TY - CONF A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Seeber, Henrik T1 - Sensorträger Einsatzkraft – System zur Erfassung der kurzzeitdynamischen Belastung von Einsatzkräften N2 - Einsatzkräfte von Feuerwehr, Polizei, THW, etc., aber auch Passanten, sind im Training und auch der realen Gefahrenlage einer Vielzahl von Belastungen ausgesetzt. Neben u.a. Gefahrstoffen, elektromagnetischer Strahlung gibt es besondere Gefährdungen wie z. B. Explosionen, die durch eine kurzzeitdynamische Einwirkung charakterisiert sind. Dabei stellt die Überdruckbelastung eine unzureichend erfasste Gefährdung dar [1]. Zur Beurteilung dieser Gefährdung und potenzieller Schutzmöglichkeiten, ist die Erfassung und Charakterisierung der auftretenden Lastfälle in realistischen Einsatz- und Trainingsszenarien mit hochauflösender Messtechnik nötig [2, 3]. Bei der Erfassung sollen der Trainings- oder Einsatzablauf und die körperliche Belastung so gering wie möglich beeinflusst werden. Dies kann mit aktuell verfügbaren Messsystemen nicht gewährleistet werden. Die BAM stellt daher ein System, den „Sensorträger Einsatzkraft“ (StEk), als Prototyp vor. Dieser Prototyp besteht aus einem autarken, kurzzeitdynamischen Messsystem zur Erfassung der Überdruckbelastung von exponierten Personen. Das in einem Rucksack untergebrachte Messsystem zeichnet sich durch geringes Gewicht und Autarkie aus und ermöglicht damit erstmals den dynamischen Einsatz hochauflösender Messtechnik in Trainings- oder Einsatzszenarien mit wissenschaftlichem Anspruch. In Situationen, in denen der Einsatz eines Menschen nicht möglich ist, kann der StEk auch mit einem teilweise biofidelen Dummy mit ergänzender, verbauter Sensorik, eingesetzt werden. Darüber hinaus können mit diesem Ansatz kommerziell erhältliche Druckmonitoring-Tools auf ihre Eignung evaluiert und validiert werden. Derzeit wird ein weiteres autarkes Messsystem aufgebaut, das hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit der verbauten Messtechnik eine Weiterentwicklung des Prototyps darstellt. Neben der Erfassung kurzzeitiger dynamischer Belastungen sollen auch Belastungen des Trägers wie Lärm, körpernahe Temperatur und Wärmestrahlung erfasst werden können. T2 - Fachkongress „Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz“ CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 05.02.2025 KW - Blast KW - Low-level blast KW - Explosionswirkung KW - Einsatzkraft KW - Messtechnik PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62550 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liao, Chun-Man ED - Zhang, Jian T1 - Modal and Wave Propagation Analysis of Vibration Tests on a Laboratory Building Model Before and After Damage N2 - Weakened structural stiffness is often a consequence of building damage, particularly after severe events such as earthquakes, where compromised structural performance can pose significant risks. To prevent immediate structural failure, an early warning system is essential, which requires inspection of local components. This research aims to achieve that by exploring the wave propagation analysis method, specifically seismic interferometry. Previous studies have applied this method to building structures, treating them as homogeneous layers of grouped floors. By analyzing the wave travel time along the height of these layers, the fundamental period of the building was estimated. However, this approach did not account for local damage or the variability of structural components, similar to the limitations of vibration‐based damage detection methods, which mainly identify global changes. Thus, the goal of this paper is to improve structural health monitoring by examining the sensitivity of wave screening, bridging the gap between nondestructive testing and vibration‐based damage detection. A half‐scale, seven‐story building model, characterized by vertical stiffness irregularity and transverse plan asymmetry, was tested in a laboratory setting. Two vertical sensor arrays were placed near corner columns of different sizes, representing both strong and weak structural areas. These arrays recorded floor accelerations in three directions. The study confirmed the effectiveness of wave propagation analysis for detecting damage along the sensor arrays before and after the earthquake. A transmissibility damage indicator was used to correlate changes in wave velocity, providing a quantitative assessment of damage levels along the wave propagation path. KW - Damage location KW - Laboratory test KW - Soft story KW - Stifness irregular structure KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624931 DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/stc/3453150 SN - 1545-2263 VL - 2025 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd. AN - OPUS4-62493 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agasty, Amit A1 - Hering, Marcus T1 - Eine Machbarkeitsstudie zur Skalierung von Sprengversuchen an Stahlbetonbauteilen N2 - Sprengversuche sind erforderlich, um Explosionsereignisse auf Grund von Unfällen oder Anschlägen zu untersuchen und um das Schutzniveau für Menschen und Anlagen in kritischen Infrastrukturen zu bewerten. Die Durchführung von Feldversuchen in großem Maßstab für komplexe Szenarien ist sehr ressourcenintensiv. Verlässliche Experimente im kleinen Maßstab sind eine vielversprechende Alternative. Die Skalierungsgesetze für die Bemessung von Stahlbetonkonstruktionen unter Explosionsbelastung sind jedoch nicht hinreichend etabliert. Die Forschungsarbeit fokussiert sich auf Stahlbetonstrukturen, die für die Standardisierung von skalierten Sprengversuchen in Frage kommen. Im Rahmen der Machbarkeitsstudie wurden auf dem TTS-Gelände Sprengversuche an Probekörpern unterschiedlicher Größe durchgeführt. Dabei wurden verschiedene horizontal gelagerte Stahlbetonplatten getestet und unterschiedlichen Explosionsbelastungen ausgesetzt. Die Sprengversuche umfassten verschiedene Messtechniken zur Quantifizierung der Explosionslast sowie des Verhaltens der Stahlbetonplatten. Die Explosionslast wurde mit bündig eingebauten piezoelektrischen Druckmessern gemessen, während Beschleunigungssensoren und flächig applizierte verteilte faseroptische Sensorik verwendet wurden, um das dynamische Verhalten der Platte unter Explosionsbelastung zu charakterisieren. Darüber hinaus wurden Schädigungsmerkmale ebenfalls mit verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik ermittelt. Die Anwendung solcher Messtechniken sowie die Nutzung verschiedener numerischer Softwaretools bieten die Möglichkeit die Skalierungsgesetze zu verifizieren bzw. anzupassen. T2 - BBK - Fachkongress Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz 2025 CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 05.02.2025 KW - Sprengversuch KW - Skalierung KW - Faseroptik PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62509 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grunert, Wiebke T1 - ODYSSEUS N2 - Vorstellung des Forschungsprojekts ODYSSEUS und Darstellung der Aufgaben der BAM. Hierbei sollen neue Instrumente chemische Ausgangsstoffe zur Herstellung von Explosivstoffen und Bomben aufspüren, um zukünftig Anschläge zu verhindern. T2 - 46. Informationstagung Sprengtechnik CY - Siegen, Germany DA - 25.04.2025 KW - Home-made explosives KW - Anschläge KW - Bomben KW - Ausgangsstoffe PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62995 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lohrer, Christian T1 - Initiierungsvermögen von Anzündern (sonstige Pyrotechnik für Fahrzeuge) an Sekundärsprengstoffen N2 - Um eine schwere missbräuchliche Verwendung von Pyrotechnik zu verhindern, ist eine mögliche Initiierung von Sekundärsprengstoffen durch Pyrotechnik gemäß der wesentlichen Sicherheitsanforderungen der Richtlinie 2013/29/EU nicht zulässig. Aus diesem Grund müssen pyrotechnische Gegenstände auch in dieser Hinsicht bewertet werden. In einem pränormativen Forschungsansatz wurden leistungsfähige und für die Allgemeinheit vergleichsweise leicht verfügbare Anzünder aus dem Bereich der Fahrzeugpyrotechnik speziellen Prüfungen für die Bewertung dieser Auslösefähigkeit unterzogen. T2 - 46. Informationstagung Sprengtechnik CY - Siegen, Germany DA - 25.04.2025 KW - Sekundärsprengstoffe KW - Pyrotechnik KW - Konformuitätsbewertung PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62997 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agasty, Amit T1 - Replica scaling of RC slabs under blast loading: a preliminary assessment N2 - Blast testing is undoubtedly the most straightforward and direct method of evaluating the blast resistance of a structure. For the calibration and validation of numerical models as well, blast tests must be carried out. However, true-scale prototype testing under different blast loading scenarios is not always feasible. Reliable small-scale experiments are a promising alternative. Application of dimensional analysis and similarity principals can be found in different engineering fields. For applications to the phenomenon of shock wave propagation, Hopkinson-Cranz or cube-root scaling is a well-established concept. When it comes to the scaling the structural response, research has predominantly focused on structures made of metallic materials. Scaled investigations with concrete or reinforced concrete (RC) structures remain limited, specifically under blast loading. In a preliminary study, we tested RC slabs at two different scales under near-field blast loading. Replica scaling, which is geometrical scaling while using the same materials at different scales, was implemented in the construction of the test specimens. The assessment of scaling and the discrepancy in its application was investigated by characterizing the blast loads, dynamic response, and damage. The experiments were supplemented by numerical simulations of these scenarios. The quantification of scenario-and-response-specific discrepancy can be used to modify the scaling laws, so that a blast assessment can be performed based on resource efficient small-scale tests. T2 - 25th International Physical Security Forum CY - Schwarzenburg, Switzerland DA - 11.05.2025 KW - Blast KW - RC slabs KW - Scaling PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63184 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Costard, René T1 - Explosionsauswirkungen auf Strukturen Versuche und Simulationen N2 - Vorstellung der Versuche von Explosionsversuchen auf dem TTS. Diese werden ergänzt durch die Ergebnisse durchgeführter Simulationen und zeigen die Wirkung von zivilen Explosivstoffen auf Gebäudestrukturen und die aufgetretenen Schädigungen. T2 - 46. Informationstagung Sprengtechnik CY - Siegen, Germany DA - 25.04.2025 KW - Explosivstoff KW - Skalierung KW - Strukturauswirkung KW - Numerische Simulation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62998 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Costard, Rene A1 - Hering, Marcus T1 - Explosionsauswirkungen auf Strukturen N2 - Wir berichten über die Entwicklungen des AP2 im Hinblick auf Explosionsauswirkungen auf Strukturen und den Weg zur systematischen messtechnischen Erfassung zur ganzheitlichen Bewertung der Bauwerksicherheit unter Detonationsbelastung. Zusätzlich werden die Vorführungen zu Kontaktdetonationen während der 16. Informationsveanstaltung Sprengstoffe und Pyrotechnik vorgeführt. T2 - 16. Informationsveranstaltung Sprengstoffe und Pyrotechnik CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.05.2025 KW - Explosion KW - Kontaktdetonation KW - Blast PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63192 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerbeit, Marco A1 - Seeber, Henrik A1 - Grasse, Dennis A1 - Donner, Marcel A1 - Grobert, Steffen A1 - Krentel, Daniel T1 - Test set-up for reproducible shock wave generation N2 - A test setup was developed at the BAM test site to generate and record reproducible, adjustable shock waves resulting from gas detonations. The setup is used to study the impact of blasts on humans and structures with short setup times. To further develop this innovative test bench and improve reproducibility, the ignition source and gas composition is analysed in more detail. The experimental setup consists of a cylindrical pressure vessel (autoclave) that is operated with acetylene and oxygen at ambient pressure. The elevated pressure resulting from the combustion process is released through an orifice by the instantaneous rupture of a diaphragm. The shock propagates symmetrically into the free field, where it interacts with the models and sensors to be analysed. With this design, shock waves with a typical ideal Friedlander waveform characteristic, except for a reflection and a muzzle blast-like behavior that deviates from the ideal characteristics, can be generated. This setup enables an average peak overpressure of 88 kPa. By using exploding wires as an ignition source in comparison to a fusehead, the reproducibility was significantly increased during the test to σ=2.8 kPa from σ=9.5 kPa previously. The presented data confirms the quality and reliability of this setup in generating realistic, reproducible shocks. KW - Overpressure KW - Shock wave KW - Blast KW - Ignition source KW - Autoclave PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-637859 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105736 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 98 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-63785 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rogge, Andreas T1 - Large scale impact tests with reinforced concrete plates for impact safety N2 - As part of a nuclear safety research project, large-scale impact tests were conducted on reinforced concrete slabs to investigate the structural integrity of containment structures under aircraft crash scenarios. The aim was to experimentally validate numerical models for both hard and soft impact conditions. Using a drop tower, concrete slabs were subjected to controlled impacts with a 404 kg impactor dropped from a height of 9.5 meters. The tests included force measurements, photogrammetric evaluations, and 3D scans to analyze deformations and damage. A total of six impact experiments were performed (2x hard impact, 2x combined hard/soft impact). The results provide a robust basis for advancing safety assessments of nuclear facilities. T2 - SMiRT28 - 28th International Conference on Structural Mechanics In Reactor Technology CY - Toronto, Canada DA - 10.08.2025 KW - Experimental mechanics KW - Aircraft crash scenario KW - Coupled impact loading PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64126 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos T1 - Parameter study of impact targets in the drop test of packaging for dangerous goods N2 - Within the transportation chain, impact loading of dangerous goods packagings can happen. Thus, a package’s resistance against mechanical damage needs to be assessed. In the context of dangerous goods transport, drop tests are used for damage assessment as a part of packaging approval. Hence, a horizontal, flat unyielding surface must be provided to ensure maximum damage on impact and univocal test results. Leading adopted regulations like ADR/RID reference ISO 2248 to specify the requirements for the impact surface. The main requirement states that the impact surface must belong to an impact target with a mass at least 50 times higher than that of the heaviest package to be tested. However, many manufacturers in Germany, especially manufacturers of fibreboard boxes, do not have their own testing device with the required mass ratio for the drop test. Furthermore, the necessity of requirement revision has been addressed at UN level. It is unclear if mass ratio is the decisive criterion or if alternative design parameters can be defined to guarantee rigidity of the impact surface. The focus of the research reported in this thesis lays in the development and implementation of an analysis and testing concept for a comprehensive investigation of impact targets in drop testing. To this end, an experimental setup consisting of regulation compliant model impact targets is used in drop tests with two packaging types of significantly different mechanical properties. The variation of drop test parameters, such as the mass ratio, provides new insights into their respective significance in the drop test outcome. In addition, experimental findings are enhanced with numerical Finite-Element (FE) analyses to propose new improved criteria which incorporate all relevant influencing factors. In this way, firstly, critical impact target designs can be identified, and secondly, the kinetic energy of a real impact target in a drop test can be reliably approximated and compared to the respective theoretical threshold derived from a worst-case assumption. Thus, the rigid mass ratio currently specified in ISO 2248 can be regarded obsolete. The results of this work are highly beneficial for industrial application since they form the basis for introducing a standardized method for evaluating impact targets, replacing the 50 times mass ratio requirement. This would enable manufacturing and testing facilities to ensure a uniform level of safety assessment and to avoid the considerably high construction costs of impact targets with mass ratio of 1:50 in relation to packaging gross masses of several hundred kilograms. Hence, to make the results attained under laboratory conditions usable in practical application, preliminary investigations of the mechanical response of installed impact targets are conducted. For this purpose, important factors such as the interaction between impact target and ground in dynamic impact testing conditions are examined using validated FE models to establish an evaluation method. The investigations aim to create the basis for the revision of ISO 2248 and to define a standardized reference method for impact target characterization. KW - Drop test KW - Structural dynamics KW - Dangerous goods packaging KW - Mass ratio KW - Finite-element-method PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-24333 SP - 1 EP - 189 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-64090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerbeit, Marco T1 - An apparatus for generating reproducible and scalable shock waves in the free field N2 - A simple test bench was set up on the BAM test site to investigate shock waves caused by gas detonations. The aim was to build a simple mobile test bench that can be used for various applications, to demonstrate the vaildity and for comparison with other test benches. For this purpose a balloon filled with acetylene and oxygen at atmospheric pressure with an electric ignitor was used. The characteristics of the shock waves can be scaled via the gaseous mixture, the filling quantity of the balloon and the distance to the sensors. Pressure sensors were set up around the balloon at various distances to measure the shock. With the help of the high-speed recordings and the Rankine Hugoniot equations, the shock front pressure was estimated and compared with the results of the pressure sensors. In order to validate the results of this test bench, they were compared with an experiment using plastic explosive no. 4 . These agreed well with the results. Overall, symmetrical undisturbed scalable shock waves can be generated with the setup. Only the reproducibility, which is comparatively poor to open shock tubes due to the influence of wind, had to be improved. T2 - 35th International Symposium on Shock Waves (ISSW35) CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 07.07.2025 KW - Shock waves KW - BOS KW - Gas detonation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agasty, Amit T1 - A Preliminary Study on the Scaling of RC Structures under Blasting Loading N2 - Current capabilities for full-scale field blast testing are highly resource intensive. Reliable small-scale experiments are an effective alternative. Characterization of the dynamic response and damage of RC elements to scaled blast loads was investigated in scaled-down field experiments. Spatially resolved information on the dynamic structural response to blast loading was obtained using distributed fiber optic acoustic sensing (DAS), acceleration sensors as well as piezoelectric pressure sensors. T2 - 46. Informationstagung Sprengtechnik CY - Siegen, Germany DA - 25.04.2025 KW - Explosives KW - Blast and scaling effects KW - Concrete PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62994 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liao, Chun-Man A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Bernauer, F A1 - Igel, H A1 - Hadziioannou, Céline T1 - Wave-Screening Methods for Prestress-Loss Assessment of a Large-Scale Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridge Model Under Outdoor Conditions N2 - This paper presents advancements in structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques, with a particular focus on wave-screening methods for assessing prestress loss in a large-scale prestressed concrete (PC) bridge model under outdoor conditions. The wave-screening process utilizes low-frequency wave propagation obtained from seismic interferometry of structural free vibrations and high-frequency wave propagation obtained through ultrasonic transducers embedded in the structure. An adjustable post-tensioning system was employed in a series of experiments to simulate prestress loss. By comparing bridge vibrations under varying post-tensioning forces, the study investigated prestress loss and examined temperature-related effects using the coda wave interferometry (CWI) method. Local structural alterations were analyzed through wave velocity variations, demonstrating sensitivity to bridge temperature changes. The findings indicate that wave-based methods are more effective than traditional modal analysis for damage detection, highlighting the dual impacts of prestress loss and temperature, as well as damage localization. This study underscores the need for long-term measurements to account for temperature fluctuations when analyzing vibration measurements to investigate changes in prestressing force in PC structures. KW - Coda wave interferometry KW - Damage detection KW - Prestress loss KW - Seismic interferometry KW - SHM KW - Temperature influence KW - Ultrasonics KW - Wave-screening PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634244 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/11/6005 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116005 VL - 15 IS - 11 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-63424 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerbeit, Marco T1 - Background oriented Schlieren measurements for pressure relief systems in the free field N2 - Shock waves or shocks are a supersonic phenomenon in which the flow variables change abruptly in a thin layer. These occur with super sonic flow, such as the supersonic flight of airplanes or rockets or with explosions. As the pressure, temperature and density change in a shock, this can be recorded. The most commonly used approach is the use of pressure sensors. Pressure information is only available at the certain locations where the sensors are installed. Any body, such as free-standing sensors, that is introduced into the flow, distorts it. Therefore, not inverse measurement methods for measuring flow variables, such as the background orientated schlieren (BOS) method or the partical image velocimetry (PIV), are used. For this reason, a BOS setup was carried out in an open field at the Test Site Technical Safety (TTS) of BAM using a shock wave generator to visualize the shocks that result from a gas explosion. These investigations are presented in this paper. The aim is also to draw conclusions about the pressure change caused by the shock and the advantages that such a simple structure provides to the tests. T2 - 30th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 28.07.2025 KW - BOS KW - Blast KW - Shock PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63915 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klaus, Christian T1 - QI Digital: Cross-Location IT Infrastructure and Asset Administration Shell as a Digital Twin N2 - Im Rahmen der von der BAM und anderen Partnern ins Leben gerufenen Initiative „Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur“ liegt der Fokus u.a. auf der Entwicklung von neuen Zertifizierungsworkflows. Dabei ist eine besondere Bedeutung dem Zusammenführen von Operational Technology (OT) und Informationstechnik (IT) beizumessen. Zur Datenintegration aus der Sensor-Feldebene einer Versuchs-Wasserstofftankstelle wurde eine solche Infrastruktur zunächst in einer Laborumgebung aufgebaut. Dieser Vortrag beschreibt die Implementierung des standardisierten und von der Plattform Industrie 4.0 empfohlenen digitalen Zwillings "Verwaltungsschale" an dieser Wasserstofftankstelle. Außerdem wird die Implementierung einer standortübergreifenden IT-Infrastruktur über VPN/5G beschrieben. T2 - BAM Kolloquium Abteilung 1 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.06.2025 KW - Datenintregration KW - IT KW - Infrastruktur KW - OT KW - Open Source KW - Software KW - VPN KW - Verwaltungsschale PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63495 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeber, Henrik T1 - Investigation of Shock Wave Propagation in Soft Tissue Simulants: An Analysis of Organic Gelatin and Synthetic Gel N2 - This study investigates the effects of shock waves on soft tissue simulants, focusing on organic gelatin and a synthetic gel. Although extensive research has focused on the mechanical properties of soft tissue simulants, their behavior under shock wave conditions, such as those caused by blasts, is less understood. As explosives are increasingly used in modern combat scenarios, it is essential to study how shock waves interact with soft tissue. This knowledge is crucial for improving protective equipment and evaluating blast effects on the human body. A two-phase methodology was applied: First, organic gelatin production and synthetic gel composition were analyzed, identifying uncertainties and measuring sound speeds at varying temperatures to align with human tissue properties. Second, simulants were subjected to free-field shock waves, and embedded pressure sensors captured wave propagation, peak overpressures, and propagation velocity. Findings provide comparative insights into shock wave responses of simulants, offering a foundation for future experimental setups. KW - Shock wave generator KW - Blast injury KW - Primäre Explosionswirkung KW - Druckwelle PY - 2025 SN - 9781605956978 VL - 34 SP - 63 EP - 79 PB - DEStech Publications Inc. CY - USA AN - OPUS4-63320 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeber, Henrik A1 - Grobert, Steffen A1 - Krentel, Daniel T1 - Description of a measurement setup for the combined measurement of LLB exposures in dynamic situations using high-resolution measurement technology N2 - In order to gain an understanding of the Low Level Blast (LLB) exposure of soldiers when using weapon systems, it is necessary to characterize these weapon systems with regard to their overpressure effect [1]. Carrying out static measurements of weapon systems in the rough terrain of firing ranges and training areas poses a challenge for sensitive measurement technology. Furthermore, soldiers are often exposed to LLB in dynamic situations [2]. Therefore, commercially available blast gauges are often used, which, however, are not sufficient for high-resolution measurement of overpressure exposures with academic requirements due to their intended use [3]. Static measurement setups, such as with penile probes, must be used to characterize weapon systems, but they cannot make valid statements about the real load on dynamically behaving soldiers. However, this real load on the soldier is essential in order to be able to adequately assess the potential resulting medical effects. As part of this challenging measurement task, a prototype of a self-sufficient, high-resolution measurement system is presented, which can be used by an operator in dynamic situations without interference. The complete measuring chain was realized as a self-sufficient unit. The system is based on a 20-liter backpack system, which contains the power supply, the measuring amplifier and the measuring card. The measuring computer is attached to the front of the backpack to allow quick access. The measuring system is capable of recording four channels with a sampling rate of up to 2 MHz. Piezoelectric integrated charge pressure sensors are used as a high-resolution pressure sensor (type: PCB138B32). The pressure sensor is placed on a XX- carrier plates with the dimensions XY × YY. The pressure sensors are attached at the typical positions for Blast-Gauges measurements, like on the left shoulder, on the upper chest and on the back of the head. At the same time, commercial blast gauges are placed at the positions of the pressure sensors to qualify the blast gauges (type: B3 Blast Gauges Gen 6). The measuring system is referred to as a “Sensor Carrier Operator (StEk)”. As part of the functional testing of the measurement system, tests are carried out with hand weapons. For this purpose, a soldier is equipped with the StEk and blast gauges. The handguns used are the pistole P8 (caliber 9 mm) and the long rifle G36 (caliber 5.56 mm). The firing position is standing freehand. In addition, the soldier carried out an examination of the carrying comfort of the StEk as part of the training. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether the measuring chain was adequately integrated into the measuring system. The quality of the pressure measurement was also examined, whereby a direct comparison was made with the blast gauges. The measurement system presented here enables the combined (static and dynamic) scientific characterization of weapon systems, particularly with regard to overpressure loading. T2 - Research Specialist Meeting HFM 371 (NATO STO) CY - Toronto, Canada DA - 09.04.2025 KW - Shock wave generator KW - Blast injury KW - Primäre Explosionswirkung KW - Low Level Blast PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-63322 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeber, Henrik T1 - Use of the shockwave generator for research on low-level blast effects - Monitoring vs. measurement tools N2 - In order to contribute to the research efforts on primary explosion effects, an experimental setup was created to generate realistic overpressure load cases under the most reproducible conditions and with short setup times. One focus of the project is now the applicability of this test setup for Low Level Blast (LLB) testing [1-3]. The basis of our experimental setup is the Shockwave Generator (SWG), which has already been presented in detail [4]. In addition, a stand-alone measurement system has been developed that can be worn by the operators who are exposed to LLB. The measuring system is referred to as the ´Sensor Carrier for Operator´ (StEk; German abbr.: Sensortraeger Einsatzkraft). With the StEk, it is possible to record LLB exposures in training scenarios with a measuring accuracy satisfying scientific requirements and thus to classify the corresponding LLB load case of the respective weapon system or training scenario. In the test series presented here, the StEk was attached to an operator dummy and exposed to an overpressure load case. The results of the StEk were compared with a pencil probe (PP), which was positioned symmetrically to the StEk in the undisturbed blast propagation area of the SWG. The aim of the test series was to compare the accuracy of the self-sufficient measurement setup StEk with the conventional pressure measurement method (PP). Conventional, market-available blast exposure monitoring device (BEMD) (type: B3 Blast Gauges Gen.6) were used in parallel to check their accuracy. Setup & Method The experimental setup is shown in Figure 1 (left). The StEk system was attached to a dummy placed at a 45° angle to the SWG pressure outlet at a distance of 1 m. A PP was placed axially mirrored. The sensors of the StEk were placed in the typical positions for BEMD. With reference to the incident shockwave, one sensor was placed on the chest (face-on) and one on the shoulder (side-on). The BEMDs were also placed in the same positions. The standalone StEk measurement system is described in the following. The complete measuring chain was realized as one stand-alone, self-sufficient unit. The system is based on a 20-liter backpack system, which contains the power supply, the measuring amplifier and the data acquisition system (DAQ) (Figure 1 (right)). The amplifier has four channels, an integrated 50 kHz low pass filter and is suitable for use with integrated charge piezoelectric (ICP) pressure sensors. A sampling rate of up to 2 MHz can be used Data is stored in a buffer of 64 MS. The computer, a Tablet PC, is attached to the front of the backpack to allow quick access. The pressure sensors are connected to the BNC interfaces on the outside of the housing using coiled BNC cables. The coiled BNC cables allow maximum freedom of movement and reduce mechanical stress on the couplings. In the current configuration, up to four ICP pressure sensors can be mounted on the operator (type: PCB132B38). The pressure sensors are flush-mounted in a 30 mm × 30 mm carrier plate. Results & Discussion Figure 2 (a) shows the overpressure generated by the SWG measured with the PP. The idealized pressure curve can be seen. The second peak is a reflection that occurs within the SWG. Figure 2 (b) shows the pressure measured by the BEMDs. It can be seen that both pressure curves correspond approximately to the idealized pressure curve. This is remarkable because the chest sensor was facing forward and should have a dynamic pressure component caused by the movement of the gas [5]. However, the pressure curves in Figure 2 (b) show the idealized pressure curve that should occur with a side-on overpressure measurement in the undisturbed free field. Therefore, it can be assumed that software modeling is used to generate an idealized pressure curve from the blended pressure curve that is intended to represent the overpressure that will occur. Figure 2 (c) shows the pressure curves of the ICP pressure sensors of the StEk system. It can be seen that the characteristics of the pressure curves were affected by the dynamic pressure component. The shoulder sensor, which, due to the nature of the dummy posture and position, was not exposed perfectly side-on, also showed a dynamic component. Calculations based on the peak overpressures of the PP confirm, that the reflected pressure was visible on the face-on chest sensor [5]. A limiting factor is that the sensor mounts and the dummy itself are subject to mechanical excitation, which probably explains the interference frequency seen in the pressure signal. The test results show the limitations of BEMDs for scientific investigations of weapon systems, as it is assumed that a high degree of modeling of the pressure curves takes place during post-processing. However, as the comparison of the BEMDs with the PP pressure curves shows, the pressure curve fit matches the PP pressure curve sufficiently well. This shows that a scientific measurement system such as StEk should be used initially to investigate and assess the load case from weapon systems or training scenarios in order to capture the real and complete characteristics of the load case. T2 - 8th International Forum on Blast Injury Countermeasures CY - Tokio, Japan DA - 07.05.2025 KW - Shock wave generator KW - Blast injury KW - Primäre Explosionswirkung KW - Low Level Blast PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63318 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeber, Henrik T1 - Description of a measurement setup for LLB exposures in dynamic situations using high-resolution measurement technology N2 - In order to gain an understanding of the Low Level Blast (LLB) exposure of soldiers when using weapon systems, it is necessary to characterize these weapon systems with regard to their overpressure effect [1]. Carrying out static measurements of weapon systems in the rough terrain of firing ranges and training areas poses a challenge for sensitive measurement technology. Furthermore, soldiers are often exposed to LLB in dynamic situations [2]. Therefore, commercially available blast gauges are often used, which, however, are not sufficient for high-resolution measurement of overpressure exposures with academic requirements due to their intended use [3]. Static measurement setups, such as with penile probes, must be used to characterize weapon systems, but they cannot make valid statements about the real load on dynamically behaving soldiers. However, this real load on the soldier is essential in order to be able to adequately assess the potential resulting medical effects. As part of this challenging measurement task, a prototype of a self-sufficient, high-resolution measurement system is presented, which can be used by an operator in dynamic situations without interference. The complete measuring chain was realized as a self-sufficient unit. The system is based on a 20-liter backpack system, which contains the power supply, the measuring amplifier and the measuring card (see Fig. 1, left). The measuring computer is attached to the front of the backpack to allow quick access. The measuring system is capable of recording four channels with a sampling rate of up to 2 MHz. Piezoelectric integrated charge pressure sensors are used as a high-resolution pressure sensor (type: PCB138B32). The pressure sensor is placed on a XX- carrier plates with the dimensions XY × YY. The pressure sensors are attached at the typical positions for Blast-Gauges measurements, like on the left shoulder, on the upper chest and on the back of the head. At the same time, commercial blast gauges are placed at the positions of the pressure sensors to qualify the blast gauges (type: B3 Blast Gauges Gen 6). The measuring system is referred to as a “Sensor Carrier Operator (StEk)”. As part of the functional testing of the measurement system, tests are carried out with hand weapons. For this purpose, a soldier is equipped with the StEk and blast gauges. The handguns used are the pistole P8 (caliber 9 mm) and the long rifle G36 (caliber 5.56 mm). The firing position is standing freehand. In addition, the soldier carried out an examination of the carrying comfort of the StEk as part of the training. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether the measuring chain was adequately integrated into the measuring system. The quality of the pressure measurement was also examined, whereby a direct comparison was made with the blast gauges (see Fig. 1 right). The measurement system presented here enables the combined (static and dynamic) scientific characterization of weapon systems, particularly with regard to overpressure loading. T2 - Research Specialist Meeting HFM 371 (NATO STO) CY - Toronto, Canada DA - 09.04.2025 KW - Shock wave generator KW - Blast injury KW - Primäre Explosionswirkung KW - Low Level Blast PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63323 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeber, Henrik T1 - Investigation of Shock Wave Propagation in Soft Tissue Simulants: An Analysis of Organic Gelatin and Synthetic Gel N2 - This study investigates the effects of shock waves on soft tissue simulants, focusing on organic gelatin and a synthetic gel. Although extensive research has focused on the mechanical properties of soft tissue simulants, their behavior under shock wave conditions, such as those caused by blasts, is less understood. As explosives are increasingly used in modern combat scenarios, it is essential to study how shock waves interact with soft tissue. This knowledge is crucial for improving protective equipment and evaluating blast effects on the human body. A two-phase methodology was applied: First, organic gelatin production and synthetic gel composition were analyzed, identifying uncertainties and measuring sound speeds at varying temperatures to align with human tissue properties. Second, simulants were subjected to free-field shock waves, and embedded pressure sensors captured wave propagation, peak overpressures, and propagation velocity. Findings provide comparative insights into shock wave responses of simulants, offering a foundation for future experimental setups. T2 - 34th International Symposium on Ballistics CY - Jacksonville, FL, USA DA - 19.05.2025 KW - Shock wave generator KW - Blast injury KW - Primäre Explosionswirkung KW - Druckwelle PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63321 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schubert, Thomas A1 - Máca, Petr A1 - Hering, Marcus A1 - Fiedler, Georg A1 - Beckmann, Birgit T1 - Impact Experiments on Reinforced Concrete Specimens - Investigation of Repeatability and Scaling N2 - Nowadays, the impact resistance of concrete structures has become a prominent concern for critical infrastructure operators, particularly amidst escalating geopolitical tensions. Regulators and design engineers know that reinforced concrete structures can only be developed with high efficiency by considering nonlinear structural and highly nonlinear material behavior. Therefore, specific guidelines on impact design provide instructions for design and analysis of structures required to resist impact loading. These instructions are usually based on published results and evaluated data of impact experiments carried out in laboratories. To widen the knowledge and increase the scientific data the Institute of Concrete Structures (IMB) at TUD Dresden University of Technology (TUD) has carried out many impact experiments on reinforced concrete specimens in recent years. A specially designed drop tower is available for this purpose on the premises of the Otto Mohr Laboratory, TUD. In the framework of the past research at TUD some important issues, such as influence of rebar arrangement, structural thickness, scalability of specimen and repeatability, with regard to experimental impact testing were investigated. This article presents the drop tower facility and research results of impact experiments on reinforced concrete slabs. First, the scalability of impact experiments will be discussed in conjunction with already known theoretical scaling parameters provided by researchers in the past, e.g. Rüdiger et al. [1]. Scalability of experimental data is of huge importance since protective structures made of reinforced concrete differ usually in size in comparison to experimental specimens. The second important research focus is on repeatably of impact experiments. Since impact experiments are usually time consuming and expensive, a certain impact scenario is mostly carried out only once. It is intended to show the range of deviation of impact tests on some already carried out experiments on reinforced concrete slabs. A possible standard deviation is estimated for the applied test setup. T2 - 15th International Conference on Shock & Impact Loads on Structures CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 12.06.2025 KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Drop-weight impact KW - Scaling KW - Repeatability KW - Digital image correlation PY - 2025 SP - 80 EP - 91 AN - OPUS4-63627 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bell, Jérémy T1 - Embedded sensor for the detection of TNT in surface and marine waters N2 - In 1945, the Potsdam Conference led to the decision to destroy a significant amount of ammunition from the warring parties of WWII. Dumping was considered the cheapest, quickest, and safest solution to dispose of unused ammunition. However, thin barrels or containers often leak after 50 years, allowing explosives to escape into the marine environment. As the effects of weapons chemicals on ecosystems are well-documented, it is becoming increasingly important to detect, recover and dispose of old ammunition. Physical techniques such as magnetometry and sonar are used to detect ammunition in the sea, but they do not provide chemical information. Detecting leaking organic contaminants like TNT or other explosives in water or soil requires high-end laboratory equipment like HPLC or GC-MS, making remote water testing virtually impossible. As an alternative, a miniaturized method for the selective and sensitive indication of TNT using fluorescence light-up sensing was developed. The visual identification of TNT with a nucleophile that forms a strongly absorbing charge transfer complex (CTC) is a well-known method. This CTC is formed by the attraction of an electron from the donor molecule by the electron-deficient aromatic ring. In this work, a TNT-based CTC was selectively formed by the addition of tetraoctylammonium acetate in N,N-diethylformamide and, as expected, showed strong absorption. Surprisingly, at room temperature, the CTC can be converted into a fluorescent product with an emission band centred at 577 nm. For the detection of TNT in water, a microfluidic chip made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used for both the extraction and reaction steps. In addition to miniaturising the experimental steps, the optical system (fluorometer) has been integrated into an autonomous smartphone assembly capable of catalysing the photoreaction and analysing the fluorescence response. Taking advantage of the light-up response, TNT was still easily detectable down to 9.4 ng with the CMOS camera. Further evaluation of this analytical tool consisted of analyses of unfiltered and untreated surface water samples spiked directly with increasing concentrations of TNT to reflect different levels of contamination. LODs of 21 and 40 ng were found for samples from the Teltow Canal in Berlin (DEU) and the Baltic Sea near Greifswald (DEU). Such an analytical tool could be used to monitor water quality in the field, as the release of organic pollutants from munitions into surface and marine waters will become increasingly problematic and concentrations will continue to rise over the coming decades. T2 - ANAKON 2025 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 10.03.2025 KW - Explosives KW - Microfluidics KW - Smartphone KW - Sprengstoffe KW - Mikrofluidik KW - Sensor PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62767 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agasty, Amit T1 - Assessment of the Application of Scaling Concepts for Blast Effects Analysis N2 - Blast testing finds its implementation in several applications, e.g. for the purpose of investigation into accidental or intentional explosions, or for an assessment of the level of protection provided by a certain structural configuration. Analytical and/or semi-empirical methods are generally limited to preliminary assessments prior to blast testing. Applications of numerical simulations with hydrocodes coupled with finite element methods (FEM) can only reduce the amount of blast testing required, as these necessitate fulfillment of the fundamental prerequisites of model verification and that of model validation. Field tests are implemented for contact detonations as well as near-field blast scenarios and shock tube tests for far-field blast scenarios. However, these can be extremely resource intensive. Reliable small-scale experiments are a promising alternative. The concepts of dimensional analysis and similarity based on Buckingham’s Π-theorem (1914) have been applied in different fields. For applications to the phenomenon of shock wave propagation, Hopkinson-Cranz or cube-root scaling is a well-established concept. When it comes to scaling the structural response, research has predominantly focused on structures made of metallic materials. Scaled investigations with concrete or reinforced concrete (RC) structures remain limited. The lack of even the most basic guidelines (far from any ‘standardized scaling methods’ for blast tests) show that scaling as a method is not yet established in blast effects analysis. In this preliminary study, we present a systematic approach and evaluation of scaling of blast effects analysis for RC slabs in order to develop guidelines for resource efficient testing methods. We study the blast scenario at two different scales. The focus of these investigations has been on evaluation of scaling of dynamics using pressure sensors, acceleration sensors and fiber optic sensing cables for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). Further, the resulting plastic behavior upon blast is characterized by distributed strain sensing (DSS) along the same cables. T2 - 27th International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock (MABS27) CY - Colmar, France DA - 06.10.2025 KW - Blast KW - RC-slabs KW - Similarity and scaling PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64616 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agasty, Amit A1 - Costard, Rene A1 - Hering, Marcus A1 - Chruscicki, Sebastian A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - Assessment of the Application of Scaling Concepts for Blast Effects Analysis N2 - Blast testing finds its implementation in several applications, e.g. for the purpose of investigation into accidental or intentional explosions, or for an assessment of the level of protection provided by a certain structural configuration. Analytical and/or semi-empirical methods are generally limited to preliminary assessments prior to blast testing. Applications of numerical simulations with hydrocodes coupled with finite element methods (FEM) can only reduce the amount of blast testing required, as these necessitate fulfillment of the fundamental prerequisites of model verification and that of model validation. Field tests are implemented for contact detonations as well as near-field blast scenarios and shock tube tests for far-field blast scenarios. However, these can be extremely resource intensive. Reliable small-scale experiments are a promising alternative. The concepts of dimensional analysis and similarity based on Buckingham’s Π-theorem (1914) have been applied in different fields. For applications to the phenomenon of shock wave propagation, Hopkinson-Cranz or cube-root scaling is a well-established concept. When it comes to scaling the structural response, research has predominantly focused on structures made of metallic materials. Scaled investigations with concrete or reinforced concrete (RC) structures remain limited. The lack of even the most basic guidelines (far from any ‘standardized scaling methods’ for blast tests) show that scaling as a method is not yet established in blast effects analysis. In this preliminary study, we present a systematic approach and evaluation of scaling of blast effects analysis for RC slabs in order to develop guidelines for resource efficient testing methods. We study the blast scenario at two different scales. The focus of these investigations has been on evaluation of scaling of dynamics using pressure sensors, acceleration sensors and fiber optic sensing cables for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). Further, the resulting plastic behavior upon blast is characterized by distributed strain sensing (DSS) along the same cables. T2 - 27th International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock (MABS27) CY - Colmar, France DA - 06.10.2025 KW - Similarity and scaling KW - Blast KW - RC-slabs PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-64617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krenek, S. A1 - Eisermann, R. A1 - Failleau, G. A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Thomas, P. A1 - Kjeldsen, H. A1 - Anhalt, K. T1 - Fibre-optic thermometry to support the clean energy transition N2 - The measurement and control of temperature plays a key role in achieving the European Green Deal targets for a low carbon energy system. Fibre-optic thermometry is an emerging technology that can improve temperature measurement in extreme environments for energy providers and industry due to its distributed sensing and immunity to electromagnetic fields. Various applications for optimisation and monitoring in the energy sector are described, covering the whole range from energy generation to transmission and consumption. However, fibre-optic thermometers have cross sensitivities to other quantities (e.g., strain and humidity) and ageing effects that need to be investigated, quantified and minimised to obtain traceable and reliable measurements. This is particularly important so that applications in critical infrastructure can benefit from future measurements that are not possible with conventional sensors. The European INFOTherm project aims to overcome the limitations that currently prevent the widespread use of fibre-optic thermometry by creating a dedicated European metrology infrastructure for research, development and calibration. First results on measurement uncertainty, improvement of measurement techniques and practical field tests are presented. KW - Industrial processes optimisation KW - Fibre-optic thermometry KW - Distributed temperature sensing KW - Traceability KW - Thermal energy storage KW - Electrical grid resilience PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640075 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2025-0044 SN - 2196-7113 VL - 92 IS - 9-10 SP - 392 EP - 405 PB - De Gruyter Brill AN - OPUS4-64007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liao, Chun-Man T1 - Assessment of prestress loss in a large-scale concrete bridge model under outdoor condition N2 - The presentation shows that subtle variations in coda wave velocity can capture minor temperature effects, offering a good understanding of how a outdoor prestressed concrete structure responds to environmental conditions over time. Ultimately, this work contributes to development of more comprehensive and resilient structural health monitoring strategies for prestressed concrete infrastructure. T2 - EVACES 2025 CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Coda wave interferometry KW - Damage detection KW - Prestress loss KW - Seismic interferometry KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rosenbusch, Sjard Mathis T1 - Gradient-Enhanced Plasticity In Explicit Dynamics N2 - The simulation of concrete under impact and blast loads often relies on local constitutive models, typically formulated as plasticity models that incorporate softening through a scalar damage field. However, these local damage models frequently exhibit mesh-dependent results that fail to converge with mesh refinement. In earlier work, the mesh-dependency of a modified Johnson-Holmquist (JH2) model was effectively mitigated through a gradient-enhanced plasticity formulation in explicit dynamics [1]. The gradient-enhancement method for explicit dynamics, originally introduced in [3], involves modifying Peerlings' additional partial differential equation [2] for nonlocal equivalent plastic strain by incorporating inertia. This modification enables the use of explicit solvers, such as the central difference method. Despite these advancements, the model continues to face challenges, particularly slow convergence rates with mesh refinement, which are difficult to analyze due to the JH2 model's complexity. To address these challenges, this study investigates simpler plasticity models, such as von Mises plasticity and Drucker-Prager plasticity, combined with a nonlocal softening term. By systematically incorporating key characteristics of the JH2 model—namely, pressure-dependent yield surfaces, softening, residual yield strength at full damage and a nonlinear volumetric stress responses via an equation of state (EOS)—this work aims to further refine the gradient-enhanced JH2 model and extend these improvements to more complex plasticity models like the RHT model. T2 - GACM 2025 CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 21.09.2025 KW - Gradient-enhancement KW - Plasticity KW - Concrete modeling KW - Mesh Convergence PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64615 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rosenbusch, Sjard Mathis T1 - A gradient-enhanced JH2 model for dynamic simulations of concrete structures N2 - Concrete structures subjected to impact and blast loads experience complex failure mechanisms that are challenging to simulate accurately. Local constitutive models formulated using plasticity with softening are commonly used for this purpose. The softening behavior is typically represented by a scalar damage field, which scales the yield surface to capture the degradation of material strength. However, these local models often exhibit meshdependent results with localization of damage into a few cells. To address this limitation, this study combines a modified version of the Johnson-Holmquist (JH2) model with a gradientenhancement approach. The introduction of an inertia term into the additional PDE for the determination of the nonlocal equivalent plastic strain transforms it into a hyperbolic equation, enabling an efficient solution with an explicit dynamics solver. A one-dimensional benchmark simulation demonstrates the differences between the local and gradient-enhanced models. The local model shows severe damage localization and diminishing plastic energy dissipation with finer meshes. In contrast, the gradient-enhanced model distributes damage over multiple elements, though the plastic strain still localizes within a single element. Introducing strain hardening with respect to the local equivalent plastic strain resolves this issue, ensuring convergence of plastic energy and non-localizing plastic strain. These findings are extended and validated with two-dimensional simulations, showcasing the model’s practical relevance. Additionally, the impact of the added inertia term is analyzed in the context of dynamic strength enhancement, a critical characteristic of concrete under high strain rates. The proposed gradient-enhancement approach demonstrates improved numerical stability and mesh-independence compared to local models, making it a suitable tool for simulating concrete behavior under extreme loading conditions. T2 - GAMM 2025 CY - Posen, Poland DA - 07.04.2025 KW - Gradient-enhancement KW - Explicit dynamics KW - High strain rate KW - Concrete modelling PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lohrer, Christian T1 - Abschätzung des Anschlagspotentials von Anzündern aus Fahrzeugen N2 - Untersuchung des Auslöseverhaltens von zwei Anzündern aus dem Bereich der Fahrzeugpyrotechnik an sekundären Explosivstoffen im Rahmen der Konformitätsbewertung von Pyrotechnik. T2 - 25. Internationalen Symposium des Bundeskriminalamtes für Sprengstoffermittelnde und Entschärfende unkonventioneller Spreng- und Brandvorrichtungen CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 01.12.2025 KW - Anzünder KW - Fahrzeugpyrotechnik KW - Sekundäre Explosivstoffe PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65008 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klaus, Christian A1 - Soruco Aloisio, Ricardo A1 - Koch, Claudia A1 - Prellwitz, Matthias T1 - Towards Safety and Accuracy of Hydrogen Refuelling Stations through Digital Twins N2 - This paper presents digital quality infrastructure methods for hydrogen refueling stations using the Asset Administration Shell as a standardized digital twin. Implemented at BAM’s test platform, it integrates real-time sensor data, calibration certificates, and compliance documents to support traceable, interoperable asset management. In combination with AI and semantic tools, the system will enable predictive maintenance, remote audits, and improved safety. This approach reduces downtime, enhances transparency, and offers a scalable model demonstrating the potential of digital twins in advancing metrological traceability and operational efficiency in hydrogen technologies. T2 - IMEKO TC-6 International Conference on Metrology and Digital Transformation - M4DConf 2025 CY - Benevento, Italy DA - 03.09.2025 KW - Datenintregration KW - IT KW - Verwaltungsschale KW - Infrastruktur KW - OT KW - Open Source KW - Software PY - 2025 UR - https://www.m4dconf.org/ UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/measurement-digitalization SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-64951 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grunert, Wiebke T1 - EU Projekt ODYSSEUS – Home-made explosives and Precursor N2 - Fighting terrorism requires an arsenal of tools. One of these is knowledge about explosive precursors – chemical substances that can be used for legitimate purposes, but can also be misused for the illicit manufacture of home-made explosives. In this context, the EU-funded ODYSSEUS project will develop effective and efficient prognostic, detection and forensic tools to improve prevention, countering and investigation of terrorist incidents involving home-made explosives. The knowledge will help in the development of tools for monitoring the chemical supply chain and sensing in (near) real-time explosive precursors. The tools will be field-tested in three operational use cases. T2 - 46. Informationstagung Sprengtechnik CY - Siegen, Germany DA - 25.04.2026 KW - Home-made explosives KW - Terror attacks KW - Precursor PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62999 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agasty, Amit T1 - Skalierung von Sprengversuchen N2 - Eine Machbarkeitsstudie zur ressourceneffizienten sicherheitstechnischen Bewertung. T2 - 25. Internationalen Symposium des Bundeskriminalamtes für Sprengstoffermittelnde und Entschärfende unkonventioneller Spreng- und Brandvorrichtungen CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 01.12.2025 KW - Sicherheitstechnische Bewertung KW - Sprengversuche KW - Skalierung KW - Numerische Simulationen PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65019 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Biyikal, Mustafa T1 - Handgerät für den mobilen Einsatz zur Detektion von Sprengstoffspuren N2 - Mithilfe des EXIST-Forschungstransfers wird ein tragbares und leicht zu bedienendes Handgerät auf der Basis von chemisch-optischen Sensoren entwickelt, welches kleinste Spuren von verschiedensten Sprengstoffen und Markern (z.B. TNT, C4, ANFO, TATP, DMDNB etc.) und reine Salze (z. B. Kaliumnitrat) sicher und ohne größere Querempfindlichkeiten detektieren kann. Das Gerät wurde in den letzten 10 Jahren bei der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelt und wird von der 2024 ausgegründeten Firma Noxoon GmbH in ein kommerzielles Gerät überführt. Die Vorteile des Handgeräts sind die hohe Selektivität, die hohe Sensitivität, die schnelle Detektion in wenigen Sekunden bis zur Ergebnisanzeige sowie der schnelle und das geringe Gewicht des Gerätes von 900 g. Neben den Vorteilen findet sich auch zahlreiche Alleinstellungsmerkmale in der Benutzung des Gerätes. So können z.B. - reine Salze - Sprengstoffe in Gegenwart von Wasser - Sprengstoffe und Drogen in versiegelten Briefumschlägen detektiert werden. Ein besonderes Alleinstellungsmerkmal ist, dass eine Reinigung des Handgeräts nach Messungen von stark kontaminierten Proben nicht notwendig ist. Für den deutschsprachigen bzw. europäischen Raum existiert noch kein vergleichbares Gerät. Das kommerzielle Gerät soll ab 2025 auf den Markt gebracht werden und wird einen wichtigen Beitrag zur öffentlichen Sicherheit und zum Umweltschutz leisten. T2 - BBK Fachkongress "Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz" CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 05.02.2025 KW - Explosivstoffe KW - Detektion KW - Handgerät PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65031 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Biyikal, Mustafa T1 - Handgeräte zur Detektion von Sprengstoffspuren N2 - Der Übersichtsvortrag stellt den aktuellen Stand zu Handgeräten zur Detektion von Sprengstoffspuren vor. T2 - Symposium Anlagensicherheit 2025 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 04.02.2025 KW - Explosivstoffe KW - Detektion KW - Handgerät PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65029 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Cozzolino, Chiara A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Safety Assessment of MLI Super-Insulation Systems for Cryogenic Liquid-Hydrogen Tanks in Fire Scenarios N2 - In the context of green energy transition, cryogenic tanks insulated by MLI and vacuum are emerging as a leading solution to store hydrogen in heavy-duty vehicles. However, the integrity of such tanks can be jeopardized by fire. In such a scenario, MLI materials degradation can occur, leaving the tank unprotected from the fire heat flux, with consequent rapid pressurization and a high risk of failure. This study presents a safety assessment of non-combustible MLI under fire exposure based on the estimation of the time to mechanical failure of the equipment. This is calculated through an innovative model that simulates the thermomechanical response of the tank, including the MLI thermal degradation and the pressure-relief valve (PRV) operation. The application to several case studies that consider a typical LH2 tank featuring a wide range of MLI configurations demonstrated the likelihood of failure in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon pool fire, providing also comprehensive insights into the impact of the insulation characteristics and operating conditions on the time to failure. T2 - Loss Prevention 2025 CY - Bologna, Italien DA - 09.06.2025 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Insulation KW - Safety KW - Tank PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116036 SN - 2283-9216 IS - 116 SP - 211 EP - 216 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-63739 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Scharff, Erik T1 - Untersuchungen zur Ausbreitung brennbarer Schwergase in längsdurchströmten Straßentunneln N2 - In combination with new types of drive technologies, more and more flammable gases could be introduced into the traffic area “road tunnel” in future. If these vehicles have an accident and the gases are subsequently released, there is the possibility that the mentioned substances show a heavy gas behavior due to their storage conditions. From a safety point of view, this scenario has to be assessed with regard to its effects on the tunnel structure and the people involved. The aim of the experimental investigations carried out in this work is to create the basis for such an analysis by investigating the spreading behavior of the gases after they have been released in the tunnel and determining the influence of individual geometric and operational parameters on this behavior. Specifically, this work is based on the scenario of a continuous, momentum-free release of propane within a vaulted road tunnel with active longitudinal ventilation. The tunnel-specific boundary conditions that are relevant to this scenario are first worked out by a theoretical analysis. The basis of the subsequent experimental part is formed by two test rigs built as part of the work, which are similar in their essential features, but differ in scale. In both facilities, the aforementioned release scenario was simulated under various boundary conditions based on an idealized tunnel segment. The dispersion behavior is primarily assessed by the averaged concentration distribution near the ground, which results from a large number of detectors arranged in the experimental area. The detectors operate on the principle of weakening infrared light in the presence of hydrocarbons. Measurements of the flow field properties accompany the concentration measurements. The conception of the test rig on a scale of 1:12 is based on dimensional analysis. The actual release campaign comprises a large number of individual experiments in which selected parameters were varied over the tunnel-relevant range. The predicted heavy gas behavior for propane emerged clearly in the experiments. In cases in which the cloud laterally reaches the tunnel walls, the gases are channeled, which is accompanied by reduced longitudinal dilution. It was possible to identify the release rate and the flow velocity as the factors that have the greatest influence. The former basically increased the concentration, while the latter decreased it. All other tested parameters resulted in more complex propagation situations, which force a differentiated consideration of the influence. Lifting the source from the ground also reduced the concentration. In the case of an eccentrically arranged source and a transverse slope of the roadway, the influence is largely limited to the lateral concentration distribution in the immediate vicinity of the source. Nevertheless, both parameters plus a possible longitudinal slope of the roadway only showed a slight effect on the area far-downstream from the source. In addition, the phenomenon of backlayering, which is known from the spreading of fire smoke in the tunnel, could be demonstrated with a steep longitudinal slope. Obstacles increased the complexity of the situation. While globally the dilution of the cloud is partly invariant to obstacles, locally an increase as well as a decrease in concentration can be observed under certain conditions. For the unobstructed tunnel, it was finally possible to define a dimensionless parameter that describes the curve of the longitudinal dilution on the ground within the heavy gas cloud. From this, a simple graphical nomogram is derived for the continuous release of heavy gases in an unobstructed tunnel environment, which can be used to estimate the concentration in relation of a dimensionless source distance. For exploring the real, undistorted behavior experiments were also carried out in original scale. Due to the similarity of both test rigs in terms of scale, the test results can also be used to check the scalability of the spreading situations. For that, two configurations that have already been examined in small scale were selected. The main limitation for test execution and regarding the scalability comparison was the dependence of the flow conditions within the test rig from external wind conditions which occurred despite of taken countermeasures. The large-scale release was associated with pronounced fog formation. The near-ground spreading corresponding to the heavy gas behavior could be confirmed. However, in detail the spread was far more unsteady. Looking at the time-averaged concentrations, the processes already known from the small-scale test were qualitatively well approximated. Remaining quantitative differences, however, require critical consideration. This discrepancy is more likely a consequence of the experimental compromises have to be made in the specific case. From the observed gas behavior, the development of a surface fire initiated by ignition of the re-leased gases is considered to be the most likely subsequent scenario for the release of heavy, flam-mable gases in tunnel-like enclosures. The thesis concludes with recommendations on the methodological approach to be favored in the future. KW - LNG KW - Schwergas KW - Stoffausbreitung KW - Propan PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ma9:1-1981185920-1206411 DO - https://doi.org/10.25673/118683 VL - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 225 PB - Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik CY - Magdeburg AN - OPUS4-65012 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Investigation of realistic fire scenarios involving cryogenic storage tanks N2 - The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences. T2 - 18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries CY - Bologna, Italy DA - 08.06.2025 KW - LH2 KW - Insulation KW - Fire KW - Liquefied Natural Gas KW - Safety PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63425 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohrer, Christian A1 - Grunert, Wiebke A1 - Walter, Astrid T1 - Homemade explosives & precursor – ODYSSEUS sagt dem Terrorismus den Kampf an N2 - Dieser Beitrag beschreibt das EU-finanzierte Forschungsprojekt ODYSSEUS (preventing, countering, and investigating terrorist attacks through prognostic, detection, and forensic mechanisms for explosive precursors) und die Aufgaben der BAM in diesem Zusammenhang. KW - Explosionsgefährliche Eigenschaften KW - Homemade explosives PY - 2025 SN - 0941-4584 VL - 2025 IS - 47 SP - 10 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-65229 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Forschung zum Thema Feuer an der BAM N2 - Feuer und deren Auswirkung stellen ein Querschnittsthema über die Aktivitätsfelder der BAM dar. Schwerpunkte stellen dabei Brände in Gebäuden, Industrieanlagen und Lagerräumen, der Vegetation, an Fahrzeugen und Tanks sowie Brände im Zusammenhang mit neuen Energieträgern dar. Im Vortrag werden die einzelnen Themen und exemplarische für deren Erforschung nutzbare Infrastruktur vorgestellt. T2 - Transfer on Fire 2 CY - Luckenwalde, Germany DA - 10.07.2025 KW - Feuer KW - Brandlasten PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63686 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Agasty, Amit A1 - Costard, Rene A1 - Kadoke, Daniel A1 - Kind, Thomas A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - A comprehensive experimental assessment of reinforced concrete walls under blast: In situ monitoring of loading, dynamic response and damage with NDT methods and embedded sensors N2 - A safety or security related assessment of explosions, accidental and intentional scenarios alike, often necessitate performance of resource intensive replication tests. For an efficient assessment without performing full scale blast tests, e.g., supported by numerical simulations, detailed knowledge is necessary to predict the blast loading from a given charge configuration, the resulting dynamic response of the structure under investigation as well as the resulting damage. Validation of numerical simulation requires the spatially resolved acquisition of all these parameters in real time. In this paper we present a set of measurement techniques and discuss their suitability for monitoring reinforced concrete (RC) walls under blast loading. Different blast-loading scenarios were realized by varying the charge weight and the standoff distance. The dynamic loading of the wall was characterized with pressure sensors complemented by numerical simulations using the APOLLO Blastsimulator and ConWep. High speed digital image correlation (DIC) was implemented in combination with multiple acceleration sensors to observe the dynamic deflection of the walls during the loading and to determine the residual deformation after the loading had ceased. In addition, one test specimen was instrumented with fiber optic sensor cables. These fiber optic sensors were used for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) delivering information on dynamics of compression and tension cycles from within the structure. Additionally, the local damage pattern emerging during the series of blasts was determined via distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DSS) to enable the characterization of visual and non-visual damage to the structure. The obtained information was compared to results by an ultrasound structure-scanner. KW - Blast testing KW - Reinforced concrete KW - NDT methods KW - Fiber optic sensing KW - DIC KW - Numerical simulations KW - APOLLO Blastsimulator PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/20414196251353795 SN - 2041-4196 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - Sage Publications AN - OPUS4-63832 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liao, Chun-Man A1 - Bernauer, F. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Igel, H. A1 - Hadziioannou, C. T1 - Assessment of prestress loss in a large-scale concrete bridge model under outdoor condition N2 - Environmental conditions affect the accuracy of field measurements used to monitor civil structures. Previous studies have shown that measured dynamic responses often lack the sensitivity needed for effective localized damage detection. To address this issue, our study focuses on distinguishing environmental effects from damage related effects in measured data to enhance vibration-based damage identification methods. Experimentally, the problem of prestress loss in a prestressed concrete bridge model was examined. By adjusting the pre-stressing force in a large-scale concrete bridge model, cracking phenomena were observed. To demonstrate field monitoring of a large-scale prestressed structure, noise recording was performed and the measurement data was analyzed with operational modal analysis. Additionally, ultrasonic testing, known for its high sensitivity in damage localization, was used to cross-check the structural damage. Seismic and coda wave interferometry were also employed to estimate wave velocities, providing insights into the level of prestress loss and temperature sensitivity. Ultimately, these measurable wave properties help to overcome the uncertainties associated with traditional vibration-based damage detection methods. T2 - EVACES 2025 CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Prestress Loss KW - NDT KW - Ambient Vibration KW - Ultrasonic Testing KW - Coda Wave Interferometry KW - Seismic Interferometry PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-031-96105-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96106-9_20 VL - 675 SP - 181 EP - 189 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-64212 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Camplese, Davide T1 - Safety assessment of MLI super-insulation systems for cryogenic liquid-hydrogen tanks in fire scenarios N2 - In the context of green energy transition, cryogenic tanks featuring MLI systems are emerging as a leading solution to store hydrogen in heavy-duty vehicles. However, the integrity of such tanks can be jeopardized by fire. In such a scenario, MLI materials degradation can occur, leaving the tank unprotected from the fire heat flux, with consequent rapid pressurization and a high risk of failure. This study presents an assessment of aluminum-based MLI for liquid hydrogen cryogenic tanks under fire exposure based on the estimation of the time to mechanical failure of the equipment. This is calculated through an innovative model that simulates the thermomechanical response of the tank, including the MLI thermal degradation and the pressure-relief valve (PRV) operation. The application to several case studies that consider a typical LH2 tank featuring a wide range of MLI configurations demonstrated the likelihood of failure in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon pool fire, providing also comprehensive insights into the impact of the insulation characteristics and operating conditions on the time to failure. T2 - 18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries CY - Bologna, Italy DA - 08.06.2025 KW - LH2 KW - Insulation KW - Tanks KW - Fire KW - LNG PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63427 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Comparative performance assessment of multilayer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen vessels in fire scenarios N2 - Multilayer Insulation (MLI) systems are a mature technology for cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank thermal insulation. Recent tests evidenced that MLI materials may be damaged when exposed to fire, resulting in critical safety issues in the case of accidents. Thus, an innovative approach to the performance assessment of aluminum and polyester-based MLIs for LH2 tanks in fire scenarios was developed. A specific model integrating the hightemperature degradation of MLIs and the thermodynamic modeling of the tank lading was coupled to specific key performance indicators. Results of the analysis applied to a vehicle-scale tank equipped with 80 MLI layers indicate that MLI degradation and consequent tank failure may occur in less than 20 min for external shell temperatures above 1160 K in the presence of full engulfment, regardless of insulation used. Conversely, degradation does not occur earlier than 3600s below 603 and 928 K for polyester and aluminum-based MLI, respectively. KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Cryogenic storage tank KW - Fire KW - Insulation PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630841 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.534 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 135 SP - 537 EP - 552 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-63084 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano E. A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Repeatable testing of a cryogenic storage tank with variable insulation material in fire like conditions N2 - For decarbonizing the energy industry and transport, cryogenic energy carriers have great potential. The storage takes place in tanks with thermal super-insulations, which are in application for decades, but there is only limited knowledge about its behaviour in a fire scenario. This represents a major incident that may generate extraordinary loads on the tank and its insulation system, and that eventually lead to a sudden tank failure. This paper presents a test rig called the Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), which can be used to test typical thermal superinsulation’s under cryogenic and fire-like conditions in parallel. The test method makes it possible to measure the heat flow through the thermal superinsulation over time and to investigate the degradation behaviour of the insulation within a test. In the paper results from the first tests are presented. T2 - 18th Cryogenics 2025, IIR Conference CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 07.04.2025 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Insulation KW - Safety PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.cryo.2025.0007 SP - 205 EP - 210 CY - Prag AN - OPUS4-63740 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - New concepts in liquid hydrogen storage N2 - On the way to the energy transition, cryogenic fluids such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are very important. They enable the large-scale economic transport and storage of energy as well as they represent alternative fuels for energy-intensive mobile applications such as aircrafts, ships and HGVs. For the last one, the number of vehicles and fuel stations has increased rapidly in the last 10 years all over Europe. Does this also entail new risks, for instance from a BLEVE in case of fires? To answer this question, BAM has conducted several research projects over the last decades and intensified the research recently with several experimental, numerical, and empirical outcomes on how a tank with insulation behaves in a fire. The presentation shows an overview of this research. The findings are relevant for global standardization procedures and to improve the overall safety in chemistry and technics. T2 - Hydrogen Refueling Station Opening CY - Baruth/Mark, Germany DA - 03.07.2025 KW - LH2 KW - Insulation KW - Fire KW - LNG KW - Safety PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Investigation of Realistic Fire Scenarios Involving Cryogenic Storage Tanks N2 - The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences. T2 - Loss Prevention 2025 CY - Bologna, Italien DA - 09.06.2025 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Tank KW - Safety PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116031 SN - 2283-9216 IS - 116 SP - 181 EP - 186 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-63738 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hernandez Garcia, Maria Amparo T1 - Optical biosensor using free form prototyped elements for targeted explosives immunodetection N2 - Ensuring the safety and security of citizens necessitates a considerable investment of resources and the development of innovative tools by national and international agencies and governments, particularly in the context of explosives detection [1]. The necessity for the detection of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and homemade explosives (HMEs) at the point of suspicion has increased exponentially due to the simplicity with which the precursors can be obtained, and the reagents synthesised. The restricted availability of immunoanalytical instruments for the detection of homemade explosives (HMEs) offers a valuable opportunity for the development of innovative devices that can rapidly identify and recognise the target analyte with high specificity and sensitivity [2]. In this study, we present the development of an optical biosensor for highly specific and sensitive HME detection. The immunoassay system is situated within a matrix that is permeable to the target analyte and transparent to light, which enables the interrogation via fluorescence. The immunoanalytical system's readout is achieved through the utilisation of supercritical angle fluorescence (SAF), an advanced microscopy technique. To this end, we employed recent, commercially available high-resolution (less than 22 μm) liquid crystal display SLA printers to fabricate a free-form parabolic optical element with a high refractive index (RI greater than 1.5) and transmission values exceeding 90% from commercial photo-resins. The objective is to develop a new generation of sensors that can not only meet the requirements of trace detection but also be used for substance identification. The combination of immunoanalytical recognition with SAF detection offers a modular and versatile solution that is particularly well suited to the measurement of target analytes at trace levels. T2 - ANAKON 2025 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 10.03.2025 KW - Biosensor KW - SAF KW - Free-form optics KW - 3D printing KW - Security PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62802 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -