TY - JOUR A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. T1 - Development of an analysis and testing concept for the evaluation of impact targets in the mechanical safety testing of dangerous goods packagings JF - Packaging technology and science N2 - The mechanical and geometrical properties of impact targets greatly influence the outcome of a drop test. The International Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) as well as ISO 2248 describe the characteristics of impact targets for drop tests of dangerous goods packagings. According to these regulations, the impact target’s surface needs to be unyielding, under testing conditions non-deformable, flat, and integral with a mass at least 50 times that of the heaviest packaging to be tested. The problem is that many production facilities, especially manufacturers of corrugated fibreboard boxes, do not have their own testing device with the required 50 times mass ratio of the impact target for a regulation compliant drop test during series production. Furthermore, at UN level it is considered necessary to revise these requirements. In the present paper, the impact target requirements are examined in detail and compared with those in other technical areas (e.g., impact target for container for the transport of radioactive materials). A research method is being developed to investigate the dependency between the mass ratio of the packaging and the target as well as the damage resistance of a drop tested package in relation to specific design characteristics. The results are of high relevance for industry purposes and intended to ensure a uniform level of safety assessment for the mechanical testing of dangerous goods packagings. KW - Corrugated fibreboard boxes KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Impact target KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549660 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2656 SN - 0894-3214 SN - 1099-1522 VL - 35 IS - 9 SP - 689 EP - 700 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-54966 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. A1 - Morales-Velazquez, L. A1 - Valtierra-Rodríguez, M. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Jáuregui-Correa, J. C. T1 - Frequency Analysis of the Railway Track under Loads Caused by the Hunting Phenomenon JF - Mathematics N2 - Hunting is a potentially dangerous phenomenon related to the lateral oscillation of the wheels that impacts the rails and causes the wear of the infrastructure’s components. Therefore, the analysis and timely detection of hunting can lead to the application of corrective maintenance tasks, reducing damages, and costs and even derailments as a result. In this work, the vibration response of a finite element model of a rail with hunting-induced loads by a single wheel is analyzed in three directions: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical. The contact patch forces are calculated by means of Simpack® using the Kalker linear theory and the contact Hertz theory. The system is solved by using the Newmark-_ approach. The results of the deflection and vibration analysis, following the proposed methodology, show how the different characteristics of the loads impact the rail. KW - Continuous wavelet transform KW - Empirical mode decomposition KW - Finite element method KW - Frequency analysis KW - Hunting phenomenon KW - Mechanical modelling KW - Rail vibrations PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-551517 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/13/2286/htm# DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/math10132286 VL - 10 IS - 13 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-55151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. W. T1 - Development of an analysis and testing concept for the evaluation of impact targets in the mechanical safety testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The mechanical and geometrical properties of impact targets greatly influence the outcome of a drop test. The International Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) as well as ISO 2248 describe the characteristics of impact targets for drop tests of dangerous goods packagings. According to these regulations, the impact target’s surface needs to be unyielding, under testing conditions non-deformable, flat, and integral with a mass at least 50 times that of the heaviest packaging to be tested. The problem is that many production facilities, especially manufacturers of corrugated fibreboard boxes, do not have their own testing device with the required 50 times mass ratio of the impact target for a regulation compliant drop test during series production. Furthermore, at UN level it is considered necessary to revise these requirements. In the present paper, the impact target requirements are examined in detail and compared with those in other technical areas (e.g., impact target for container for the transport of radioactive materials). A research method is being developed to investigate the dependency between the mass ratio of the packaging and the target as well as the damage resistance of a drop tested package in relation to specific design characteristics. The results are of high relevance for industry purposes and intended to ensure a uniform level of safety assessment for the mechanical testing of dangerous goods packagings. T2 - IAPRI Bangkok 2022, 23rd World Packaging Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 12.06.2022 KW - Corrugated fibreboard boxes KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Impact target KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55121 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John A1 - Vogler, Nico A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Flow properties of powdery or granular filling substances of dangerous goods packagings - Comparison of the measurement of the angle of repose and the determination of the Hausner ratio N2 - To ensure safety when transporting dangerous goods, it is important to specify the flow properties of the respective solid filling substance of the packagings. For this purpose, the angle of repose is currently used for the UN approvals in Germany. Measurements were carried out on 12 powdery or granular substances applying the angle of repose measuring methods customary in the test centres. The results of the methods differ significantly from each other. In addition, some of the techniques cannot be applied for very cohesive or coarse-grained materials. The results for the angle of repose show a strong scatter for some constellations (coefficient of variation more than 20 %). Safety during transport of dangerous goods cannot be guaranteed with this currently practiced system of measuring the angle of repose. As a consequence, an alternative parameter to characterize the flow properties of bulk materials should be used in the recognized test centers for dangerous goods packagings, such as the Hausner ratio. This approach leads to more precise test results for the substances examined (maximum coefficient of variation 2.8 %). It also has advantages in terms of applicability and occupational safety. Since the flow properties are safety-relevant, both in terms of mechanical safety and safety against the release of dangerous substances, the testing practice in the recognized test labs should be improved and standardized. T2 - IAPRI Bangkok 2022 23rd World Packaging Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 12.06.2022 KW - Sift-proofness KW - Powders KW - Flow properties KW - Flowability KW - Angle of repose KW - Hausner ratio PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55103 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Wasserstoff - Kryogene Anwendungen N2 - Wasserstoff wird als ein potenzieller alternativer Energieträger gesehen, mit dem die für 2050 gesetzten Klimaziele erreicht werden könnten. Der Transport von Wasserstoff ist mittels verschiedener Speichertechniken möglich, von denen der kryogene Transport mit den größten volumetrischen Energiedichten einhergeht. Hierdurch eignen sich diese Speicher besonders für die energieintensiven Verkehrsmittel im Land-, See- und Flugverkehr. Im Vortrag werden Speichertechniken, Gefahren im Umgang mit kryogenen Gasen sowie bisherige Störfälle dargestellt. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Teil der aktuellen Forschungsarbeit an der BAM vorgestellt, die die Sicherheit dieser Speicher unter außergewöhnlichen Belastungen adressiert. T2 - 26. Gefahrgutkongress Mecklenburg-Vorpommern CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 03.11.2022 KW - Wasserstoff KW - H2 KW - LNG KW - LH2 KW - Tank PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56181 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Dal Pozzo, Alessandro A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Systems With Cryogenic Liquefied Gases In Fire-Incidents N2 - The volumetric energy density of a gas can be increased by liquefaction, which occurs when the gas is cooled below the saturation point. Liquefied gases of great importance to the energy transition are Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), which can be liquefied at temperatures below 160°C. Systems for storing these gases typically must be overpressure resistant and require thermal super insulations (TSI) to hold cryogenic conditions and minimize boil-off losses from evaporation. TSI with vacuum and MLI or perlites are suitable for many applications involving LNG and LH2. Such systems are typically double-walled structures where the inner wall is in contact with the cryogenic liquefied gas. MLI or perlites are located in the gap between the inner and the outer wall, that is kept under vacuum conditions. This combination of insulations strongly reduces the heat transfer between the environment and the cryogenic liquefied gas. From an economic point of view the systems are well sophisticated. However, knowledge of the behavior of this kind of systems in a typical event such as a fire is limited, but necessary to evaluate the safety of the increasing number of applications. The objective of the research is to determine how TSI behaves at different fire temperatures during fire exposure and afterwards. Special attention is paid to changes in the heat flux, the material properties and vacuum state over time. For this purpose, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies have been carried out. In addition, a test rig was developed that allows testing of TSI at temperatures up to 1000°C under realistic integration conditions and subsequent analysis of the TSI samples. In the test rig the double-wall with vacuum and MLI or perlites inside is simulated. The fire conditions are simulated on one side of the double-wall by adjustable electrical heating elements. This process allows the implementation of repeatable heat flows of up to 100 kW/m². On the other side of the double-wall, cold or cryogenic conditions are simulated with a heat exchanger through which water or the vapor of liquid nitrogen (approx. -196°C) flows. The heat exchanger is also used to determine the heat flux through the double-wall. Thus, the test rig allows thermal loading and performance analysis of TSI samples at the same time. Compared to tests with real cryogenic systems, tests with this experimental setup have the advantage that, first, the instrumentation is easier to realize, and a higher repeatability is ensured. Second, the local heat flow can be determined over time, and the sample of a TSI can be taken non-destructively and thus analyzed. Third, the tests are less risky as well as time+ and material intensive, so that more tests and variants can be investigated with the same budget. Preliminary results obtained considering several types of MLI under vacuum show that all observed typs of MLI can be damaged under strong thermal loading. The damages observed were outgassing, melting, shrinkage, cracking, lump formation, and concomitant local loss of the MLI's function as a radiation shield. However, the study also shows that a damage does not always have an extreme effect on the insulating performance. T2 - IMECE2022 CY - Columbus, Ohio, USA DA - 30.10.2022 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Safety KW - Insulation KW - Tank PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John A1 - Vogler, Nico A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Flow properties of powdery or granular filling substances of dangerous goods packagings - Comparison of the measurement of the angle of repose and the determination of the Hausner ratio JF - Packaging Technology And Science N2 - To ensure safety when transporting dangerous goods, it is important to specify the flow properties of the respective solid filling substance of the packagings. For this purpose, the angle of repose is currently used for the UN approvals in Germany. Measurements were carried out on 12 powdery or granular substances applying the angle of repose measuring methods customary in the test centres. The results of the methods differ significantly from each other. In addition, some of the techniques cannot be applied for very cohesive or coarse-grained materials. The results for the angle of repose show a strong scatter for some constellations (coefficient of variation more than 20 %). Safety during transport of dangerous goods cannot be guaranteed with this currently practiced system of measuring the angle of repose. As a consequence, an alternative parameter to characterize the flow properties of bulk materials should be used in the recognized test centers for dangerous goods packagings, such as the Hausner ratio. This approach leads to more precise test results for the substances examined (maximum coefficient of variation 2.8 %). It also has advantages in terms of applicability and occupational safety. Since the flow properties are safety-relevant, both in terms of mechanical safety and safety against the release of dangerous substances, the testing practice in the recognized test labs should be improved and standardized. KW - Sift-proofness KW - Powders KW - Flowability KW - Flow properties KW - Angle of repose KW - Hausner ratio PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552990 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2678 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Wiley online library AN - OPUS4-55299 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Nerger, Tino A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Schugardt, Jan T1 - Capabilities of using mobile platforms for monitoring hazard scenarios by the example of the RASEM project N2 - This presentation shows the capabilities of mobile platforms for monitoring hazard scenarios. As an example the RASEM project is presented. Furthermore two ideas for future work are shown, namely, Aerial-based Gas Tomography and Passive Smart Dust. T2 - Climate Change @ Fire Science Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.11.2022 KW - RASEM KW - Dust sensor KW - Low-cost KW - Sensor network KW - Passive Smart Dust KW - Gas Tomography PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56296 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental Assessing of the Energy Transformation in Turns N2 - Turning maneuvers of rail vehicles involve demanding situations for the infrastructure because of the steering forces generated and the resultant lateral load transfers. Such forcing situation involves increased tangential forces that consume kinetic energy from the vehicle. While much attention has been paid in the literature to the damage in such infrastructure segments, the energy that is dissipated in these maneuvers, has not been explicitly addressed. In this paper, a specialized scale-down infrastructure is used to characterize the effect of the initial speed of the vehicle and its mass, on the magnitude of both the rail forces developed and the amount of dissipated energy during turning maneuvers. The outputs of the experiments suggest that most of the original kinetic energy is dissipated at the first portion of the turn. Also, that the magnitude of the wheel forces and the amount of dissipated energy, correlate. That is, a greater rail damage would correspond to greater energy dissipation. T2 - IMECE2022 CY - Columbus, OH, USA DA - 30.10.2022 KW - Energy dissipation KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Rail damage KW - Experimental approaches PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56333 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental Assessing of the Energy Transformation in Turns T2 - Proceedings IMECE 2022 N2 - Turning maneuvers of rail vehicles involve demanding situations for the infrastructure because of the steering forces generated and the resultant lateral load transfers. Such forcing situation involves increased tangential forces that consume kinetic energy from the vehicle. While much attention has been paid in the literature to the damage in such infrastructure segments, the energy that is dissipated in these maneuvers, has not been explicitly addressed. In this paper, a specialized scale-down infrastructure is used to characterize the effect of the initial speed of the vehicle and its mass, on the magnitude of both the rail forces developed and the amount of dissipated energy during turning maneuvers. The outputs of the experiments suggest that most of the original kinetic energy is dissipated at the first portion of the turn. Also, that the magnitude of the wheel forces and the amount of dissipated energy, correlate. That is, a greater rail damage would correspond to greater energy dissipation. T2 - IMECE2022 CY - Columbus, OH, USA DA - 30.10.2022 KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Energy dissipation KW - Rail damage KW - Experimental approaches PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-56334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -