TY - CONF A1 - Eissel, A. A1 - Engelking, Lorenz T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“ N2 - Das DVS-Vorhaben 01.3211 „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“ ist ein Kooperationsprojekt der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und dem Institut für Schweißtechnik und Trennende Fertigungsverfahren (ISAF) der Technischen Universität Clausthal. Das Übergeordnete Projektziel ist das Erlangen von Erkenntnissen für eine sichere und wirtschaftliche, kombinierte additive und abtragende Fertigung aus kostenintensiven Werkstoffen hochbelasteter Komponenten insbesondere für KMU. Dabei stehen die beiden Werkstoffe CoCr26Ni9Mo5W (2.4681) und FeNi36 (1.3912) im Fokus. Mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusätze sind homogen und isotrop ausgeprägte Werkstoffeigenschaften und eine Erhöhung der Prozessstabilität und Fertigungsfreiheitsgrade bei der additiven Fertigung erzielbar. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss nachfolgender abtragender Bearbeitungsschritte des ultraschallunterstützen und des konventionellen Fräsprozesses untersucht. Die mit dem Forschungsvorhaben verbundenen Nutzen für KMU sind die Stärkung der Innovationsfähigkeit und der Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie die Erhöhung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. In AP-1 wurden erste Zerspanversuche am CoCr-Ausgangswerkstoff durchgeführt. Ziel der Versuche war in erster Linie die Identifikation geeigneter Fräswerkzeuge und -parameter. In AP-2 wurden erste Legierungsmodifikationen des CoCr-Ausgangswerkstoffes durchgeführt und die Mikrostruktur sowie die Härte analysiert. T2 - Sitzung des Fachausschusses 01 „Schweißmetallurgie und Werkstoffverhalten“ CY - Online meeting DA - 17.02.2021 KW - DVS KW - Legierungsmodifikation KW - Ultraschallunterstützter Fräsprozess KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Fortschrittsbericht PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52179 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kromm, Arne T1 - Residual stress formation in DED-arc manufactured high strength steel components N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the efficient production of advanced constructions. Direct energy deposition processes such as wire and arc-based additive manufacturing (DED-arc) are important methods. The wire filler metals enable a wide range of materials. In addition, the arc process provides a high deposition rate compared to laser and powder-based processes. Furthermore, components can be manufactured near-net-shape, offering significant savings in cost, time, and resources. Combined with the use of high-strength steels to reduce wall or component thicknesses in the context of lightweight design, great opportunities for saving energy and resources can be achieved. In a joint project of BAM and Chemnitz University of Technology, the main influences and complex interactions of material, production process, design and processing steps on the residual stress level are investigated. The aim is to develop processing recommendations and a cold cracking test for economical processing and stress-related design of high-strength steels with DED-arc. This study focuses on residual stress analysis by neutron diffraction (ND) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on defined test specimens. The ND analysis were performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the XRD analysis at BAM. The study shows a quantitative and qualitative comparison of the residual stress magnitudes and distribution between the component bulk (ND) and surface (XRD) analyses. The ND analysis reveals that in DED-arc AM walls the residual stresses dominate in the direction of welding and are negligibly small in each case transverse to the direction of welding. The topology of the analyzed residual stresses shows almost identical residual stress maps. In addition, the residual stresses are significantly influenced by the solid phase transformation of the material due to low cooling times in the area of the top layer. T2 - AJP 2023 3rd International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes CY - Braga, Portugal DA - 19.10.2023 KW - DED-arc KW - Residual stress KW - Neutron diffraction KW - High-strength steel KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Quackatz, Lukas T1 - LIBS In situ Chemical Analysis in Duplex Stainless Steel Welding N2 - The high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel (DSS) are due to its special chemical composition, which is a balanced phase ratio of ferrite (α) and austenite (γ). Many industrial applications require the integration of DSS components. For this, tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) is an excellent choice, as it allows an automated operation with high reproducibility. However, when the weld pool solidifies, critical ratios of α- and γ- phases can occur, which leads to solidification cracking, increased susceptibility to corrosion, and a decrease in ductility and critical strength. Previous studies have shown that these defects can be caused by the accumulation of manganese and chromium in the heat affected zone (HAZ), and this accumulation can be detected using LIBS. Unlike conventional LIBS analyses, which requires reference samples to generate a calibration curve, calibration-free LIBS (CF-LIBS) can determine the chemical composition solely from the emission spectrum of the plasma. Numerous publications show that CF-LIBS is a fast and efficient analytical method for quantitative analysis of metal samples. We present the results of in situ CF-LIBS analysis during TIG DSS welding. Using a new approach, it is possible to quantitatively determine the chemical composition of the weld metal directly in the welding process. The results of the CF-LIBS analysis are compared with the results of the calibration-based PLS analysis and reasonable agreement is found. Thus, the CF-LIBS method offers the significant advantage of quickly measuring in situ the concentrations of the main alloying elements that prevent the formation of welding defects, without the tedious calibration procedure. T2 - EMSLIBS 2023 CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 04.09.2023 KW - LIBS KW - In situ measurement KW - Duplex stainless steel KW - TIG welding KW - Calibration free PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58314 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wandtke, Karsten T1 - Additive manufacturing of high-strength steel components using gas metal arc welding based direct energy deposition N2 - Additive manufacturing processes such as direct energy deposition-arc (DED-Arc) or Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) enable the efficient production of weight-optimized near-net-shape components in modern steel constructions [1,2]. Further increased efficiency can be achieved by using high-strength steels, which leads to significant cost, time, and resource savings. While commercial filler metals for arc welding processes are available, their industrial application is hindered by a lack of guidelines and quantitative knowledge of the welding stresses during production and operation limit their industrial application. In a joint project of BAM and Chemnitz University of Technology, the main influences and complex interactions of material, production process, design and processing steps on the residual stress level are investigated. The aim is to develop processing recommendations and a cold cracking test for economical processing and stress-related design of high-strength steels with DED-arc. The project focused on hardness and microstructure analysis as well as residual stress analysis using X-ray diffraction on the surface and neutron diffraction in the bulk. Reference specimens (open hollow cuboids) were fully automatic manufactured using a robot welding system. Systematic variation of the heat control and design was used to analyze the influences on heat input and interpass temperature, as well as geometric influences such as component length, height, and wall thickness. Figure 1 shows that the residual stresses in the WAAM specimens within the project are predominantly one-dimensional in welding direction (cf. [3]). Furthermore, the results reveal that the residual stresses are significantly influenced by the heat input. Low heat input and high cooling rates lead to high average residual stresses. The analysis of the variation of the component design indicates that the component height, in contrast to component length and wall thickness, significantly influences the level of residual stresses. T2 - Additive 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - High strength steels KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Residual stress PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61949 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liepold, Philipp T1 - Enhanced crack detection method using Convolutional Neural Networks for Varestraint type tests N2 - Varstraint type tests are globally established in the measurement of hot cracking susceptibility of welds. Evaluation of such tests is done under a light microscope and can be heavily influenced by human subjectivity. To reduce the human error source in evaluation, a concept based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is proposed. An AI was constructed and trained on self-produced data to detect and segment cracks in microscope images. The advantages, besides a faster evaluation, include higher precision and the availability of data that was not available before. T2 - IIW Annual Conforenz CY - Singapore DA - 17.07.2023 KW - CNN KW - MVT KW - AI KW - Neuronales Netzwerk PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58699 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liepold, Philipp T1 - Enhanced crack detection method using convolutional neural networks for Varestraint type tests N2 - A method to extract characteristics of cracks employing semantic segmentation on the basis of pictures taken via microscope, possible through advances in deep learning using a U-Net type model. T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting CY - Garching, Germany DA - 05.12.2022 KW - CNN KW - MVT KW - AI PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57135 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fey, Gero T1 - Dilatometry Based Determination of Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams in Low Alloy Pipeline Steels for Hydrogen transportation N2 - This study investigates the suitability of low-alloy pipeline steels for hydrogen transportation, focusing on the development of weld microstructures. Previous research has been limited by a deficiency in the understanding of how different microstructural components respond to trapped hydrogen. By developing Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagrams through dilatometry analysis, this study explores the impact of t8/5-cooling times (the time between 800 °C and 500 °C) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HAZ compared to the base material. The findings provide valuable insights into how cooling times influence transformation temperatures and microstructure development, which, in turn, affect hydrogen diffusion and absorption. These findings establish a foundation for future investigations into hydrogen's impact on weld microstructures, including experimental studies, with the aim of optimizing welding practices and enhancing resistance to hydrogen-assisted cracking. Ultimately, this research contributes to improving the safety and reliability of hydrogen transportation systems in commonly used industrial pipeline steels. T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.05.2025 KW - Pipelinestahl KW - CCT PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63098 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Nina A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Ausscheidungsverhalten und Eigenschaften der schweißbedingten Wärmeeinflusszonen hochfester Stähle in Abhängigkeit der Mikrolegierungsroute N2 - Für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa, ist die Zugabe von Mikrolegierungselementen, wie Nb und Ti, unerlässlich. Die Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle (bspw. in DIN EN 10025-6) geben zur Erzielung der vorgeschriebenen Eigenschaften dabei oft nur Grenzgehalte für die Hersteller vor. Die Wirkung der Legierungselemente in der WEZ ist teilweise komplett konträr. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit hinsichtlich der Schweißeignung und des Tragverhaltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Neben metallographischen Untersuchungen einzelner WEZ-Bereiche wurden unter Variation der chemischen Zusammensetzung, thermodynamische Phasenberechnungen mittels ThermoCalc durchgeführt. Hierdurch wird ein Verständnis zur Phasentransformation, Ausscheidungswachstum und -auflösung während des Schweißens in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Abkühlbedingungen geschaffen. T2 - 40. Vortrags- und Diskussionstagung Werkstoffprüfung 2022 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 27.10.2022 KW - WEZ-Erweichung KW - Mikrolegierungseinflüsse KW - Thermodynamische Modellierung PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-56168 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eissel, A. A1 - Engelking, Lorenz T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“ N2 - Das DVS-Vorhaben 01.3211 „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“ ist ein Kooperationsprojekt der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und dem Institut für Schweißtechnik und Trennende Fertigungsverfahren (ISAF) der Technischen Universität Clausthal. Das Übergeordnete Projektziel ist das Erlangen von Erkenntnissen für eine sichere und wirtschaftliche, kombinierte additive und abtragende Fertigung aus kostenintensiven Werkstoffen hochbelasteter Komponenten insbesondere für KMU. Dabei stehe die beiden Werkstoffe CoCr26Ni9Mo5W (2.4681) und FeNi36 (1.3912) im Fokus. Mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusätze sind homogen und isotrop ausgeprägte Werkstoffeigenschaften und eine Erhöhung der Prozessstabilität und Fertigungsfreiheitsgrade bei der additiven Fertigung erzielbar. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss nachfolgender abtragender Bearbeitungsschritte des ultraschallunterstützen und des konventionellen Fräsprozesses untersucht. Die mit dem Forschungsvorhaben verbundenen Nutzen für KMU sind die Stärkung der Innovationsfähigkeit und der Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie die Erhöhung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. In AP-2 wurden die Legierungsmodifikationen des CoCr-Ausgangswerkstoff abgeschlossen und weitere Legierungsmodifikationen des FeNi36-Ausgangswerkstoffes erstellt. In AP-4 wurden erste Zerspanversuche an den Modifikationen des FeNi36-Ausgangswerkstoffes gefahren. Ferner wurden erste Eigenspannungsanalysen an schlichtgefrästen Proben durchgeführt. T2 - Sitzung des DVS Fachausschusses 01 „Schweißmetallurgie und Werkstoffverhalten“ CY - Online meeting DA - 22.03.2022 KW - Additive Fertigung KW - DVS KW - Fortschrittsbericht KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen KW - Legierungsmodifikation KW - Eigensapnnungen PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54911 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eissel, A. T1 - Investigations on influencing the microstructure of additively manufactured Co-Cr alloys to improve subsequent machining conditions N2 - Co-Cr alloys are frequently used for highly stressed components, especially in turbine and plant construction, due to their high resistance to thermal and mechanical stress, as well as to corrosive and abrasive loads. Furthermore, they are classified as difficult-to-cut materials because of their high strength and toughness as well as their low thermal conductivity. However, for Co, an increased cost and supply risk can be observed in recent years. Therefore, additive manufacturing (AM) offers significant economic advantages due to higher material efficiency regarding repair, modification, and manufacturing of such components. Concerning inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the microstructure and properties as well as manufacturing-related stresses, a lot of knowledge is still necessary for the economic use of additive welding processes in SMEs. In addition, subsequent machining, particularly contour milling, is essential to generate the required complex contours and surfaces. Hence, additive and machining manufacturing processes need to be coordinated in a complementary way, especially due to additional challenges arising in milling of heterogeneous hard-to-cut microstructures. Recently, it has been shown that modern, hybrid cutting processes, such as ultrasonic-assisted milling (US), can improve the cutting situation. In this investigation, the Co-Cr initial alloy is additionally modified with Ti and Zr up to 1 wt.-% with the aim to enhance the homogeneity of the microstructure and, thus, the machinability. Hence the investigation includes finish milling tests of the AM components and the comparison of US and conventional machining. Both the modifications and the ultrasonic assistance exhibit a significant effect on the machining situation, e.g., US causes a higher surface integrity of the finish milled surfaces compared to conventional milling. T2 - International Congress on Welding, Additive Manufacturing and associated non destructive testing CY - Online meeting DA - 08.06.2022 KW - Co-Cr-alloy KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling KW - Surface integrity PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Engelking, Lorenz T1 - Alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components Part II: Effect on subsequent machining properties N2 - Alloy 36 (1.3912), also known as “Invar”, is an alloy with 36% nickel. It was developed in 1897 by Guillaume and stands out for its very low thermal expansion coefficient. It is classified as a difficult-to-cut material and is commonly used for the production of fiber-reinforced composites in the field of mold construction. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers many economic advantages regarding the repair, modification and manufacture of entire components. Subsequent machining of the AM components is necessary to account for complex structures, final contours or defined surfaces. This is usually done using a tool with a geometrically defined cutting edge, i.e., milling processes. Surface integrity is determined by metallurgical (e.g., microstructure of the subsurface), topological (e.g., surface defects, roughness) and mechanical (e.g., residual stresses) factors, which is crucial in terms of component safety and performance. Modern, hybrid cutting processes, such as ultrasonic-assisted milling (US), provide potentially improvement of the cutting situation of these components. In part I of this investigation, the initial alloy 36 is modified with the elements Ti, Zr and Nb up to a maximum of 1 wt.-%. The influence of the modification elements on the microstructure as well as on the hardness of the AM components is examined. Part II focusses on the effect of the alloy modifications on machinability as well as on the surface integrity of plasma-transferred-arc-welded (PTA) and finish milled invar components. The results show a significant positive influence of ultrasonic assistance on the resulting cutting force of both materials. The modification with 1% Ti shows a positive influence on the surface integrity, as the roughness of the conventional machining processes is lower compared to the initial alloy, which has to be confirmed in further experiments. T2 - IIW C-II Intermediate meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 17.03.2022 KW - Alloy modification KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling KW - Plasma-Transferred-Arc KW - Surface integrity KW - Alloy 36 KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54910 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fey, Gero T1 - Thermophysically Simulated Weld HAZ and CCT Diagram of High Strength Low Alloy Pipeline Steel N2 - Green produced Hydrogen is considered as a key energy carrier for the transition to a more sustainable energy supply. Large-scale infrastructure projects, such as the European Hydrogen Backbone, aim to establish a hydrogen pipeline network connecting production and consumption regions. To enable this distribution, existing and newly build pipeline networks play a crucial role. High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) pipeline steels such as L485ME (X70) are therefore faced to challenges associated with hydrogen transportation. One critical challenge in hydrogen transportation is hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC), which is influenced by mechanical loading, hydrogen content, and the material itself. The microstructure of the steel has a significant impact on its resistance to HAC. Since pipeline tube sections are commonly joined by welding, the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) reveal different microstructures compared to the base material. In particular, the coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) is considered to be a critical zone for HAC. Therefore, the understanding of the resulting microstructure in the HAZ is essential to assess the material’s performance under hydrogen exposure. A quenching dilatometer was used to simulate the weld HAZ of an HSLA L485ME pipeline steel. The influence of cooling on the CGHAZ was investigated at a peak temperature of 1250°C using varying t8/5-cooling times (from 2 s up to 500 s), focusing on microstructural evolution and hardness. Based on these experiments, a continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram was constructed. Additionally, other regions of the weld HAZ were thermophysically simulated using two different t8/5-cooling times, namely 6 s and 15 s, while varying the peak temperature between 1250°C and 800°C. The resulting microstructures and hardness values were analyzed and compared. T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting CY - Trollhättan, Sweden DA - 10.03.2025 KW - L485ME KW - Pipeline steel KW - CCT KW - Heat-affected zone KW - Dilatometry PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63102 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Engelking, Lorenz T1 - Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten N2 - Die additive Fertigung mittels Schweißverfahren bietet große ökonomische Vorteile für eine ressourceneffiziente Bauteilherstellung. Offene Fragen bezüglich Homogenität, Anisotropie der Schweißgefüge und den damit verbundenen Bauteileigenschaften stehen einer wirtschaftlichen Verarbeitung oftmals im Wege. Finale Bauteilgeometrie und Oberflächengüte erfordern meist komplementäre subtraktive Fertigungsschritte. Werkstoffe für hochbelastbare Komponenten sind oftmals schwer spanbar. In einem Vorhaben der BAM und des ISAF wurde untersucht, wie die Modifikation der AM-Schweißzusätze und das ultraschallunterstützte Fräsen (US) die Zerspanungssituation verbessern. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Legierung, Gefüge und Zerspanung zweier schwer spanbarer Hochleistungslegierungen (FeNi und CoCr) dar. Großes Potenzial zeigte neben dem US die Modifikation mit Zr und Hf bei Zulegierung in das Schweißgut mittels Beschichtung von Massivdrähten bzw. Herstellung von Fülldrähten. T2 - Bachelor-, Master-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium (BMDK) CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 19.06.2024 KW - Legierungsmodifikation KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Oberflächenintegrität PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60429 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Engelking, Lorenz T1 - Alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components Part II: Effect on subsequent machining properties N2 - Alloy 36 (1.3912), also known as “Invar”, is an alloy with 36% nickel. It was developed in 1897 by Guillaume and stands out for its very low thermal expansion coefficient. It is classified as a difficult-to-cut material and is commonly used for the production of fiber-reinforced composites in the field of mold construction. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers many economic advantages regarding the repair, modification and manufacture of entire components. Subsequent machining of the AM components is necessary to account for complex structures, final contours or defined surfaces. In part I of this investigation, the initial alloy 36 is modified with the elements Ti, Zr and Hf up to a maximum of 0.33 wt.-%. The influence of the modification elements on the microstructure as well as on the hardness of the AM components is examined. Part II focusses on the effect of the alloy modifications on machinability as well as on the surface integrity of plasma-transferred-arc-welded (PTA) and finish milled invar components. Machining tests were carried out, to investigate the influence of ultrasonic assistance and the effects of modification elements Ti, Zr and Hf on the occurring cutting forces, temperatures and resulting surface integrity of the AM components made of alloy 36 and their modifications. The results show a significant positive influence of ultrasonic assistance on the resulting cutting force as well as on the roughness of all materials investigated. T2 - 75th IIW Annual Assembly CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 17.07.2022 KW - Alloy modification KW - Alloy 36 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling KW - Surface integrity PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55432 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Assessment of in-service welding conditions for pressurized hydrogen pipelines via component test N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier of tomorrow. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure with the ability to carry large amounts of hydrogen e.g. for steel industry or chemical industry. The conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide hydrogen strategies, in addition to the construction of new pipelines. In this context, the transportation of hydrogen is fundamental different from NG as hydrogen can be absorbed into the pipeline material. Given the well-known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials for the intended pipelines must be investigated (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses). However, pipelines require frequent maintenance, repair or the need for installation for further outlets. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on or onto the pipelines while they are still in service, i.e. with active gas flow under high pressure, e.g. such as the well-known “hot tapping”, see Fig. 1a. This in-service welding causes challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and the material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydrogen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and diffusivity of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operating experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the transferability from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. For this reason, the present study introduces a specially designed mock-up / demonstrator concept for the realistic assessment of the welding processing conditions, see Fig. 1b. The mock-up was designed to enable in-situ temperature measurement during welding as well as ex-post extraction of samples for the quantification of the absorbed hydrogen concentration, see Fig. 1c. For safety measures, the necessary pressurized hydrogen volume was limited by the insertion of a solid cylinder ensuring a 1 cm hydrogen gas layer. Welding experiments on the pressurized mock-ups with the diameters DN50 and DN200 have shown that the austenitization temperature can be reached on the inner surface of the pipeline, especially on thinner-walled pipelines, using current welding practices. This corresponds to an increased hydrogen uptake in the welded area of several ppm T2 - 1st Conference on Hydrogen in Materials Science and Engineering (H2-MSE) CY - Siegburg, Germany DA - 11.02.2025 KW - Hydrogen KW - Pipeline KW - In-service welding KW - Component test PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Microalloying influence on precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of welded high strength structural steels N2 - Microalloying elements, such as Nb and Ti, are essential for the targeted mechanical strength of quenched and tempered, high-strength fine-grained structural steels with a nominal yield strength ≥ 690 MPa. Current specifications for chemical composition only provide upper limits for manufacturers. But even small deviations in the alloying route can have a drastic effect on the mechanical properties. Thus, an adequate prediction of the weldability and the integrity of the welded joint becomes difficult or even impossible due to the varying composition and, hence, the microstructures. Undesirable side effects are the possible softening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) as well as the opposite effect of hardening. Against this background, different microalloying routes with varying Ti and Nb contents are systematically investigated for the first time on specially designed lab-cast alloys. The basis of each alloy route was the common S690QL in terms of both the chemical composition as well as the heat treatment. To investigate the weldability, three-layer welds were performed using metal active gas welding (MAG) and critical microstructural areas with high softening/hardening were identified. The scope was here on the identification of phase transformations during cooling and on the respective metallurgical precipitation behavior. Isothermal and non-isothermal phase calculations were performed using Thermo-Calc® and showed that the prediction of the non-equilibrium precipitation characteristics during welding is not trivial, especially for this relatively complex chemical composition. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were identified by both Charpy tests (toughness) and tensile tests (strain and strength). During the test, the local straining behavior of the welded joints, was identified using a digital image correlation (DIC) system, see Figure 1. Despite the generally good weldability of the materials, the results show a significant influence of the microalloying route as well as the welding heat input on the different precipitation kinetics. T2 - FEMS EUROMAT 2023 CY - Frankfurt a. M., Germany DA - 04.09.2023 KW - High-strength KW - Steel KW - Mechanical properties KW - Welding KW - Thoughness PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58221 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Quackatz, Lukas T1 - In situ investigation of phase distribution and weld solidification in duplex stainless steels using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) N2 - Welding processes of duplex stainless steels cause an unbalanced austenite (γ)/ferrite (δ) ratio due to high cooling rates and changes in chemical composition. That causes a degradation of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In situ monitoring of the weld pool is to be realized with the help of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A major advantage of this technique is the highly accurate time and spatially resolved measurement of the chemical composition during welding. Previous research has established that the LIBS method is suitable to detect chemical elements during welding and to show a distribution of selected elements. Chemical composition in the WM and HAZ can now be quantified using calibration curves generated by certified reference materials (CRM). Furthermore, a cooling rate can be plotted against the measured electron temperature. T2 - 2nd International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes CY - Sintra, Portugal DA - 21.10.2021 KW - LIBS KW - In situ measurement KW - WRC 1992 diagram KW - duplex stainless steel KW - TIG welding PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53613 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eissel, A. A1 - Engelking, Lorenz A1 - Treutler, K. A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Wesling, V. A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten N2 - In vielen Anwendungen werden aufgrund zunehmender Anforderungen an den Widerstand gegenüber hohen, kombinierten mechanischen, tribologischen, thermischen und korrosiven Beanspruchungen Hochleistungslegierungen eingesetzt. Den vielfach komplexen Bauteilstrukturen, herausfordernden Fertigungseigenschaften und der Erhöhung der Ressourceneffizienz lässt sich heute mit der additiven Fertigung (AM) begegnen, dem oftmals noch unzureichende Kenntnisse über die resultierende Homogenität und Anisotropie der speziellen Gefüge und den damit verbundenen Eigenschaften entgegensteht. Viele Anwendungen benötigen zudem definierte Oberflächen mit hohen Anforderungen an die Oberflächenintegrität, dem durch komplementären Einsatz von additiven und abtragenden Fertigungsschritten Rechnung getragen wird. Hochleistungslegierungen auf der Basis von Nickel oder Kobalt sind infolge der niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeit verbunden mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit äußerst herausfordernd mit Blick auf eine wirtschaftliche Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide. Ein Vorhaben (IGF-Nr. 20.979 N/DVS-Nr. 1.3211) der BAM und TU Clausthal/ISAF befasst sich mit der Lösung dieser Problemstellung durch gezielte Beeinflussung des Gefüges mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe und den Einsatz des ultraschallunterstützten Fräsens (US), bei gleichzeitiger Sicherstellung der geforderten Eigenschaften der untersuchten Werkstoffe. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden für die beiden untersuchten FeNi- und CoCr-Legierungen wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Legierungsmodifikationen, der entstehenden Gefügemorphologie und den Zerspanungseigenschaften von mittels PTA additiv gefertigter Proben dargestellt. Hierbei ließen sich Ti, Zr und Hf pulvermetallurgisch zu den jeweiligen Ausgangsschweißzusätzen hinzulegieren. T2 - #additivefertigung: Metall in bestForm CY - Essen, Germany DA - 26.10.2022 KW - Legierungsmodifikation KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen KW - Additive Fertigung PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-96144-202-7 VL - 383 SP - 93 EP - 99 PB - DVS-Media GmbH AN - OPUS4-56615 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian T1 - Component-like demonstrator for determination of temperature field and inner surface temperatures during in-service welding of hydrogen pipelines N2 - Hydrogen is considered as one of the most important energy carriers in the future. The necessary large-scale transport over long distances requires a suitable pipeline infrastructure. Current plannings encompass a dual-way strategy of repurposing existing natural gas (NG) pipelines, supplemented by the construction of new hydrogen pipelines. In some cases, such as necessary grid extensions or installation of bypasses in case of repair work, techniques like “hot tapping” are applied. These techniques include so-called in-service welding on pressurized pipelines and are state-of-the-art for NG grids and oil pipelines. The existing NG pipeline grid consists of a wide range of materials with different strengths, diameters, and wall thicknesses. In this context, the material compatibility is crucial. The main difference between hydrogen and NG is that hydrogen can both penetrate the material and cause hydrogen embrittlement. In that connection, in-service welding encompasses elevated temperatures for a certain time during the typically multi-layer welding process. Locally even austenitization temperature can be reached or surpassed. Austenite has a higher hydrogen solubility at a significantly lower diffusion rate, which could lead to a critical hydrogen accumulation. Especially the inner pipe surface temperature is from utmost interest, as this interface is exposed to the pressurized hydrogen (up to 100 bar). However, direct measurement of the locally occurring temperatures is very challenging. For this reason, a component-like geometry was developed. The geometry consists of a pipeline segment with a metal sheet joined to the pipe segment, representing similar heat dissipation conditions as in the field. In addition, typical welding parameters were applied that are currently used in the NG grid. This allows the welding of realistic multi-layer fillet welds on the outer pipe wall with simultaneous temperature measurement using manifold thermocouples at defined positions: (1) adjacent to the weld seam on the outer pipe surface, (2) on the inner pipe surface and (3) on the welded metal sheet. To ensure realistic conditions, manual shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was investigated. The effects of different wall thicknesses and welding heat inputs on the temperature distribution and peak temperatures achieved on the inner pipe surface during welding vary depending on the chosen method. Peak temperatures above austenitization temperature up to 1078 °C have been measured on L245 pipes with wall thickness of 3.6 mm. For pipes made from higher strength materials, such as L485, with a wall thickness of 8 mm, peak temperatures between 607 °C and 755 °C were recorded. Temperature and austenitization directly affects hydrogen diffusivity and solubility, showing the importance of the findings. The temperature profile and cooling conditions influence the mechanical properties of the material as well. For this reason, metallurgical investigations are carried out to assess the hardness and microstructure of the welds. Hardening up to 248 HV10 was detected in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the top layer, which could lead to a locally increased susceptibility to hydrogen assisted cracking. Meanwhile, the minimum hardness found in the HAZ of the root layer was as low as 144 HV10, indicating a softening. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the suitability of existing materials and geometries for hydrogen transport. Secondly, the data collected will serve as a basis for planned numerical simulations to further improve knowledge and optimize welding processes to ensure the integrity and safety of hydrogen pipelines. T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, Meeting of Commission II-C: "Testing and Measurement of Welds" CY - Genoa, Italy DA - 22.06.2025 KW - Pipeline KW - Welding KW - Inner-surface temperature KW - Temperature measurement KW - Hydrogen PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian T1 - Assessment of in service welding conditions for pressurized hydrogen pipelines via component test N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier of tomorrow for a fossil-free future. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure with the ability to carry large amounts of hydrogen e.g. for steel industry or chemical industry. The conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide hydrogen strategies, in addition to the construction of new pipelines. In this context, the transportation of hydrogen is fundamental different from NG as hydrogen can be absorbed into the pipeline material. Given the well-known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials for the intended pipelines must be investigated (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses). However, pipelines require frequent maintenance, repair or the need for installation for further outlets. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on or onto the pipelines while they are still in service, i.e. with active gas flow under high pressure, e.g. such as the well-known “hot tapping”. This in-service welding causes challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and the material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydrogen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and diffusivity of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operating experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the transferability from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. For this reason, the present study introduces a specially designed mock-up / demonstrator concept for the realistic assessment of the welding processing conditions. The mock-up was designed to enable in-situ temperature measurement during welding as well as ex-post extraction of samples for the quantification of the absorbed hydrogen concentration. For safety measures, the necessary pressurized hydrogen volume was limited by the insertion of a solid cylinder ensuring a 1 cm hydrogen gas layer. Welding experiments on the pressurized mock-ups with the diameters DN60 and DN200 have shown that the austenitization temperature can be reached on the inner surface of the pipeline, especially on thinner walled pipelines, using current welding practices. This corresponds to an increased hydrogen uptake in the welded area of several ppm. T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, IC-Session "Hydrogen Applications and Energy Transition" CY - Genoa, Italy DA - 22.06.2025 KW - Pipeline KW - Welding KW - Hydrogen KW - In-Service KW - Component-testing PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Engelking, Lorenz T1 - Effect of alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components on microstructure and subsequent machining properties N2 - Ni alloys are generally classified as difficult-to-cut materials and cost intensive. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers economic advantages. However, machining of these AM components is mandatory to create the final contour or surface. The inhomogeneous and anisotropic microstructure and properties of AM components causes an unstable cutting process. Moreover, undesirable tensile residual stresses are generated due to subsequent machining. In this investigation, the initial alloy 36 is modified with Ti and Nb up to 1.6 wt.-% and build-up welded via gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and plasma-transferred-arc (PTA). Then, finish-milling tests are carried out to investigate the influence of the modification as well as the cutting parameters on the resulting cutting force and the surface integrity. In addition, the conventional milling process (CM) is compared with the ultrasonic-assisted milling process (US), which has a significant influence on the machinability as well as on the surface integrity. T2 - Additive Fertigung – Werkstoffe – Prozesse – Wärmebehandlung 2022 CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 29.06.2022 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Alloy 36 KW - Alloy modification KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling KW - Surface integrity PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55429 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kromm, Arne T1 - Kurzvorstellung des Projektes H2SuD / Wasserstoff und Schweißen Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2 Gasleitungen N2 - Die Wasserstoffinfrastruktur ist eine zentraler Bestandteil der erfolgreichen Umsetzung der wasserstoffbasierten Energiewende. Dabei bilden Ferngasleitungen quasi das "Rückgrat" der Transportinfrastruktur großer Gasmengen. Dabei müssen unter Umständen Reparaturen an den Pipelines durchgeführt werden. Dabei ist in der Erdgasinfrastruktur das Schweißen an in Betrieb befindlichen (d.h. von Gas durchflossenen) Pipelines Stand der Technik. Es ist jedoch vollkommen offen, inwieweit diese Technik auf die reine Wasserstoffpipelines übertragbar sind. Hierzu leistet das Projekt H2SuD wichtige Beiträge zur Aufklärung des Einfluss eines Reparaturschweißprozesses auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2 Gasleitungen. T2 - Sitzung des DIN-Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschusses NA 092 00 05 GA, NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.03.2023 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Pipeline KW - Reparatur KW - Schweißen PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57169 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Determination of inner pipe surface temperatures during in-service welding on hydrogen pipelines by means of component-like mock up experiments N2 - Hydrogen is considered as one of the most important energy carriers in the future. The necessary large-scale transport over long distances requires a suitable pipeline infrastructure. Current plannings encompass a dual-way strategy of repurposing existing natural gas (NG) pipelines, supplemented by the construction of new hydrogen pipelines. In some cases, such as necessary grid extensions or installation of bypasses in case of repair work, techniques like “hot tapping” are applied. These techniques include so-called in-service welding on pressurized pipelines and are state-of-the-art for NG grids and oil pipelines. The existing NG pipeline grid consists of a wide range of materials with different strengths, diameters, and wall thicknesses. In this context, the material compatibility is crucial. The main difference between hydrogen and NG is that hydrogen can both penetrate the material and cause hydrogen embrittlement. In that connection, in-service welding encompasses elevated temperatures for a certain time during the typically multi-layer welding process. Locally even austenitization temperature can be reached or surpassed. Austenite has a higher hydrogen solubility at a significantly lower diffusion rate, which could lead to a critical hydrogen accumulation. Especially the inner pipe surface temperature is from utmost interest, as this interface is exposed to the pressurized hydrogen (up to 100 bar). However, direct measurement of the locally occurring temperatures is very challenging. For this reason, a component-like geometry was developed. The geometry consists of a pipeline segment with a metal sheet joined to the pipe segment, representing similar heat dissipation conditions as in the field. In addition, typical welding parameters were applied that are currently used in the NG grid. This allows the welding of realistic multi-layer fillet welds on the outer pipe wall with simultaneous temperature measurement using manifold thermocouples at defined positions: (1) adjacent to the weld seam on the outer pipe surface, (2) on the inner pipe surface and (3) on the welded metal sheet. To ensure realistic conditions, manual shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was investigated. The effects of different wall thicknesses and welding heat inputs on the temperature distribution and peak temperatures achieved on the inner pipe surface during welding vary depending on the chosen method. Peak temperatures above austenitization temperature up to 1078 °C have been measured on L245 pipes with wall thickness of 3.6 mm. For pipes made from higher strength materials, such as L485, with a wall thickness of 8 mm, peak temperatures between 607 °C and 755 °C were recorded. Temperature and austenitization directly affects hydrogen diffusivity and solubility, showing the importance of the findings. The temperature profile and cooling conditions influence the mechanical properties of the material as well. For this reason, metallurgical investigations are carried out to assess the hardness and microstructure of the welds. Hardening up to 248 HV10 was detected in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the top layer, which could lead to a locally increased susceptibility to hydrogen assisted cracking. Meanwhile, the minimum hardness found in the HAZ of the root layer was as low as 144 HV10, indicating a softening. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the suitability of existing materials and geometries for hydrogen transport. Secondly, the data collected will serve as a basis for planned numerical simulations to further improve knowledge and optimize welding processes to ensure the integrity and safety of hydrogen pipelines. T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Com. II-A CY - Trollhättan, Sweden DA - 10.03.2025 KW - Testing KW - In-service welding KW - Hydrogen KW - Pipelines PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62690 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Influence of various microalloying strategies on the mechanical properties of weld seams in S690QL steel N2 - Microalloying elements such as niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti) play a crucial role in achieving the desired mechanical properties of quenched and tempered high-strength fine-grained structural steels with a nominal yield strength of ≥ 690 MPa. Current specifications for the chemical composition only define upper limits for these elements, providing manufacturers with some flexibility. However, even minor deviations in alloying concepts can significantly influence the resulting mechanical properties. Consequently, accurately predicting weldability and the integrity of welded joints becomes challenging or even unfeasible due to variations in composition and the associated microstructural changes. Potential adverse effects include the softening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or, conversely, localized hardening phenomena. To address these challenges, various microalloying strategies with different Ti and Nb contents are being systematically investigated for the first time using specially designed laboratory-cast alloys. Each alloying approach is based on the commonly used S690QL steel grade while maintaining consistent chemical composition and heat treatment parameters. To evaluate the weldability, three-layer welds were produced using gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and critical microstructural regions, particularly those within the heat-affected zone (HAZ) exhibiting significant softening or hardening, were identified. The influence of the softened HAZ region on failure behavior was assessed through transverse tensile testing. Digital image correlation (DIC) was employed for in situ analysis of local strain distributions across different HAZ regions. In addition, Charpy tests were carried out on BM, WM and HAZ to determine the Charpy impact toughness. This was supported by metallographic analyses and thermodynamic simulation using ThermoCalc. T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Com. II-A CY - Trollhättan, Sweden DA - 10.03.2025 KW - Welding KW - Microalloy elements KW - High strength steels KW - Mechanical properties PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62691 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Kaltrissprüfung für Offshore-Gründungen N2 - Die klassische Prüfung der verzögerten, wasserstoffunterstützten Kaltrissbildung von Schweißnähten umfasst mehr als 200 mögliche Prüfverfahren. Von diesen hat aber nur ein kleiner Teil praktische Bedeutung. Unabhängig davon, sind die Prüfverfahren typischerweise auf kleine Bauteilgeometrien beschränkt bzw. hinsichtlich ihrer Anwendungsfähigkeit für große Struktruren oder dickwandige, UP-geschweißte Komponenten wie Monopiles. Als Gründundgsstrukturen für Offshore-Windenergieanlagen können die Monopiles Größen bis zu 9 m Durchmesser, Längen bis zu 100 m, bei Gewichten bis zu 1.300 t erreichen. Hier ist eine Prüfung auf verzögerte Kaltrissbildung schwer durchführbar bzw. muss eine Wartezeit von bis zu 48 h eingehalten werden. Die voliegenende Präsentation gibt einen Überblick über an der BAM entwickelte Demonstratorgeometrien um eine praktikable Kaltrissprüfung auf Laborebene zu ermöglichen. Allerdings unter Beibehaltung der realen Steifigkeits- und Wärmeableitungsbedingungen, wie bei realen Großkomponenten. Zusätzlich wird ein Überblick über die Möglichkeiten von Wasserstoffdiffusionsmessungen zur Ermittlung von Diffusionskoeffizienten gegeben, die wiederum Anwendung in der numerischen Simulation der Wasserstoffdiffusion finden. T2 - Vortragsreihe des DVS e.V. - Bezirksverband Rostock CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 05.12.2024 KW - Schweißen KW - Rissbildung KW - Monopile KW - Kaltriss KW - Komponententest PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62033 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien: Prozesse und Perspektiven N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen tiefen Überblick über die Bedeutung der Füge- und Schweißtechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien. Dazu gliedert sich der Vortrag in die Komplexe H2-Erzeugung, Speicherung, Transport, Anwendung auf und gibt jeweils repräsentative Industriebeispiele für den heutigen Anwendungsstand. Insbesondere werden hier Fertigungstechnologien für Brennstoffzellen vorgestellt, sowie Herausforderungen beim Reparaturschweißen von Wasserstoffpipelines. Zeitgleich wird in einem eigenen Kapitel die Bedeutung der additiven Fertigung ebenso erläutert, wie die aktuellen und umfassenden Tätigkeiten auf dem Gebiet der Normung zu H2-Technologien. T2 - Vortragsreihe der VDI-Ortsgruppe Magdeburg CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 23.10.2023 KW - Wasserstofftechnologien KW - Fügetechnik KW - Pipelines KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Normung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58671 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Quackatz, Lukas T1 - Measurement of hydrogen concentration in steels by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) N2 - Current efforts to achieve lightweight construction and the required reduction in CO2 emissions and an increase in energy and resource efficiency call for the increasing use of high-strength fine-grain structural steels. However, as the strength of higher-strength fine-grain structural steels increases, so do the associated joining challenges. Particular attention must be paid to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking. The influence of hydrogen reveals itself less in the strength but has a significant effect on the deformability [1, 2]. The degradation of the material properties can lead to zero ductility, where the values of the yield strengths coincide with the tensile strengths. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a spectroscopic technique that can be used to determine elemental compositions without pre-treatment of the samples. Short, high-energy laser pulses ablate a small volume (< 0.1 mm3) of the examined material and ionize it to form a plasma. The decaying plasma emits element-specific light. This light is spectroscopically analysed and allows to detect qualitatively the present elements and to quantify them with help of a standardization routine. The simple experimental set-up and the fast, nearly non-destructive analysis procedure characterize the LIBS analysis. The LIBS method allows a time and spatially resolved in situ measurement of steel components in use. Even low hydrogen concentrations (~ 1 wt.-ppm) in steel can be measured with the LIBS method and can be quantified with help of certified reference materials. The results are compared with results gained with the well-established carrier gas hot extraction method. T2 - MaterialsWeek 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 07.09.2021 KW - LIBS KW - Hydrogen KW - Stainless steel KW - Diffusion PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53234 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graebner, Maraike A1 - Giese, Marcel A1 - Treutler, Kai A1 - Lorenz, Swenja A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Wesling, Volker A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Processing of crack-free Nickel- and Cobalt-based wear protection coatings and defined surfaces by subsequent milling processes N2 - In the area of plant engineering, steel components are provided with a wear protection coating for efficient use to protect them against corrosive, tribological, thermal and mechanical stresses. The use of innovative ultrasound-assisted milling processes and plasma-welded nickel- and cobalt-based wear protection coatings are being investigated to determine how more favourable machinability can be achieved while retaining the same wear protection potential. The focus is on the NiCrSiFeB alloy, which is intended to replace CoCr alloys in the area of screw machines. The utilization of ultrasonic-assisted milling for the machining of coating materials is a novel approach. The modification of hard facing layers in terms of microstructure and precipitation morphology as well as suitability for machining is investigated and compared with the CoCr alloy. The alloy modifications are generated by a PTA process by systematically adjusting the preheating and interpass temperatures, a crack-free wear-resistant layer can be generated, which is subsequently machined by a milling process. In addition to the crack-free properties, the microstructure, the bonding as well as the mixing between the NiCrSiFeB alloy and a 1.8550 as well as between the CoCr alloy and a 1.4828 are analysed and compared in the joining areas. In addition, heating and cooling rates are determined and a chemical analysis of the weld metals is performed. Furthermore, it was found that the build-up layers of NiCrSiFeB alloy are more difficult to machine using the milling process than the CoCr alloy, as higher milling forces are required. KW - PTA welding KW - Wear-resistant alloys KW - Ultrasonic assisted milling KW - Wear KW - Cadding KW - Milling KW - Ni-based alloy KW - Co-based alloy PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241265778 SN - 1464-4207 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - SAGE Publications AN - OPUS4-60799 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hübner, Martin T1 - Effect of weld design on fatigue strength of welded components using LTT filler materials N2 - The fatigue strength of weld seams was increased by using residual stress-reducing Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) filler metals. Conventional single-layer welded longitudinal stiffeners were welded at the end faces with an additional layer (LTT and conventional welding consumable). The weld geometry was varied by changing the welding parameters. The residual stress reduction determined using XRD depended significantly on the weld geometry. The increase in fatigue strength, on the other hand, was significantly improved in all LTT seam variants compared to conventional single-layer and double-layer layers. T2 - The 78th IIW annual assembly and international conference on welding and joining CY - Genua, Italy DA - 22.07.2025 KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT) KW - Residual stress reduction KW - Fatigue strength KW - Weld geometry PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63708 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hübner, Martin T1 - Verbesserung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Längssteifen durch Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) Schweißzusätze N2 - In diesem Beitrag wird die gezielte Applikation zusätzlicher LTT-Schweißraupen zur Erhöhung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit in Schweißverbindungen erläutert. Der Einfluss der Eigenspannungen auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit kann besonders durch Längssteifen verdeutlicht werden, da diese durch Verzugsbehinderungen oftmals hohe Eigenspannungen in der ermüdungskritischen Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) aufweisen. Daher wurden konventionell einlagig geschweißte Längssteifen aus hochfestem Baustahl mit LTT-Zusatzlagen an den Stirnseiten versehen, um lokal Druckeigenspannungen zu erzeugen, welche durch Schweißparametervariationen geometrisch variierten. Zusätzlich wurde als Kontrolle auch der Fall der zweilagig konventionell geschweißten Längssteife betrachtet. Die mittels XRD bestimmten Schweißeigenspannungen konnten in der WEZ durch die zusätzliche LTT-Naht reduziert werden. Je weiter weg die Nahtspitze der Zusatzlage ist, umso geringer sind die Schweißeigenspannungen in der WEZ. Bei konstanter Amplitudenlast und einem R-Verhältnis von 0,1 konnte die Ermüdungsfestigkeit der LTT-Proben deutlich verbessert werden. Die Ermüdungsfestigkeit bei 2 Millionen Lastwechsel beträgt für konventionelle Proben 87 MPa und für die LTT-Proben 156 bis 196 MPa. Auch eine Steigung der Zeitfestigkeitsgeraden konnte an den LTT-Proben beobachtet werden. Der Umfang dieser Steigerung war ähnlich bzw. höher als bei höherfrequenten gehämmerten Proben. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der bestimmten Eigenspannung und der Ermüdungsfestigkeit konnte beobachtet werden, wenn auch nur im geringeren Umfang. LTT-Schweißzusätze können verwendet werden, um die Ermüdungsfestigkeit in Längssteifen zu erhöhen. T2 - 15. Vollversammlung des SFB 1120: Summer School 2025 CY - Kall, Germany DA - 08.07.2025 KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT) KW - Eigenspannungen KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit KW - Längssteife PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63710 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hübner, Martin T1 - Einfluss der Low Transformation Temperature-Schweißzusätze auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Längssteifen N2 - In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird die gezielte Applikation zusätzlicher LTT-Schweißlagen zur Einbringung von Druckeigenspannungen in ermüdungskritischen Bereichen an Schweißverbindungen untersucht. Ziel ist die Entwicklung eines wirtschaftlichen Verfahrens zur Erhöhung der Ermüdungslebensdauer, ohne die strukturelle Integrität einer Schweißnaht zu beeinträchtigen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zunächst Längssteifen aus hochfestem Stahl in der ersten Lage mittels Metall-Lichtbogenschweißen unter Verwendung eines konventionellen Schweißzusatzwerkstoffs geschweißt. Anschließend erfolgte die Auftragung eines Chrom-Nickel-legierten LTT-Schweißzusatzwerkstoffs an die Stirnseiten der Längssteifen. T2 - OVGU BMDK Seminar CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 17.06.2025 KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT) Schweißzusätze KW - Schweißeigenspannungen KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63702 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hübner, Martin T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: "Hybrider Einsatz von LTT-Schweißzusätzen zur Schwingfestigkeitsverbesserung hochfester Stahlbauteile" N2 - Dieses Dokument fasst den Projektfortschritt des BAM-Projektes "Hybrider Einsatz von LTT-Schweißzusätzen zur Schwingfestigkeitsverbesserung hochfester Stahlbauteile" im Rahmen des Sitzung des DVS Fachausschuss FA09 - Konstruktion und Festigkeit für die Projektquartale Q4 2024 und Q1 2025 zusammen und stellt die wichtigsten Ergebnisse in Kurzform vor. T2 - Sitzung des DVS Fachausschuss FA09 - Konstruktion und Festigkeit CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.05.2025 KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT) KW - Eigenspannungen KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit KW - Makroproben PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63699 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hübner, Martin T1 - Enhancement of the Fatigue Strength by Application of a Low Transformation Temperature Welding Consumable N2 - To improve the fatigue strength of weld seams, a project is being carried out at BAM using Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) welding consumables to reduce residual stress at weld seams. Longitudinal stiffeners, which were welded conventionally in the first layer and additionally with an LTT or conventional layer on the end faces, were tested for fatigue strength. The mean fatigue strength at 2 million load cycles was increased from 87 MPa to at least 156 MPa. A comparison of HFMI-treated samples with conventional filler metal showed an increase in fatigue strength of 146 MPa. This means that LTT filler metals achieve a similar increase in fatigue strength as conventional post-treatment methods. T2 - The 78th IIW annual assembly and international conference on welding and joining CY - Genua, Italy DA - 22.07.2025 KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT) KW - Fatigue strength KW - Weld geometry PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63704 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liepold, Philipp A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Einfluss des Einspanngrades auf die Bildung von Erstarrungsrissen in Überlappverbindungen hochfester Stähle N2 - Im Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus Versuchen mit dem Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS)-Test vorgestellt, der für sehr stark eingespannte Kehlnähte bekannt ist. Niedriglegierte Schweißungen an hochfesten Stählen sind nicht anfällig für Erstarrungsrissbildung. Unter dem besonderen Einfluss eines hohen Einspanngrades wurde die Erstarrungsrissneigung durch Abmessen der Rissflächen als Funktion der Schweißparameter und des Einspanngrades für vier hochfeste Schweißzusätze im MAG-Schweißen untersucht. Die Tests zeigen, dass sowohl eine Erhöhung des Einspanngrades als auch eine Änderung der Schweißparameter (hinsichtlich Streckenenergie und Geschwindigkeit) zu mehr Erstarrungsrissfläche führen. Besonders die Kombination aus sehr hohem Einspanngrad und hoher Streckenenergie plus hoher Schweißgeschwindigkeit sollte im Sinne der Erstarrungsrissminimierung vermieden werden. T2 - DVS-Congress CY - Erfurt, Germany DA - 16.09.2024 KW - CTS KW - Erstarrungsrisse KW - Kehlnähte PY - 2024 VL - 2024 SP - 193 EP - 200 AN - OPUS4-61069 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Microstructure and local mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar joints of CoCrFeMnNi and CoCrNi to austenitic steel AISI 304 N2 - Multiple principal element alloys (MPEA) represent a meanwhile widely investigated material class, which encompass high-entropy (HEA) and medium-entropy alloys (MEA). They are fundamentally different from conventional materials like Fe-Cr-Ni-based austenitic steels. However, the focus has been merely on the material synthesis. With the increase in available material quantities, the focus is now shifting to processing issues such as joining and welding. In this context, the weldability of MPEAs has received very little attention so far. In addition, MPEA/HEA/MEA are and will be expensive due to the alloying concept. From this point of view, also such materials will also have to be joined with other conventional materials like austenitic steels. In particular, there is a lack of experience with dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) and the corresponding mechanical properties. For this reason, the present study summarizes comprehensive experimental results on equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi (HEA) and CoCrNi (MEA), joined by solid-state friction stir welding (FSW) to an austenitic steel AISI 304. The mechanical properties were obtained by cross-weld tensile tests. For the first time (for these welding process and materials), the local strains in the different weld microstructures were measured in-situ by digital image correlation (DIC). A significant influence of the FSW process on both the resulting microstructure and the mechanical performance of the DWMs was identified. For example, the dynamic recrystallization plays a significant role in the performance of the welded joint. In addition, the FSW experiments proofed the weldability of both MPEAs when joined to austenitic steel AISI 304. This allows for further focused consideration of these highly innovative MPEAs. T2 - MSE 2024: International Materials Science and Engineering Congress CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 24.09.2024 KW - High-entropy alloy KW - Dissimilar metal weld KW - Microstructure characterization KW - Mechanical properties KW - Friction stir welding PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Update on "Call for interested people to contribute to series of comprehensive papers on welding and joining of components for sustainable energy systems" N2 - Based on the initial call in March 2024, an update time-frame is introduced on the working plan for a comprehensive review paper series on joining and welding technologies for the manufacturing of components and parts used in sustainable energy generation, conversion, and transport with focus on hydrogen and wind energy. T2 - 77th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, Meeting of Commission II-A CY - Ixia, Rhodes, Greece DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Review paper KW - Research study KW - Hydrogen KW - Joining KW - Welding PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60674 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Nina T1 - Auswirkungen von Ti und Nb auf die physikalisch simulierten WEZ- Bereiche von hochfestem Feinkornbaustahl S690QL N2 - Mikrolegierungselemente, wie Nb und Ti, sind für die signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Nominalvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung geben den Herstellern dieser Stähle dabei nur obere Grenzwerte für die Legierungsanteile in der chemischen Zusammensetzung vor. Weiterhin wirken sich bereits kleine Abweichungen in der Legierungsroute teilweise drastisch auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Schweißeignung und der Integrität der Schweißverbindung aufgrund der variierenden Mikrostruktur erschwert oder ist gar nicht möglich. Unerwünschte Nebeneffekte sind die mögliche Erweichung der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) als auch der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden erstmals systematisch die unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten mit variierenden Ti- und Nb-Gehalten an Versuchsschmelzen untersucht. Die Stahlgüte S690QL bildet dabei die Grundlage der chemischen Zusammensetzung sowie der entsprechenden Wärmebehandlung. Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses von unter-schiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten auf die Ausbildung der WEZ wurden physikalische Simulationen an Abschreckproben an einem Dilatometer durchgeführt. Der Fokus der analytischen Betrachtungen lag hier auf der Identifikation der Phasenumwandlungen beim Abkühlen und der finalen WEZ-Gefüge. Ein besonderes Untersuchungsmerkmal bestand in der vorliegenden Arbeit bei der Untersuchung des doppelten Anlassvorganges bzw. der Simulation der interkritischen WEZ (IKWEZ), die sich beim Mehrlagenschweißen ausbildet. Ergeb-nisse haben gezeigt, dass der Effekt unterschiedlicher Mikrolegierungsrouten einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Ausbildung der einzelnen WEZ-Bereiche aufweist. Insbesondere haben Einflüsse, wie die thermische Stabilität der Ausscheidungen wie Ti- oder Nb-Karbonitride und Synergieeffekte zwischen anderen Elementen wie Mo eine Wirkung auf die Phasenumwandlung in der WEZ. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich gut mit den realen Schweißungen kongruieren und stellen hier eine systematische Validierung und einen umsetzbaren Wissenstransfer in die Entwicklung der Stahlherstellung und ihrer fügetechnischen Verarbeitung dar. T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2024 CY - Erfurt, Germany DA - 16.09.2024 KW - WEZ-Erweichung KW - Mikrolegierungseinflüsse KW - Dilatometrie PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-61379 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erxleben, Kjell T1 - Challenges and difficulties in repair welding procedures on in-service hydrogen pipelines N2 - Hydrogen as an energy carrier plays a key role in tomorrow's energy transition. For effective use of hydro-gen as energy carrier the construction of the corresponding infrastructure is of utmost importance. In that context, large diameter long-distance transmission pipelines will form the so-called hydrogen backbone in the European Union with service pressures up to 100 bar (e.g., depending on national regulations). From an economically and ecologically point of view, a major goal is to repurpose the existing natural gas (NG) infra-structure to minimize the need to install new pipelines. To ensure the safety, reliability and integrity of this future hydrogen infrastructure repair welding or further welding of branch pipes etc. can be necessary at in-service conditions, meaning a permanent flow of pressurized hydrogen while executing the repair procedure. The reason is that a shut-down of large diameter pipelines is not easy or sometimes merely impossible. In fact, as long, as no oxygen enters the pipeline, there will neither be any combustion nor (in the worst-case scenario) explosion. The special techniques like hot tapping or stoppling are state-of-the-art for NG and oil pipeline grids. Currently, it is not finally clarified if repair welding procedures for NG pipelines can be trans-ferred to pure hydrogen pipelines. In opposite to NG, hydrogen can be way easier absorbed to the pipeline steels and diffuses through the material. If it accumulates in susceptible regions, i.e., in the welded joint or heat affected zone, hydrogen assisted embrittlement could occur and lead to loss of integrity or even cata-strophic failure of the pipeline. For example, requires the planned welding procedure a preheating and maintenance of the weld joint of up to 300°C for up to several hours at the outer. This temperature is way higher compared to the typical service temperature of max. 60°C at operational pressures of up to 100 bar. In accordance to API 941, these low-alloyed pipeline steels are subjected to short-term service loads, which they are not designed for. Another considerable fact is that if the weld seam is attached to the pipeline, the temperature especially for small wall thickness can be easily above the austenitization temperature. It is well known that austenite has a way higher hydrogen solubility compared e.g. to ferrite/bainite microstructure of the low-alloyed steel. Current studies indicate a remarkable increase of the hydrogen ingress dur-ing the austenitization from the inner pipe wall. It must be answered if a critical material degradation because of increased hydrogen uptake due to in-service welding procedures is likely to occur. T2 - MPA Seminar 2024 CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 08.10.2024 KW - In-service KW - Pipeline KW - Hydrogen KW - Welding KW - Repair PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61468 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Component test for simplified testing of hydrogen‐assisted delayed cold cracking of high‐strength, submerged arc‐welded offshore steel structures N2 - Offshore Wind Turbines (OWT) are a key factor in tomorrow's sustainable energy generation. The ever-increasing installation depth and weight of OWTs require suitable foundation concepts such as monopiles or tripods. Typically, mild steels such as S420ML are used with plate thicknesses of up to several hundred mm, resulting in high restraints in the welded joints. The large plate thickness requires high-efficiency welding processes such as submerged arc welding (SAW) with multiple wires. Due to the very high stiffness and plate thickness of the large-scale offshore structure, a susceptibility to time-delayed hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) may occur. The evaluation of this crack susceptibility is very complex due to the component size and stiffness of real offshore structures. For this purpose, a near-component test geometry was developed to transfer the real stiffness conditions to laboratory (i.e. workshop) scale. The 350 kg mock-up studied consisted of heavy plates (thickness 50 mm, seam length 1,000 m) joined by a 22-pass submerged-arc weld. Additional stiffeners simulated the effect of high restraint or shrinkage restraint of the weld. Extreme scenarios of hydrogen absorption during welding were simulated by using flux in dry (HD < 5 ml/100g Fe) and wet (HD > 15 ml/100g Fe) conditions. Weld residual stresses were determined using a robotic X-ray diffractometer. Areas of critical tensile residual stress (at the level of the yield strength) were found in the weld metal and in the heat affected zone, suggesting that these weld sub-zones are the most critical in the case of hydrogen ingress. To identify possible delayed cracking, the welds were tested by phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) after welding, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and a maximum of 48 h. Summarized, no significant occurrence of HAC was detected, indicating the high crack resistance of the welded joint, i.e., a suitable combination of base material, welding consumable and parameters. T2 - MPA Seminar 2024 - Materials, Processes, Applications CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 08.10.2024 KW - Hydrogen KW - Offshore wind turbine KW - Component test KW - Submerged arc welding KW - Minimum waiting time PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61323 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian T1 - Repair welding of in-service hydrogen pipelines - concepts and challenges N2 - Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow for a more sustainable fossil fuel free future. As this necessitates a reliable transport infrastructure, repurposing of the existing natural gas grid is planned. With regards to the well-known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of utilized materials must be investigated. First comprehensive studies on pipeline material hydrogen compatibility indicate that these materials can be applied to a certain extent. Nonetheless, the material compatibility is currently of high interest and focus of numerous research projects worldwide. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. As part of these, in some cases it is necessary to do weldments onto pipelines while they are pressurized. This in-service welding introduces additional challenges for the material compatibility. Due to the resulting high temperatures, the metallurgical changes in the material and of course the presence of high-pressure hydrogen in the pipeline, additional investigations need to be conducted to ensure that no critical material degradation because of increased hydrogen absorption occurs and an overall material compatibility is given. For this reason, the present paper introduces in-service welding on pipelines. An overview of current research projects that deal with the application of in-service welding specifically on hydrogen pipelines and the emerging problems when applying these techniques on hydrogen pipelines is given. Methods of material testing, their limits and possible solutions are presented and discussed. T2 - 15th International Pipeline Conference and Exhibition (IPCE 2024) CY - Calgary, Alberta, Canada DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Hydrogen KW - In-Service KW - Pipelines KW - Repair welding PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61471 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liepold, Philipp T1 - Crack Segmentation via Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for Varestraint Type Tests N2 - The Modified Varestraint-Transvarestraint (MVT) hot cracking test is the local variant of the world wide used Varestraint type tests. In this work, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to segment cracks in light microscope images of welded MVT samples. The network was trained on a dataset created by the presenter of considerable size. With the help of CNNs, the evaluation of MVT test samples can be automated, reducing the influence of human error on the evaluation. T2 - MPA Stuttgart CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 8.10.2024 KW - CNN KW - MVT PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61332 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Reichel, Levin A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur von Schweißverbindungen bei der Fertigung von Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen N2 - Zunehmende Anlagengrößen im Bereich Windenergie erfordern hochfeste Stähle, um vorhandene Leichtbaupotenziale auszuschöpfen. An die schweißtechnische Verarbeitung dieser Stahlgüten werden hohe Anforderungen gestellt. Bei mittels zerstörungsfreier Prüfung festgestellten Fehlstellen empfehlen geltende Verarbeitungsrichtlinien lokales Ausfugen und Reparaturschweißen. Degradationen der speziellen hochfesten Gefüge und Werkstoffeigenschaften sowie hohe Schrumpfbehinderungen der umliegenden Struktur ausgefugter Bereiche erhöhen das Risiko erneuter Schweißdefekte, insbesondere durch Überlagerung von globalen und lokalen schweißbedingten Eigenspannungen nach dem Reparaturschweißen. Fehlende Informationen über geeignete Reparaturkonzepte in den Regelwerken können dazu führen, dass reparaturbedingte Beanspruchungen unzureichend berücksichtigt werden. Das FOSTA-Vorhaben P1311 (IGF20162N) fokussiert das Reparaturschweißen zweier hochfester Stähle: S500MLO für Offshore-Anwendungen und S960QL für Errichterstrukturen, z. B. Mobilkräne. Simulationen von Einspannbedingungen und Bauteilanalysen sowie Versuche mit anwendungs- bzw. realitätsnahen Bauteilstrukturen ließen sich auftretende schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), Härtemessungen und metallografischer Untersuchungen ermitteln. In diesem Beitrag steht die Interaktion aus Wärmeführung und konstruktiver Steifigkeit als Einfluss auf die entstehenden Beanspruchungen bei einfacher und mehrfacher Reparatur im Vordergrund. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich risskritische Eigenspannungen durch adaptierte Wärmeführungskonzepte vermeiden lassen, und dass dies eine Grundlage für Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und für normative Vorgaben ist. Dies kann insbesondere kleine und mittelständischen Unternehmen bei einer wirtschaftlichen, beanspruchungsgerechten Reparatur hochfester geschweißter Bauteilen unterstützen. T2 - DVS Innovationstage 2024 CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 10.04.2024 KW - Mod. Sprühlichtbogen KW - Reparaturschweißen KW - Thermisches Ausfugen KW - Offshore KW - P1311 PY - 2024 SP - 120 EP - 126 AN - OPUS4-61931 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wandtke, Karsten A1 - Engelking, Lorenz A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, Ronny A1 - Hälsig, Andre A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Fertigungsbedingte Beanspruchungen und Kaltrisssicherheit in generativ gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen N2 - Additive Fertigungsverfahren wie das Direct Energy Deposition-Arc (DED-Arc) oder Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) ermöglichen die effiziente Herstellung gewichtsoptimierter, endkonturnaher Bauteile im modernen Stahlbau. Steigerungen der Effizienz können durch den Einsatz hochfester Stähle erreicht werden, insbesondere durch Verringerung von Wandstärken und Bauteilgewicht sowie signifikante Einsparung von Kosten, Zeit und Ressourcen. DED-Arc Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe sind bereits auf dem Markt verfügbar, allerdings fehlen Richtlinien und quantitative Kenntnisse über die schweißbedingte Beanspruchung während der Fertigung und im Betrieb, welche den industriellen Einsatz stark limitieren. In einem gemeinsamen Projekt der BAM und der Technischen Universität Chemnitz wurden die wesentlichen Einflüsse und komplexen Wechselwirkungen von Werkstoff, Fertigungsverfahren, Konstruktion und Bearbeitungsschritten auf die Eigenspannungen untersucht. Ziel war es, den stahlverarbeitenden Anwendern, insbesondere KMU, eine risssichere und beanspruchungsgerechte Herstellung und Modifizierung von Bauteilen und Halbzeugen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustahl unter Verwendung MSG-basierter generativer Verfahren zu ermöglichen. T2 - DVS Innovationstage 2024 CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 10.04.2024 KW - Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) KW - Feinkornbaustähle KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Kaltrisssicherheit KW - Direct Energy Deposition-Arc (DED-Arc) PY - 2024 SP - 96 EP - 104 AN - OPUS4-61932 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Reichel, Levin A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur von Schweiß-Verbindungen bei der Fertigung von Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen (FOSTA P1311, IGF 20162 N) N2 - Zunehmende Anlagengrößen im Bereich Windenergie erfordern hochfeste Stähle, um vorhandene Leichtbaupotenziale auszuschöpfen. An die schweißtechnische Verarbeitung dieser Stahlgüten werden hohe Anforderungen gestellt. Bei mittels zerstörungsfreier Prüfung festgestellten Fehlstellen empfehlen geltende Verarbeitungsrichtlinien lokales Ausfugen und Reparaturschweißen. Degradationen der speziellen hochfesten Gefüge und Werkstoffeigenschaften sowie hohe Schrumpfbehinderungen der umliegenden Struktur ausgefugter Bereiche erhöhen das Risiko erneuter Schweißdefekte, insbesondere durch Überlagerung von globalen und lokalen schweißbedingten Eigenspannungen nach dem Reparaturschweißen. Fehlende Informationen über geeignete Reparaturkonzepte in den Regelwerken können dazu führen, dass reparaturbedingte Beanspruchungen unzureichend berücksichtigt werden. Das FOSTA-Vorhaben P1311 (IGF20162N) fokussiert das Reparaturschweißen zweier hochfester Stähle: S500MLO für Offshore- Anwendungen und S960QL für Errichterstrukturen, z. B. Mobilkräne. Simulationen von Einspannbedingungen und Bauteilanalysen sowie Versuche mit anwendungs- bzw. realitätsnahen Bauteilstrukturen ließen sich auftretende schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), Härtemessungen und metallografischer Untersuchungen ermitteln. In diesem Beitrag steht die Interaktion aus Wärmeführung und konstruktiver Steifigkeit als Einfluss auf die entstehenden Beanspruchungen bei einfacher und mehrfacher Reparatur im Vordergrund. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich risskritische Eigenspannungen durch adaptierte Wärmeführungskonzepte vermeiden lassen, und dass dies eine Grundlage für Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und für normative Vorgaben ist. Dies kann insbesondere kleine und mittelständischen Unternehmen bei einer wirtschaftlichen, beanspruchungsgerechten Reparatur hochfester geschweißter Bauteilen unterstützen. T2 - DVS Innovationstage 2024 CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 10.04.2024 KW - Reparaturschweißen KW - Thermisches Ausfugen KW - Sprühlichtbogen KW - Offshore PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61933 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Giese, Marcel T1 - Defined surfaces via ultrasonic assisted machining of modified wear protection coating alloys N2 - The development of technologies for climate-neutral energy generation is an important contribution to reducing CO2 emissions, whereby the efficient use of material systems is a key factor. Wear-resistant coatings are required for highly efficient and economical steel components in energy, process and power plant engineering in order to withstand the high corrosive, tribological, thermal and mechanical loads. Considering price and supply risks as well as the increasing demands on corrosive resistance at high temperatures, conventional cobalt alloys are to be replaced by nickel alloys. In addition, there is a growing demand for defined surfaces of high quality or functional surfaces of these protective coatings. The milling required for this is often not economically feasible, especially for SMEs, due to high tool wear. A joint project of BAM and ISAF of TU Clausthal (Fosta P1550/IGF 21959 N) investigates the optimization of these challenging machining conditions by means of alloy modifications of the welding powder for plasma transferred arc cladding, without reducing the wear protection potential and using innovative ultrasonic assisted milling process for better machinability without reducing wear resistance. This article presents the results of investigations into the relationships between different alloy modifications (Ti, Al, Nb Mo and Hf with wX ≤ 0.01), the resulting microstructure and precipitation morphology, the machinability and the wear protection properties using a NiCrMoSiFeB alloy (trade name: Colmonoy 56 PTA). Tests using cast samples have already shown that the addition of Nb leads to a finer distribution of the hard phases and that this results in a reduction in cutting forces and tool wear during ultrasonic-assisted milling. The change in the microstructure morphology through the addition of Al, on the other hand, causes a significant increase in the cutting forces that occur. T2 - IIW Annual Assembly CY - Rhodos, Griechenland DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Ultrasonic assisted milling KW - Surface integrity PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61926 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Evaluation of the wear protection of modified NiMoCrSi alloy and machinability using ultrasonic-assisted milling N2 - The development of technologies for climate-neutral energy generation is an important contribution to reducing CO2 emissions, whereby the efficient use of material systems is a key factor. Wear-resistant coatings are required for highly efficient and economical steel components in energy, process and power plant engineering in order to withstand the high corrosive, tribological, thermal and mechanical loads. Considering price and supply risks as well as the increasing demands on corrosive resistance at high temperatures, conventional cobalt alloys are to be replaced by nickel alloys. In addition, there is a growing demand for defined surfaces of high quality or functional surfaces of these protective coatings. The milling required for this is often not economically feasible, especially for SMEs, due to high tool wear. A joint project of BAM and ISAF of TU Clausthal (Fosta P1550/IGF 21959 N) investigates the optimization of these challenging machining conditions by means of alloy modifications of the welding powder for plasma transferred arc cladding, without reducing the wear protection potential and using innovative ultrasonic assisted milling process for better machinability without reducing wear resistance. This article presents the results of investigations into the relationships between different alloy modifications (Ti, Al, Nb Mo and Hf with wX ≤ 0.01), the resulting microstructure and precipitation morphology, the machinability and the wear protection properties using a NiCrMoSiFeB alloy (trade name: Colmonoy 56 PTA). Tests using cast samples have already shown that the addition of Nb leads to a finer distribution of the hard phases and that this results in a reduction in cutting forces and tool wear during ultrasonic-assisted milling. The change in the microstructure morphology through the addition of Al, on the other hand, causes a significant increase in the cutting forces that occur. T2 - IIW Intermediate meeting of Commission II-A CY - Online meeting DA - 12.03.2024 KW - Ultrasonic assisted milling KW - Surface integrity PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hübner, Martin T1 - Effects of weld seam design on the fatigue strength of welded components with LTT welding filler N2 - Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) welding fillers offer an innovative approach to increase the compressive residual stresses in weld seams which have a positive impact on the fatigue strength of welded structures. LTT welding fillers exhibit a martensitic phase transformation close to ambient temperature which generates compressive residual stresses through a volume expansion in the weld seam and the heat affected zone (HAZ). This article focuses on the punctually placement of additional LTT layers to generate compressive residual stresses in fatigue-critical areas of conventional weld joints. This enables an economical solution without effecting the integrity of welded joints. For this, longitudinal stiffeners made of high-strength steel were gas metal arc welded using conventional welding consumable in the first layer. Afterwards, a chromium-nickel alloyed LTT welding consumable was applied on front sides of the stiffeners. By varying the welding parameters, three different weld geometries of the LTT weld bead could be realized. The effects of additional LTT layers were investigated with regards to dilution, residual stresses, and fatigue strength. The dilution does not exhibit much difference regards to the chemical composition. Therefore, it can be assumed that all three variants have a similar martensite start temperature. X-ray residual stresses measurements show that the residual stresses at the critical weld toe are significantly reduced by using LTT welding filler. While the conventional weld is characterized by tensile residual stresses, compressive residual stresses can be detected at the LTT weld. The level of residual stresses is influenced by the geometry of the LTT layer. LTT layers with a high offset to the conventional weld generate more compressive residual stresses in the HAZ than with a low offset. Therefore, the weld geometry has a considerable impact on the residual stress profile. The fatigue testing results shows that the LTT layers in all three variants has a positive impact to the fatigue strength. T2 - MPA Seminar Stuttgart 2024 CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 08.10.2024 KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature) KW - Fatigue strength KW - Weld geometry KW - Residual stress PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61615 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk T1 - Evaluation of the wear protection of modified Nimocrsi alloy and machinability using ultrasonic-assisted milling N2 - The targets for reducing CO2 emissions are closely linked to the development of highly efficient and economical steel components in plant, process and power plant technology, which require wear protection coatings tailored to the application and steel material for high combined corrosive, tribological, thermal and mechanical stresses. There is a growing demand in industry for defined functional surfaces of high quality for these coatings. Milling is a standard process for finish machining. The desired properties of wear resistant alloys imply significant challenges for the milling process due to high tool wear and surface defects. Besides the hardness of the coating materials, especially due to the precipitations, inhomogeneous, anisotropic weld structures of the claddings lead to further deteriorations of milling processes due to unstable milling conditions and process forces. A joint project of BAM and ISAF of TU Clausthal (Fosta P1550/IGF 21959 N) investigates the optimization of these challenging machining conditions by means of alloy modifications of the welding powder for plasma transferred arc cladding, without reducing the wear protection potential and using ultrasonic assisted milling process. T2 - 6th European Symposium on Friction, Wear and Wear Protection CY - Oberhof, Germany DA - 26.02.2024 KW - Ultrasonic assisted milling KW - Surface integrity PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61927 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wandtke, Karsten T1 - Einfluss Spanender Bearbeitungsschritte auf die Eigenspannungen in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über den Einfluss der Prozessparameter auf die Eigenspannungen sowie die Härte in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem stahl. Des Weiteren wird dargestellt, wie sich das Bauteildesign und trennende Fertigungsschritte auf die Eigenspannungen der Bauteile auswirken. T2 - Fachausschuss für Eigenspannungen AWT CY - Wolfsburg, Germany DA - 20.03.2024 KW - Hochfester Stahl KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Eigenspannungen PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61624 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Engelking, Lorenz T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“ N2 - Das DVS-Vorhaben 01.3211 „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“ ist ein Kooperationsprojekt der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und dem Institut für Schweißtechnik und Trennende Fertigungsverfahren (ISAF) der Technischen Universität Clausthal. Das Übergeordnete Projektziel ist das Erlangen von Erkenntnissen für eine sichere und wirtschaftliche, kombinierte additive und abtragende Fertigung aus kostenintensiven Werkstoffen hochbelasteter Komponenten insbesondere für KMU. Dabei stehe die beiden Werkstoffe CoCr26Ni9Mo5W (2.4681) und FeNi36 (1.3912) im Fokus. Mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusätze sind homogen und isotrop ausgeprägte Werkstoffeigenschaften und eine Erhöhung der Prozessstabilität und Fertigungsfreiheitsgrade bei der additiven Fertigung erzielbar. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss nachfolgender abtragender Bearbeitungsschritte des ultraschallunterstützen und des konventionellen Fräsprozesses untersucht. Die mit dem Forschungsvorhaben verbundenen Nutzen für KMU sind die Stärkung der Innovationsfähigkeit und der Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie die Erhöhung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. In AP-1 wurden Zerspanversuche am FeNi- und CoCr-Ausgangswerkstoff durchgeführt. Ziel der Versuche war in erster Linie die Identifikation geeigneter Fräswerkzeuge und -parameter. In AP-2 wurden die Legierungsmodifikationen des CoCr-Ausgangswerkstoffes durchgeführt und die Mikrostruktur sowie die Härte analysiert. In AP-4 wurden erste Zerspanversuche in Abhängigkeit der Legierungsmodifikation der CoCr-Legierung durchgeführt. T2 - Sitzung des Fachausschusses 01 „Schweißmetallurgie und Werkstoffverhalten“ des DVS CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2021 KW - Fortschrittsbericht KW - DVS KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen KW - Additive Fertigung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53636 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -