TY - JOUR A1 - Chacon Castro, Jose P. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Translating Flame Retardant Strategies: Analogy from Polyolefins and Bisphenol A polycarbonates to Poly(limonene carbonate) N2 - Poly(limonene carbonate)—PLimC—offers a novel sustainable alternative to traditional polymers, as it is derived from renewable limonene and carbon dioxide as monomers. Proposing PLimC as a future technical polymer for applications in electrical and electronic (E&E) devices, construction, and transportation, PLimC must meet specific fire prevention standards to be deemed suitable. Starting from the chemical structure of PLimC, strategies in analogy to flame retarded bisphenol A polycarbonates (PC), PC blends, and polyolefins (PO) are investigated to identify the most effective route to enhance the flame resistance of PLimC. This study utilized four halogen-free flame-retardant (FR) systems: APP + pentaerythritol (standard intumescent system in PO), a phosphorus flame retardant+PTFE as anti-dripping agent (used in PC blends), metal hydroxide ATH (widely used in PO), and potassium sulfonate salt (specific solution for PC). Applying these FRs at typical PC, PC blends, and PO loadings, we aim to understand their effect on PLimC and evaluated the different flame-retardant routes. Our experimental evaluations focused on the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. ATH emerged as the most effective, reducing the effective heat of combustion from 29.3 MJ kg⁻¹ to 18.6 MJ kg⁻¹ and the total heat evolved from 95 to 55 MJ m⁻². It also resulted in an increase in the limiting oxygen index from 17.1 to 26 vol.-% O2, along with a UL 94 HB40 rating. The intumescent system also exhibited considerable flame retardancy, highlighting the similarity of PLimC’s fire behavior to that of PO rather than PC KW - Poly(limonene carbonate) KW - Flame retardancy KW - Sustainability KW - Intumescent systems KW - Metal hydroxides KW - Sulfonate salts KW - Phosphorus flame retardants PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643257 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111711 SN - 1873-2321 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 242 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-64325 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Chacon Castro, Jose P. T1 - Flame retardant polylimonene carbonate: Material innovation as a game changer N2 - This research seeks to understand and identify the most promising approaches to enhance the flame resistance of poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC). Furthermore, the goal is to develop a PLimC-based material that incorporates halogen-free flame retardants (FRs) that are not only highly effective but also environmentally sustainable, contributing to the advancement of greener materials for safer use. The plastic industry depends on fossil-based materials, causing environmental concerns. PLimC, a sustainable polymer derived from limonene and CO₂, offers a promising alternative. Its use in fire-safe applications underscores the need to optimize its performance. This study evaluates halogen-free FRs to identify and understand the most promising approaches to enhance PLimC’s flame resistance, aiming to improve fire safety and support eco-friendly material development. This study has as its main task to conduct experimental evaluations to analyze the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. Pyrolysis, together with the evolved gases of the samples, were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a FTIR spectrometer. The energy content was determined by using a bomb calorimeter. The flammability of the samples was assessed by the reaction to small flame tests such as the UL 94 burning chamber and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The burning behavior in forced flamed conditions was evaluated using the cone calorimeter. Thermal properties were first evaluated to gain a deeper understanding of the pure PLimC thermal stability and fire behavior. This analysis builds on PLimC's structural similarity to polycarbonate (PC), due to its carbonate group, and to polyolefins (PO), due to its aliphatic limonene-derived segment, providing insights into optimizing PLimC for sustainable, fire-safe applications. The initial results, which defined our starting point, showed that the LOI of PLimC was 17.2%, very close to that of PO such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) (~18%). In contrast, PC has a higher LOI of ~24%. Additionally, PLimC did not produce any char (0 wt.-%), similar to PO, whereas PC forms char due to its phenolic structures. The effective heat of combustion of PLimC, measured using bomb calorimetry, was determined to be 31.1 MJ/kg. This value is comparable to that of PC (~30 MJ/kg) but significantly lower than PO (~44 MJ/kg). These findings, which demonstrated similarities to both PO and PC, prompted the evaluation of various commercially available FRs at standard market concentrations. Four halogen-free FR systems were chosen for evaluation: 1. mixture of APP (20 wt.-%) + pentaerythritol (10 wt.-%) as an intumescent system [PLimC / APP / Penta], 2. mixture of the phosphorus compound PX200® (16 wt.-%) + PTFE (0.4 wt.-%) as antidripping [PLimC / PhosC / PTFE], 3. aluminum trihydroxide ATH (50 wt.-%) [PLimC / ATH], and the potassium sulfonate salt Bayowet® (0.4 wt.-%) [PLimC / SulfS]. The concentrations were decided according to the standards used in the industry. Cone calorimeter results show that PLimC has the usual behavior of a non-charring specimen (fast burning and high peak of heat release). ATH proved to be the most effective flame retardant, achieving the biggest reductions in the effective heat of combustion (EHC) and total heat evolved (THE). Additionally, ATH achieved the highest increase in the LOI (17.1% to 26.0%). With these results, we understood that the FRs commonly used with polyolefins (at concentrations standard in the industry) exhibit similar behavior in terms of flammability and flame retardancy when applied to PLimC. Additionally, we aim to investigate bio-based flame retardants to further improve the sustainability of the material. Given that phytic acid salts and lignin have demonstrated effective flame-retardant performance in polyolefins, we consider these compounds promising candidates for application in our system. T2 - 6th Asia-Oceania Symposium for Fire Safety Materials Science and Engineering CY - Beijing, China DA - 16.10.2025 KW - Halogen free flame retardants KW - Poly(limonene carbonate) KW - Sustainability PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65015 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Sustainability features future flame retardancy: Microalgae phosphorus-enriched in wastewater and polylimonencarbonate N2 - Rather environmentally friendly flame retardant bio-composites have become part of the state of the art. Using two illuminating examples the talk gives an outlook towards sustainability beyond “partly bio-carbon”. In waste water phosphorous-enriched microalgae are introduced as bio-based adjuvant in polylactide (PLA). The flame retardancy effect is discussed and compared with other novel bio-based additives. In a combination with a commercial flame retardant, half of the commercial flame retardant can be replaced without worsening the UL 94 classification V0. In the second example flame retardant routes for poly(limonene carbonate) are discussed. Poly(limonene carbonate) is synthesized with a bio-based monomer limonene oxide and CO2. A novel bio-based flame retardant melem phytate together with bio-based charring agents is proposed to realize a fully bio-based flame retardant poly(limonene carbonate). T2 - Fire Resistance in Plastics CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 01.12.2025 KW - Poly(limonene carbonate) KW - Microalgae KW - Phosphorous flame retardants KW - Melem phytate KW - Waste water phosphorous PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65014 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Hongyi A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja ED - Makovická Osvaldová, L. ED - Hasburgh, L. E. ED - Das, O. T1 - Applying experimental determined kinetic parameters to the simulation of vegetation fire in the Fire Dynamics Simulator N2 - Although intense wildfire research has been done in the US and in Australia, it cannot be transferred directly to the situation in Europe as the local vegetation has a significant influence on the fire spread. The EU-funded project TREEADS and the so-called German pilot within the project are concentrating on wildfire in Europe. Extensive experimental research is done on local vegeta-tion in Germany and the experimental results are used to adjust the Fire Dynam-ics Simulator (FDS) to local vegetation as a fuel in the calculations. The particle model and the boundary fuel model are developed for the simulation of forest fires. Both models require the kinetic input for the dehydration, pyrolysis, and char oxidation process. This three-step simplified model describes the basic fuel combustion kinetic. Most published simulations use the default kinetic input of pine needles from FDS user manual. To adjust the simulation to local vegetation, the corresponding kinetic parame-ters have been experimental investigated. Samples of pine needles, moss and other falling leaves were collected, air dried and grinded into powder. The TG analysis of all these samples were done under different heating rate of 5, 10 and 20K/min. The activation energy and the corresponding pre-exponential factor were calcu-lated. The results show that fire spread depends significantly on the vegetation and comparison with small scale experiments show good agreement using the new kinetic parameters. The new model is applied to a larger scenario and will be compared to the results of large-scale experiments for further validation of the model. T2 - Wood and Fire Safety 2024 CY - Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia DA - 12.05.2024 KW - Forest KW - Simulation KW - FDS KW - Vegetation fire KW - Fire Dynamics Simulator KW - Kinetic parameters PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-031-59177-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8_45 SP - 389 EP - 396 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-60252 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Manzello, Samuel L. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Editorial on special issue on wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires N2 - Research and standardization in the field of wildland fires that spread into urban areas, known as wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires, are of paramount importance globally. Recent WUI fires in Chile, Greece, Japan, and the United States of America states of California and Hawaii, following many other WUI fire disasters, have demonstrated the complex nature of this globally important problem. For these reasons, the editor in chief of Fire and Materials, Stephen Grayson, invited Samuel L. Manzello and Anja Hofmann to develop a special issue on WUI fires. In support of this effort, an open call was posted on the Fire and Materials website, soliciting papers on the following topics: • Pre- and post-fire data to understand fire spread and ignition of materials in WUI communities. • Firebrand generation from materials. • Ignition of both vegetative and human-made fuels from WUI fire exposures of direct flame contact, radiant heat, and firebrands. • Human behavior in WUI fires. • Physical modeling studies of WUI fire behavior and structure ignition. • Structure ignition mitigation strategies. • New material development to harden structures to WUI fire exposures. KW - Editorial KW - Wildfire PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3308 SN - 1099-1018 SN - 0308-0501 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 509 EP - 511 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-63920 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Challenges in fire safety of facades N2 - To ensure fire safety of facades will keep being a challenge as facade systems change much quicker than building regulations. Fire spread in one key issue of fire safety in facades. But falling parts, smouldering, smoke and secondary openings are issues as well. T2 - The 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety of Facades FSF 2024 CY - Lund, Sweden DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Facade systems KW - Fire testing KW - Assessement method PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60250 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Europäische Harmonisierung von Brandstatistiken für Wohngebäude N2 - Das EU Projekt EU FireStat SI2.830108, das vom Europäischen Parlament finanziert und von der DG GROW der Europäischen Kommission in Auftrag gegeben wurde, hat aufgearbeitet, welche Terminologie in den europäische Mitgliedsstaaten verwendet wird und die von den Mitgliedstaaten erhobenen Daten über Gebäudebrände zu analysieren. Dabei wurden die Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung und die Unterschiede bei der Auslegung ermittelt und eine gemeinsame Terminologie sowie eine Methode zur Erfassung der erforderlichen Daten vorgeschlagen. Folgende Schwerpunkte wurden bearbeitet: Zunächst erfolgte eine Diagnose von Terminologie-, Datenerhebungs- und Auslegungsproblemen, Erhebung der Terminologie und der Datenerfassung, Identifizierung der für die Entscheidungsfindung benötigten Daten, Analyse der Methoden zur Datenerhebung Definition einer gemeinsamen Terminologie, Methodik der Kosten-/Nutzenbewertung zur Unterstützung politischer Entscheidungen, Fallstudie zur Anwendung der Methode der Kosten-/Nutzenbewertung, Beschreibung einer zukünftigen Datenerhebungsmethode. Das Ergebnis des Projekts ist eine Empfehlung, welche Daten in den Mitgliedstaaten erhoben werden sollten, um wissensbasierte Entscheidungen in Bezug auf den Brandschutz zu ermöglichen. Damit wird die Grundlage für Maßnahmen und Initiativen geschaffen, die den Brandschutz und die Brandverhütung der Mitgliedstaaten unterstützen, so dass knappe Ressourcen gezielt eingesetzt werden können. T2 - 69. Jahresfachtagung der Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes CY - Münster, Germany DA - 15.05.2023 KW - Statistik PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57574 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Simon T1 - Ein Modell zur Ausbreitung von Waldbränden - schnellere Vorhersagen durch den Einsatz von maschinellem Lernen, Fernerkundung und Copernicus-Daten N2 - Weltweit stellen Waldbrände eine große Bedrohung für Umwelt, Wirtschaft und menschliches Leben dar. Der fortschreitende Klimawandel verstärkt Trockenheit und Dürre, wodurch die Größe und Intensität von Waldbränden sowie das daraus resultierende Gefahrenpotential zusätzlich erhöht werden. Um im Risikofall eine schnelle und effektive Waldbrandbekämpfung zu gewährleisten, sollen Einsatzkräfte in Zukunft von KI-basierten Ausbreitungsmodellen unterstützt werden. Der Einsatz von maschinellem Lernen ermöglicht dabei schnelle und zielgerichtete Ausbreitungsvorhersagen in Echtzeit, die in den Prozess der Brandbekämpfung als zusätzliche Information einfließen können. Im Rahmen des durch das EU-Förderprogram Horizon 2020 finanzierte Projekt TREEADS wird ein solches Modell für Europa entwickelt. Dazu wird mit verschiedenen Satellitendaten des Copernicus-Programms und der NASA ein auf räumlicher und zeitlicher Ebene aufgelöster Datensatz zu europäischen Waldbränden aufgebaut. Zu den erfassten Waldbränden werden wichtigen Faktoren, die Einfluss auf die Brandausbreitung haben, ergänzt. Dazu gehören das von Copernicus bereitgestellte, digitale Geländemodell Europas und verschiedene, von Sentinel-2 Messungen abgeleitete Informationen zu Vegetation und Landnutzung. Dieser 2D-Trainingsdatensatz zu realen Waldbränden wird durch die zeitlich hochaufgelösten, meteorologischen Reanalyse-Produkte – Copernicus European Regional ReAnalysis (CERRA) und ERA5-Land – vervollständigt und ist die Grundlage für ein Modell zur Ausbreitungsvorhersage von Waldbränden. Methoden des Maschinellen Lernens können komplexe Muster in den gesammelten Daten erkennen und so zu einer verbesserten Vorhersage der Brandausbreitung beitragen. Die vielfältigen, von Copernicus bereitgestellten Daten sind dabei ein unabdingbarer Bestandteil des Modells, mit dem den Einsatzkräften ein zusätzliches Tool für den effizienten Einsatz ihrer limitierten Ressourcen zur Verfügung steht. T2 - Nationales Forum für Fernerkundung und Copernicus 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 19.03.2024 KW - Maschinelles Lernen KW - Waldbrand KW - Geoinformatik KW - Fernerkundung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59840 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Hongyi T1 - Applying experimental determined kinetic parameters to the simulation of vegetation fire in the Fire Dynamics Simulator N2 - Although intense wildfire research has been done in the US and in Australia, it cannot be transferred directly to the situation in Europe as the local vegetation has a significant influence on the fire spread. The EU-funded project TREEADS and the so-called German pilot within the project are concentrating on wildfire in Europe. Extensive experimental research is done on local vegeta-tion in Germany and the experimental results are used to adjust the Fire Dynam-ics Simulator (FDS) to local vegetation as a fuel in the calculations. The particle model and the boundary fuel model are developed for the simulation of forest fires. Both models require the kinetic input for the dehydration, pyrolysis, and char oxidation process. This three-step simplified model describes the basic fuel combustion kinetic. Most published simulations use the default kinetic input of pine needles from FDS user manual. To adjust the simulation to local vegetation, the corresponding kinetic parame-ters have been experimental investigated. Samples of pine needles, moss and other falling leaves were collected, air dried and grinded into powder. The TG analysis of all these samples were done under different heating rate of 5, 10 and 20K/min. The activation energy and the corresponding pre-exponential factor were calcu-lated. The results show that fire spread depends significantly on the vegetation and comparison with small scale experiments show good agreement using the new kinetic parameters. The new model is applied to a larger scenario and will be compared to the results of large-scale experiments for further validation of the model. T2 - Wood and Fire Safety 2024 CY - Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia DA - 12.05.2023 KW - Simulation KW - Forest KW - FDS KW - Fire Dynamics Simulator KW - Kinetic parameters KW - Vegetation fire PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60256 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Hongyi T1 - Experimental investigating flame propagation of vegetation fire in different scales N2 - Since we are facing more extreme weathers, the occurrence of wildfire has also increased accordingly. The EU project TREEADS aims to adopt a holistic forest fire management and an adaptive, collaborative governance approach based on the deployment of a new systemic and technological framework covering all three interconnected fire management stages: prevention & preparedness, detection & response, and restoration & adaptation. As part of the task in the so-called German pilot, numerical simulations are performed to investigate the influencing factors for vegetation fires with fire dynamics simulator (FDS). The characteristics of vegetation are strongly related to the local weather and ecosystem. The investigation of the fire behavior of vegetation must be based on the local vegetation in Germany. Thus, the flame propagation of typical vegetation in Germany (pine needles, oak leaves, European beech leaves etc.) was investigated in small scale and medium scale experiments. These results are used as validation case studies for the further simulations. T2 - NFSD Nordic Fire and Safety Days CY - Lund, Sweden DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Vegetation fire KW - Flame propagation KW - Vegetation in Germany KW - SBI-test KW - Wildfire PY - 2024 UR - https://ri.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1869356&dswid=6005 AN - OPUS4-60632 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Hongyi A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - TREEADS - Experimente und numerische Simulation zur Brandausbreitung von Vegetationsbränden N2 - Um die Ausbreitungsmechanismen von Vegetationsbränden und besonders bei Bodenbränden besser zu verstehen, wurden die Einflussfaktoren auf die Brandausbreitung näher untersucht. Da die Brandausbreitung auch in starkem Maße von der lokalen Vegetation abhängt, war eine Charakterisierung der lokalen Vegetation und der Bodenverhältnisse wichtig. Die Wetterverhältnisse spielen einerseits im Vorfeld des Brandes durch längere Dürreperioden als auch während des Brandes, z.B. durch den Windeinfluss, zusätzlich eine große Rolle. Durch die numerische Simulation kann eine größere Variation der Einflussgrößen abgebildet werden als durch die zeitlich und finanziell begrenzten experimentellen Möglichkeiten. Für die Berechnungen wird der Fire Dynamic Simulators (FDS) mit dem Paket WFDS verwendet. Dadurch kann mit einem vereinfachten 3-Phasen-Reaktionskinetikmodell, bestehend aus Dehydrierung, Pyrolyse, Kohleoxidation, die Ausbreitung von Vegetationsbränden verschiedener Waldbodenarten untersucht werden. Es wurden dazu 6 typische Pflanzenarten und Bodenproben aus Kiefern-, Buchen und Eichenbeständen ausgewählt. Die gesammelten Waldbodenproben wurden alle hinsichtlich des Wassergehalts, des organischen Gehalts, der Packungsdichte, der Dichte und der statistisch ermittelten Pflanzenartenverteilung charakterisiert. Das kinetische Abbrandverhalten wurde durch Thermogravimetrische Analyse (TGA) untersucht. Alle diese Daten wurden als Eingabeparameter für die Simulation verwendet. Die numerischen Simulationen werden mit Experimenten im kleinen, mittleren und Real-Maßstab validiert. T2 - 70. Jahresfachtagung der Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 06.05.2024 KW - Waldbrand KW - Simulation KW - FDS PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60257 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klippel, Andrea A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Heydick, Lukas A1 - Piechnik, Kira A1 - Wu, Hongyi A1 - Köhler, Florian T1 - Experimental Analysis of Fire Behaviour in Pine Forests and Agricultural Fields Large Scale Tests conducted within the TREEADS Project N2 - In two large-scale tests fire spread mechanisms in vegetation ground fires were studied in a pine forest and a crop field. Both fires were ignited with a drip torch using a gasoline-diesel mix. The tests were part of the European TREEADS project, specifically in the research work from the German Pilot focusing on Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg. These regions are known for dry, sandy soil, with pine trees covering approximately 73% of forested areas in Brandenburg and 48% in Saxony-Anhalt. The results of both experiments make a substantial contribution to optimizing extinguishing methods and strategies and enhancing a continued wildfire research in Germany. The test areas included a 16 x 22 m plot in a Saxony-Anhalt pine forest and a 20 x 100 m plot on a crop field, with fires ignited along a line using a drip torch at both locations. Fire spread was monitored with video and IR cameras mounted on a drone. In the pine forest, 96 thermocouples and gas sensors were attached to trees and a mobile FTIR spectrometer was used for real-time gas measurements. A protective strip was created around the test area using a soil tiller and fire-retardant foam to prevent uncontrolled fire spread. The experiment showed a consistent temperature rise as the fire was ignited and spread. Thermocouple data captured detailed thermal dynamics, while tree-mounted gas sensors recorded significant fluctuations in combustible gases. Real-time gas spectra from the FTIR spectrometer enabled precise smoke analysis. Conducted in stable weather - 23°C, light wind, low soil moisture—this setup improved reproducibility, with a weather station monitoring temperature, humidity and wind conditions to assess fire-environment interactions. After ignition process the fire showed a slow spread and distinct combustion phases. Smouldering was more pronounced in areas with grasses and deadwood, highlighting vegetation-specific burn patterns critical to wildfire research. The experiment showed numerous smouldering and burning spots, with flames igniting and extinguishing repeatedly. However, flame height did not exceed half a meter. Due to substantial smoke production, visibility in the test field was limited and team members wore respirators to collect specific smoke gases such as benzene and formaldehyde for analysis. Field measurements showed flame temperatures exceeding 500°C. Toxic smoke gas concentrations of up to 238 ppm CO were measured, although precise gas capture appeared challenging due to wind turbulence. The second large-scale area in Nauen, a cut wheat field (stubble height approx. 30 cm) was burned, with fire spreading across approximately 700 m². A 20 m ignition line directed flames with the wind. Fire spread was observed using drones equipped with IR cameras. Experiments demonstrated how unpredictable and challenging it is to measure large outdoor fires. To enable a comprehensive theoretical and numerical description of fire dynamics in wildfires, it is essential to conduct further large-scale experiments. T2 - Interflam 2025, 16th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference CY - London, United Kingdom DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Wildfire PY - 2025 SP - 1435 EP - 1444 PB - Interscience CY - London AN - OPUS4-63926 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Klippel, Andrea A1 - Piechnik, Kira T1 - Vehicle fires: significant fire hazard in transportation infrastructure N2 - The zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) is a crystalline porous material that has been widely employed as template to fabricate porous nitrogen-doped carbons with high microporosity via thermal treatment at high temperatures. The properties of the carbon scaffold are influenced by the pore structure and chemical composition of the parent ZIF. However, the narrow pore size distribution and microporous nature from ZIF-8 often results in low mesopore volume, which is crucial for applications such as energy storage and conversion. Here we show that insertion of N-heterocyclic amines can disrupt the structure of ZIF-8 and dramatically impact the chemical composition and pore structure of the nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks obtained after high-temperature pyrolysis. Melamine and 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine were chosen to modify the ZIF-8 structure owing to their capability to both coordinate metal ions and establish supramolecular interactions. Employing a wide variety of physical characterization techniques we observed that melamine results in the formation of a mixed-phase material comprising ZIF-8, Zn(Ac)6(Mel)2 and crystallized melamine, while 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine induces the formation of defects, altering the pore structure. Furthermore, the absence of heterocyclic amine in the ZIF-8 synthesis leads to a new crystalline phase, unreported to date. The thermal conversion of the modified ZIFs at 1000 °C leads to nitrogen-doped carbons bearing Zn moieties with increased surface area, mesopore volume and varying degree of defects compared to ZIF-8 derived carbon. This work therefore highlights both the versatility of heterocyclic amines to modify the structure of framework materials as well as their role in tuning pore structure in nitrogen-doped carbons, paving the way to targeted design of high-performance electrodes for energy storage and conversion. T2 - Interflam 2025, 16th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference CY - London, United Kingdom DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Vehicle fires PY - 2025 SP - 1291 EP - 1298 PB - Interscience CY - London AN - OPUS4-63924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR ED - Manzello, Samuel L. ED - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Special issue on wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires N2 - Special issue on wild-urban interface (WUI) fires with 25 papers in total. Contributed papers came from all across the globe and included Algeria, Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, Poland, Norway, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, and the United States of America. The global coverage of contributed papers demonstrated the growing nature of the WUI fire problem. KW - Wildfire PY - 2025 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10991018/2025/49/5 SN - 1099-1018 SN - 0308-0501 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 507 EP - 846 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-63992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechnik, Kira A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Klippel, Andrea T1 - Characterization and assessment of smoke emissions from smouldering forest fires: a combined experimental and numerical approach N2 - This article builds upon the publication "Comprehensive Laboratory Study on Smoke Gases During the Thermal Oxidative Decomposition of Forest and Vegetation Fuels"1 in Fire and Materials, 2024, summarizing the experimental methodology and highlighting key findings. The study investigates the gas-phase composition of smoke emissions from forest and vegetation fuels. The study focuses on pine-dominated ecosystems in Eastern Germany, with the objective of improving the understanding of wildfire-related gaseous emissions, as a contribution to the German pilot activities within the EU Project TREEADS. Using a modified DIN tube furnace in a bench-scale setup, the investigation centers on gaseous emissions from five trees and two ground cover species, explicitly excluding particulate matter. T2 - Interflam 2025, 16th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference CY - London, UK DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Wildfire PY - 2025 SP - 288 EP - 294 PB - Interscience CY - London AN - OPUS4-63999 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klippel, Andrea A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Experimental Analysis of Fire Behaviour in Pine Forests and Agricultural Fields Large Scale Tests conducted within the TREEADS Project N2 - In two large-scale tests fire spread mechanisms in vegetation ground fires were studied in a pine forest and a crop field. Both fires were ignited with a drip torch using a gasoline-diesel mix. The tests were part of the European TREEADS project, specifically in the research work from the German Pilot focusing on Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg. These regions are known for dry, sandy soil, with pine trees covering approximately 73% of forested areas in Brandenburg and 48% in Saxony-Anhalt. The results of both experiments make a substantial contribution to optimizing extinguishing methods and strategies and enhancing a continued wildfire research in Germany. The test areas included a 16 x 22 m plot in a Saxony-Anhalt pine forest and a 20 x 100 m plot on a crop field, with fires ignited along a line using a drip torch at both locations. Fire spread was monitored with video and IR cameras mounted on a drone. In the pine forest, 96 thermocouples and gas sensors were attached to trees and a mobile FTIR spectrometer was used for real-time gas measurements. A protective strip was created around the test area using a soil tiller and fire-retardant foam to prevent uncontrolled fire spread. The experiment showed a consistent temperature rise as the fire was ignited and spread. Thermocouple data captured detailed thermal dynamics, while tree-mounted gas sensors recorded significant fluctuations in combustible gases. Real-time gas spectra from the FTIR spectrometer enabled precise smoke analysis. Conducted in stable weather - 23°C, light wind, low soil moisture—this setup improved reproducibility, with a weather station monitoring temperature, humidity and wind conditions to assess fire-environment interactions. After ignition process the fire showed a slow spread and distinct combustion phases. Smouldering was more pronounced in areas with grasses and deadwood, highlighting vegetation-specific burn patterns critical to wildfire research. The experiment showed numerous smouldering and burning spots, with flames igniting and extinguishing repeatedly. However, flame height did not exceed half a meter. Due to substantial smoke production, visibility in the test field was limited and team members wore respirators to collect specific smoke gases such as benzene and formaldehyde for analysis. Field measurements showed flame temperatures exceeding 500°C. Toxic smoke gas concentrations of up to 238 ppm CO were measured, although precise gas capture appeared challenging due to wind turbulence. The second large-scale area in Nauen, a cut wheat field (stubble height approx. 30 cm) was burned, with fire spreading across approximately 700 m². A 20 m ignition line directed flames with the wind. Fire spread was observed using drones equipped with IR cameras. Experiments demonstrated how unpredictable and challenging it is to measure large outdoor fires. To enable a comprehensive theoretical and numerical description of fire dynamics in wildfires, it is essential to conduct further large-scale experiments. T2 - Interflam 2025, 16th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference CY - London, United Kingdom DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Wildfire KW - Large scale tests PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Simon T1 - Predicting Wildfire Propagation in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa using Convolutional Neural Networks with an adjusted Dataset N2 - Wildfires pose a significant threat to ecology, economy, and human lives alike. Droughts and heat waves fueled many fire occurrences in the last years, and the ongoing climate change increases the risk of larger, more devastating events. As part of the TREEADS project, funded by Horizon 2020 (EU), we are developing a wildfire propagation model, which is an important part of possible counter measures to support decision makers and firefighters in their actions against uncontrolled fire spread. With recent advances, machine learning became applicable for wildfire propagation modelling. Once the time-consuming training process is finished, predictions are fast, even on devices with low computational power. On the downside, large datasets are crucial to train robust models, but temporally accurate propagation data of real fire occurrences are sparse. To solve this problem, we reconstructed wildfire propagation in 12-hour intervals for over 5500 events with varying sizes and durations in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Thereto, burned area polygons from the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) database were combined with active fire detection points from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The fire spread was reconstructed sequentially according to the revisiting times of VIIRS. This data was coupled with meteorological information from the ERA5 reanalysis product and surface information derived from Sentinel-2, as well as TanDEM-X remote sensing data. The aggregated dataset was then used to build a deep-learning convolutional neural network that captures meteorological effects, elevation, and vegetation on wildfire propagation. To account for the sequentially updated weather data from ERA5, long short-term memory (LSTM) with self-attention was included. In summary, we have constructed a novel wildfire propagation dataset suitable for machine learning purposes and developed a convolutional LSTM network for rapid prediction of fire spread. T2 - AGU24 CY - Washington D.C., USA DA - 09.12.2024 KW - Wildfire KW - Deep Learning KW - Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) KW - Remote Sensing PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-64767 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Hongyi T1 - Untersuchung von Brandausbreitungsmechanismen bei Waldbränden N2 - Das EU Projekt TREEADS „A Holistic Fire Management Ecosystem for Prevention, Detection and Restoration of Environmental Desasters” beschäftigt sich mit der Erforschung der drei Phasen „Prävention und Bereitschaft“, „Detektion und Reaktion“ und „Aufforsten und Anpassen“ der Waldbrandverhütung. Im Projekt gibt es acht ausgewiesene Pilotregionen, in denen Deutschland auch mit einer Pilotregion in Sachsen-Anhalt bzw. in Brandenburg vertreten ist. Unsere Arbeit auf Charakterisierung des Waldbodens und numerische Simulation wird vorgestellt. T2 - vfdb-Jahresfachtagung 2023 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 15.05.2023 KW - Waldbrand KW - Klimawandel KW - Charakterisierung des Waldbodens KW - Numerische Strömungsmechanik PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57621 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Waldbrandforschung im EU-Projekt TREEADS N2 - Die Präsentation gibt einen Überblick über die Arbeiten im German Pilot des EU-Projekts TREEADS. Es werden klein-, mittel- und großskalige Versuche an Waldboden mit einheimischer Vegetation durchgeführt. Begleitend werden numerische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, die eine Variation der Parameter, wie Bodenfeuchte, Temperaturen und Wind über die Experimente hinaus erlauben. Die gemessenen Materialparameter dienen als Input für die numerischen Berechnungen. Die numerischen Modelle werden mit den mittel- und großskaligen Experimenten validiert. T2 - Magdeburger-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 14.03.2024 KW - Waldbrand PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59897 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gnutzmann, Tanja T1 - Brandschutz für Kulturgut: Das Projekt BRAWA N2 - Brände zerstören immer wieder wichtige Kulturgüter und gefährden nationales Kulturerbe. Das Projekt BRAWA erarbeitet neue Strategien und innovative Technologien, um die Brandsicherheit historischer Gebäude zu erhöhen. Dabei basiert das Konzept auf der Vernetzung von Sensoren, die bereits beim Auftreten bestimmter Gase in der Frühphase der Brandentstehung Alarm auslösen. Durch ein neuartiges Helferkonzept soll eine frühe Branderkennung und -bekämpfung ermöglicht werden. T2 - BMBF Innovationsforum "Zivile Sicherheit" 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 03.05.2022 KW - Brandschutz KW - Kulturgut KW - Historische Gebäude KW - Branddetektion KW - Sensornetzwerk PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54828 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Europäische Harmonisierung von Brandstatistiken für Wohngebäude N2 - Das EU Projekt EU FireStat SI2.830108, das vom Europäischen Parlament finanziert und von der DG GROW der Europäischen Kommission in Auftrag gegeben wurde, hat aufgearbeitet, welche Terminologie in den europäische Mitgliedsstaaten verwendet wird und die von den Mitgliedstaaten erhobenen Daten über Gebäudebrände zu analysieren. Dabei wurden die Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung und die Unterschiede bei der Auslegung ermittelt und eine gemeinsame Terminologie sowie eine Methode zur Erfassung der erforderlichen Daten vorgeschlagen. Folgende Schwerpunkte wurden bearbeitet: Zunächst erfolgte eine Diagnose von Terminologie-, Datenerhebungs- und Auslegungsproblemen, Erhebung der Terminologie und der Datenerfassung, Identifizierung der für die Entscheidungsfindung benötigten Daten, Analyse der Methoden zur Datenerhebung Definition einer gemeinsamen Terminologie, Methodik der Kosten-/Nutzenbewertung zur Unterstützung politischer Entscheidungen, Fallstudie zur Anwendung der Methode der Kosten-/Nutzenbewertung, Beschreibung einer zukünftigen Datenerhebungsmethode. Das Ergebnis des Projekts ist eine Empfehlung, welche Daten in den Mitgliedstaaten erhoben werden sollten, um wissensbasierte Entscheidungen in Bezug auf den Brandschutz zu ermöglichen. Damit wird die Grundlage für Maßnahmen und Initiativen geschaffen, die den Brandschutz und die Brandverhütung der Mitgliedstaaten unterstützen, so dass knappe Ressourcen gezielt eingesetzt werden können. T2 - 69. Jahresfachtagung der Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes CY - Münster, Germany DA - 15.05.2023 KW - Statistik PY - 2023 SN - 976-3-936050-36-3 VL - 2023 SP - 391 EP - 401 PB - VdS CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-57573 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja ED - Fouad, N. A. T1 - Brandsicherheit von Bussen N2 - Grundsätzlich lässt sich sagen, dass Busbrände relativ häufig auftreten, auch wenn sich das im öffentlichen Bewusstsein nicht unbedingt widerspiegelt. In Deutschland gibt es keine einheitliche Brandstatistik, nach einer eigenen Internetrecherche brennt im Schnitt aber etwa an jedem zweiten Tag ein Bus in Deutschland. Auch eine interne Umfrage eines Verbands von Busbetreibern bestätigte die Häufigkeit von Bränden: Ungefähr 1 Prozent der Busse hatte im Jahr einen Brandfall – wobei hier auch kleinere Ereignisse mitgezählt wurden. Die britische Statistik bestätigt diese Zahlen. Sie führt für die letzten 10 Jahre ca. 11900 Brände pro Jahr in Fahrzeugen, davon ca. 315 pro Jahr in Bussen auf. Brände in Bussen sind für die Passagiere eine große Gefährdung, da sie sich meist sehr schnell ausbreiten. Zwei schwere Brände ereigneten sich in Deutschland 2008 und 2017. KW - Bussicherheit KW - Vorschriften KW - Brandprüfungen PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-433-03295-4 VL - 2021 SP - 386 EP - 398 PB - Ernst und Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53090 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Brandt, J. ED - Troitzsch, J. ED - Antonatus, E. T1 - Motor Vehicles N2 - The amount of plastic and synthetic materials is still growing in all sectors of everyday life. In the automotive industry, plastic materials are now widely used in vehicles because of their excellent mechanical properties and their light weight combined with low production costs. However, plastic materials are flammable and can generate toxic smoke gases which can endanger passengers’ lives in the event of fire. KW - Transport KW - Bus fire KW - Safety PY - 2021 SN - 978-1-56990-762-7 VL - 2021 SP - 537 PB - Hanser CY - München ET - 4 AN - OPUS4-53094 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -