TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Hofmann, Detlev A1 - Kind, Thomas ED - Isecke, B. ED - Krieger, J. T1 - Überwachung der Brücke Altstädter Bahnhof, Brandenburg./H. Begleituntersuchungen mit moderner Sensorik und zerstörungsfreier Prüfung N2 - Die B1 Brücke am Altstädter Bahnhof in Brandenburg an der Havel wurde im Dezember 2019 aufgrund von während einer turnusmäßigen Inspektion entdeckten Rissen und Hohlstellen entlang der vorgespannten Längsträger gesperrt und im Mai 2021 abgebrochen. In der Zwischenzeit wurde die Brücke detailliert überwacht. Vor dem Abriss wurden zudem umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Bestandsaufnahme und Schadensanalyse sowie Tests moderner Sensorik vorgenommen. Dabei konnte sowohl die richtige, zuvor nicht sicher bekannte Anzahl von Spanngliedern in den Querträgern sicher ermittelt werden als auch durch moderne Varianten der Schwingungsmessungen und der faseroptischen Sensorik zusätzliche Kenntnisse püber das Bauwerksverhalten ermittelt werden . In dem Beitrag werden die Verfahren mit ihren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen vorgestellt, die Ergebnissee an der Brücke in Brandenburg erläutert und zukünftige Einsatzmöglichkeiten diskutiert. T2 - 5. Brückenkolloquium CY - Ostfildern, Germany DA - 06.09.2022 KW - Monitoring KW - Brücke KW - Radar KW - Vibration KW - Faseroptik PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-8169-3549-0 SP - 555 EP - 566 PB - Expert Verlag CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-55627 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Aristia, G. T1 - A Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel as an Alternative for High Alloyed Materials N2 - The screening of coatings shows that the modification by adding individual pigment was not sufficient to protect carbon steel even during a short-term exposure, indicated by the discoloration after only seven days of exposure. Electrochemical tests indicated that the coating cathodically protects carbon steel or slows down the corrosion reaction. A long-term exposure test confirmed that the PANI/SiO2 modified coating successfully protects the carbon steel in the Sibayak artificial geothermal water at 150 °C for 6 months. T2 - European Geothermal Congress CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.10.22 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - Coatings KW - Polyaniniline KW - Silicate PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56084 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Ziegler, Fred A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Minack, Mathias A1 - Sterthaus, Jens T1 - Structural Health Monitoring am Großen Fallturm der BAM N2 - Am Fallturm auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (TTS) der BAM wurden bei Inspektionen Vorspannungsverluste in den Bolzen der Stahlverbindungen festgestellt. Um ein Verständnis für die zugrundeliegenden Trag- und Schädigungsmechanismen zu erlangen und um den Zustand der vorgespannten Schraubverbindungen langzeitlich zu überwachen, wurde am Fallturm ein Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) System installiert. Für die Auslegung des Monitoringsystems sowie zur Unterstützung der Untersuchung des Schädigungsprozesses wurde ein numerisches Modell erstellt und in Bezug auf die gemessenen Antworten des Tragwerks kalibriert. Im Vortrag werden die experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen zur Systemidentifikation des Stahlrohrgitterturms als auch die Überwachungskampagne mit dem eingesetzten Monitoringsystem sowie die Messergebnisse und deren Bewertung vorgestellt. T2 - Seminar "Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung" am Lehrstuhl für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung ,Technische Universität München CY - Online meeting DA - 13.01.2022 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Schadensüberwachung KW - Schwingungsmonitoring PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56667 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - A Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel as an Alternative for High Alloyed Materials N2 - Corrosive geothermal brines are a major challenge to geothermal power-plants. For cost reasons, plant designers favorize low alloyed steels, e.g., carbon steel, which are susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic and saline properties. To solve such problem, coatings or inhibitors would be a protective solution as an alternative to the use of high alloyed materials. This study investigated a coating system consisting of polyaniline/silicon dioxide basing on locally available resources. Protection against corrosion of carbon steel is shown by long-term exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels, performed in an artificial acidic and saline geothermal brine, comparable to real conditions at a site in Indonesia. Therefore, an integrated coating system is presented for corrosion protection, combining the electro-chemical functionality of polyaniline and the physical advantages of silica. T2 - European Geothermal Congress CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.10.22 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - Coatings KW - Polyaniniline KW - Silicate PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 7 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-56085 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schaumann, P. A1 - Hothan, Sascha A1 - Mund, M. A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Daus, Lars-Hendrik T1 - Bewertung des Feuerwiderstandes von Stahlkonstruktionen mit reaktiven Brandschutzsystemen unter Berücksichtigung des Alterungsverhaltens N2 - Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes IGF 20470N wurden Untersuchungen zum Alterungsverhalten von reaktiven Brandschutzsystemen (RBS) auf Stahlbauteilen durchgeführt. Mithilfe der Ergebnisse einer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche sowie experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen sollte ein Vorschlag für ein Prüfkonzept zum Nachweis einer Nutzungsdauer von RBS von mehr als 10 Jahren auf Basis von Kurzzeitversuchen abgeleitet werden. Dabei setzt die Bewertung des Alterungsverhaltens von RBS voraus, dass die Mechanismen der Alterung hinreichend bekannt sind. Dafür wurden zunächst systematisch Daten von Kurz- und Langzeitversuchen von nationalen Zulassungsprüfungen der letzten Jahrzehnte ausgewertet. Anschließend wurden umfangreiche experimentelle Untersuchungen an einer wasserbasierten sowie einer epoxidharzbasierten Richtrezeptur durchgeführt. Da aus der Literatur bekannt ist, dass die Einflüsse der Bewitterung zu einer Veränderung der Konzentration der Bestandteile innerhalb der Beschichtung führen können, wurden Untersuchungen mit Mangelrezepturen durchgeführt, wobei systematisch einzelne Bestandteile reduziert wurden. Neben optischen Untersuchungen wurden thermoanalytische Verfahren (DSC-TG-, ATR-FTIR-, Elementar-, Farbanalyse) angewandt sowie Brandversuche an beschichteten Stahlplatten durchgeführt. Des Weiteren wurden die Richtrezepturen den beschleunigten Kurzzeitversuchen gemäß EAD 350402-00-1106 (2017) unterzogen, welche die Zulassung von Produkten auf europäischer Ebene regelt. Für die wasserbasierte Richtrezeptur wurden die Bewitterung für den feuchten Innenraum (Typ Z1) mehrfach wiederholt (1x, 3x, 6x). Für die epoxidharzbasierte Richtrezeptur entsprach die Bewitterung dem Zyklus für die Außenanwendung (Typ X). In Brandversuchen sowie thermoanalytischen und optischen Untersuchungen wurde das Alterungsverhalten sowie die thermische Schutzwirkung analysiert. Anschließend wurden numerische Simulationen von Stahlbauteilen mit gealterten RBS durchgeführt und anhand der experimentellen Untersuchungen validiert. Mithilfe der numerischen Modelle kann eine Bewertung der thermischen Schutzwirkung von Stahlbauteilen mit gealterten RBS vorgenommen werden. Mithilfe der gesammelten Erkenntnisse wurde ein Vorschlag für ein Prüfkonzept für den Nachweis einer Nutzungsdauer von mehr als 10 Jahren abgeleitet. Das Prüfkonzept besteht dabei aus einem Katalog von Möglichkeiten, die aktuellen Zulassungsprüfungen auf europäischer Ebene für eine Nutzungsdauer von 10 Jahren auf einen längeren Zeitraum zu erweitern. N2 - Within the scope of the research project IGF 20470N, investigations were carried out on the assessment of the aging behavior of intumescent coatings (ICs) for the fire protection of steel members. With the help of the results of an extensive literature research as well as experimental and numerical investigations, a proposal for a test concept for the proof of a service life of ICs of more than 10 years was to be derived on the basis of short-term tests. The evaluation of the aging behavior of ICs presupposes that the aging mechanisms are sufficiently known. For this purpose, data from short- and long-term tests of national approval tests of the last decades were first systematically evaluated. Subsequently, extensive experimental investigations were carried out on a water-based and epoxy resin-based model formulation. Since it is known from the literature that the effects of weathering may lead to a change in the concentrations of the constituents within the coating, investigations were carried out with formulations of the ICs in which individual constituents were systematically reduced. In addition to optical investigations, thermoanalytical methods (DSC-TG-, ATR-FTIR-, elemental-, color analysis) were used and fire tests were carried out on coated steel plates. Furthermore, the model formulations were subjected to the accelerated short-term tests of EAD 350402-00-1106 (2017), which regulates the approval of products at the European level. For the water-based model formulation, the weathering for the interior application with a high moisture content (type Z1) was repeated several times (1x, 3x, 6x). For the epoxy resin-based model formulation, the weathering corresponded to the cycle for exterior application (type X). Fire tests as well as thermoanalytical and optical investigations were carried out to analyze the aging behavior and the thermal protection performance. Subsequently, numerical simulations of steel members with aged ICs were carried out and validated on the basis of the experimental investigations. With the help of the numerical models, an evaluation of the thermal protection performance of steel members with aged ICs can be carried out. Bases on the findings, a proposal for a test concept for the verification of a service life of more than 10 years was derived. The test concept consists of a catalogue of possibilities for extending the current approval tests at European level for a service life of 10 years to a longer period. KW - Brandschutz KW - Dauerhaftigkeit KW - Alterung KW - Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme KW - Brandversuche PY - 2022 UR - https://dast.deutscherstahlbau.de/veroeffentlichungen/forschungsberichte SP - 1 EP - 367 PB - Stahlbau Verlags- und Service GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-57257 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Bio, Waste, Non-vegan – Fun, Food for Thought, or Future N2 - Overview of the state of the art and current trends with the main topics: - renewable sources in flame retardant polymers (flame retarded bio-polymers and biocomposites; bio-flame retardants, renewable adjuvants from industrial waste) - flame retardancy meets sustainability - concepts between analogy and out-of-the-box. T2 - 18th SKZ International Conference on Trends in Fire Safety and InnovativeRFlame retardants for Plastics CY - Würzburg/Rottendorf, Germany DA - 27.09.2022 KW - Bio-polymer KW - Bio-composite KW - Renewable source KW - Renewable adjuvants KW - Vitrimer KW - Bio-flame retardant PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strommer, Bettina A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Frasca, Daniele A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Huth, Christian A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Multifunctional Property Improvements by Combining Graphene and Conventional Fillers in Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber Composites N2 - The incorporation of nanoparticles like multilayer graphene (MLG) into elastomeric composites boosts their technical performance, such as their mechanical behavior and electrical conductivity. Common filler types (carbon black (CB) and aluminum trihydroxide (ATH)) generally fulfill single, specific purposes and are often used in high loadings. CB typically reinforces rubber mechanically, while ATH increases flame retardancy. Small amounts of MLG reduce these high filler contents and maintain the multifunctional characteristics of rubber composites. In chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) + ATH, an intrinsically flame-retardant rubber was designed to achieve the highest standards such as maximum average of heat emission (MARHE) <90 kW m−2, 3 phrMLG was substituted for 15 phr CB and/or 3 phr ATH via an industrially applicable processing approach. Replacing either CB or ATH resulted in a property profile that was multifunctionally improved in terms of features such as mechanical performance, reduced sorption, and flame retardance. MLG nanocomposites are reported to show promise as an industrially utilizable route to obtain multifunctional high-performance rubbers. KW - Nanocomposites KW - Rubber KW - Multilayer graphene KW - Flame retardancy KW - Synergy KW - Nanoparticles KW - Elastomers PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c01469 SN - 2637-6105 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 1021 EP - 1034 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-54330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chan, Yin Yam A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams N2 - Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article. KW - Synergy KW - Phosphorus-containing flame retardant KW - Expandable graphite KW - Polyurethane foams PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-551958 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132562 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 14 IS - 13 SP - 2562 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-55195 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Morgan, A.B. T1 - Multicomponent Flame Retardants N2 - The important take home message of this chapter: When multicomponent flame retardant systems are applied to polymeric materials, it becomes possible to address multiple fire properties, increase efficiency, and minimize flame retardant use to maximize polymer property balance. Flame retardants are combined or used together with adjuvants or synergists; fibers and fillers make a crucial contribution to their fire properties. Multicomponent systems are discussed in their capacity as an overall powerful strategy for achieving and optimizing non-halogenated flame-retardant polymeric materials. KW - Flame retardants KW - Synergy KW - Adjuvants KW - Fillers KW - Fibres PY - 2022 SN - 978-1-119-75056-7 SP - 413 EP - 474 PB - Scrivener Publishing LLC CY - Bevery ET - 2nd Edition AN - OPUS4-54426 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Garfias González, Karla I. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Valorizing “non-vegan” bio-fillers: Synergists for phosphorus flame retardants in epoxy resins N2 - Sustainable, biogenic flame retardant adjuvants for epoxy resins are receiving increased focus. Zoological products like insects, bone meal, and eggshells are available in large quantities, but remain uninvestigated as functional fillers to epoxy resins, although they are potential synergists to flame retardants. The efficacy and flame retardancy of “non-vegan” additives in combination with flame retardants is investigated and the fire behavior and thermal decomposition of bio-sourced epoxy resin composites is characterized. By comparing the fire performance of composites containing flame retardants or fillers at varying loadings (5, 10, and 20%), their role as synergists that enhance the function of organophosphorus flame retardants in bio-epoxy composites is identified and quantified. Peak heat release rates were 44% lower in composites containing both filler and flame retardant versus those containing only flame retardants, and fire loads were reduced by 44% versus the pure resin, highlighting the ability of “non-vegan” fillers to function as synergists. KW - Flame retardancy KW - Synergy KW - Bio-composite KW - Epoxy resin KW - Biogenic KW - Renewable PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109875 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 198 SP - 109875 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-54438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Schoch, R. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Tröppner, O. A1 - Bosse, M. T1 - Untersuchung der Witterungsbeständigkeit komplexer Funktionalitäten von Polymerwerkstoffen durch künstliche Bewitterung: Flammschutz N2 - In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde die Degradation der polymeren Matrix von flammgeschützten Polymeren eingehend untersucht. Erst in den letzten Jahren jedoch hat sich die Frage der Lebensdauer der Funktionalität des Flammschutzes selbst als wichtige Fragestellung herauskristallisiert, z.B. bei Kabeln. Deshalb sollte diese Fragestellung durch systematisch-variierte künstliche Klima- und Bewitterungstests an flammgeschützten Polymerwerkstoffen untersucht werden T2 - 50. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation (GUS) CY - Online meeting DA - 23.03.2022 KW - Flammschutz KW - Witterungsbeständigkeit KW - Langzeitbeständigkeit KW - UV KW - E&E PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54541 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Schoch, R. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Tröppner, O. A1 - Bosse, M. ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Untersuchung der Witterungsbeständigkeit komplexer Funktionalitäten von Polymerwerkstoffen durch künstliche Bewitterung: Flammschutz N2 - In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde die Degradation der polymeren Matrix von flammgeschützten Polymeren eingehend untersucht. Erst in den letzten Jahren jedoch hat sich die Frage der Lebensdauer der Funktionalität des Flammschutzes selbst als wichtige Fragestellung herauskristallisiert, z.B. bei Kabeln. Deshalb sollte diese Fragestellung durch systematisch-variierte künstliche Klima- und Bewitterungstests an flammgeschützten Polymerwerkstoffen untersucht werden. T2 - 50. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation (GUS) CY - Online meeting DA - 23.03.2022 KW - Flammschutz, Witterungsbeständigkeit, Langzeitbeständigkeit, UV, E&E PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-9818507-7-2 VL - 50 SP - 143 EP - 148 CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-54543 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Garfias González, K. I. A1 - Gleuwitz, F. R. A1 - Sánchez Olivares, G. T1 - Non-vegan flame-retardant (adjuvants in) biocomposites N2 - Emanating from developing flame retarded biocomposites, we have proposed renewable natural fibers (including keratin) taken from industrial waste as an authentic sustainable approach. More recently, we have investigated non-vegan flame retardant approaches. This paper loves to give you an insight into our ongoing projects on biogenic industrial wastes like leather, bone meal, and insects. Materials were characterized multi-methodically, flame retardant modes of action quantified, decomposition mechanism proposed, and synergisms explained. Considering the large quantities of leather waste (LW) in industrial-scale production, we underline LW as multifunctional bio-adjuvants. LW enhances the flame retardancy of poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) (EVA) containing phosphorus flame retardants (P-FR). Products/by-products of the invertebrate and vertebrate farming, respectively, are promising bio-based adjuvants in flame retarded bio-epoxy thermosets. While the addition of bone meal yields the formation of an inorganic shield, protein-based powders from insects provide an intumescent behavior. In combination with a P-FR superior charring and self-extinguishing are obtained. Acknowledgement: In part of this work was supported by the Volkswagen Foundation grant “Experiment!” No. 97437. T2 - Fire and Polymers, workshop, ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry CY - Napa, California, US DA - 05.06.2022 KW - Fire behaviour KW - Renewable KW - Circular economy KW - Biocomposite PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55025 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Frasca, Daniele A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Strommer, Bettina A1 - Tabaka, Weronika A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Multifunctional Elastomer/Graphene Nanocomposites N2 - A few layer/multilayer graphene (MLG) with a specific surface area of BET=250 m2/g is proposed as an efficient multifunctional nanofiller for rubbers. The preparation method, i.e., ultrasonically-assisted solution mixing of master batches followed by two-roll milling, strongly influences the dispersion in the elastomeric matrix and is fundamental for the final properties. When homogenously dispersed, single stacks of only approximately 10 graphene sheets, with an aspect ratio of 34, work at low loadings, enabling the replacement of large amounts of carbon black (CB), an increase in efficiency, and a reduction in filler load. The appropriate preparation yielded nanocomposites in which just 3 phr are sufficient to significantly improve the rheological, curing, gas barrier properties, electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as mechanical properties of different rubbers, as shown for chlorine-Isobutylene-Isoprene rubber (CIIR), nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), natural rubber (NR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). 3 phr of MLG tripled the Young’s modulus of CIIR, an effect equivalent to 20 phr of CB. The stronger interactions between MLG and NR or SBR also resulted in a reduction in the elongation at break by 20% and 50%, respectively, while the same parameter was hardly changed for CIIR/MLG and NBR/MLG. CIIR/MLG and NBR/MLG were stiffer but just as defomable than CIIR and NBR. The strong reinforcing effect of 3 phr MLG was confirmed by the increase of greater than 10 Shore A in hardness. MLG reduces gas permeability, increases thermal and electrical conductivities, and retards flammability, the latter shown by the reduction in heat release rate in the cone calorimeter. We investigated MLG also as a synergist for reducing the aluminium trihydrate loading in flame retardant hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene (HNBR), polybutadiene chloroprene (BR/CR), and chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber(CSM). The higher the nanofiller concentration is, the greater the improvement in the properties. For instance, the permeability decreased by 30% at 3 phr of MLG, 50% at 5 phr and 60% at 10 phr, respectively. Moreover, the MLG nanocomposites improve stability of mechanical properties against the effects of weathering. In key experiments an increase in UV-absorption and a pronounced radical scavenging were proved as stabilizing mechanisms. In a nutshell, MLG is an efficient multifunctional nanofiller ready to be used for innovative rubber development. T2 - 19th European Polymer Congress, EPF 2022 CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 26.06.2022 KW - Graphene KW - Nanocomposite KW - Rubber KW - Elastomer PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55196 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Sandra F. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wang, Y.-Z. A1 - Bocz, K. T1 - black as hell, strong as death and sweet as love - pyrolyzed waste materials and cyclodextrins as effective filler in flame retarded epoxy composites N2 - Renewable alternatives for common thermoset resins are demanded to go for sustainability. The objective is to create a flame retarded epoxy resin from a commercial bio epoxy resin with halogen free inorganic and organic flame retardants, respectively. Alumina trihydrate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, a DOPO-based phosphonamidate and ammonium polyphosphate seem to have promising performances. Properties are enhanced with different bio fillers: pyrolyzed cocoa shells and plant waste (provided by Otto A. Müller Recycling GmbH, thanks!), short fibers and nonwovens of the natural fiber kenaf, hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-ß-cyclodextrin. Fire performance is investigated by cone calorimeter examinations, LOI and UL-94 ratings. Thermal analysis is given by TG-FTIR and DSC measurements. Combinations of flame retardants and bio-fillers lead to reduced PHRR and THR, reach V0 in UL-94 and have a significant increase in LOI of up to 37 vol.-%. 10 % ammonium polyphosphate with 10 % pyrolyzed cocoa shell performs best, builds a magnificent protective layer, and shows good intumescence. T2 - 3rd international conference on eco-friendly flame retardant additives and materials CY - Alès, France DA - 17.05.2022 KW - Epoxy resin KW - Flame retardant KW - Kenaf fiber KW - Pyrolyzed plant waste KW - Cyclodextrin PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mund, M. A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Schaumann, P. A1 - Hothan, Sascha A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Dauerhaftigkeit von reaktiven Brandschutzsystemen N2 - Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme finden im baulichen Brandschutz Anwendung zur Erhöhung des Feuerwiderstands von Stahlkonstruktionen. Neben den Anforderungen an die Feuerwiderstandsdauer können damit auch Ansprüche an die Ästhetik erfüllt werden. Die profilfolgende Applikation und die geringen Trockenschichtdicken der Produkte ermöglichen es, das filigrane Erscheinungsbild von Stahlkonstruktionen aufrechtzuerhalten. Neben der thermischen Schutzwirkung muss auch die Dauerhaftigkeit der Brandschutzbeschichtung sichergestellt werden. Die Bewertungsmethoden, die auf europäischer Ebene durch das EAD 350402-00-1106 zur Verfügung stehen, zielen auf eine Nutzungsdauer von zehn Jahren ab. Prüfverfahren für einen darüber hinausgehenden Zeitraum sind nicht beschrieben. In diesem Beitrag werden experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Bewitterung auf das Expansionsverhalten, zur thermischen Schutzwirkung und zu den während des Aufschäumens im Brandfall stattfindenden Reaktionen vorgestellt. Die Versuche wurden an einem wasserbasierten und einem epoxidharzbasierten reaktiven Brandschutzsystem durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse wurden im Rahmen des IGF-Forschungsvorhabens 20470 N erzielt. KW - Brandschutz KW - Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme KW - Brandversuche KW - Alterung KW - Dauerhaftigkeit PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/stab.202200063 SN - 0038-9145 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - 93 EP - 102 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-56346 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Schoch, R. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Tröppner, O. A1 - Bosse, M. T1 - Weathering Resistance of Halogen-free Flame Retardancy in E&E Plastics N2 - - Durability of fire retardancy - Impact of different exposure conditions - Degradation with respect to different fire properties/tests T2 - Fire Resistance in Plastics CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 28.11.2022 KW - Durability KW - Flame retardant KW - Thermoplastic Polyurethane KW - Cable KW - EVA KW - Weathering PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56444 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Composites in Fire and Flame N2 - Overview over the research results of the BAM in the field fire retardancy of composites. In different applications the flame retardancy of composites targets on different fire protection goals in the fire scenarios ignition, developing fire, and fully developed fire. Efficient solutions are tailored to pass a distinct fire test and to fit to a specific material. Flame inhibition as main flame retardancy mode of action combined with a minor mode of action in the condensed phase is general very efficient approach for composites. Alternatively residue design is demanded to achieve good results with only condensed phase mechanisms. Improving the fire stability asks for protective fire residues. T2 - Climate Change @ Fire Science Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.11.2022 KW - Composites in fire KW - Flame retarded composites KW - Fire stability KW - Phosphorous flame retardants KW - Residue design PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56299 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gleuwitz, F. Robert A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Tenebrio molitor Beetle as a “Nonvegan” Adjuvant to Flame Retardants in Tannic Acid-Based Epoxy Thermosets N2 - Material solutions that meet both circular bioeconomy policies and high technical requirements have become a matter of particular interest. In this work, a prospectively abundant proteinrich waste resource for the manufacturing of flame-retardant epoxy biocomposites, as well as for the synthesis of biobased flame retardants or adjuvants, is introduced. Different biomass fillers sourced from the cultivation of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor are embedded in a bioepoxy resin cured with tannic acid and investigated regarding the fire performance of the thermosets. By means of spectroscopic and thermal analysis (attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis-coupled FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry), the influence of the biomass microparticles on the curing and thermal degradation behavior is evaluated. The final performance of the biocomposites is assessed based on fire testing methodology (limited oxygen index, UL-94, and cone calorimetry). Providing a high charring efficiency in the specific tannic acid-based epoxy matrix, the protein-rich adult beetle is further investigated in combination with commercial environmentally benign flame retardants in view of its potential as an adjuvant. The results highlight a char forming effect of nonvegan fillers in the presence of tannic acid, particularly during thermal decomposition, and point toward the potential of protein-based flame retardants from industrial insect rearing for future formulations. KW - Tannic acid KW - Flame retardancy KW - Sustainable KW - Epoxy resin KW - Insects PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00746 SN - 2168-0485 VL - 10 IS - 19 SP - 6313 EP - 6324 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-54845 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marti, J. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Oñate, E. T1 - Simulation of the burning and dripping cables in fire using the particle finite element method N2 - The behavior of the cable jacket in fire characterized by the tendency to melt and drip constitutes a major source of fire hazard. The reason is that the melted material may convey the flame from one point to another, expanding fire and contributing to the fire load. In this article, the capability of a new computational strategy based on the particle finite element method for simulating a bench-scale cables burning test is analyzed. The use bench-scale test has been previously used to simulate the full-scale test described in EN 50399. As the air effect is neglected, a simple combustion model is included. The samples selected are two cables consisting of a copper core and differently flame retarded thermoplastic polyurethane sheets. The key modeling parameters were determined from different literature sources as well as experimentally. During the experiment, the specimen was burned under the test set-up condition recording the process and measuring the temperature evolution by means of three thermocouples. Next, the test was reproduced numerically and compared with a real fire test. The numerical results show that the particle finite element method can accurately predict the evolution of the temperature and the melting of the jacket. KW - Dripping behavior KW - Particle finite element method KW - Cables in fire KW - Fire behavior KW - Fire simulation KW - Cable bundle PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041211039752 SN - 0734-9041 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 25 PB - Sage AN - OPUS4-54185 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -