelator resistance, functioning instead as a passive iron sink. Sensitivity assays revealed unusually low minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for these chelators in K. petricola and other rock-inhabiting fungi, suggesting limited iron acquisition and storage capacity. These findings highlight the vulnerability of rock-inhabiting fungi to iron depletion and suggest that strong iron chelators could serve as an effective strategy to inhibit fungal colonization of human-made surfaces. T2 - Annual Conference of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) 2026 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2026 KW - Material colonization KW - Knufia petricola KW - Iron chelation PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stolar, Tomislav T1 - Mechanochemical Conversion Of Polyethylene Terephthalate Into Valuable Metal-organic Frameworks N2 - Single-use plastics are causing plastic pollution, and less than 10% of plastic waste is recycled globally. Here, we present a sustainable mechanochemical protocol for converting post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile and bottles into the porous metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-66. We used time-resolved in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to monitor the depolymerization of PET during ball milling with sodium and potassium hydroxide and water as a liquid additive. For synthesizing UiO-66, we focused on the better performing sodium hydroxide and optimized two distinct synthetic routes to produce high-quality UiO-66. Our results demonstrate the potential of mechanochemistry to enable more circular MOF synthesis using post-consumer PET waste. T2 - International Conference on Sustainable Chemistry for Net Zero CY - St. Andrews, United Kingdom DA - 10.06.2025 KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Plastic recycling KW - Circular economy PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63944 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cockx, Bastiaan J.R. T1 - From data to model, linking Knufia petricola traits to emergent biofilm properties using individual-based experiments and modelling N2 - Black fungi, a diverse group of ascomycetes, well known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments, are found to colonize and grow on subaerial surfaces where few other microbes survive. This includes bare rock as well as marble monuments and solar panels. Black fungi can deteriorate hard substrates which is of particular concern for the preservation of cultural heritage, while their ability to colonize solar panels can cause a reduction in green energy yield. We have been developing computational modelling tools to gain predictive insight into their growth and proliferation. In this work we focus on the black fungus Knufia petricola, a fungus that possesses many of the characteristic features of black fungi generally and for which genetic engineering tools have been developed. Detailed observations and systematic characterization of the organism are fundamental to developing a predictive model. We combined the lessons from individual-based and biofilm characterization studies of K. petricola by Dehkohneh et al. (Manuscripts in preparation) with the predictive potential of Individual-based Modelling (IbM). In these systematic characterization studies K. petricola was grown and characterized on agar and on a glass substrate. K. petricola was grown under a variety of conditions; different carbon and nitrogen sources, different degrees of nutrient limitation, and C:N ratios. We"ve thus gained insight on how these conditions affect the growth characteristics and morphological development of K. petricola, including how nutrient limitation can limit branch development and shift generation times, and how the C:N ratio affects substrate penetration. We employed this knowledge to develop a new K. petricola IbM.We used the IbM framework iDynoMiCS 2.0 (Cockx et al. 2024) to formulate our model. The model captures both morphological and kinetic aspects of K. petricola. By formulating characteristics of individual cells and the interactions with their neighbors and environment mathematically we can simulate emergent properties, such as the architecture and expansion of K. petricola micro- colonies, which gives us the unique ability to link microbial traits with biofilm characteristics. The model gives us insight on how environmental parameters can be manipulated to steer the development of K. petricola biofilms, it can thus help forecast K. petricola biofilm proliferation and can be used to inform new bio-colonization mitigation strategies. T2 - Annual Conference of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) 2026 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2026 KW - Rock-inhabiting fungi KW - Extreme environments KW - Fungal growth PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meier, F. A1 - Drexel, R. A1 - Wiesner, Yosri A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Bartczak, D. A1 - Alasonati, E. T1 - Nano-sized Polypropylene as a Promising Candidate Reference Material: Preparation, Characterization and Stability in Complex Matrices N2 - The lack of nanoplastic (NPs) reference materials capable of mimicking real-world scenarios is currently hampering the development of validated extraction techniques from complex matrices, the development of analytical approaches for robust identification and quantification, and the ability to use environmentally relevant test materials in (eco)toxicity testing and hazard assessment. Here, we present a strategy towards the development of a potential NP reference material based on nano-sized polyproplyene particles (nanoPP) developed within the EURAMET-funded PlasticTrace project (https://plastictrace.eu/). The strategy includes the preparation, the physicochemical characterization and the stability assessment of nanoPP in suspension both in its pristine state, but also when spiked into complex matrices like mineral water and milk. NanoPP was produced reproducibly in a top-down approach by crushing in acetone with an UltraTurrax, filtering and change of solvent to MilliQ water. The prepared nanoPP material was subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical characterization including e.g., DLS, PTA and AF4-MALS for particle size distribution assessment, PTA and SEM for particle number concentration determination, SEM and AFM for shape analysis and pyrolysis GC-MS for chemical identification. Performed studies showed that the prepared nanoPP material is irregularly shaped and highly polydisperse with a particle size of around 180 nm (e.g., Dh,z-ave from DLS) and a particle size distribution from around 15 nm up to 135 nm (radius of gyration Rg from AF4-MALS). Storage stability studies using DLS, PTA and AF4-MALS revealed nanoPP in aqueous suspension to be stable for at least 22 months with respect to particle size distribution and number concentration rendering it a promising NP candidate reference material. However, conducted spiking experiments in mineral water and milk showed a time-dependent agglomeration of nanoPP that needs further investigation. T2 - MICROPLASTICdays CY - Ljubliana, Slovenia DA - 03.02.2026 KW - Nanoplastics KW - Reference materials PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65769 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meier, F. A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Challenges in nanoplastic analysis: Reference materials, complex matrices, and limits of detection N2 - The growing concern over nanoplastic particles (< 1 µm) in food and the environment has intensified the need for robust analytical approaches to detect, quantify, and characterize these particles. But the lack is high of standardized and well-characterized reference materials that reflect environmentally relevant nanoplastics according to: • Size distribution • Low abundance • Chemical diversity • Surface properties • Behavior in complex matrices. This poster shows different methods like FFF and AF4-MALS and their results when measuring a nanoPP reference materials candidate. T2 - Analytica Conference 2026 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.03.2026 KW - Nanoplastics KW - Reference materials KW - AF4-MALS KW - FFF PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65770 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Eggert, Lara A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - H2Mare-Projekt PtX-Wind - Untersuchung zu bauseitigen Fragestellungen der Korrosion und des Korrosionsschutzes mit Fokus auf die Außenkorrosion von Bau- und Anlagenteilen N2 - Im Teilvorhaben „Untersuchung zu bauseitigen Fragestellungen der Korrosion und des Korrosionsschutzes mit Fokus auf die Außenkorrosion von Bau- und Anlagenteilen“ standen korrosionstechnische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss maritimer Exposition für großtechnische Offshore-Power-to-X-(PtX-) Anlagen im Mittelpunkt. Die Planung und der Betrieb solcher OffshoreProzessanlagen stellen aufgrund der vorherrschenden Umweltbedingungen hohe Anforderungen an die Korrosionsbeständigkeit der eingesetzten Materialien, wobei dem wirksamen Korrosionsschutz eine zentrale Rolle für einen wartungsarmen, langlebigen und umweltverträglichen Anlagenbetrieb zukommt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde das Korrosionsverhalten metallischer Werkstoffe und Korrosionsschutzsysteme unter realen maritimen und Offshore-Bedingungen systematisch untersucht. Durch die Verknüpfung normativer und wissenschaftlicher Literaturrecherchen mit kontrollierten Laboruntersuchungen sowie mehrjährigen Expositionsversuchen an ausgewählten maritimen Standorten wurden grundlegende Zusammenhänge zwischen Umweltparametern, Werkstoffeigenschaften, konstruktiven Randbedingungen und Korrosionsmechanismen analysiert. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse stellen eine repräsentative Datengrundlage zur Charakterisierung der Korrosivitätsbedingungen im maritimen Umfeld dar und bilden eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Basis für die Bewertung, Auslegung und Optimierung von Werkstoffen, Beschichtungen und Korrosionsschutzkonzepten für maritime und Offshore-Anwendungen. KW - Offshore-Power-to-X-Anlagen KW - Maritime Korrosion KW - Korrosionsschutz PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657965 DO - https://doi.org/10.34657/32992 SP - 1 EP - 32 AN - OPUS4-65796 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kaminski, Katja A1 - Kluge, Stephanie A1 - Frenzel, Olivia A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Westphalen, Tanja ED - Ziegahn, Karl-Friedrich T1 - Entwicklung, Validierung und Anwendung eines beschleunigten Bewitterungsprotokolls zur Bewertung der Freisetzung von Bisphenol A (BPA) aus Polycarbonat (PC)-Materialien in die Umwelt N2 - BPA unterliegt einer kontinuierlichen behördlichen Kontrolle und ist als besonders besorgniserregender Stoff (SVHC) gelistet. Besondere Besorgnis besteht hinsichtlich seines häufigen Nachweises in Oberflächengewässern, obwohl es leicht biologisch abbaubar ist. In mehreren Studien wurden die Quellen und Wege von BPA in die Umwelt untersucht, wobei festgestellt wurde, dass seine Hauptverwendung als Monomer in PC nur marginal zu den BPA-Freisetzungen in die Umwelt über seinen Lebenszyklus beiträgt. Um die tatsächlichen Freisetzungen von BPA aus PC unter umweltrelevanten Bedingungen besser zu verstehen, wurde eine neu entwickelte Methodik (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, BAM) angewendet, die ein neuartiges beschleunigtes Bewitterungsprotokoll für Polycarbonat-Materialien in Kombination mit einem sensitiven Analysenverfahren umfasst, welches eine Bestimmung von BPA im Ultraspurenbereich ermöglicht. Das Bewitterungsprotokoll erreicht eine 13,6-fache Beschleunigung im Vergleich zu mitteleuropäischen Wetterbedingungen und simuliert Umweltstressoren (globale Strahlung, Regen, Temperaturschwankungen) in einer Bewitterungskammer, wobei gleichzeitig die BPA-Freisetzung mit einem validierten LC-MS/MS-Verfahren unter Verwendung einer organischen Isotopenverdünnungskalibrierung bestimmt wird. In parallelen Freilandversuchen wurden die Trübung und die Vergilbung („Yellowness-Index“) der zu untersuchenden Proben als Referenzparameter untersucht. T2 - 54. Jahrestagung der GUS 2026 CY - Blankenloch-Stutensee, Germany DA - 25.03.2026 KW - Polycarbonat KW - Bisphenol A KW - Bewitterung PY - 2026 SN - 978-3-9826129-3-5 VL - 54 SP - 139 EP - 153 AN - OPUS4-65793 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Eggert, Lara T1 - H2Mare-Projekt TransferWind - Übertragung von wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen zur bauseitigen maritimen und offshore-Korrosion in die Normung und Erarbeitung einer Handlungsempfehlung zu Korrosionsschutz und -prüfung N2 - Die Werkstoffauswahl und der Korrosionsschutz zur Sicherstellung der Dauerhaftigkeit stellen für den Offshore Bereich noch immer eine Herausforderung dar. Erfahrungen und Regelwerke liegen insbesondere aus dem Bereich von Offshore Windenergieanlagen vor. Diese Regelwerke befinden sich in einem stetigen Prozess der Anpassung an aktuelle Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen, da es sich noch um relativ neue Anwendungen handelt. Für Offshore-Prozessanlagen, wie diese im H2Mare-Projekt betrachtet werden, sind die Anforderungen wesentlich komplexer, da Anlagenkomponenten den Beanspruchungen aus den Prozessen im Inneren der Anlagen ebenso genügen müssen, wie den Beanspruchungen aus der maritimen Umgebung. Hier kommen im Vergleich zu Windkraftanlagen eine größere Palette von Werkstoffen insbesondere aus dem Bereich der rost- und säurebeständigen Stähle sowie höhere Prozesstemperaturen zum Tragen, die für Windkraftanlagen keine Relevanz haben. KW - Offshore-Power-to-X-Anlagen KW - Maritime Korrosion KW - Korrosionsschutz PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-658008 DO - https://doi.org/10.34657/32991 SP - 1 EP - 25 AN - OPUS4-65800 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Entwicklung, Validierung und Anwendung eines beschleunigten Bewitterungsprotokolls zur Bewertung der Freisetzung von Bisphenol A (BPA) aus Polycarbonat (PC)-Materialien in die Umwelt N2 - BPA unterliegt einer kontinuierlichen behördlichen Kontrolle und ist als besonders besorgniserregender Stoff (SVHC) gelistet. Besondere Besorgnis besteht hinsichtlich seines häufigen Nachweises in Oberflächengewässern, obwohl es leicht biologisch abbaubar ist. In mehreren Studien wurden die Quellen und Wege von BPA in die Umwelt untersucht, wobei festgestellt wurde, dass seine Hauptverwendung als Monomer in PC nur marginal zu den BPA-Freisetzungen in die Umwelt über seinen Lebenszyklus beiträgt. Um die tatsächlichen Freisetzungen von BPA aus PC unter umweltrelevanten Bedingungen besser zu verstehen, wurde eine neu entwickelte Methodik (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, BAM) angewendet, die ein neuartiges beschleunigtes Bewitterungsprotokoll für Polycarbonat-Materialien in Kombination mit einem sensitiven Analysenverfahren umfasst, welches eine Bestimmung von BPA im Ultraspurenbereich ermöglicht. Das Bewitterungsprotokoll erreicht eine 13,6-fache Beschleunigung im Vergleich zu mitteleuropäischen Wetterbedingungen und simuliert Umweltstressoren (globale Strahlung, Regen, Temperaturschwankungen) in einer Bewitterungskammer, wobei gleichzeitig die BPA-Freisetzung mit einem validierten LC-MS/MS-Verfahren unter Verwendung einer organischen Isotopenverdünnungskalibrierung bestimmt wird. In parallelen Freilandversuchen wurden die Trübung und die Vergilbung („Yellowness-Index“) der zu untersuchenden Proben als Referenzparameter untersucht. T2 - 54. Jahrestagung der GUS 2026 CY - Blankenloch-Stutensee, Germany DA - 25.03.2026 KW - Bewitterung KW - Bisphenol A KW - Polycarbonat PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65794 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -