TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Weathring camopaigns to determine corrosivity on offshore wind turbines N2 - ISO 9223 standard for the classification of corrosivity in atmospheres is based on the mass loss of standard samples. We are concerned with the question of which corrosivity categories for Fe-sheets can be found at an offshore wind turbine and where they are comparable with our offshore locations. The preliminary results indicate that the extreme corrosivity of class CX is only given in splash water-affected exposure, which is not a real atmospheric exposure condition. The results of the exposure at the SP show that the corrosivity category changes into C4, only a few meters above the splash water zone. Compared to the marine environments at Helgoland or OSS-Platform, the corrosivity is higher. The offshore environment is not as corrosive as originally expected, no atmospheric corrosion attack could be determined that would form the corrosivity category C5. T2 - Eurocorr 2024 CY - Paris, France DA - 01.09.2024 KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - Testing to reasses - Corrosion activity assessment based on NDT using a prestressed concrete bridge as case study N2 - Corrosion of concrete reinforcement is one of the major damage mechanisms affecting both the load-bearing capacity and the serviceability of reinforced concrete structures significantly. The challenge of detecting corrosion is that the corrosion process in its various forms is not immediately visible, especially in the corrosion initiation phase inside the concrete. When externally discernible damages are observed during visual inspections on the structure, the extent of the damage inside the concrete is often already significant. Corrosion caused by carbonation often leads to severe discoloration of the surface or even large-area spalling of the concrete cover. In contrast, chloride-induced corrosion is usually difficult to observe visually, but can cause much more serious damage in less time. The effect occurs locally and can lead to weakening of the cross-section of the reinforcement. This, in turn, can cause sudden structural collapses without prior notice. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether there is protection against corrosion of the reinforcement in the concrete and to detect active corrosion in the structure at an early stage. In the meanwhile, various non-destructive and minimally invasive testing methods are available to evaluate the resistance to penetration of corrosion-promoting pollutants and to detect active corrosion. In this paper, a bridge crossing the river Regen (Germany) is used as a case-study to demonstrate how the information obtained applying different testing methods can be combined and evaluated in the context of structural reassessments. Both the results of the permeability testing (Torrent tester) and the electrical resistance measurement (Wenner probe) are considered, as well as active corrosion areas are localized using the half-cell potential mapping combined with the concrete cover measurement with the eddy current method and ground penetrating radar (GPR). The results are evaluated using drill cores and in addition laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to obtain information about possible ion transport in the concrete. T2 - EUROSTRUCT 2021 - 1st Conference of the European Association on Quality Control of Bridges and Structures - EUROSTRUCT CY - Padova, Italy DA - 30.08.2021 KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Corrosion KW - Bridge KW - Durability assessment KW - Civil engineering PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53222 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Befestigungsmittels im Bauwesen - Der richtige Werkstoff??? N2 - Die Anforderungen in verschiedenen Fachgebieten des Bauwesens an metallene Befestigungsmittels hinsichtlich des Korrosionsschutzes sind zum einen Abhängig von den verwendeten Werkstoffen und zum anderen von der Korrosivität in der jeweiligen Exposition. Hier wird ein Überblick über die gängigen Werkstoffe als auch Anwendung und Fehlerquellen verschaff T2 - TU-Berlin Vorleseung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.06.2024 KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60974 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Atmospheric Corrosion and Run Off of Zinc and Copper - A Field and Laboratory Study N2 - Often corrosion rates are determined to get an idea of the corrosivity of the atmosphere. The calculated mass loss does not reflect the ingress of metal ions into the environment. Therefore, the runoff project was started to determine the metal ion ingress with respect to rain events for zinc and copper. T2 - Eurocorr 2024 CY - Paris, France DA - 01.09.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Run-Off KW - Ions KW - Korrosion KW - Zinc KW - Zink PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Achenbach, R. A1 - Harnisch, J. T1 - The dgzfp Subcommittee „Corrosion Detection in Reinforced Concrete“ N2 - The subcommittee “Corrosion Detection in Reinforced Concrete” is a technical committee within the scope of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing (DGZfP). The international working group consists of engineers and scientists from Germany, Austria and Switzerland who work at research institutes or engineering firms and aims for the practical implementation of non-destructive testing in civil engineering (NDT-CE) methods to assess the corrosion condition of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Therefore, the group works on technical specifications that explain the necessary theoretical background of the presented techniques but mainly provide helpful instructions for the application on-site and in the laboratory. Based on the corrosion process of steel in concrete the specifications focus on selected topics where the field engineer is getting into contact with the phenomenon. Therefore, specification B 12 highlights corrosion monitoring in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures and presents different approaches to monitor the initiation and propagation phase of corrosion and shows case studies of where these techniques were applied successfully. Specification B 03 deals with the potential-mapping technique. In addition to this specification, practical training courses and certification in this method have been developed and are offered by the working group members and are organized by the DGZfP. Both specifications, B 03 as well as B 12, are available in English. In the case of specification B 03, the current version is still in the translation process and will be available soon. Currently, the group is working on a new specification for measuring the electrical resistivity of cementitious materials, for example, to evaluate the suitability of mortars for cathodic protection applications and to validate the influence of the concrete resistivity with regard to corrosion processes of steel in concrete. Given the increasing impact of corrosion damages on infrastructural structures, the working group would like to introduce the use of the mentioned specifications to an interested international audience and thus offer the possibility to reliably detect corrosion damages at an early stage to prevent significant damages or high repair costs on RC structures. T2 - ICCRRR 2024 CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 03.11.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Monitoring PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seifert, Lando T1 - H2Mare - PtX-Wind: UAP 5.4 BAM Offshore Corrosion - Seawater Laboratory N2 - The lecture will focus on the experimental possibilities in BAM's seawater laboratory at the Eidersperrwerk. In this laboratory, water parameters can be monitored and, for the first time, it is possible to colonise and maintain salt water growth in a corrosion laboratory environment in order to study systems and materials for offshore applications. T2 - Leitprojekt H2Mare Verbundtreffen PtX-Wind & TransferWind CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 05.12.2024 KW - Offshore Corrosion KW - Marine Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Green Hydrogen PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62055 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seifert, Lando T1 - Das Meerwasserlabor am Eidersperrwerk N2 - Das Meerwasserlabor (Laborcontainer) ist eine Remote-fähiges Elektrochemie-Labor mit entfeuchtungsfähiger Klimatisierung in dem eine Vielfalt an experimentellen Möglichkeiten besteht. Das Alleinstellungsmerkmal ist der Meerwasser-Bypass, durch den eine Besiedlung und Erhalt von Salzwasser- bzw. Brackwasserbewuchs (Bakterien, Algen, Tiere, Pilze, etc.) möglich ist. Der jährliche Verlauf der Meeresumwelt wird dadurch abgebildet. T2 - Leitprojekt H2Mare Verbundtreffen PtX-Wind & TransferWind CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 05.12.2024 KW - Offshore Corrosion KW - Marine Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Green Hydrogen PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62054 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Corrosion in Marine Environment N2 - The investigation of the corrosivity of atmospheres ia a major target to ensure the durability of metallic structures. Therefore the corrosivity has to be determined and finally, the right material or corrosion protection system has to be chosen.Under marine environments it is a big challange to expose so called exposure racks to carry out those investigation. Together with EnBw we are able to use highly sought-after areas at the offshore plattform OSS for our investigations. T2 - Präsentation Corrosion für Prof. David M. Paterson CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.11.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Wind PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61826 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seifert, Lando T1 - The Development of a new Test Method for assessing the Susceptibility of Prestressing Steels to HiSCC N2 - This EUROCORR 2021 talk gives current results of the WIPANO research project "safety of prestressing steels." The project targets improving DIN EN ISO 15630-3 according to the reproducibility and scattering of constant load tests to assess the susceptibility of prestressing steels to stress corrosion cracking. Essential questions which we answered in the talk was: Are test practical on surfaces in delivery condition? What are the hydrogen activities of test solutions A and B during free corrosion and cathodic polarization? Can the test be improved by a modification of the test cell dimensions? T2 - Virtual EUROCORR 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Prestressing steels KW - Corrosion KW - Test electrolytes KW - DIN EN ISO 15630-3 KW - Stress corrosion cracking KW - Hydrogen charging KW - Permeation measurements PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53325 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Corrosivity of Atmospheres and the Resulting Corrosion Protection of Galvanized Steel N2 - The investigation of the corrosivity of atmospheres are major target to ensure the durability of metallic structures. Therefore the corrosivity has to be determined and finally, the right material or corrosion protection system has to be chosen. T2 - Intergavla CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung KW - Atmospheric corrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Seifert, Lando A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Innovative Korrosionsprüfung für Beton- und Spannstähle T1 - Test methods for corrosion testing of reinforcing and prestressing steels N2 - Korrosion ist einer der maßgeblichen Schädigungsmechanis-men im Stahlbetonbau und limitiert die Nutzungsdauer vonInfrastrukturbauwerken zum Teil erheblich. Dabei differenziertman zwischen verschiedenen Korrosionsvarianten, Korrosioninfolge Karbonatisierung des Betons, chloridinduzierte Korro-sion an Meerwasserbauwerken oder durch Tausalzbelastungund im Fall von Spannstahlbauwerken kann zusätzlich was-serstoffinduzierte Spannungsrisskorrosion (SpRK) auftreten.Für den Einsatz alternativer Betonstähle wie nichtrostenderBetonstahl gilt es, die Höhe des kritischen korrosionsaus-lösenden Chloridgehalts zu bestimmen. Um diesen für diejeweiligen Betonstähle zu ermitteln, fehlen bislang jedochnormativ geregelte Prüfverfahren. Die Empfindlichkeit vonSpannstählen gegenüber SpRK bedarf gemäß aktueller Nor-mung Langzeit-Auslagerungstests, die eine werkseigeneProduktionskontrolle aufgrund der langen Prüfzeiten nahezuunmöglich machen. Ein neu entwickeltes Prüfverfahren unterAnwendung kathodischer Polarisation, das inzwischen imneusten Entwurf der DIN EN ISO 15630–3 aufgenommenwurde, ermöglicht eine Bewertung der SpRK-Empfindlichkeitfür Spanndrähte innerhalb von 24 Stunden. Die Ergebnissetragen zur Verbesserung der Lebensdauerabschätzung undzur Weiterentwicklung von Normen für korrosionsbeständigeBetonstähle und der Robustheitsbewertung von Spannstählenbei. N2 - Corrosion is a primary damage mechanism in reinforced concrete construction, significantly reducing the service life of infrastructure. A categorisation of corrosion is imperative for the comprehension of the subject. The corrosion of concrete can be attributed to the carbonation process, whilst chloride-induced corrosion is prevalent in structures exposed to seawater or by de-icing salt. Additionaly to the former corrosion processe, prestressing steel structures could be also highly susceptible to hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In order to utilise alternative reinforcing steels, such as stainless reinforcing steel, it is necessary to ascertain the level of critical chloride threshold that can induce corrosion. Nevertheless, there is an absence of standardised test methods for determining this for the respective reinforcing steels to date. Acc. to current standardization, the sensitivity of prestressing steels to chromium content necessitates long-term ageing tests, which impede in-house production control due to the extended testing times. However, a newly developed test method using cathodic polarization, which has now been included in the latest draft of DIN EN ISO 15630–3, makes it possible to assess the susceptibility of prestressing steels to corrosion cracking within 24 hours. The results of this study will contribute to the improvement of service life estimation and the further development of standards for corrosion-resistant reinforcing steels and the robustness assessment of prestressing steels. KW - Korrosion KW - Spannstahl KW - Nichtrostender Betonstahl KW - Corrosion KW - Prestressing steel KW - Stainless reinforcing steel KW - Wasserstoff KW - Spannungsrisskorrosion KW - Lochkorrosion KW - Hydrogen KW - Stress corrosion cracking KW - Pitting corrosion PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/best.202500025 SN - 0005-9900 SN - 1437-1006 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Ernst CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63305 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Performance & Failure Mechanisms of Galvanic Anodes N2 - Galvanic anodes could be used in concrete structures to prevent new anode formation surrounding patch-repaired areas. Therefore so-called galvanic anodes need to be embedded into the fresh concrete with an electroconductive connection to the reinforcement. This anodic area will protect the surrounding reinforcement against forming other anodic areas. T2 - Pre-Consec Workshop 2024 CY - Chennai, India DA - 24.09.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Galvanic anodes KW - Reinforcement KW - Pitting corrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61307 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Breit, W. T1 - Investigation of corrosion product layers in chloride containing mortars - "galvanized reinforcement" N2 - In the case of galvanised steel in mortar or concrete, the corrosion behaviour depends on the ion distribution of the pore solution and the pH value. Therefore, a new approach has been developed to determine the corrosion behaviour by single frequency AC measurements and to determine the B-values to calculate the corrosion current density using the Stern-Geary equation. T2 - ICCRRR 2024 CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 03.11.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Galvanized steel PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61517 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Korrosion von Zink unter variierenden Bedingungen N2 - Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von zink in variierenden Elektrolyten hängt von der Deckschichtstabilität und Resistenz gegenüber dem Elektrolyten ab. Das amphotere Verhalten von Zinkhydroxid führt dazu das Zink in sauren und alkalischen Elektrolyten deutlich höhere Korrosionsraten erfährt als in pH-neutralen leicht alkalischen Elektrolyten. In diesem Vortrag werden verschiedene Anwendungsfälle dargestellt. T2 - Gemeinschaftssitzung des AK atmosphärische Korrosion und Elektrotechnik CY - Online meeting DA - 05.12.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Korrosion KW - Zink PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62010 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Potentialmessung im Stahlbetonbau N2 - Durch das alkalische Porenwassermilieu wird Stahl im Beton durch Ausbildung einer Deckschicht vor Korrosion geschützt. Unter ungünstigen Umgebungsbedingungen (Karbonatisierung, Chlorideintrag) kann die passive Deckschicht auf der Stahloberfläche zerstört werden. Im weiteren Verlauf können sich durch Volumenexpansion der Korrosionsprodukte korrosionsbedingte Folgeschäden, wie Risse und Abplatzungen am Bauwerk ergeben. Um notwendige Sanierungsmaßnahmen sind frühzeitige und weitgehend zerstörungsfrei ermittelte Informationen über das aktuelle Korrosionsverhalten der Stahlbewehrung von großer Bedeutung. Die Potentialfeldmessung ist ein etabliertes und weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Beurteilung des Korrosionszustandes der Bewehrung in Stahlbetonbauwerken. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens können Bereiche aktiv korrodierender Bewehrung zerstörungsfrei lokalisiert werden. In der Regel kommt diese Messmethode bei der Detektion chloridinduzierter Korrosion zum Einsatz. T2 - KKS-Messtechnik CY - Online meeting DA - 26.04.2021 KW - Korrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52529 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Ermittlung kritischer Chloridgehalte in Beton mittels LIBS N2 - Es wurden elektrochemische und LIBS Untersuchungen verwendet um den kritischen Korrosion auslösenden Chloridgehalt in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln zu ermitteln. Ein deutliche Abhängikeit zwischen pH-Wert und Ccrit konnte dabei festgestellt werden. T2 - AK Prüf- und Untersuchungsverfahren CY - Online meeting DA - 18.06.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Ccrit KW - LIBS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50911 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas ED - Isecke, B. ED - Krieger, J. T1 - Detektion korrosionsaktiver Bereiche an Brückenbauwerken aus Stahlbeton mittels Potentialfeldmessung N2 - Durch das alkalische Porenwassermilieu wird Stahl im Beton durch Ausbildung einer Deckschicht vor Korrosion geschützt. Unter ungünstigen Umgebungsbedingungen (Karbonatisierung, Chlorideintrag) kann die passive Deckschicht auf der Stahloberfläche zerstört werden. Im weiteren Verlauf können sich durch Volumenexpansion der Korrosionsprodukte korrosionsbedingte Folgeschäden, wie Risse und Abplatzungen am Bauwerk ergeben. Um notwendige Sanierungsmaß-nahmen sind frühzeitige und weitgehend zerstörungsfrei ermittelte Informationen über das aktuelle Korrosionsverhalten der Stahlbewehrung von großer Bedeutung. Die Potentialfeldmessung ist ein etabliertes und weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Beurteilung des Korrosionszustandes der Bewehrung in Stahlbetonbauwerken. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens können Bereiche aktiv korrodierender Bewehrung zerstörungsfrei lokalisiert werden. In der Regel kommt diese Messmethode bei der Detektion chloridinduzierter Korrosion zum Einsatz. T2 - 4. Brückenkolloquium CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung KW - Corrosion PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-8169-3518-6 SN - 978-3-8169-8518-1 SP - 583 EP - 588 PB - expert CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-51218 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Seifert, Lando A1 - Müller, Thoralf T1 - Stress corrosion test in thiocyanate solution with galvanostatic current N2 - Prüfung von Spannstählen hinsichtlich ihrer Anfälligkeit gegenüber wasserstoffinduzierter Spannungsrisskorrosion in kürzeren Zeiträumen. Gewährleistung der Dauerhaftigkeit mittels neuartiger elektrochemischer Prüfverfahren und galvanostatischer Kontrolle und Wasserstoffbeladung T2 - Meeting ISO TC17 SC16 WG8 CY - Online meeting DA - 11.01.2023 KW - Hydrogen KW - Corrosion PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-56854 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sankaran, Shivasarathy A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Analyzing the performance of discrete galvanic anode systems using electrochemical investigations N2 - Corrosion of reinforcement is one of the major reasons in questioning the service life of building structures. The application of cathodic protection techniques plays a big role in controlling the corrosion process to ensure a longer service life of building structures. This systematic study compares the efficiency and durability of various discrete galvanic zinc anode systems available in the current market using different criteria for measuring efficiency such as potential measurements, electrolyte resistance measurements and several polarization methods to determine the polarizability of the anodes. The results to validate the performance of long-time exposure of discrete zinc anodes in concrete medium are discussed. T2 - EUROCORR 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Corrosion KW - Cathodic Protection KW - Zinc anodes KW - Electrochemical PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Corrosion of Steel in Concrete and Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel N2 - In order to obtain a statement on the corrosion resistance of stainless steel against pitting corrosion, a well-tested measuring arrangement is required. For this purpose, the so-called ECISS test can be used to determine the critical chloride content. This makes it possible to assess the corrosion resistance of various stainless steels that have different chromium contents. T2 - ISO-TC17-SC16-WG13 Expertensitzung CY - Online meeting DA - 11.01.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - Lochkorrosion KW - Chloride induced corrosion KW - Concrete KW - Stainless steel PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boschmann Käthler, C. A1 - Angst, U. A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Elsener, B. T1 - Chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in cracked concrete: the influence of time of wetness on corrosion propagation N2 - Literature data on the influence of concrete cracks on corrosion propagation of reinforcing steel are contradictory. This might be due to very different exposure and test conditions but also to a lack of time-resolved data in cyclic wetting–drying exposure. Here, the influence of the environmental conditions on the corrosion rates in cracked concrete is studied experimentally. The results show that the corrosion rate in cracked concrete depends on the duration of wetting and drying phases and the relative humidity (RH) during the drying phase. The lower the ambient RH in the drying phase, the faster the cracks dry, which depresses the corrosion rate in the periods between the wetting events. A model is proposed to estimate corrosion rates in cracked concrete cyclic wetting/drying exposure. KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Concrete PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/1478422X.2020.1789371 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Taylor Francis Online CY - London AN - OPUS4-50986 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, W. A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Katsumi, N. A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Völker, Tobias T1 - Ion distribution in concrete overlay, mapped by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), modified by an embedded zinc anode N2 - Galvanic corrosion protection by embedded zinc anodes is an accepted technique for the corrosion protection of reinforcing steel in concrete. Galvanic currents flow between the zinc anode and the steel reinforcement due to the potential difference that is in the range of a few hundred mV. The ion distribution was studied on two steel reinforced concrete specimens admixed with 3 wt.% chloride/wt. cement and galvanically protected by a surface applied EZ-anode. On both specimens, a zinc anode was embedded and glued to the concrete surface by a geo-polymer-based chloride-free binder. At one specimen, the EZ-anode was operated for 2,5 years, the EZ-anode at the other specimen was not electrically connected to the reinforcement, this specimen serves as a reference. Both specimens have been stored under identical conditions. The ion distribution between the anode (EZ-ANODE) and cathode (steel reinforcement) was studied by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) after 7 months, 12 months, and 2,5 years. Results of the LIBS studies on the specimen with activated EZ-anode after 7 months, 12 months, and 2,5 years and of the reference specimen after 2,5 years are reported. Results show that diffusion of ions contributes to the changes in the ion distribution but migration, especially of chlorides towards the EZ-anode is significant despite the weak electric field – several hundred millivolts - generated by the galvanic current. Results show that chloride ions accumulate near the zinc-anode as in water-insoluble zinc-hydroxy chlorides - Simonkollite. T2 - ICCRRR 2022 CY - Capetown, South Africa KW - Corrosion KW - LIBS KW - Zinc KW - Anode PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560576 DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236404023 SN - 2261-236X VL - 364 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis AN - OPUS4-56057 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Meist, M. A1 - Michael, O. A1 - Babutzka, M. A1 - Valet, Svenja A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Electrochemical characterization of surfaces of galvanized steels under different exposure conditions using gel electrolytes N2 - The corrosion behavior of galvanized steels and zinc components under atmospheric exposure depends mostly on the corrosion product‐based cover layer formation under the prevailing conditions. The use of agar‐based gel electrolytes makes it possible to use electrochemical methods to obtain a characteristic value from these cover layers that describe their current and future protective capacity. It is shown here that different states of galvanized steel can be distinguished very well under laboratory conditions and that this method is also suitable for use under practical conditions. Based on the characteristic values and assuming future time of wetness, it is very easy to draw up a forecast for the future corrosion rate, which provides plausible values. KW - Materials Chemistry KW - Metals and Alloys KW - Surfaces, Coatings and Films KW - Mechanical Engineering KW - Mechanics of Materials KW - Environmental Chemistry KW - Corrosion KW - Znc PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599234 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202414389 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-59923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Tannert, S. A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Müller, H. T1 - Offshore Weathering Campaign on a North Sea Wind Farm Part One: Corrosivity Categories N2 - The aim of this study is to investigate the corrosion behavior of materials and coatings in offshore environments, with a focus on determining the corrosivity categories at different locations on wind turbines. The collaboration between the authors enabled a 3‐year weathering campaign at the Hohe See and Albatros offshore wind farms in the North Sea. Metal panels were installed on two wind turbines to assess the corrosivity of different atmospheric conditions. Preliminary results indicate significant variations in corrosivity depending on location and material used, suggesting that current standards may not fully reflect real‐world conditions. The results of the study will help to optimize material selection and corrosion protection strategies for offshore wind farms, potentially extending their lifetime and reducing operating costs. KW - Corrosion KW - Offshore KW - Wind PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-628995 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202414711 SN - 1521-4176 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-62899 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Corrosivity of Atmospheres and the Resulting Corrosion Protection of Galvanized Steel N2 - The investigation of the corrosivity of atmospheres are major target to ensure the durability of metallic structures. Therefore the corrosivity has to be determined and finally, the right material or corrosion protection system has to be chosen. T2 - Forschungsbeiratssitzung des GAV CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 06.06.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung KW - Atmospheric corrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Achenbach, R. A1 - Angst, U. A1 - Brem, M. A1 - Dauberschmidt, C. A1 - Eichler, T. A1 - Hariri, K. A1 - Harnisch, J. A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Mayer, T.F. A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Pruckner, F. T1 - Elektrochmische Potentialmessung zur Detektion von Bewehrungsstahlkorrosion N2 - Die Potentialmessung kann zum Auffinden korrosionsaktiver Bereiche neben Stahlbetonbauwerken auch bei Spannbetonbauwerken angewandt werden, die mit Spannstählen im direkten Verbund hergestellt werden. Bei Vorspannsystemen mit metallischen Hüllrohren im nachträglichen Verbund ist eine Aussage über den Korrosionszustand des Hüllrohrs, nicht aber des Spannstahls möglich. Messungen an Spannbetonbauteilen erfordern grundsätzlich die besonderen Kenntnisse eines Spezialisten. KW - Korrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung KW - Corrosion KW - Concrete PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-947971-16-9 VL - Merkblatt B 03 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53091 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Valet, Svenja A1 - Bohlmann, Tatjana A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Zinc acetate containing gel pads for electrochemical measurements of Zn samples N2 - Agar gel pads have been used for electrochemical measurements for some time. For zinc in particular, a standard method for measuring the stability of the corrosion product layer is being established. The main interpretation factor is the corrosion product layer resistance RL, as it is easy to determine and interpret. A high corrosion product layer resistance indicates a high level of protection. However, it is not yet known how low the corrosion product layer resistance is for freshly produced zinc samples. As zinc is highly active, it reacts immediately with the environment to form a corrosion product layer, which affects the corrosion product layer resistance. The addition of zinc acetate to the agar gel pads prevents the formation of a surface layer and destroys existing ones. This makes it possible to measure an almost corrosion product-free zinc surface. This is important in defining the range of corrosion product layer resistance for a protective surface. KW - Electrochemistry KW - General Chemical Engineering KW - Analytical Chemistry KW - Corrosion KW - Zinc KW - Korrosion PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117814 SN - 1572-6657 VL - 948 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Potential mapping at concrete structures N2 - Potentialmapping is an electrochemical measurement for the detection of active corroding reinforcement at concrete structures. T2 - NDT&E Workshop 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 23.06.2023 KW - Corrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57884 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Zur Deckschichtbildung an feuerverzinkten Betonstählen in chloridhaltigen Mörteln N2 - Die Deckschichtbildung an feuerverzinkten Betonstählen in chloridhaltigen Mörteln oder Betonen unterscheidet sich hinsichtlich der Korrosionseigenschaften signifikant von chloridfreien Systemen. Diese Unterschiede wurden in der dargestellten Arbeit dezidiert untersucht und dargestellt, als auch die Wechselwirkung mit dem Mörtel bei direkter Chloridzugabe. T2 - GAV-Forschungbeiratssitzung CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 02.12.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Galvanized steel KW - Korrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62009 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Achenbach, R. A1 - Angst, U. A1 - Dauberschmidt, C. A1 - Eichler, T. A1 - Hariri, K. A1 - Harnisch, J. A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Kosalla, M. A1 - Mayer, T.F. A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Pruckner, F. A1 - Sodeikat, C. T1 - Specification B 12 - Corrosion monitoring in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures N2 - This specification describes how corrosion monitoring is used to check the condition of reinforced and prestressed concrete members. In this specification, the term "corrosion monitoring" covers all methods in which it is possible to continuously track corrosion-relevant variables in the area of stationary, built-in sensors. This specification does not cover other possible methods, such as potential field measurements, involving the use of mobile, portable sensors that are placed temporarily on the membersurface to take measurements. KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Monitoring PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-947971-14-5 SP - 1 EP - 55 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53092 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Formation of Corrosion Product Layers on Galvanized Reinforcement in Chloride Containing Mortar N2 - To study a corrosion system such as galvanized steel in chloride containing mortars, more than just some electrochemical studies are required. The addition of chlorides by direct addition to the water will have an influence on the hardening process and consequently on the pore structure, and the investigation of these influences is necessary. Furthermore, a new approach has been investigated which is able to determine the corrosion rate in less than 30 seconds without influencing the corrosion system by intense polarization. T2 - Eurocorr 2024 CY - Paris, France DA - 01.09.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Galvanized Steel KW - Verzinkt KW - Feuerverzinkt KW - Betonstahl KW - Korrosion PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60968 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Investigation of the influence of iron‐containing abrasives on the corrosion behaviour of the aluminium alloy AlSi1.2Mg0.4 N2 - The corrosion resistance of aluminium surfaces is closely linked to the surfacecstate after a grinding process. For years, iron‐containing abrasive materials were suspected to lead to increased corrosion susceptibility after processing of aluminium surfaces. To prove a possible correlation between the iron content of an abrasive and the corrosion behaviour of aluminium components, scientific investigations and experimentally practical corrosion tests are necessary. For the current investigation, specimens of a technical Al‐Si alloy from the same batch were used. The test specimens were mechanically ground with various resin‐bonded model abrasives containing different iron contents. The performed corrosion tests did not reveal a negative influence of the different iron‐containing abrasives on the corrosion behaviour of the Al–Si alloy. However, the most sensitive measuring method (electrochemical noise) showed differences in the surface activity depending on the type of abrasive. KW - Aluminium KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion testing KW - Grinding PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506762 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202011657 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 1667 EP - 1679 PB - Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Investigations to determine the damage pattern for H-induced stress corrosion cracking at QT prestressing steel N2 - Prestressed steel bridges that were constructed in the past using tempered prestressing steel can develop significant problems with regard to load-bearing capacity under unfavourable conditions during their construction. In particular, hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking during the construction of the bridge structures may have caused cracks in the prestressing tendons, which could lead to the failure of the bridge years later. The presentation specifically addresses the partial collapse of the Carola Bridge in Dresden. T2 - Europäischer Workshop zum Einsturz der Craolabrücke CY - Online meeting DA - 02.12.2025 KW - Corrosion KW - Prestressing steel KW - Stress corrosion cracking KW - Hydrogen embrittlement PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64979 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rütters, H. A1 - Fischer, S. A1 - Le, Quynh A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Maßmann, J. A1 - Ostertag-Henning, C. A1 - Wolf, J. Lennard A1 - Pumpa, M. A1 - Lubenau, U. A1 - Knauer, S. A1 - Jaeger, P. A1 - Neumann, A. A1 - Svensson, K. A1 - Lempp, C. A1 - Menezes, F. A1 - Hagemann, B. T1 - Towards defining reasonable minimum composition thresholds – impacts of variable CO2 stream compositions on transport, injection and storage N2 - The collaborative project “Impacts of impurities in CO2 streams captured from different emitters in a regional cluster on transport, injection and storage (CLUSTER)” aimed to set up recommendations on how to define “reasonable minimum composition thresholds” that CO2 streams should meet when accessing CO2 transport pipeline networks. Within CLUSTER, we investigated potential impacts of CO2 streams with different and temporally variable compositions and mass flow rates along the whole CCS chain. Investigations included, amongst others, impacts on: Corrosion of pipeline steel, pipeline network design and related transport costs, alteration of well bore cements, pressure development and rock integrity, geochemical reactions, and petrophysical and geomechanical rock properties. All investigations are based on a generic CCS chain scenario. In this scenario, CO2 streams are captured from a spatial cluster of eleven emitters and collected in a regional pipeline network. Emitters comprise seven fossil fuel-fired power plants equipped with different capture technologies, two cement plants, one refinery and one integrated iron and steel plant. In total, 19.78 Mio t CO2 (including impurities) are captured in the emitter cluster annually. The combined CO2 stream is transported in a trunk line with a length of 400 km (100 km of these offshore) and is injected into five generic storage structures. The storage reservoirs are saline aquifers of the Buntsandstein. The investigations revealed beneficial and deteriorating impacts of different impurities and combinations thereof. Overall, no fundamental technical obstacles for transporting, injecting and storing CO2 streams of the modelled variable compositions and mass flow rates were observed. Based on the results, the CLUSTER project team recommends not to define “minimum composition thresholds” for CO2 streams as strict threshold values for each individual impurity in the stream. Instead, CO2 stream compositions and variabilities for specific CCS projects should be constrained with regard to a set of parameters including i) the overall CO2 content, ii) maximum contents of relevant impurities or elements, iii) acceptable variability of CO2 stream composition, and iv) impurity combinations to be avoided. T2 - 15th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-15 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.03.2021 KW - Corrosion KW - Impurities KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - Whole-chain CCS scenario KW - Recommendations PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3816427 SP - 1 EP - 18 AN - OPUS4-52418 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Polymer Coatings ‐ A Guide to Chemistry, Characterization, and Selected Applications N2 - This book grew out of a course on polymer coatings held by the author at the university. It shall serve as an introduction to the wide field of polymer coatings. It is not intended to cover completely all facts on polymer coatings. All chapters are well structured. Selected figures and formulas illustrate the content and contribute to a good understandability. At the end of each chapter some hints for further reading are provided. Finally, the book fulfills its intention to introduce into the topic by providing basics on science and technology of polymer coatings, suitable for chemists in industry, materials scientists, polymer chemists and physical chemists. KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Polymer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070024 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - 321 EP - 322 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stoljarova, A. A1 - Regenspurg, S. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Mathiesen, T. A1 - Braüner Nielsen, J. T1 - Effect of lead and copper containing brine on steel materials for geothermal applications – A corrosion study N2 - Geothermal brines often contain high amounts of lead and copper ions that can precipitate as native Cu and Pb as consequence of galvanic corrosion when brines react with carbon steel materials. This contribution evaluates which materials could overcome the problem of galvanic corrosion at geothermal environment. The behavior of these materials in water containing high chloride concentration (> 100 g/L NaCl) as well as various amounts of dissolved bCl2 and/or CuCl2 was characterized by electrochemical and exposure measurements. Both methods reveal carbon steel suffers corrosion susceptibility, accompanied by Cu◦ and/or Pb◦ precipitation on the surface. Electrochemical measurements on stainless steels result in significant difference in corrosion and repassivation potentials (Ecorr = -189 mV, Erep = 70 mV), indicating a good corrosion resistance. KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.102024 SN - 0375-6505 VL - 91 SP - NIL_75 EP - NIL_85 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51976 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Suitability of Metallic Materials in CC(U)S Applications N2 - Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited. (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv). Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content. (0.2 – 20 mm/a). Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents. A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content. Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications. Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior. � (predictable uniform corrosion) For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used. T2 - EUROCORR 2021 CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Carbon capture storage KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - CCS KW - CCU KW - CO2 PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53461 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Study of Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coatings on X20Cr13 in Artificial North German Basin Geothermal Water at 150 °C N2 - Al2O3 has been widely used as a coating in industrial applications due to its excellent chemical and thermal resistance. Considering high temperatures and aggressive mediums exist in geothermal systems, Al2O3 can be a potential coating candidate to protect steels in geothermal applications. In this study, γ-Al2O3 was used as a coating on martensitic steels by applying AlOOH sol followed by a heat treatment at 600 °C. To evaluate the coating application process, one-, two-, and three-layer coatings were tested in the artificial North German Basin (NGB), containing 166 g/L Cl−, at 150 °C and 1 MPa for 168 h. To reveal the stability of the Al2O3 coating in NGB solution, three-layer coatings were used in exposure tests for 24, 168, 672, and 1296 h, followed by surface and cross-section characterization. SEM images show that the Al2O3 coating was stable up to 1296 h of exposure, where the outer layer mostly transformed into boehmite AlOOH with needle-like crystals dominating the surface. Closer analysis of cross-sections showed that the interface between each layer was affected in long-term exposure tests, which caused local delamination after 168 h of exposure. In separate experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed at 150 °C to evaluate the changes of coatings within the first 24 h. Results showed that the most significant decrease in the impedance is within 6 h, which can be associated with the electrolyte penetration through the coating, followed by the formation of AlOOH. Here, results of both short-term EIS measurements (up to 24 h) and long-term exposure tests (up to 1296 h) are discussed. KW - Al2O3 KW - Geothermal KW - Martensitic steels KW - Behmite KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525551 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050526 SN - 2079-6412 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 526 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Buggisch, E. A1 - Schiller, Bernadette Nicole A1 - Beck, M. T1 - Corrosion Study on Wellbore Materials for the CO2 Injection Process N2 - For reliability and safety issues of injection wells, corrosion resistance of materials used needs to be determined. Herein, representative low-cost materials, including carbon steel X70/1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225, were embedded in mortar to mimic the realistic casing-mortar interface. Two types of cement were investigated: (1) Dyckerhoff Variodur commercial Portland cement, representing a highly acidic resistant cement and (2) Wollastonite, which can react with CO2 and become stable under a CO2 stream due to the carbonation process. Exposure tests were performed under 10 MPa and at 333 K in artificial aquifer fluid for up to 20 weeks, revealing crevice corrosion and uniform corrosion instead of expected pitting corrosion. To clarify the role of cement, simulated pore water was made by dispersing cement powder in aquifer fluid and used as a solution to expose steels. Surface analysis, accompanied by element mapping on exposed specimens and their crosssections, was carried out to trace the chloride intrusion and corrosion process that followed. KW - Carbon capture storage KW - CCS KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon steel KW - Aquifer fluid KW - Cement KW - Casing KW - Pitting PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519774 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010115 SN - 2227-9717 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 115 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51977 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzig, A. A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Menneken, M. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Early Stage of Corrosion Formation on Pipeline Steel X70 Under Oxyfuel Atmosphere at Low Temperature N2 - The early stage of corrosion formation on X70 pipeline steel under oxyfuel atmosphere was investigated by applying a simulated gas mixture (CO2 containing 6700 ppmv O2, 100 ppmv NO2, 70 ppmv SO2 and 50 ppmv H2O) for 15 h at 278 K and ambient pressure. Short-term tests (6 h) revealed that the corrosion starts as local spots related to grinding marks progressing by time and moisture until a closed layer was formed. Acid droplets (pH 1.5), generated in the gas atmosphere, containing a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3, were identified as corrosion starters. After 15 h of exposure, corrosion products were mainly X-ray amorphous and only partially crystalline. In-situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) results showed that the crystalline fractions consist primarily of water-bearing iron sulfates. Applying Raman spectroscopy, water-bearing iron nitrates were detected as subordinated phases. Supplementary long-term tests exhibited a significant increase in the crystalline fraction and formation of additional water-bearing iron sulfates. All phases of the corrosion layer were intergrown in a nanocrystalline network. In addition, numerous globular structures have been detected above the corrosion layer, which were identified as hydrated iron sulphate and hematite. As a type of corrosion, shallow pit formation was identified, and the corrosion rate was about 0.1 mma−1. In addition to in-situ EDXRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and interferometry were used to chemically and microstructurally analyze the corrosion products. KW - Corrosion KW - CCUS KW - In-situ ED-XRD KW - CO2 pipeline transport KW - Oxyfuel KW - Carbon steel KW - Impurities PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506303 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8040421 SN - 2227-9717 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 421-1 EP - 421-19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50630 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - A Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel as an Alternative for High Alloyed Materials N2 - Corrosive geothermal brines are a major challenge to geothermal power-plants. For cost reasons, plant designers favorize low alloyed steels, e.g., carbon steel, which are susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic and saline properties. To solve such problem, coatings or inhibitors would be a protective solution as an alternative to the use of high alloyed materials. This study investigated a coating system consisting of polyaniline/silicon dioxide basing on locally available resources. Protection against corrosion of carbon steel is shown by long-term exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels, performed in an artificial acidic and saline geothermal brine, comparable to real conditions at a site in Indonesia. Therefore, an integrated coating system is presented for corrosion protection, combining the electro-chemical functionality of polyaniline and the physical advantages of silica. T2 - European Geothermal Congress CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.10.22 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - Coatings KW - Polyaniniline KW - Silicate PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 7 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-56085 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, R. A1 - Féron, D. A1 - Mills, D. A1 - Ritter, S. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - de Graeve, I. A1 - Dugstad, A. A1 - Grassini, S. A1 - Hack, T. A1 - Halama, M. A1 - Han, E.-H. A1 - Harder, T. A1 - Hinds, G. A1 - Kittel, J. A1 - Krieg, R. A1 - Leygraf, C. A1 - Martinelli, L. A1 - Mol, A. A1 - Neff, D. A1 - Nilsson, J.-O. A1 - Odnevall, I. A1 - Paterson, S. A1 - Paul, S. A1 - Prošek, T. A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Revilla, R. I. A1 - Ropital, F. A1 - Schweigart, H. A1 - Szala, E. A1 - Terryn, H. A1 - Tidblad, J. A1 - Virtanen, S. A1 - Volovitch, P. A1 - Watkinson, D. A1 - Wilms, M. A1 - Winning, G. A1 - Zheludkevich, M. T1 - Corrosion challenges towards a sustainable society N2 - A global transition towards more sustainable, affordable and reliable energy systems is being stimulated by the Paris Agreement and the United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This poses a challenge for the corrosion industry, as building climate‐resilient energy systems and infrastructures brings with it a long‐term direction, so as a result the long‐term behaviour of structural materials (mainly metals and alloys) becomes a major prospect. With this in mind “Corrosion Challenges Towards a Sustainable Society” presents a series of cases showing the importance of corrosion protection of metals and alloys in the development of energy production to further understand the science of corrosion, and bring the need for research and the consequences of corrosion into public and political focus. This includes emphasis on the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions, on the lifetime of infrastructures, implants, cultural heritage artefacts, and a variety of other topics. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion costs KW - Corrosion protection KW - Preventive strategies PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-554801 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202213140 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 73 IS - 11 SP - 1730 EP - 1751 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-55480 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Aristia, Gabriela T1 - Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide Composite-Based Coating for Corrosion Protection in Geothermal Systems N2 - Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest renewable alternatives to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel [1, 2]. Despite its promising future, its implementation faces various challenges, one of them being corrosion processes. To implement this energy, hot fluids are pumped from a geothermal well. These hot fluids originate from deep within the earth, so consist of different ionic species and gases in a wide range of temperatures, which lead to their corrosive nature. In terms of geothermal energy resources, Indonesia is at the forefront, with the highest preserved geothermal energy in the world of about 29 GWe and 312 potential geothermal locations [3]. Geothermal wells in Sibayak (North Sumatera), Indonesia, belong to young stratovolcanoes and have operating temperatures varying from 36 °C at the near ground surface to 310 °C at the bottom of the well, which is liquid-dominated with acidic and saline properties [4, 5]. Therefore, this geothermal fluid creates an aggressive environment that is conducive to corrosion of the powerplant infrastructure. Parts of the geothermal powerplant infrastructure, such as pipelines and heat exchangers, are commonly made of metals, e.g. carbon steel and stainless steel. Consequently, they may undergo corrosion and scaling when exposed to the geothermal fluid, especially for carbon steel. To ensure the safety and longevity of a geothermal powerplant, the infrastructure is constructed of expensive corrosion resistant alloys [6–10], e.g., titanium and Ni-Cr based alloys, or carbon steel which needs to be protected by coatings or inhibitors. To address the corrosion of carbon steel in the geothermal environment, artificial geothermal water was used to simulate a geothermal well in Sibayak, Indonesia, with pH 4 and a saline composition of 1,500 mg/l Cl-, 20 mg/l SO42-, 15 mg/l HCO3-, 200 mg/l Ca2+, 250 mg/l K+, and 600 mg/l Na+. Carbon steel underwent the most severe corrosion at 150°C in an oxygen-containing solution with a corrosion rate of 0.34 mm/year, which is approximately ten times higher than that in the absence of dissolved oxygen. In all conditions, pitting corrosion was observed, which necessitate a protection strategy on carbon steel. In order to promote a cost effective and locally available option, this work focused on an easily applicable coating which utilized local resources. Toward developing such protective coating based on the locally available resources in Indonesia which can yield good corrosion resistance and thermal stability in geothermal environment, two additional components, i.e. polyaniline (PANI) and silicon dioxide, were used to modify an alkyd-based commercial coating. The selection of the alkyd-based coating as a matrix focused on the industrial convenience basis, where the coating application procedure should be simple and easy to apply within reasonable costs. The alkyd-based coating underwent severe blistering when exposed to the artificial geothermal water at 70 and 150°C due to the reaction between CaCO3 (as one of its components) and the artificial geothermal water, as well as a possible alkyd hydrolysis in the initial stage of exposure. In the oxygen-free solution, the degradation was controlled by chemical and thermal reactions, whereas in the aerated condition, oxidization at the coating surface further accelerated polymer degradation. PANI was chosen as one of the anticorrosion pigments which was widely developed over the past decades. To investigate the interaction between PANI and the artificial geothermal water, PANI film was electrochemically deposited on the carbon steel surface and exposed to the artificial geothermal water. Electrochemically synthesized oxalate-doped PANI was protective against corrosion of carbon steel in artificial geothermal water at room temperature. The mechanism involved an exchange of electroactive species within the coating layer, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectra. Interaction of ionic species, such as Cl-, Na+, Ca2+ from the artificial geothermal water, with the outer layer of PANI is suggested both at 25°C and 150°C, based on the EDX spectra of the coating surface after exposure to the artificial geothermal water. Thus, the protection mechanism of PANI is not solely based on the physical barrier layer properties, but rather associated with the redox mediated properties of PANI, which selectively allow ionic species intrusion from the electrolyte into the PANI layer. Although PANI is a promising candidate as an anticorrosion coating, its morphological characterization reveals that electrochemically deposited PANI is not stable for an application at 150°C. Therefore, another approach was used to promote better protective behavior of PANI by dispersing chemically synthesized PANI in the alkyd-based coating. To enhance the thermal stability of the coating, silicon dioxide (SiO2) was added, which was able to prolong the sustainability of coated metals until 28 days compared to the unmodified alkyd-based coating, which underwent a change in color to brown/orange only within 7 days of exposure. This improvement might be associated with the role of SiO2 to proportionate the thermal expansion coefficient of the coating system to be compatible with that of carbon steel. Although the coating is thermally enhanced, the electrolyte might still intrude through the coating resulting in the change of coating color after 28 days of exposure in the artificial geothermal water. When PANI was added, the coating system provided an active corrosion protection on the carbon steel surface. The chemical and morphological characterization of the PANI-alkyd and SiO2-alkyd coating system showed that coatings were improved, and no blisters were observed, albeit the degradation continued. Based on the results of exposure tests, the combined coating system was further investigated. The combinational coating of PANI/SiO2-alkyd was used with 2 wt% of PANI and 15 wt% of SiO2. Electrochemical tests indicated cathodic protection at 150°C, as the Ecorr of PANI/SiO2 remained approximately 400 mV lower than the carbon steel potential. The impedance spectra of the combinational coating of PANI/SiO2 showed a continuous decrease in the absolute impedance value over time. A significant decrease was observed within one day of exposure, followed by a slow gradual decrease, which might be associated with water absorption in the coating. FTIR spectra revealed that several peaks associated with the organic portion of the coatings were reduced after the specimens were exposed for 6 months. However, the absorption peaks related to the inorganic portion of the coatings remained stable until 6 months. Morphological characterization of the combinational coating of PANI/SiO2 showed that there were no blisters or significant discoloration of coatings after long-term exposure for 6 months in artificial geothermal water at 150°C, indicating that the chemical degradation does not significantly affect the functionality of the coating. This clearly shows the durability of PANI/SiO2 coating in the geothermal condition, suggesting that this coating can be used for such geothermal application. However, further testing of this coating should be conducted in a real geothermal environment on-site to ensure safety and viability. KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Polyaniline KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-refubium-26704-6 UR - https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/26704 DO - https://doi.org/10.17169/refubium-26461 SP - 1 EP - 175 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51281 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bender, R. A1 - Féron, D. A1 - Mills, D. A1 - Ritter, S. A1 - de Graeve, I. A1 - Dugstad, A. A1 - Grassini, S. A1 - Hack, T. A1 - Halama, M. A1 - Han, E.-H. A1 - Harder, T. A1 - Hinds, G. A1 - Kittel, J. A1 - Krieg, R. A1 - Leygraf, C. A1 - Martinelli, L. A1 - Mol, A. A1 - Neff, D. A1 - Nilsson, J.-O. A1 - Odnevall, I. A1 - Paterson, S. A1 - Paul, S. A1 - Prosek, T. A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Revilla, R. I. A1 - Ropital, F. A1 - Schweigart, H. A1 - Szala, E. A1 - Therryn, H. A1 - Tidblad, J. A1 - Virtanen, S. A1 - Volovitch, P. A1 - Watkinson, D. A1 - Wilms, M. A1 - Winning, G. A1 - Zheludkevich, M. T1 - La corrosion: un défi pour une société durable N2 - Une transition mondiale vers des systèmes énergétiques plus durables, abordables et fiables a été initiée par l’accord de Paris et l’Agenda 2030 des Nations unies pour un développement durable. Il s’agit là d’un défi industriel majeur car les systèmes et infrastructures énergétiques résilients au changement climatique exigent de se positionner pour le long terme. Se pencher sur le comportement dans la durée des matériaux structurels - principalement des métaux et des alliages - s’impose alors comme une nécessité. Dans cette optique, « La corrosion : un défi pour une société durable »présente une série de cas montrant l’importance de la tenue à la corrosion et de la protection anticorrosion des métaux et des alliages pour le développement de systèmes durables, économiques et fiables de production d’énergie. KW - Corrosion KW - Coûts de la corrosion KW - Protection KW - Anticorrosion KW - Stratégies deprévention PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-cor2000 SN - 2555-5383 VL - 2023 IS - Avril SP - 1 EP - 23 CY - Saint-Denis, France AN - OPUS4-57927 LA - fra AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Study of Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide based Coating on Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine N2 - By using the available resources in Indonesia, such as silicon dioxide and marine coating base, the PANI/SiO2 modified alkyd coating was able to protect carbon steel in a deaerated artificial geothermal water. The screening of coatings shows that the modification by adding individual pigment was not sufficient to protect carbon steel even during a short-term exposure, indicated by the discoloration after only seven days of exposure. Electrochemical tests indicated that there was no significant change in the Ecorr between the coated and uncoated carbon steel at room temperature. At 150 °C, the coated carbon steel has a lower potential than that of carbon steel, indicating that the coating is protecting carbon steel cathodically or slowing down the corrosion reaction. Finally, a long-term exposure test confirmed that the PANI/SiO2 modified coating successfully protects the carbon steel in the Sibayak artificial geothermal water up to 150 °C for 6 months. T2 - World Geothermal Congress CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2021 KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Polyaniline KW - Sibayak KW - SiO2 KW - Geothermal PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Electrochemical behaviors of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 saturated aquifer fluid N2 - To reveal the corrosion resistance of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 injection condition, sandwich samples were prepared and exposed up to 20 weeks in aquifer fluid under 10 MPa and 60 °C. Cross section analysis revealed the crevice corrosion as main mechanism instead of pitting corrosion, which would be expected to happen in the extremely high Chloride concentration. Detailed analysis using EDS line scan shown the slow diffusion of Chloride, suggesting why pitting did not happen after 20 weeks. To mimic the passivated steel surface, the steel coupon was passivated in simulated pore solution having pH 13.5 for 42 days. The passivated coupon was further exposed to NGB solution for 28 days. Electrochemical characterization was performed along the exposure processes to reveal the change in impedance, indicating the corrosion resistance of steel casing/mortar interface. T2 - EUROCORR 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.08.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - CCS PY - 2022 SP - 859 EP - 865 PB - European Federation of Corrosion AN - OPUS4-55622 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Preliminary Study on Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coating for Corrosion Protection of Martensitic Stainless Steel in Artificial Geothermal Water N2 - Al2O3 coatings are often used as protective layers on steels against electrochemical and high-temperature corrosion because they are chemically inert and stable at elevated temperatures. This study presents preliminary work on the possibilities of using Al2O3 sol-gel coatings for corrosion protection of martensitic stainless steels in geothermal environments. Al2O3 sol-gel coatings were applied on UNS S42000, which is known to be susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion. The coated steel specimens were then tested in two types of artificial geothermal water, which simulate the geothermal fluids found in Sibayak (SBY), Indonesia, and North German Basin (NGB), Germany, respectively. SBY has pH 4 and 1.5 g/L of chloride ions, whereas NGB has a pH of 6 and 166 g/L of chloride ions. All experiments were carried out in autoclaves at 150 °C and 1 MPa under the deaerated condition. Evaluations were performed by investigating the surface profiles of both uncoated and coated steels before and after the corrosion test using a Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to compare the corrosion resistance of Al2O3 coated steels in SBY and NGB solutions. It was observed from the corrosion test that Al2O3 coatings are more suitable for use in the geothermal water with a higher pH. T2 - AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 19.04.2021 KW - Protective coating KW - Sol-gel coating KW - Geothermal KW - Martensitic steel KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rütters, H. A1 - Fischer, S. A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Maßmann, J. A1 - Ostertag-Henning, C. A1 - Lennard Wolf, J. A1 - Pumpa, M. A1 - Lubenau, U. A1 - Knauer, S. A1 - Jaeger, P. A1 - Neumann, A. A1 - Svensson, K. A1 - Pöllmann, H. A1 - Lempp, C. A1 - Menezes, F. A1 - Hagemann, B. T1 - Towards Defining Reasonable Minimum Composition Thresholds – Impacts of Variable CO2 Stream Compositions on Transport, Injection and Storage N2 - The collaborative project “Impacts of impurities in CO2 streams captured from different emitters in a regional cluster on transport, injection and storage (CLUSTER)” aimed to set up recommendations on how to define “reasonable minimum composition thresholds” that CO2 streams should meet when accessing CO2 transport pipeline networks. Within CLUSTER, we investigated potential impacts of CO2 streams with different and temporally variable compositions and mass flow rates along the whole CCS chain. Investigations included, amongst others, impacts on: • corrosion of pipeline steel, • pipeline network design and related transport costs, • alteration of well bore cements, • pressure development and rock integrity, • geochemical reactions, and • petrophysical and geomechanical rock properties. All investigations are based on a generic CCS chain scenario. In this scenario, CO2 streams are captured from a spatial cluster of eleven emitters and collected in a regional pipeline network. Emitters comprise seven fossil fuel-fired power plants equipped with different capture technologies, two cement plants, one refinery and one integrated iron and steel plant. In total, 19.78 Mio t CO2 (including impurities) are captured in the emitter cluster annually. The combined CO2 stream is transported in a trunk line with a length of 400 km (100 km of these offshore) and is injected into five generic storage structures. The storage reservoirs are saline aquifers of the Buntsandstein. The investigations revealed beneficial and deteriorating impacts of different impurities and combinations thereof. Overall, no fundamental technical obstacles for transporting, injecting and storing CO2 streams of the modelled variable compositions and mass flow rates were observed. Based on the results, the CLUSTER project team recommends not to define “minimum composition thresholds” for CO2 streams as strict threshold values for each individual impurity in the stream. Instead, CO2 stream compositions and variabilities for specific CCS projects should be constrained with regard to a set of parameters including i) the overall CO2 content, ii) maximum contents of relevant impurities or elements, iii) acceptable variability of CO2 stream composition, and iv) impurity combinations to be avoided. T2 - The 15th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.03.2021 KW - Corrosion KW - Impurities KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - Whole-chain CCS scenario KW - Recommendations PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3816427 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Elservier AN - OPUS4-52940 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zekhnini, Khalid A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Seifert, Lando A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Investigation of corrosion behavior of S355 steel in artificial seawater and sediment N2 - The safe operation of offshore wind turbines places high demands on corrosion protection. This is particularly the case about the planned future extension of the service life beyond 25 years. The highly corrosive environment towards metallic materials leads to a loss of material thickness of the tower structure and thus to a deterioration of mechanical properties. This can be counteracted by corrosion protection measures adapted to the respective load case, such as organic coatings and cathodic corrosion protection (CCP). Much research has already been done in this area about inhibiting the corrosion process and there are regulations and guidelines that specify requirements for corrosion protection to achieve the required service lives. However, gaps exist regarding free corrosion. This plays a greater role especially for time intervals during the installation of the plants and their maintenance, during which often no CCP can be operated. This applies to the exposure areas in the underwater and sediment area. This problem is intensified by the difficult to estimate corrosion rates caused by the different zones, with their different amounts of dissolved oxygen and the various influencing factors. This paper deals with experiments conducted in a laboratory container with artificial seawater and sediment in basins. T2 - AMPP Annual Conference + Expo 2025 CY - Nashville, TN, USA DA - 06.04.2025 KW - Seawater KW - Sediment KW - Corrosion KW - Offshore KW - Foundation KW - Element current PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.5006/C2025-00002 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - AMPP CY - Houston TX USA AN - OPUS4-62963 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Corrosion‐Resistant Linings and Coatings N2 - This book introduces to aspects to be considered when dealing with coatings and linings. Philip A. Schweitzer covers and compares a variety of specific coatings and their applications. In 18 chapters he divided the content into two main parts: linings and coatings. All professionals involved in design and maintenance processes get by this book a compact survey of necessary considerations which needs to be done when applying surface protection measures. The literature references at the end of some chapters support the readers finding additional information about the special topic, mainly written by the author himself. Since this newly issued paperback edition is a 1:1 re‐print of the 2001 hardcover version, neither current publications are referenced, nor revisions were made. KW - Corrosion KW - Lining KW - Coating KW - Elastomer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070094 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 9 SP - 1592 EP - 1593 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51167 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Investigation of corrosion behavior of S355 steel in artificial seawater and sediment N2 - The safe operation of offshore wind turbines places high demands on corrosion protection. This is particularly the case about the planned future extension of the service life beyond 25 years. The highly corrosive environment towards metallic materials leads to a loss of material thickness of the tower structure and thus to a deterioration of mechanical properties. This can be counteracted by corrosion protection measures adapted to the respective load case, such as organic coatings and cathodic corrosion protection (CCP). Much research has already been done in this area about inhibiting the corrosion process and there are regulations and guidelines that specify requirements for corrosion protection to achieve the required service lives. However, gaps exist regarding free corrosion. This plays a greater role especially for time intervals during the installation of the plants and their maintenance, during which often no CCP can be operated. This applies to the exposure areas in the underwater and sediment area. This problem is intensified by the difficult to estimate corrosion rates caused by the different zones, with their different amounts of dissolved oxygen and the various influencing factors. This paper deals with experiments conducted in a laboratory container with artificial seawater and sediment in basins. T2 - AMPP Annual Conference + Expo 2025 CY - Nashville, TN, USA DA - 07.04.2025 KW - Seawater KW - Sediment KW - Corrosion KW - Offshore KW - Foundation KW - Element current PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62964 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Kohl, Anka T1 - Short-term exposure tests of ɣ-Al2O3 Sol-gel coating on X20Cr13 in artificial geothermal waters with different pH N2 - The suitability of an Al2O3 coating for corrosion protection on X20Cr13 was evaluated in various artificial geothermal brines, focusing on the influence of different pH (4, 6 and 8) and their chemical compositions on the coating properties. All experiments were performed in the laboratory using autoclaves at 150 ◦C and 1 MPa in deaerated condition for 1 and 7 days. Results showed that the pH of geothermal waters is the most detrimental factor in the transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 and its protective abilities. Delaminations were found in the Coating exposed to geothermal brines with pH 4. FTIR spectra indicated a transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 to boehmite AlOOH after exposure to pH 4 and 6, and bayerite Al(OH)3 was formed after exposure to pH 8. Different Crystal structures of the hydrated Al2O3 also contribute to the stability of the coatings, observed by the SEM- EDX of the surface and cross-section of coatings. This study indicated that ɣ-Al2O3 sol-gel coating presents a promising aspect of corrosion protection in geothermal environment with a neutral pH. KW - Al2O3 KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Martensitic steel PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102193 SN - 0375-6505 VL - 96 SP - 102193 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-52931 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Determination of Corrosivity: Approach according to UN Regulations N2 - “Corrosive to Metals” (H290) describes the general potential danger of a substance to metallic materials. Uniform and localized attack is considered. It has nothing to do with containment material. Corrosion resistance of materials is determined similarly, but with much lower threshold values. Manual shall provide a simple test to easily determine the aggressivity potential to cause corrosion on metallic materials. Even a simple test requires experienced personnel. There seems to be a need of awareness and understanding training for both officials and applicants. T2 - ECHA GHS Training CY - Online meeting DA - 16.03.2021 KW - Corrosivity KW - Dangerous good KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Components in CO2-stream, corrosive to Materials to be Used in CC(U)S Applications N2 - CO2 quality specifications are not only a matter of CO2 purity (i.e. CO2 content). The “rest” also matters, in particular contents of reactive impurities affecting material corrosion (and rock alteration). Also chemical reactions in CO2 stream needs to be considered, in particular when combining CO2 streams of different compositions. T2 - WCO Forum at AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 26.04.2021 KW - Carbon capture storage KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Influence of Precipitating Brine Components on Materials Selection for Geothermal Applications N2 - By exposure and electrochemical tests in the laboratory the Cu- and Pb-effect on corrosion behavior and performance of carbon steel and a corrosion resistant alloy could be assessed. Critical material specific properties were determined by static exposure and electrochemical tests in artificial geothermal water with high salinity and low pH, containing Cu/Pb. It could be shown that significant Cu- resp. Pb-deposition and precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. Corrosion resistant alloys (e. g. Cr- and Ni-dominated stainless steels) prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration resp. Pb-deposition. Therefore, they are suitable to be chosen for future design of geothermal piping system, either in massive or in cladded form. Regarding corrosion, formation of crevices with non-metallic materials shall be avoided. So, in addition to its already known limited corrosion resistance, carbon steel shall not be used when copper or lead species are content of the geothermal brine. Otherwise precipitation and/or deposition of metallic copper resp. lead must be expected, increasing the susceptibility of clogging the piping system. From the interactions and pitting corrosion point of view, corrosion resistant alloys (preferably Ni-rich) seem to be most favorable when selecting materials for applications in such geothermal brines. T2 - World Geothermal Congress CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2021 KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52829 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Stoljarova, A. A1 - Regenspurg, S. T1 - Influence Of Brine Precipitates On Materials Performance In Geothermal Applications N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin. The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water. Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation. T2 - AMPP Annual 2023 Conference CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 19.03.2023 KW - Geothermal KW - Electrochemistry KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - AMPP CY - Houston TX USA AN - OPUS4-57233 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Materials interactions in geothermal plants – not just an aspect of durability N2 - High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable for high saline geothermal fluids and do not cause copper or lead deposition. They shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if crevices formation with non-metallic materials can be prevented! Otherwise Ni-based alloys or Ti shall be selected. T2 - IFPEN Webinar "Corrosion in geothermal energy production" CY - Online meeting DA - 26.06.2025 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - Electrochemistry PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63528 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - A Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel as an Alternative for High Alloyed Materials N2 - The screening of coatings shows that the modification by adding individual pigment was not sufficient to protect carbon steel even during a short-term exposure, indicated by the discoloration after only seven days of exposure. Electrochemical tests indicated that the coating cathodically protects carbon steel or slows down the corrosion reaction. A long-term exposure test confirmed that the PANI/SiO2 modified coating successfully protects the carbon steel in the Sibayak artificial geothermal water at 150 °C for 6 months. T2 - European Geothermal Congress CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.10.22 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - Coatings KW - Polyaniniline KW - Silicate PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56084 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Science, Technology and Applications of Metals in Additive Manufacturing N2 - Often 3D‐printing and additive manufacturing are mentioned as the 3rd industrial revolution. In this conjunction this book provides a brief overview on additively manufactured metal pieces. This book fulfills its intension to serve as an educational guide, providing a holistic picture encompassing science, technology and applications for the real‐life use of Metal Additive Manufacturing. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Corrosion KW - Material properties PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070114 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 1929 EP - 1930 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Metallic Materials in Geothermal Applications N2 - Evaluation of corrosion resistance of metallic materials is essential to assure safe and reliable operation of geothermal sites. One need to be aware that corrosion is not a material's but a system property, determined by medium, material and construction aspects. Various corrosion types have to be evaluated. Conditions in laboratory shall reflect on-site reality. Depending on brine composition and temperature suitability of metallic materials can be ranked. Most important outcome of the research is that highly saline geothermal brines require high alloyed materials, for safe long-term operation. T2 - Geothermal Essentials - Moving Geothermal Forward in Canada: Scaling and Corrosion (Surface Facilities) CY - Online Webinar DA - 16.03.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - Steel PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54482 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Corrosion Effects on Materials Considered for CC(U)S Applications N2 - Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited. (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv) Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content. (0.2 – 20 mm/a) Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents. A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content. Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications. Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior (predictable uniform corrosion). For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used. T2 - EFC Webinar CY - Online Meeting (Chongqing, China) DA - 18.05.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - CO2 quality KW - CO2 KW - CCS KW - CCU KW - Pipeline PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54854 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Integrated Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine N2 - Corrosive geothermal brines are a major challenge to geothermal power-plants. For cost reasons, plant designers prefer to use carbon and low alloyed steels, which are susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic and saline properties. To solve such problem, coatings or inhibitors would be a protective solution as an alternative to the use of high alloyed materials. This study investigated a coating system consisting of polyaniline/silicon dioxide based on resources locally available in Indonesia. Protection against corrosion of carbon steel was shown by long-term (28 day) exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels, performed in an artificial acidic and saline geothermal brine, comparable to the conditions encountered at a site in Indonesia. Therefore, an integrated coating system is proposed for corrosion protection, combining the electrochemical functionality of polyaniline and the physical advantages of silica. T2 - AMPP International Corrosion Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 06.03.2022 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Polyaniline KW - Silicon dioxide PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 11 CY - Houston TX (USA) AN - OPUS4-54451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Deposition of Brine Components on Materials in Geothermal Conditions T1 - ОСАЖДЕНИЕ КОМПОНЕНТОВ ГЕОТЕРМИЧЕСКИХ ВОД НА МАТЕРИАЛЫ В ГЕОТЕРМАЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin. The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water. Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation. N2 - Поскольку геотермальные скважины являются реальным источником энергии для замены поставок ископаемого топлива, было разработано множество технологий для использования преимуществ геотермальной энергии. Тем не менее, условия эксплуатации на геотермальных установках во многих случаях являются экстремальными с точки зрения коррозии из-за химического состава гидротермальных жидкостей и температур. Таким образом, выбор материалов на основе предварительной квалификации имеет важное значение для обеспечения безопасной и надежной работы геотермальных объектов. Во время работы исследовательской установки в Грос Шёнебек (Groß Schönebeck) в скважине было обнаружено воздействие меди и свинца. Необходимо изучить возникшие механизмы и меры для предотвращения депозиции или образования коррозии, а также потенциальное влияние таких осаждений на коррозионную стойкость металлов, используемых для оборудования. Этот доклад посвящен оценке коррозионного поведения углеродистой стали и коррозионно-стойких сплавов в геотермальной воде, содержащей медь и / или свинец, моделирующей условия в Северогерманском бассейне (North German basin). Представлено поведение этих металлических материалов в геотермальной воде, полученной путем электрохимических измерений и испытаний на воздействие. В то время как углеродистая сталь демонстрирует коррозию и отложения, высоколегированный материал демонстрирует более высокую стойкость в соленой геотермальной воде. На основании этих результатов пригодность исследуемого коррозионно-стойкого сплава дана для использования в данных условиях, тогда как углеродистая сталь создает трудности из-за ее восприимчивости к депозиции солей меди и свинца. T2 - ХV International Conference Problems of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Materials “CORROSION-2020” CY - Online meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Geothermal PY - 2020 UR - http://www.ipm.lviv.ua/corrosion2020/ AN - OPUS4-51438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Electrochemical behaviors of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 saturated aquifer fluid N2 - To reveal the corrosion resistance of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 injection condition, sandwich samples were prepared and exposed up to 20 weeks in aquifer fluid under 10 MPa and 60 °C. Cross section analysis revealed the crevice corrosion as main mechanism instead of pitting corrosion despite very high concentration of Cl in NGB. EDS element line scan analysis of the 20-week-exposed metal/mortar coupon showed Chloride distribution, which still not reached the metal/mortar interface, explaining no pitting was observed. It was confirmed that FeCO3 cannot protect the steel surface in CO2 saturated NGB. To verify the protective possibility of passivation happened on casing steel/mortar interface, simulated pore solution was synthesized and used to passivate the steel for 42 days. OCP and EIS confirmed the formation of passive layer. The 42 day passivated layer was broken during the first minute of exposure in CO2 saturated NGB. However, due to high concentration of Ca2+, a new carbonate CaCO3 dense layer was formed, increased the corrosion resistance of steel surface. T2 - EUROCORR 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.08.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - CO2 KW - Mortar PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55621 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Influence of brine components on materials performance in geothermal applications N2 - Significant Cu-deposition and ‑precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Pb-deposition and ‑precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. No negative Pb-effect could be observed in combination with high-alloyed steels. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if formation of crevices with non-metallic materials can be excluded! T2 - EUROCORR 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.08.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - Copper PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55624 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Influence Of Brine Precipitates On Materials Performance In Geothermal Applications N2 - Significant Cu-deposition and precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Pb-deposition and precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. No negative Pb-effect could be observed in combination with high-alloyed steels. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, to prevent unwanted interactions with brine components. T2 - AMPP Annual 2023 Conference CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 19.03.2023 KW - Geothermal KW - Electrochemistry KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57237 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Integrated Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine N2 - Corrosive geothermal brines are a major challenge to geothermal power-plants. For cost reasons, plant designers prefer to use carbon and low alloyed steels, which are susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic and saline properties. To solve such problem, coatings or inhibitors would be a protective solution as an alternative to the use of high alloyed materials. This study investigated a coating system consisting of polyaniline/silicon dioxide based on resources locally available in Indonesia. Protection against corrosion of carbon steel was shown by long-term (28 day) exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels, performed in an artificial acidic and saline geothermal brine, comparable to the conditions encountered at a site in Indonesia. Therefore, an integrated coating system is proposed for corrosion protection, combining the electrochemical functionality of polyaniline and the physical advantages of silica. T2 - AMPP International Corrosion Conference 2022 CY - San Antonio, TX, USA DA - 08.03.2022 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Polyaniline KW - Silicon dioxide PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54452 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Suitability of Metallic Materials in CC(U)S Applications N2 - Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology to reach the target for reduction of CO2 emissions, e.g. from fossil-fuel operated power plants or cement mills. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS procedure are reliability and cost efficiency of the whole process chain, including separation of CO2 from the source, compression of CO2, its subsequent transportation to the injection site and injection into geological formations, e.g. aquifers. Most components that are in contact with CO2-stream consist of steel. Depending on the operating conditions (e.g. temperature, pressure, and CO2-stream composition) specific suitable steels should be used. The compressed CO2-stream is likely to contain process specific impurities; small amounts of SO2 and NO2 in combination with oxygen and water are most harmful. One approach, as currently preferred by pipeline operators, is to clean the CO2-stream to such levels, acceptable for carbon steel, commonly used as pipeline material. Another consideration would be, to use more corrosion resistant alloys for CO2-streams with higher amounts of impurities. Due to the absence of certified benchmarks for upper limits, systematic experiments with impurities in the CO2-stream were carried out reflecting mainly transport and injection conditions. Within the COORAL project (German acronym for “CO2 purity for capture and storage”) levels of impurities in the CO2-stream, being acceptable when using specific steels, were evaluated. Material exposure to dense or multiphase carbon dioxide (CO2) containing specific amounts of water vapor, oxygen (O2) sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) can be a challenge to steels. In some situations, condensation of impurities and reaction products from the CO2 stream can occur. CO2 saturated brine is supposed to rise in the well when the injection process is interrupted. The material selection shall ensure that neither CO2 nor brine or a combination of both will leak out of the inner tubing. This COORAL-work was extended by a follow-up project, called CLUSTER. Here the additional influence of impurities was investigated when merging CO2 streams from different sources, combined within a “so-called” cluster. Results are summarized within the following table regarding suitability for different parts of the process chain. T2 - EUROCORR 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Carbon capture storage KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - CCS KW - CCU KW - CO2 PY - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-53460 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Corrosion Atlas Case Studies - 2019 Edition N2 - This edition, published as first issue within the series “Corrosion Atlas”, provides 181 corrosion case studies, collected from 29 contributors. These Corrosion Atlas Case Studies provide a helpful tool required for engineers in their daily life to quickly determine and solve their equipment's corrosion problems by compact theoretical background and vivid examples. It fulfills the intension of the editors to be “the first centralized collection of case studies containing challenges paired directly with solutions together in one location”. KW - Corrosion KW - Failure KW - Water-bearing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070054 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 859 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50757 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Valet, Svenja A1 - Bohlmann, Tatjana A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - pH sensitive gel pads for the visualization of anodes and cathodes on zinc N2 - Zinc and zinc alloys have many applications. Zinc corrosion takes place in the atmosphere and is assumed to follow the water drop theory (a macroelement), in which the anode is at the centre of the drop and is surrounded by a cathode. This paper is the first to use gel electrolytes made of agar to visualize anodic and cathodic areas on zinc samples in order to examine the water drop theory. For that, agar gels were added with universal pH indicators, as the anode and cathode exhibit different pH values. In this paper, different amounts of pH indicators were tested to determine whether the indicator influences the potential, the impedance, phase shift, corrosion current and potential and corrosion layer resistance. KW - Corrosion KW - Zinc KW - Gel electrolyte PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148134 SN - 0013-4686 VL - 551 SP - 1 EP - 21 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65308 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa T1 - Preliminary Study on Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coating for Corrosion Protection of Martensitic Stainless Steel in Artificial Geothermal Water N2 - Al2O3 coatings are often used as protective layers on steels against electrochemical and high-temperature corrosion because they are chemically inert and stable at elevated temperatures. This study presents preliminary work on the possibilities of using Al2O3 sol-gel coatings for corrosion protection of martensitic stainless steels in geothermal environments. Al2O3 sol-gel coatings were applied on UNS S42000, which is known to be susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion. The coated steel specimens were then tested in two types of artificial geothermal water, which simulate the geothermal fluids found in Sibayak (SBY), Indonesia, and North German Basin (NGB), Germany, respectively. SBY has pH 4 and 1.5 g/L of chloride ions, whereas NGB has a pH of 6 and 166 g/L of chloride ions. All experiments were carried out in autoclaves at 150 °C and 1 MPa under the deaerated condition. Evaluations were performed by investigating the surface profiles of both uncoated and coated steels before and after the corrosion test using a Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to compare the corrosion resistance of Al2O3 coated steels in SBY and NGB solutions. It was observed from the corrosion test that Al2O3 coatings are more suitable for use in the geothermal water with a higher pH. T2 - AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 19.04.2021 KW - Protective coating KW - Sol-gel coating KW - Geothermal KW - Martensitic steel KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 SP - 16777-01 EP - 16777-12 CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-52501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Compatibility of polymers exposed to heating oil blends with 10 % and 20 % biodiesel (FAME) N2 - Biodiesel (FAME) from rapeseed is an environmentally friendly alternative to common fossil fuels. It is also suitable to serve as blending component to fuels like heating oil. If the fuel composition is changed, materials compatibility must be guaranteed. Adding polar biodiesel to nonpolar heating oil, changes the blend’s solvency and might cause swelling, extraction and solvation of polymers. The objective of this research was to investigate the compatibility of polymeric materials, which are commonly used for components in middle distillate facilities, along with blends of heating oil and 20 % biodiesel (B20). For this propose, ACM, HNBR, FKM, PE, PA 6, POM, PUR and PVC were exposed to heating oil and B20 for 42 and 84 days at 40 °C. In addition, the polymers HNBR, FKM, PA, POM and PVC were also exposed at 70 °C. Furthermore, the resistance of polymers in eight-year aged B10 at 40 °C was evaluated. Ageing of biodiesel increases acidity which might propagate polymer corrosion. The materials were evaluated as resistant, if the loss in tensile properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) and Shore hardness remained under 15 % compared to the initial unexposed material values. For investigations under compressed conditions, the compression set was determined for specimens of ACM, FKM and HNBR after exposure in heating oil B0 and B20 for 3,7,14, 28, 56 and 90 days at 40 °C according to ISO 815-1. It was found that the resistance in B20 at 40 °C was given for all tested polymers except PUR. In the 8 years aged B10, PUR and POM were not compatible and ACM just conditionally compatible. At 70 °C, FKM and PVC were resistant in B20, whereas HNBR and PA 6 were not compatible. Swelling occurred for the elastomers ACM, HNBR and PUR. T2 - AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference CY - Online Meeting DA - 19.04.2021 KW - Biodiesel KW - FAME KW - RME KW - Polymer in fuels KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Stoljarova, A. A1 - Regenspurg, S. T1 - Influence of Precipitating Brine Components on Materials Selection for Geothermal Applications N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin. The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water. Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation. T2 - World Geothermal Congress CY - Online meeting DA - 30.03.2021 KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-52828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rütters, R. T1 - Towards defining reasonable minimum composition thresholds – impacts of variable CO2 stream compositions on transport, injection and storage N2 - The collaborative project “Impacts of impurities in CO2 streams captured from different emitters in a regional cluster on transport, injection and storage (CLUSTER)” aimed to set up recommendations on how to define “reasonable minimum composition thresholds” that CO2 streams should meet when accessing CO2 transport pipeline networks. Within CLUSTER, we investigated potential impacts of CO2 streams with different and temporally variable compositions and mass flow rates along the whole CCS chain. Investigations included, amongst others, impacts on: Corrosion of pipeline steel, pipeline network design and related transport costs, alteration of well bore cements, pressure evelopment and rock integrity, geochemical reactions, and petrophysical and geomechanical rock properties. All investigations are based on a generic CCS chain scenario. In this scenario, CO2 streams are captured from a spatial cluster of eleven emitters and collected in a regional pipeline network. Emitters comprise seven fossil fuel-fired power plants equipped with different capture technologies, two cement plants, one refinery and one integrated iron and steel plant. In total, 19.78 Mio t CO2 (including impurities) are captured in the emitter cluster annually. The combined CO2 stream is transported in a trunk line with a length of 400 km (100 km of these offshore) and is injected into five generic storage structures. The storage reservoirs are saline aquifers of the Buntsandstein. The investigations revealed beneficial and deteriorating impacts of different impurities and combinations thereof. Overall, no fundamental technical obstacles for transporting, injecting and storing CO2 streams of the modelled variable compositions and mass flow rates were observed. Based on the results, the CLUSTER project team recommends not to define “minimum composition thresholds” for CO2 streams as strict threshold values for eachindividual impurity in the stream. Instead, CO2 stream compositions and variabilities for specific CCS projects should be constrained with regard to a set of parameters including i) the overall CO2 content, ii) maximum contents of relevant impurities or elements, iii) acceptable variability of CO2 stream composition, and iv)impurity combinations to be avoided. T2 - 15th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-15 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.03.2021 KW - Corrosion KW - Impurities KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - Whole-chain CCS scenario KW - Recommendations PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Metallic Materials for Geothermal Applications N2 - The aim of the work presented was the evaluation of corrosion resistance of various materials in geothermal Waters as a base to create a catalogue of suitable materials for applications in (not only) German geothermal power plants. Users shall be enabled to have a basis for designing such facilities. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and do not cause copper or lead deposition. They shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if crevices formation with non-metallic materials can be prevented! T2 - IFPEN-Workshop: Corrosion in Low-Carbon Energies CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Saline brine PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Materials Handbook–A Concise Desktop Reference N2 - This concise reference book,consisting of 2 volumes, provides “key scientific and technical properties and data” for “materials scientists, metallurgists, engineers,chemists, and physicists as well as academic staff, technicians, and students” dealing with such kind of materials. Within its 3rd edition the previous work was extended by a chapter on occupational health and safety issues of materials, beside of the update of whole content. Within 22 chapters materials properties and data are summarized in many tables. Some facts are illustrated by drawings and diagrams for better understandability. Each chapter ends with a part on further reading arranged accordingly. KW - Corrosion KW - Materials KW - Corrosivity KW - Resistance PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070034 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 509 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50489 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seifert, Lando T1 - Review: Steel‐Reinforced Concrete Str‐uctures: Assessment and Repair of Corrosion N2 - In 2019 CRC Press published the "Steel‐Reinforced Concrete Structures" as a paperback. This book does not vary in terms of content from the hardback publication of 2008. But it is first reviewed here in corrosion news. The book provides eight of nine chapters in which the author discusses technical aspects of assessment and repair of steel‐reinforced concrete structures. To sum up, this book is recommended for students and people involved with the assessment and repair of reinforced‐concrete structures, who want to get a quick introduction into the different aspects of the field. Readers also learn much about the economic interactions besides the topic. However, for experienced technicians and corrosion experts, this book may not be exact enough in both the electrochemical description of deterioration processes and the practical aspects of repair and control methods. Despite that, the discussions of the author are scientifically correct. KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070084 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 8 SP - 1408 EP - 1409 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51075 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Seifert, Lando T1 - Review: Concrete Repair to EN 1504: Diagnosis, Design, Principles and Practice N2 - In 2019 CRC Press published the “Concrete Repair to EN 1504” as paperback. This issue does not differ in terms of content from the hardback publication of 2014. Like the previous version, the book covers both detailed background information on repair procedures of reinforced concrete structures and provides a reference work for technicians and people who are involved with the maintenance of these structures, according to EN 1504. The book presents a high number of figures and tables, i.e., approximately one illustration per page. For readers who prefer a more comfortable to handle paperback, the book is recommended; however, the hardback from 2014 is still up‐to‐date. KW - Corrosion KW - Concrete KW - Bridge PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070064 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 1036 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50838 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa T1 - CO2-stream impurities and their effects on corrosion susceptibility of materials to be used in CCUS systems N2 - Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology to reach the target for reduction of CO2 emissions. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS system are reliability and cost efficiency of the whole process chain, including separation of CO2 from the source, compression of CO2, its subsequent transportation to the injection site and injection into geological formations, e.g. aquifers. Recent studies have shown that even at a very low concentration of impurities, condensation of sulfuric and nitric acids in dense phase CO2 are possible and observable. Thus, impact of impure CO2 stream toward corrosion susceptibility of materials to be used in CCUS system need to be considered. In this talk, basing on results achieved from two German long-term projects (COORAL and CLUSTER), the dominating impurities of the CO2 stream and corrosion mechanisms are addressed. Investigations cover the whole CCUS process chain and provide a material recommendation for certain parts. T2 - Corrosion in Low-Carbon Energies - IFPEN-Lyon CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Corrosion KW - CCUS KW - Carbon dioxide PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Corrosion of Linings and Coatings: Cathodic and Inhibitor Protection and Corrosion Monitoring N2 - This paperback issue of the 2007 hardcover version within the “Corrosion Engineering Handbook” series presents various materials and methods for controlling and protecting against corrosion instead of using expensive alloys to construct a tank or processing vessel. This book is a very comprehensive collection of the current knowledge about applied linings and coatings. So, it fulfills its intension, “that regardless of what is being built, … information for … whoever is responsible for the selection of material of construction will be found in this book to enable them to avoid unnecessary loss of material through corrosion”, to a very large extent. KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Lining KW - Cathodic protection PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070104 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 1756 EP - 1757 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Materials Informatics -Metals, Tools and Applications N2 - Since data processing has now also found its way into materials science, there has been a great demand from users for a corresponding textbook. This book provides a guide to the latest advances of materials informatics and data mining for materials science. 46 authors introduce readers to methods, present tools and case studies to illustrate the power of materials informatics within this new field of application. KW - Corrosion KW - Materials behavior PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070114 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 1928 EP - 1929 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51513 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Study of Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide based Coating on Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine N2 - Geothermal brines are corrosive in nature because of their salt contents and high temperatures. Therefore, they pose a major challenge to geothermal power-plants, which are mostly built of low alloyed steels, e.g., carbon steel. Carbon steel is susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic-saline properties. To overcome this limitation, geothermal power plants should be built by either high alloyed materials or by integrating protection systems on carbon steel, such as coatings and inhibitors. We studied a coating system containing polyaniline/silicon dioxide basing on locally available resources that provides protection against corrosion of carbon steel and enhance the thermal resistance in geothermal environments. Here, exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels were performed in an artificial geothermal brine. The solution had a pH of 4, with the composition of 1,500 mg/L of chlorides, which is based on the chemical analysis of geothermal brine found in Sibayak, Indonesia. All exposure tests were conducted using autoclaves at 150 °C with a total pressure of 1 MPa, which was performed for up to six months to evaluate the durability of the coating system. Post-experimental analyses were performed by assessing the surface of specimens using optical and electron microscopes. On the other hand, electrochemical tests were performed for seven days at 25 °C and 150 °C to investigate the kinetics of electrochemical reactions by measuring open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectra. Experimental results showed the corrosion resistance of PANI/SiO2 composite coatings, where polyaniline and SiO2 play their roles as stabilizers. T2 - World Geothermal Congress CY - Online meeting DA - 30.03.2021 KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Polyaniline KW - Sibayak KW - SiO2 PY - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-52830 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henning, Ricky A1 - Sturm, Patrick A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Corrosion of hybrid alkaline cements in saline solution simulating evaporite rock – effect of the Portland clinker content N2 - Two hybrid alkaline cements (HAC) based on Portland clinker, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash and sodium sulfate, as well as an alkali-activated GGBFS/fly ash blend and a Portland cement paste were exposed to a saturated saline solution for 70 days. The combined chemical attack of chloride, magnesium and sulfate ions and the associated changes of the phase assemblage of the materials were studied by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and spatially resolved X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The experimental results revealed dissolution of ettringite, C-N-A-S-H and calcite, and the formation of gypsum, Kuzel's salt and Friedel's salt; thermodynamic modeling indicated the formation of M-S-H. The resistance of the HAC against attack by the saline solution increased with Portland clinker fraction. The capacity of portlandite to maintain pH at values above 10 is found to be a major factor controlling the resistance of HAC against corrosion in the saline solution. KW - Hybrid cements KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Magnesium chloride KW - Corrosion KW - Salt attack PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107215 SN - 0008-8846 SN - 1873-3948 VL - 172 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-57638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Chemical resistance of hybrid cements against aggressive saline solutions N2 - The safe storage of radioactive material in nuclear waste repositories is a major task of our societies. The sealing function of such repositories is depending on the ability of the applied construction materials to form and maintain a geotechnical barrier with the surrounding rock. Corrosion of the construction material can lead to leakage of radioactive compounds and must therefore be avoided or minimized. Since concretes based on conventional Portland cement have not been found suitable in this context, alternative binders must be evaluated. One such class of binders are hybrid cements, which are blends of low fractions of Portland cement or Portland clinker and high fractions of supplementary cementitious materials, such as blast furnace slag and fly ash, activated by an alkali salt. Besides a low heat of hydration and a sufficient early compressive strength [1], chemical similarities with ancient Roman concrete suggest an excellent durability in saline environments [2], which makes these cements potentially suitable for applications in nuclear waste repositories in evaporite rock, such as the Morsleben repository in Germany. In the present study, two previously designed and characterized [3] hybrid cements, an alkali-activated slag/fly ash blend, and an OPC paste were studied regarding their resistance against corrosion in an aggressive saline solution. The saline solution was designed by the Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) [Association for Facility and Reactor Safety] as a reference representing a solution forming as the result of contact of surface water with evaporite rock. The cement pastes were exposed to the saline solution up to 70 days and characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and spatially resolved X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, thermodynamic modelling was performed to simulate the alterations of the phase assemblage with increasing exposure to the saline solution and, thus, provide indications on the long-term durability of the cement pastes. The experimental results revealed a correlation between the Portland clinker content of the cements and the resistance of the cement pastes against attack by the saline solution. This outcome was related to the formation of portlandite when sufficient clinker was available, which maintained the pore solution pH at ~12.5, and thus prevented the dissolution of cementitious phases. Once portlandite was consumed, C-N-A-S-H and ettringite dissolved and released calcium, aluminium, and hydroxide ions in the solution, maintaining the pH at ~10. In this pH range, the formation Cl-AFm phases was observed. At lower pH values, i.e., extended exposure durations, gypsum was the major corrosion product. The pH-dependent dissolution and formation of phases lead to pronounced zonation in the exposed cement pastes. Thermodynamic modelling indicated that the dissolved silicon from C-N-A-S-H reacts with magnesium ions in the saline solution to form M-S-H, and that long-term exposure eventually leads to a material rich in amorphous silica and brucite. T2 - Joint 6th International Workshop on Mechanisms and Modelling of Waste / Cement Interactions & EURAD - WP CORI Workshop CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 20.11.2023 KW - Hybrid cement KW - Corrosion KW - Salt solution KW - Magnesium chloride KW - Evaporite rock PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58885 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nikoonasab, Ali A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Licht, M. A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Gluth, Gregor ED - Rogge, Andreas ED - Meng, Birgit T1 - Sulfides in the pore solutions of GGBFS-containing concretes - Influence on the corrosion of reinforcing steel N2 - Steel corrosion in sulfide-containing solutions is a challenge in various environments, such as reinforced concrete structures. In concrete, sulfides are introduced by ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), used in standard cements and alkali-activated materials (AAMs), affecting steel corrosion. This study examined steel in synthetic GGBFS-containing cement pore solutions using electrochemical techniques. Compared to Portland cement solutions, steel in sulfide-containing solutions exhibits lower open circuit potentials and polarisation resistances. Thus, Portland cement concrete corrosion assessment standards are unsuitable for GGBFScontaining concrete. T2 - 11. Jahrestagung des DAfStb mit 63. Forschungskolloquium der BAM Green Intelligent Building CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.10.2024 KW - Corrosion KW - Reinforcing steel PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612963 SN - 978-3-9818564-7-7 SP - 55 EP - 59 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-61296 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nikoonasab, Ali T1 - Electrochemical study of steel reinforcement in the synthetic pore solution of alkali-activated binders: Pore solution composition N2 - It is well known that cement manufacture, including CaCO3 calcination and clinker formation, is associated with substantial energy consumption and significant greenhouse gas emissions. Alkali-activated binders (AAB) and concretes made from them can significantly contribute to reducing CO2 emissions caused by the construction industry. However, to what extent and for how long concretes made from AAB can protect the steel in reinforced concrete components from corrosion is still unclear. Unlike PC-based binders, AABs are made by reacting alkaline solutions with solid precursors such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Therefore, steel reinforcement corrosion mechanisms in AAMs differ from PC-based binders. The present study aims to evaluate the corrosion behavior of steel rebar in alkali-activated materials (AAMs) synthetic pore solution with different chemical concentrations representing different GGBFS and Flay Ash based binders by performing electrochemical tests to measure the corrosion rate and corrosion potential of steel rebar. This information can be used to improve the design of AAMs in order to ensure a longer service life for these materials. T2 - Eurocorr2023 CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 27.08.2023 KW - GGBFS KW - AAM KW - Sulfide KW - Pore solution composition KW - Redox potential KW - Corrosion PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Reinforcing steel in sulfide-containing concretes – corroding or not corroding? N2 - Blast furnace cements (CEM III) and alkali-activated slags are binders for concretes with several advantageous engineering properties, and their increased adoption in construction industry could contribute to reducing the CO2 emissions associated with cement production and use. However, the current knowledge about how these cements protect steel reinforcement in concretes against corrosion is very incomplete, which impedes their large-scale application. This knowledge gap is mainly due to the fact that these cements release sulfide and other reduced sulfur species into the concrete pore solution, the consequences of which for the state of the reinforcement and electrochemical measurements are not fully understood. The present contribution first describes peculiarities of electrochemical measurements of steel in sulfide-containing cementitious materials and related solutions as reported in the literature and a recent report by EFC Working Party 11. It is demonstrated that the high sulfide concentrations in these systems lead to low open circuit potentials and low polarisation resistances, which may be incorrectly interpreted as indicating active corrosion of the steel. Second, preliminary results of an ongoing project [funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 458297195] related to the passivation and corrosion initiation of steel in sulfide-containing solutions and mortars are presented. Eight mortars based on one alkali-activated blast furnace slag (BFS), three alkali-activated BFS/fly ash blends, one sodium sulfate-activated CEM III/C (‘hybrid cement’), one CEM III/C, one CEM III/B, and one CEM I (ordinary Portland cement, OPC) were produced, and their pore solutions expressed and analysed after 7, 14, 28, and 56 days of curing. The pH values of the solutions differed systematically, with the highest pH values recorded for the CEM I and the alkali-activated BFS/fly ash blends with a high proportion of fly ash, and the lowest pH recorded for the CEM III/B. The redox potentials of the solutions were between −500 mV and −340 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for the alkali-activated binders, approx. +10 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for the CEM I, and in between for the CEM III/B and the CEM III/C. As expected, the electrical conductivity was highest for the alkali-activated binders. These results are explained by the chemical compositions of the pore solutions of the mortars. Finally, a test set-up to investigate the behaviour of steel in sulfide-containing solutions and the changes on subsequent oxygen and/or chloride addition is introduced. Preliminary electrochemical measurements of steel in sulfide-containing solutions are presented and discussed in the context of the above-mentioned data from the literature and the compositions of the pore solutions of the studied mortars. T2 - 7th Swiss Corrosion Science Day 2023 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 24.04.2023 KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sulfide KW - Concrete KW - Ground granulated blast furnace slag KW - Corrosion PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57386 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tidblad, Johan A1 - Moya Núñez, Alice A1 - de la Fuente, Daniel A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Flatlandsmo Berglen, Tore A1 - Grøntoft, Terje A1 - Hans, Ulrik A1 - Christodoulakis, Ioannis A1 - Kajánek, Daniel A1 - Kreislová, Kateřina A1 - Kwiatkowski, Lech A1 - La Torreta, Teresa A1 - Lutze, Rafał A1 - Pinar Larrubia, Guadalupe A1 - Pintus, Valentina A1 - Prange, Michael A1 - Spezzano, Pasquale A1 - Varotsos, Costas A1 - Verney-Carron, Aurélie A1 - Vuorio, Tiina A1 - Yates, Tim T1 - Corrosion and Soiling in the 21st Century: Insights from ICP Materials and Impact on Cultural Heritage N2 - This paper reviews results published by the International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments (ICP Materials) with emphasis on those obtained after the turn of the century. Data from ICP Materials come from two main sources. The first is through exposures of materials and collection of environmental data in a network of atmospheric exposure test sites mainly distributed across Europe. Corrosion of carbon steel has continued to decrease during the period 2000–2020 but corrosion of zinc only up until 2014, and the trend in zinc corrosion is only visible when examining four-year data. Surface recession of limestone as well as soiling of modern glass show no decreasing trend during 2000–2020. The second is through case studies performed at heritage sites across Europe. Risk analysis of corrosion and soiling for twenty-six sites indicate that currently soiling is a more significant maintenance trigger than corrosion. Costs for maintaining heritage sites are substantial and costs attributable to air pollution is estimated from 40% to as much as 80% of the total cost. Future directions of the program are work on effects of particulate matter, improving the scientific basis for the work, and making the monitoring data publicly available. KW - Corrosion KW - Atmospheric corrosion KW - Soiling PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-644651 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6040054 SN - 2624-5558 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - MDPI AG AN - OPUS4-64465 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Investigations to determine the damage pattern for H-induced stress corrosion cracking at QT prestressing steel N2 - Prestressed steel bridges that were constructed in the past using tempered prestressing steel can develop significant problems with regard to load-bearing capacity under unfavourable conditions during their construction. In particular, hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking during the construction of the bridge structures may have caused cracks in the prestressing tendons, which could lead to the failure of the bridge years later. The presentation specifically addresses the partial collapse of the Carola Bridge in Dresden. T2 - BIM4CE CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 03.03.2026 KW - Corrosion KW - Stress corrosion cracking KW - Hydrogen PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Corrosion caused by high atmospheric pollution N2 - Prestressed steel bridges that were constructed in the past using tempered prestressing steel can develop significant problems with regard to load-bearing capacity under unfavourable conditions during their construction. In particular, hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking during the construction of the bridge structures may have caused cracks in the prestressing tendons, which could lead to the failure of the bridge years later. The presentation specifically addresses the partial collapse of the Carola Bridge in Dresden. T2 - f.i.b Ausschuss prestressing steel CY - Online meeting DA - 19.03.2026 KW - Corrosion KW - Spannungsrisskorrosion KW - Stress corrosion cracking KW - Hydrogen embrittlement PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Reinforcement corrosion - causes and testing methods N2 - Corrosion auf steel in convrete can have two different causes. At one hand the carbonation induced corroison, which lead to uniform corrosion and at the other hand the chloride induced corrosion which is indicated by so called macro elements. These macro elments could be detetected through potentials mapping measurements. T2 - Methodological Workshop CY - Online meeting DA - 30.03.2026 KW - Corrosion KW - Pitting KW - Potential mapping PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65778 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Investigation to determine the damage patternfor H-induced ctress corrosion cracking at QT preestressing steel N2 - Prestressed steel bridges that were constructed in the past using tempered prestressing steel can develop significant problems with regard to load-bearing capacity under unfavourable conditions during their construction. In particular, hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking during the construction of the bridge structures may have caused cracks in the prestressing tendons, which could lead to the failure of the bridge years later. The presentation specifically addresses the partial collapse of the Carola Bridge in Dresden. T2 - EMPA Lab-Seminar March 2026 CY - Online meeting DA - 27.03.2026 KW - Corrosion KW - Spannungsrisskorrosion KW - Stress corrosion cracking KW - Hydrogen embrittlement PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -