TY - JOUR A1 - Ma, S. A1 - Xiao, Y. A1 - Zhou, F. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Chan, Yin Yam A1 - Korobeinichev, O. P. A1 - Trubachev, S. A. A1 - Hu, W. A1 - Ma, C. A1 - Hu, Y. T1 - Effects of novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing DOPO derivative salts on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam N2 - In this work, a series of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative salts containing phosphorus and nitrogen were synthesized, and their effects on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) were investigated. Studies have shown that the addition of DOPO derivatives will increase the tensile strength, compression set, and compression hardness of FPUF, but it will lead to a decrease in elongation at break. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the initial decomposition temperature of FPUF containing DOPO derivatives was reduecd, but the char reside was significantly improved. A series of combustion tests indicated that the addition of DOPO derivative salts can improve the flame retardancy of FPUF, of which 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide dicyandiamide salt (D-DICY) exhibited the best flame retardancy. When the load of D-DICY was 20 phr, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of foam reached 24.5%, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release were decreased by 55.7% and 52.9%, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the gas phase combustion products and the char residue of the condensed phase, the possible flame retardant mechanism was proposed. KW - Flexible polyurethane foam KW - DOPO derivative salts KW - Mechanical properties KW - Thermal stability KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109160 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 177 SP - 109160 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50740 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleuwitz, F. Robert T1 - Non-vegan flame retardant biocomposites N2 - Products and by-products of the invertebrate and vertebrate farming, respectively, are shown to be promising bio-based flame retardant adjuvants in epoxy thermosets. While the addition of bone meal results in the formation of an inorganic shield, protein-based powders from insects provide an intumescent behavior under forced flaming conditions. Combining the latter with a common flame retardant such as ethylene diamine phosphate, the charring efficiency and self-extinguishing properties can be further enhanced. T2 - 18th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials, FRPM21 CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 29.08.2021 KW - Bio-based KW - Insects KW - Epoxy KW - Intumescence KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53219 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Sanchez-Olivares, G. A1 - Rockel, Daniel A1 - Maldonado-Santoyo, M. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Waste not, want not: The use of leather waste in flame retarded EVA N2 - Leather is among the most ancient, widely used materials worldwide. Industrial-scale leather production produces large quantities of organic waste attained during shaving and buffing steps during processing. In this study, leather wastes (LW) are used as fillers in flame retarded polymer composites. LW is investigated as a multifunctional bio-filler that enhances the fire performance of flame retarded poly(ethylene–vinyl acetate) (EVA) containing phosphorus flame retardants (P-FRs) ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or a melamine-encapsulated APP (eAPP). Using LW from tanneries as adjuvants to enhance P-FRs in EVA reduces industrial wastes that otherwise require costly waste management solutions. Materials are characterized multi-methodically via mechanical tests, electron microscopy, rheology, thermogravimetric analysis, evolved gas analysis, and condensed phase FTIR, also reaction-to-small-flames and cone calorimeter tests. EVA containing 10 wt-% LW and 20 wt-% P-FRs achieve 20% reductions in fire loads versus EVA, and up to 10% reduction in effective heats of combustion versus EVA with equal (30 wt-%) P-FR loadings. Enhanced char stabilization of EVA composites with LW and P-FRs lowered peaks of heat release rates up to 53% compared to EVA, and up to 40% compared to equal P-FRs loadings. Synergisms between LW and P-FRs in EVA are quantified. A chemical decomposition mechanism is proposed. KW - Leather waste KW - Tannery industry KW - EVA KW - Fire protection KW - Flame retardancy KW - Charring PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532977 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110100 SN - 0264-1275 VL - 210 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-53297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chan, Yin Yam A1 - Ma, C. A1 - Zhou, F. A1 - Hu, Y. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardant flexible polyurethane foams based on phosphorous soybean-oil polyol and expandable graphite N2 - A phosphorous soybean-oil–based polyol was derived via epoxidation and ring opening reaction as an alternative to petrochemical-based polyol for the synthesis of flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs). 5-wt.% and 10-wt.% of expandable graphite (EG) were added to further improve flame retardancy. The mechanical properties (tensile strength and compression stress) of the foams were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) were conducted to evaluate the pyrolysis; limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 and cone calorimeter were performed to analyze the fire performance of the foams; smoke density chamber was used to investigate the smoke released during burning. When 10-wt.% of EG was used, the flame retardancy of the foams was much enhanced due to the synergistic effect between phosphorus and EG. The char yield was three times higher (54wt.%). The fire load MARHE approached 100 kWm−2, half of the value expected for a superposition. The combination of phosphorous polyols and EG is proposed as strategy for future flame retarded FPUFs. KW - Phosphorous soybean-oil–based polyol KW - Flexible polyurethane foam KW - Expandable graphite KW - Flame retardancy KW - Smoke measurement PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109656 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 191 SP - 9656 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gleuwitz, F. Robert A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Tenebrio molitor Beetle as a “Nonvegan” Adjuvant to Flame Retardants in Tannic Acid-Based Epoxy Thermosets N2 - Material solutions that meet both circular bioeconomy policies and high technical requirements have become a matter of particular interest. In this work, a prospectively abundant proteinrich waste resource for the manufacturing of flame-retardant epoxy biocomposites, as well as for the synthesis of biobased flame retardants or adjuvants, is introduced. Different biomass fillers sourced from the cultivation of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor are embedded in a bioepoxy resin cured with tannic acid and investigated regarding the fire performance of the thermosets. By means of spectroscopic and thermal analysis (attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis-coupled FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry), the influence of the biomass microparticles on the curing and thermal degradation behavior is evaluated. The final performance of the biocomposites is assessed based on fire testing methodology (limited oxygen index, UL-94, and cone calorimetry). Providing a high charring efficiency in the specific tannic acid-based epoxy matrix, the protein-rich adult beetle is further investigated in combination with commercial environmentally benign flame retardants in view of its potential as an adjuvant. The results highlight a char forming effect of nonvegan fillers in the presence of tannic acid, particularly during thermal decomposition, and point toward the potential of protein-based flame retardants from industrial insect rearing for future formulations. KW - Tannic acid KW - Flame retardancy KW - Sustainable KW - Epoxy resin KW - Insects PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00746 SN - 2168-0485 VL - 10 IS - 19 SP - 6313 EP - 6324 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-54845 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goller, Sebastian M. T1 - How reactions between smoke suppressants in flame retardant PA6.6 change the burning behavior and smoke emission N2 - The interactions between polymer, flame retardant and smoke suppressant are presented. Moreover, it is discussed, how the molecular changes affect the fire behavior and the smoke emission. T2 - 19th European meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials (FRPM23) CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland DA - 26.06.2023 KW - Smoke KW - Polyamide KW - Flame retardancy KW - Smoke suppressant KW - Fire behavior PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57845 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sunder, S. T1 - Microstructure analysis and mechanical characterization of flame-retardant epoxy resins transferred to glass fiber composites via prepregs N2 - The transfer of flame-retardant epoxy resin formulations to composites for structural and lightweight applications in the energy and transport sector can be complex and requires systematic investigation. Here, uncoated and silane-coated ammonium polyphosphate (APP, Si-APP) intumescent compounds are transferred to prepregs using a Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) resin matrix to 0/90o bidirectional glass fibers with an aerial weight of 600 g/m2. Inorganic silicates (InSi) are added to improve the fire residues of the composites after combustion and the total amount of flame retardants in the resin formulations was 10% by weight. The prepregs' fiber volume content (FVC) is corroborated using in-process measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. This was found to be approximately 60% for the composites containing APP, which is ideal for load-bearing applications with high mechanical strength. However, the Si-APP containing prepregs showed an inconsistent FVC potentially due to interactions with the commercial sizing of the glass fibers. The composites subsequently prepared are analysed for potential filtration effects of the additives via SEM after immobilization in a cured resin and platinum sputtering. The inter-laminar shear strength and the mechanical strength of the composites are compared via three-point bending tests. Additionally, the fire performance of the composites is analysed using cone calorimetry. It was found there was minimal impact of the loading of the flame retardants on the delamination of the composites and the flexural strength. However, the high density of the glass fibers possibly results in a suppression of the mode of action of the flame retardants in the composites. Therefore, the fire residues of the composites are further compared using SEM, and the flame-retardant modes of action upon transfer are investigated. T2 - FEMS EUROMAT 23 CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 03.09.2023 KW - Lightweight construction KW - Flame retardancy KW - Composites PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59136 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sunder, S. T1 - Adapting intumescent/low-melting glass flame-retardant formulations for transfer to glass-fiber-reinforced composites and post-fire mechanical analysis N2 - The residual post-fire mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are influenced by their fire residues after burning. This study uses intumescent/low-melting glass flame retardants to tailor fire residues in epoxy resin. Processibility of prepregs and their quality are analysed for transfer of the flame-retardant epoxy resins to layered glass-fiber reinforced composites. Minimal effects were found on the pre-fire flexural strengths of the composites due to low loading of the flame retardants. However, when transferred to glass-fiber reinforced composites, the fire residues diminish significantly. Further studies are required to improve theoretical and experimental estimations of the post-fire mechanics of the composites. T2 - SAMPE Europe Conference 2023 CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 03.10.2023 KW - Composites KW - Flame retardancy KW - Lightweight KW - Post fire mechanics KW - Intumescent PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sunder, S. A1 - Jauregui Rozo, Maria A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Ruckdäschel, H. T1 - Adapting intumescent/low-melting glass flame-retardant formulations for transfer to glass-fiber-reinforced composites and post-fire mechanical analysis N2 - The residual post-fire mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are influenced by their fire residues after burning. This study uses intumescent/low-melting glass flame retardants to tailor fire residues in epoxy resin. Processibility of prepregs and their quality are analysed for transfer of the flame-retardant epoxy resins to layered glass-fiber reinforced composites. Minimal effects were found on the pre-fire flexural strengths of the composites due to low loading of the flame retardants. However, when transferred to glass-fiber reinforced composites, the fire residues diminish significantly. Further studies are required to improve theoretical and experimental estimations of the post-fire mechanics of the composites. T2 - SAMPE Europe Conference 2023 CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 03.10.2023 KW - Fire residue KW - Prepregs KW - Mechanics KW - Lightweight materials KW - Composites KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-59138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sanchez Olivares, G. A1 - Rockel, Daniel A1 - Calderas, F. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Utilizing leather fibers from industrial wastes as bio-filler to improve flame retardancy in polypropylene N2 - Combining buffing leather fibers from industrial waste streams with ammonium polyphosphate and bentonite clay is proposed as a flame-retardant additive for polypropylene. The paper addresses how they can be processed into attractive composites with the desired mechanical properties. Buffing leather fibers function as a multifunctional bio-filler and as a synergist for the flame retardant, resulting in fire retardancy successful enough to increase the oxygen index (LOI) by up to 7 vol.-% and to achieve a V0 UL 94 classification. Impressively reduced heat release rates are obtained in the cone calorimeter at 50 kW/m2 irradiation; for instance, the maximum average rate heat evolved (MARHE) drops from 765 to below 200 kW m􀀀 2. The synergistic effects are quantified and shown to be very strong for LOI and MARHE. This work opens the door to use waste buffing leather fibers as a promising multifunctional and synergistic bio-filler. KW - Polypropylene KW - Flame retardancy KW - Industrial waste KW - Leather fibers KW - Bio-filler PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2023.11.008 SN - 1226-086X SN - 1876-794X VL - 132 SP - 148 EP - 160 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goller, Sebastian M. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Block it and rock it: Smoke suppressants that form a protective layer in PA 6.6 N2 - To ensure fire safety, polymers are filled with flame retardants and smoke suppressants. To meet the highest requirements, it is essential to understand the decomposition of those polymeric materials. This study reveals interactions between polymer, smoke suppressants, and flame retardants, and discusses their impact on the materials’ flame retardancy, smoke emission, smoke toxicity, and particle emission in conventional loadings to provide deeper general understanding. Low melting oxide glass, melem, spherical silica, sepiolite, melamine polyphosphate, and boehmite in an aluminum diethylphosphinate flame-retarded polyamide 6.6 were investigated. All smoke suppressants improve the protective layer and act as an adjuvant. Silica and melem performed best under forced flaming conditions. Spherical silica reduces the peak of heat release rate by 39% and the total heat evolved by 14%, whereas 10 wt% melem lowers the total smoke production by 41%. Melem alters the mode of action of aluminum diethylphosphinate from gas to more condensed phase activity. This change reduces flame inhibition and hence smoke toxicity, but further improves the protective layer due to charring reactions in the decomposition mechanism. In addition, the sizes of the smoke particles decrease because of the prolonged time in the pyrolytic zone. This study highlights that interactions between polymer, flame retardants, and smoke suppressants can significantly determine the smoking and burning behavior. KW - Smoke suppressant KW - Flame retardancy KW - Aluminum diethylphosphinate KW - Smoke KW - Polyamide 6.6 PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231220250 SN - 0734-9041 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 117 EP - 141 PB - SAGE Publications AN - OPUS4-59533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hupp, Vitus A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Flothmeier, K. A1 - Hartwig, A. T1 - Fire Behavior of Pressure-sensitive Adhesive Tapes and Bonded Materials N2 - Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used in several industrial applications such as con-struction, railway vehicles and the automotive sector,where the burning behavior is ofcrucial importance. Flame retarded adhesivetapes are developed and provided, however,often without considering the interaction of adhesive tapes and the bonded materialsduring burning nor the contribution of the tapes to fire protection goal of the bondedcomponents in distinct fire tests. This publication delivers an empirical comprehensiveknowledge how adhesive tapes and their flame retardancy effect the burning behaviorof bonded materials. With a special focus on the interaction between the single compo-nents, one flame retarded tape and one tapewithout flame retardant are examined inscenarios of emerging and developing fires, along with their bonds with the commonmaterials wood, zinc-plated steel, mineral wool, polycarbonate, and polymethylmethacry-late. The flame retardant significantly improved the flame retardancy of the tape as afree-standing object and yielded a V-2 rating in UL 94 vertical test and raised the OxygenIndex by 5 vol.%. In bonds, or rather laminates, the investigations prove that the choiceof carrier and substrates are the factors with the greatest impact on the fire propertiesand can change the peak of heat release rate and the maximum average rate of heatemission up to 25%. This research yielded a good empirical overall understanding of thefire behavior of adhesive tapes and bonded materials. Thus, it serves as a guide for tapemanufacturers and applicants to develop tapes and bonds more substrate specific. KW - Adhesives KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Flame retardancy KW - Laminates KW - Phosphorus flame retardants KW - Pressure-sensitive adhesive KW - Tapes PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593207 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3171 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 114 EP - 127 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-59320 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockel, Daniel T1 - Save your Skin with Skin – utiLizing leather waste fibers in flame retardant bio composites N2 - Leather is a widely used material for thousands of years and in modern days it is produced on industrial scale. This production produces high amounts of organic waste during the tannery process. These fibers can become a resource and act as a multi-functional bio-filler in flame retardant composites. This project investigates two leather fibers towards their ability to enhance the flame-retardancy in different composites. These composites use ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) as flame retardants. Different silicon based synergists support polymers with ATH to reduce the load of flame retardant. The different modes of action (charring, gas phase activity, barrier effect) can be quantified of each composite. The new composites form a stable char layer resulting in an increase in residue, lower peak heat release rates (pHRR) and higher limiting oxygen index (LOI). In addition, the ratings in the UL94-classification increased up to V-0. T2 - 18th Fire Resistance in Plastics CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.11.2023 KW - Leather KW - Synergism KW - Sustainability KW - Bio-Polymers KW - Flame retardancy KW - Composites PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58948 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockel, Daniel T1 - Save your Skin with Skin – Utilizing leather waste fibers in flame retardant bio composites N2 - Leather is a widely used material for thousands of years and in modern days it is produced on industrial scale. This production produces high amounts of organic waste during the tannery process. These fibers can become a resource and act as a multi-functional bio-filler in flame retardant composites. This project investigates two leather fibers towards their ability to enhance the flame-retardancy in different composites. These composites use ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) as flame retardants. Different synergists support polymers with ATH. The new composites form a stable char layer resulting in an increase in residue, lower peak heat release rates (pHRR) and higher limiting oxygen index (LOI). In addition, the ratings in the UL94-classification increased up to V-0. T2 - 5th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Safety Materials Science and Engineering CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 26.08.2023 KW - Leather KW - Circular Economy KW - Sustainability KW - Bio-Polymers KW - Flame retardancy KW - Composites PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goller, Sebastian M. A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - No business as usual: The effect of smoke suppressants commonly used in the flame retardant PA6.6 on smoke and fire properties N2 - As most of polymeric materials are inherently flammable, flame retardants (FR) are commonly used to reduce their fire risks. Nevertheless, these flame retardant materials are often detrimental to smoke parameters like specific optical density or smoke toxicity. The influence of several smoke suppressants (SP)-zinc stannate, zinc phosphate, titanium oxide and hydrotalcite-were investigated with respect to flame retardancy, smoke emission, particle emission and smoke toxicity in a diethyl aluminum phosphinate (AlPi) flame retardant polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6). It was shown that the interaction between SP, FR and polymer is crucial for smoke and fire properties and can change the mode of action of the FR as well the decomposition mechanism of the polymer. Small amounts of SP show less effect on forced flaming behavior and the optical density, but they can influence flammability and the particle size distribution of the soot particles. The flame retardancy was significantly enhanced by 5 wt.-% zinc stannate in PA6.6 under forced flaming conditions. The charring mechanism was improved, and the mode of action of AlPi switched from the gas to the condensed phase. This resulted of in a reduced PHRR and TSP and an increase in residue yield. The smoke toxicity and optical density were reduced in the smoke density chamber as well. The smoke particles shifted to smaller sizes as the time in the pyrolytic zone increased. The formation of a dense char is assumed to be the key factor to enhance smoke suppression and flame retardancy properties. KW - Polyamide 6.6 KW - Smoke suppression KW - Flame retardancy KW - Zinc stannate KW - Smoke density PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110276 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 209 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-56981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chan, Yin Yam A1 - Korwitz, A. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame Retardant Combinations with Expandable Graphite/ Phosphorus/CuO/Castor Oil in Flexible Polyurethane Foams N2 - A series of flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) were prepared with single and different combinations of flame retardants and additives. Expandable graphite (EG), phosphorous polyol (OP), copper (II) oxide (CuO), and/or castor oil (CAS) were added to FPUF during the foam preparation in a one-step process. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the synergistic effects of the flame retardants, additives, and the presence of bio-based content on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and smoke behavior of FPUFs. The combination of 10 wt % EG and 5 wt % OP in FPUF significantly improves the char yield. In the cone calorimeter experiment, the char yield is nearly three times higher than that with 10 wt % EG alone. The smoke behavior is additionally evaluated in a smoke density chamber (SDC). Comparing the samples with a single flame retardant, 10 wt % EG in FPUF considerably reduces the amount of smoke released and the emission of toxic gases. Replacing the amount of 10 wt % polyether polyol in FPUF with CAS maintains the physical and mechanical properties and fire behavior and enhances the bio-based content. The presence of 0.1 wt % CuO in FPUF effectively reduces the emission of hydrogen cyanide. As a result, this study proposes a multicomponent flame retardant strategy for FPUF to enhance the biomass content and address the weaknesses in flame retardancy, smoke, and toxic gas emissions. A starting point is disclosed for future product development. KW - Flexible polyurethane foam KW - Flame retardancy KW - Synergistic effect KW - Smoke behavior KW - Expandable graphite KW - Bio-based PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.2c01969 SN - 2637-6105 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 1891 EP - 1901 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-57507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Chacon Castro, Jose Pablo A1 - Schneider, Rika A1 - Greiner, Andreas A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardant poly(limonene carbonate): material innovation as a game changer N2 - The global plastic industry relies on fossil-based materials, presenting environmental challenges. A sustainable polymer namely poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC), made of limonene and CO2 as two monomers from non-food sources, shows advances in various applications where additives such as flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to comply with fire safety measures. The variety of FRs is wide, and therefore the approach involved conducting a comparative study of four different halogen-free flame retardant systems that are conventionally used in polycarbonates and polyolefins to understand which FR enhances the flame resistance of PLimC most effectively. The primary task of the project is to conduct experimental evaluations to analyze the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. This data will offer valuable insights towards the advancement of safer and more sustainable materials. T2 - Polymers for Sustainable Future 2024 CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 24.06.2024 KW - Poly(limonene carbonate) KW - Flame retardancy KW - Fire science PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rockel, Daniel A1 - Sanchez Olivares, G. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Improving the Flame Retardancy of Aluminium Trihydroxide in Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites Using Waste Fibers and Silicon-Based Synergists N2 - The synergistic behavior of different silicon compounds is investigated in flame retardant biocomposites with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) as the main flame retardant. The paper shows a new approach towards sustainable biocomposites through the implementation of thermoplastic starch (TPS), leather fibers from industrial waste streams, and non-hazardous flame retardants and synergists. In these multicomponent systems, the different components address different modes of action in the fire scenario. When ATH is partially substituted by glass frits or layered silicates, fire performance is enhanced without changing the total amount of filler in the polymer. In a biocomposite with 25 phr of fiber and 90 phr of ATH, substituting 5 phr of ATH for layered silicates increased the LOI from 31.5 vol % to 34.8 vol %, decreased the peak of heat release by 20%, and increased the UL 94 rating from V-1 to V-0. KW - Biocomposites KW - Sustainability KW - Waste streams KW - Flame retardancy KW - Synergism KW - Modes of action PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605711 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00053 SN - 2837-1445 VL - 1 IS - 6 SP - 1131 EP - 1145 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-60571 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Morgan, A. B. ED - Wilkie, C. A. T1 - Multi-Component Flame-Retardant Systems N2 - Applying synergistic multicomponent systems is often key to efficient flame retardancy. Different flame retardants are combined or used together with fillers, adjuvants, or synergists to enhance their efficiency, reduce the worsening of other properties, or reduce the costs. Further, fibres and other reinforcing fillers contribute to fire properties crucially. Although the main flame-retardant modes of action are known, the scientific understanding usually falls short, when it comes to complex multicomponent systems, the crucial tiny optimizations, or quantifying in terms of specific fire properties. This book chapter illuminates the need for the multicomponent approach, the concept of synergistic flame retardants, and the main phenomena. Multicomponent systems are discussed in their capacity as general powerful strategy for achieving and optimizing future flame retardant polymeric materials. KW - Flame retardants KW - Flame retardancy KW - Synergy KW - Composites PY - 2024 SN - 978-1-0324-5754-3 SN - 978-1-0324-6233-2 SN - 978-1-0033-8068-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003380689 SP - 330 EP - 359 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton ET - 3rd AN - OPUS4-60843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Morgan, A. B. ED - Wilkie, C. A. T1 - Uses of Fire Tests for Flame-Retardant Material Development N2 - Innovation and scientific progress are often located in the synthesis of new flame retardants or in the compounding of new composites. Thus, although nearly everyone applies fire tests to ascertain the flame retardancy achieved, regular, cost-efficient fire testing is preferred, sometimes its reliability and meaningfulness are questioned. The goal of this revised chapter is to inspire the exploitation of the potential of fire testing beyond a soulless pass-and-fail or isolated number rating. Recommendations are given as to how fire behaviour can be investigated and how data can be evaluated faithfully and meaningfully. Backgrounds and benchmarks are discussed as thought-provoking impulses which could allow bench-scale fire testing to be exploited as a vital basis and powerful tool for science-based development. KW - Fire behaviour KW - Flammability KW - Flame retardancy KW - Flame retardant modes of action KW - Flame retardants KW - Fire scenarios KW - Ignition KW - Developing fire KW - Fire tests KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Petrella plot PY - 2024 SN - 978-1-0324-5754-3 SN - 978-1-0324-6233-2 SN - 978-1-0033-8068-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003380689-17 SP - 360 EP - 385 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton ET - 3rd AN - OPUS4-60845 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -