TY - CONF A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Suárez Ocaño, Patricia T1 - The Al4-xZr5(Ox-y) Trojan horse in the AlMo0.5NbTiTa0.5Zr refractory high entropy superalloy N2 - Unlike conventional alloys, which typically consist of one main element, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) contain five or more principal elements, which broaden chemical complexity and with it a realm of synergistic mechanisms. The AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr HEA initiated a subclass of Al-containing refractory (r)HEAs that has recently drawn attention [2]. The alloy has a superalloy-resembling B2/bcc nanostructure, which inspired its name refractory high entropy superalloy (RSA). With high-temperature (HT) compressive strengths beyond conventional Ni-based superalloys, this nanostructure could be used for improved HT structural applications. However, in the application-relevant HT regime the Al-Zr-rich B2 phase decomposes to form a hexagonal Al-Zr-based intermetallic (Al4-xZr5; x: 0..1) [3,4]. This work explores the fascinating yet fatal micromechanisms associated to this phase transformation, in the context of creep, annealing and oxidation experiments performed between 800 and 1200 °C. The material was produced by arc-melting and heat treatment in argon, which lead to grain boundaries decorated with up to 7%. Interrupted constant-load creep tests were performed under vacuum (at 10-4 Pa), at 900–1100 °C with external tensile stresses of 30–120 MPa. Oxidation experiments were separately conducted for 24 hours at 800 and 1000 °C in both dry (21% O2 + 79% N2) and humid (8% O2 + 74% N2 + 18% H2O) air. After the experiments, the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to reveal degradation mechanisms. Crystallographic texture, orientation relationships and stabilization of an oxygen-containing iso structure (Al4-xZr5(Ox-y); y: 0..x) of the Al-Zr-rich intermetallic are found and discussed. T2 - BCC Superalloy Network Opening Workshop CY - Reutte, Austria DA - 08.02.2024 KW - High entropy alloy KW - Superalloy KW - Degradation KW - Electron microscopy KW - Microstructure PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59833 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - The contribution of the Platform MaterialDigital (PMD) in building up a Materials Data Space - Application to glass design and manufacturing N2 - Suitable material solutions are of key importance in designing and producing components for engineering systems – either for functional or structural applications. Materials data are generated, transferred, and introduced at each step along the complete life cycle of a component. A reliable materials data space is therefore crucial in the digital transformation of an industrial branch. A great challenge in establishing a materials data space lies in the complexity and diversity of materials science and engineering. It must be able to handle data from different knowledge areas over several magnitudes of length scale. The Platform MaterialDigital (PMD) is expected to network a large number of repositories of materials data, allowing the direct contact of different stakeholders as materials producers, testing labs, designers and end users. Following the FAIR principles, it will promote the semantic interoperability across the frontiers of materials classes. In the frame of a large joint initiative, PMD works intensively together with currently near 20 research consortia in promoting this exchange (www.material-digital.de). In this presentation we will describe the status of our Platform MaterialDigital. We will also present in more detail the activities of GlasDigital, one of the joint projects mentioned above dealing with the digitalization of glass design and manufacturing. (https://www.bam.de/Content/EN/Projects/GlasDigital/glasdigital.html) T2 - Onto Commons Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.04.2023 KW - Ontology KW - Data space PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58732 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, P. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - The contribution of the Platform MaterialDigital (PMD) in building up a Materials Data Space - Application to glass design and manufacturing N2 - Suitable material solutions are of key importance in designing and producing components for engineering systems – either for functional or structural applications. Materials data are generated, transferred, and introduced at each step along the complete life cycle of a component. A reliable materials data space is therefore crucial in the digital transformation of an industrial branch. A great challenge in establishing a materials data space lies in the complexity and diversity of materials science and engineering. It must be able to handle data from different knowledge areas over several magnitudes of length scale. The Platform MaterialDigital (PMD) is expected to network a large number of repositories of materials data, allowing the direct contact of different stakeholders as materials producers, testing labs, designers and end users. Following the FAIR principles, it will promote the semantic interoperability across the frontiers of materials classes. In the frame of a large joint initiative, PMD works intensively together with currently near 20 research consortia in promoting this exchange (www.material-digital.de). In this presentation we will describe the status of our Platform MaterialDigital. We will also present in more detail the activities of GlasDigital, one of the joint projects mentioned above dealing with the digitalization of glass design and manufacturing. (https://www.bam.de/Content/EN/Projects/GlasDigital/glasdigital.html) T2 - OntoCommons Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.04.2023 KW - Ontology KW - Materials Data Space KW - PMD KW - Glass PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-60371 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - The effect of fiber orientation mismatch on scarf joint damage mechanisms under fatigue load N2 - Wind turbine rotor blades commonly fail before their projected 20-year lifespan largely due to defects that originate during manufacturing and are propagated by operational fatigue and environmental conditions. The cost-intensive replacement outcomes lead to a high loss of earnings, and are one of the inhibitors of wind turbine production. A potential repair alternative to restoring the mechanical properties of such lightweight fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) structures is to locally patch these areas with scarf joints. This type of repair allows for a smoother load distribution across the joint, and is favored especially on structures where minor aerodynamic contour changes are key. The effects of such repairs on the structural integrity, however, is still largely unknown. Building upon an understanding of the static load failure mechanism of GFRP scarf joints, presented at the ICCS23 Joint Event in 2020, the influence of the fiber orientation mismatch between parent and repair materials of 1:50 scarf joints on the failure mechanism of monolithic glass FRP specimens under cyclic fatigue load were examined in this study. Specimens with various layups were produced with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process using biaxial E-glass non-crimp fabric (NCF). The patch layers were then joined directly to the parent structure with the VARI using biaxial E-glass NCF with half the areal weight of the parent side to allow for better drapability. This mimics the soft-to-hard patch style utilized in wind turbine blade shell field repairs. The specimens were tested under uniaxial fatigue load, during which they were periodically monitored for damage onset. A comparison of the +45/-45° and 0/90° layups allowed for an understanding of the role of a highly mismatching fiber orientation in the transition zone between parent and patch material on the failure mechanism of the scarf joint. In addition to the tensile strength and stiffness property recovery assessment, a grayscale analysis using in-situ camera images determined the damage state leading to failure in each region across the scarf joint, which varied in the parent material versus scarf joint region, providing insight to the critical regions in this composite structure under cyclic loading. T2 - ICCS24 - 24th International Conference on Composite Structures CY - Online meeting DA - 14.06.2021 KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers KW - Scarf repairs KW - Damage mechanisms PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52817 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maaß, Robert T1 - The Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM) – 150 Years of Enabling Scientific and Technological Breakthrough N2 - BAM! This issue of Advanced Engineering Materials celebrates 150 years of scientific and technical research at the interface between academia, industry and politics. Rooted in 1871 at the birth of the German Empire and at that time located in simple basements and barracks, the institutional development began around mechanical metallurgy of iron and steel and represents today a diverse portfolio of fore-front research that orients itself along tomorrow's societal challenges and long-term research horizons. KW - 150 Years KW - Adolf Martens PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202200648 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-55388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Jakob A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Klaus, M. A1 - Genzel, C. A1 - Schneider, J. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - The heat treatment of L-PBF Inconel 718: A manyfold problem N2 - The interest to additively manufacture Nickel-based superalloys has substantially grown within the past decade both academically and industrially. More specifically, additive manufacturing processes such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) offer the ability to produce dense parts within a single manufacturing step. In fact, the exceptional freedom in design associated with the layer-based nature of the processes is of particular interest for the complex shapes typically required in turbine applications. In certain cases, the overall part performance can be achieved by tailoring the microstructure and the crystallographic texture to the specific application. However, these advantages must be paid at a price: the large local temperature gradients associated with the rapid melting and solidification produce parts that inherently contain large residual stress in the as-manufactured state. In addition, the presence of pores in the final part may further affect the in-service part failure. As among Nickel-based alloys Inconel 718 exhibits excellent weldability, this alloy has been widely studied in open research in the domain of LPBF. However, significant microsegregation of the heavier alloying elements such as Niobium and Molybdenum accompanied by dislocation entanglements may preclude the application of conventional heat treatment schedules. Therefore, different post processing heat treatments are required for laser powder bed fused Inconel 718 as compared to conventional variants of the same alloy. In this study, we investigated two different heat treatment routes for LPBF Inconel 718. In a first routine, the samples were stress relieved and subsequently subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP) followed by a solution heat treatment and a two-step age (referred to as FHT). In a second routine, the samples were subjected to a single-step direct age post stress relieving heat treatment (referred to DA). We investigated the consequences of such heat treatment schedules on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical behavior. We show that by applying a DA heat treatment the typical columnar microstructure possessing a crystallographic texture is retained, while an equiaxed untextured microstructure prevails in case of an FHT heat treatment. We further evaluate how these heat treatments affect the mechanical behaviour on the macroscopic and microscopic scale. T2 - 4th European Symposium on Superalloys and their Applications EuroSuperalloys 2022 CY - Bamberg, Germany DA - 18.09.2022 KW - Electron Backscatter Diffraction KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - Mechanical Behavior KW - Heat Treatment KW - X-Ray Diffraction PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55811 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Anker, A. S. A1 - Balazs, D. M. A1 - Beyer, F. L. A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Bouwman, W. G. A1 - Breßler, Ingo A1 - Breternitz, J. A1 - Brok, E. S. A1 - Bryant, G. A1 - Clulow, A. J. A1 - Crater, E. R. A1 - De Geuser, F. A1 - Giudice, A. D. A1 - Deumer, J. A1 - Disch, S. A1 - Dutt, S. A1 - Frank, K. A1 - Fratini, E. A1 - Gilbert, E. P. A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin A1 - Hallett, J. A1 - Hohenschutz, Max A1 - Hollamby, M. J. A1 - Huband, S. A1 - Ilavsky, J. A1 - Jochum, J. K. A1 - Juelsholt, M. A1 - Mansel, B. W. A1 - Penttilä, P. A1 - Pittkowski, R. K. A1 - Portale, G. A1 - Pozzo, L. D. A1 - Ricardo de Abreu Furtado Garcia, P. A1 - Rochels, L. A1 - Rosalie, Julian M. A1 - Saloga, P. E. J. A1 - Seibt, S. A1 - Smith, A. J. A1 - Smith, G. N. A1 - Annadurai, V. A1 - Spiering, G. A. A1 - Stawski, Tomasz A1 - Taché, O. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Toth, K. A1 - Whitten, A. E. A1 - Wuttke, J. T1 - The human factor - Results of a small-angle scattering data analysis round robin N2 - A Round Robin study has been carried out to estimate the impact of the human element in small-angle scattering data analysis. Four corrected datasets were provided to participants ready for analysis. All datasets were measured on samples containing spherical scatterers, with two datasets in dilute dispersions, and two from powders. Most of the 46 participants correctly identified the number of populations in the dilute dispersions, with half of the population mean entries within 1.5 % and half of the population width entries within 40 %, respectively. Due to the added complexity of the structure factor, much fewer people submitted answers on the powder datasets. For those that did, half of the entries for the means and widths were within 44 % and 86 % respectively. This Round Robin experiment highlights several causes for the discrepancies, for which solutions are proposed. KW - Round robin KW - Sall-angle scattering KW - Nanostructure quantification KW - Nanostructure KW - SAXS KW - MOUSE KW - X-ray scattering KW - Size distribution KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571342 DO - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.03772 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - Cornell University CY - Ithaca, NY AN - OPUS4-57134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Annie, Biwen A1 - Rene, Hesse A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Ji Zheng, Yao A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg T1 - The impact and potential of halophilic microorganisms on alternative fuels N2 - As more industrial interests focusing on using salt caverns and repurposed gas or petroleum reservoirs for alternative fuel storage, i.e. CO2/H2, the question raises whether microorganisms may impact the infrastructure, gas purity and storage condition over time. Environments with high salinity (> 1.5 Meq of NaCl) are resided by halophiles (salt-loving microorganisms). To compensate for the intensive osmotic stress, they have resorted to two main adaptation strategies: 1) production of compatible solutes and 2) accumulation of intracellular KCl. Microbial community analysis of several high salinity environments revealed a number of recurring genera, including Halomonas and Halanaerobium. However, the impact of halophiles on the overall integrity and stability of the storage facilities remain largely unknown. To evaluate the suitability and stability of saline storage facilities, several model halophilic microorganisms, such as members of Halomonas, will be selected as testing subjects. First, the impact of halophiles on the infrastructure will be determined using an integrative approach by combining a number of techniques, including electrochemistry, TOF-SIMS, SEM/FIB/EDS and FIB-TEM. Second, the abilities of halophiles to alter the fuel composition (i.e. increase/decrease the fractions of H2) will be monitored using gas chromatography by growing them under high pressure. As a result of climate change and the accompanying mandatory shift to renewable energy resources, microorganisms will continue to play an important role in the energy sector, both to their benefit and detriment. Thus, it is important to achieve a certain level of understanding regarding the activities and mechanisms of halophiles prior to large-scaled excursions. T2 - ISMOS-8 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.06.2021 KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Hydrogen KW - Gas storage KW - Contamination PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falk, Florian A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Lehmusto, J. A1 - Pint, B. T1 - The impact of water vapour on high-temperature surface degradation by sulfurous gases of ferritic alloys N2 - Sulfur and water have a fundamental impact on the corrosion rate and potential failure of materials. It is therefore necessary to understand the mechanisms, rates, and potential means of transport, as well as the reactions of these elements with an alloy. This work investigates the effect of water vapor in the initial stages of SO2 corrosion of an ferritic model alloy containing 9 wt% Cr and 0.5 wt% Mn. The exposure experiments were studied at 650°C in situ under laboratory conditions using energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction analysis. Two separate experiments were run, one with a 99.5% Ar + 0.5% SO2 atmosphere and one with a 69.5% Ar + 0.5% SO2 + 30% H2O atmosphere. With a wet atmosphere, the alloy formed a scale with decreasing oxygen content towards the scale–alloy interface. Sulfides were identified above and below a (Fe, Cr)3O4 layer in the inner corrosion zone. In contrast to this, the overall scale growth was slower in a dry SO2 atmosphere. T2 - EUROCORR CY - Barceló Sevilla Renacimiento, Seville, Spain DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Diffraction KW - Sulfidation KW - Early oxidation KW - Corrosion KW - In situ PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49213 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Han, Ying A1 - Kruse, Julius A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Radners, Jan A1 - von Hartrott, Philipp A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - The influence of aging and mean stress on fatigue of Al-alloy EN AW-2618A N2 - In this study, the influence of aging and mean stress on fatigue of the aluminium-alloy EN AW-2618A is investigated. Therefore axial fatigue tests are carried out on smooth specimens. The experiments show that the fatigue life decreases with increasing mean stress. Furthermore, the tests with the overaged specimens demonstrate that the number of cycles to failure is decreasing with increasing aging time. T2 - LCF9 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.06.2022 KW - Fatigue KW - Aluminium alloy KW - EN AW-2618A KW - Damage Behavior PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koclega, Damian A1 - Radziszewska, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - The influence of the aggressive environments on the Inconel 686 coating in high-temperature corrosion experiments N2 - This work presents the microstructure and chemical composition of oxide scales created on Ni – base coating after corrosion experiments in aggressive gases and ashes. The Inconel 686 coating applied on the low carbon steel 13CrMo4-5 was performed by a CO2 laser cladding process. The experiments were carried out in oxidizing gas atmospheres containing O2, COx, SOx. The second Variation of corrosion experiments were performed in a reducing atmosphere with ashes containing elements such as: Na, Cl, Ca, Si, C, Fe, Al etc. After 240 h and 1.000 h corrosion experiments the oxide scales on the substrate and overlay were created in both cases. The sulfur compounds were found on the top of the coating surface (EPMA) and also higher contents of silica compounds were revealed on specimens covered by ashes during the experiments. The microstructure and chemical composition of the clad and scales were investigated by means of a light microscope and an electron microscope (SEM)equipped with an EDS detector. T2 - 50. Kraftwerkstechnisches Kolloquium CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 23.10.2018 KW - Nickel based coatings KW - Inconel 686 KW - High temperature corrosion PY - 2018 SP - 599 AN - OPUS4-46590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - The influence of volatile constituents on mechanical properties of glasses N2 - Im Rahmen des Young Researcher Day des SPP1594 wurden die bisherigen Inhalte der Projekte zusammengefasst und vorgetragen. T2 - Annual Meeting and Young Researcher Day CY - Jena, Germany DA - 11.09.2018 KW - Glass KW - Crack growth KW - Vickers KW - DCB KW - Water speciation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Kiefer, P. T1 - The influence of water as volatile on crack propagation in soda-lime silicate glass N2 - The talk was given at the Spring School of the SPP1594 in Hannover and summarizes the actual findings about crack growth in water bearing soda-lime silicate glass and a comparison to other oxide glasses. T2 - Spring School des SPP1594 CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 06.03.2018 KW - DCB KW - Soda-lime silicate glass KW - Crack growth KW - Vickers KW - Water speciation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45699 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - The long-term ageing process of alloy 2618A N2 - The long-term ageing process of alloy 2618A was introduced and discussed The dark-field transmission electronmicroscopical resilts werde shown and evaluated regarding the precipitate radii. The influence of the precipitate radii regarding ageing was used for a preliminary ageing assessment. T2 - 19th International Microscopy Congress (IMC19) CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Alloy 2618A KW - Degradation KW - Coarsening KW - S-phase KW - Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM) PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46120 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - The long-term ageing process of alloy 2618A N2 - The long-term ageing process of alloy 2618A was introduced and discussed The dark-field transmission electronmicroscopical resilts werde shown and evaluated regarding the precipitate radii. The influence of the precipitate radii regarding ageing was used for a preliminary ageing assessment. T2 - 19th International Microscopy Congress (IMC19) CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Alloy 2618A KW - Degradation KW - Coarsening KW - S-phase KW - Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM) PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46123 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koclega, Damian A1 - Radziszewska, Agnieszka A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Dymek, Stanislaw T1 - The microstructure characterization of the oxide scale created on Inconel 686 clad N2 - The Ni-Cr-Mo-W alloy is characterized by the excellent high-temperature corrosion resistance, good strength and ability to work in aggressive environments. To protect the surface of the substrate 13CrMo4-5 steel against aggressive environments the Inconel 686 as clad layer was used. The corrosion process was performed in oxidizing mixture of gases like O2, COx, SOx. The second part of corrosion Experiment concerned the corrosion test of the coating in reducing atmosphere of the specified gases with ashes, which contained e.g. Na, Cl, Ca, Si, C, Fe, Al. T2 - EUROCORR 2018 CY - Crocow, Poland DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Laser cladding KW - Inconel 686 coating KW - High-temperature corrosion KW - Aggressive gases PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47393 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Kelleher, J. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - The relaxation of macroscopic residual stresses in laser powder bed fused stainless steel 316L N2 - The processing of stainless steel 316L using the additive manufacturing process Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) can widen its field of application due to a strong increase in Yield strength, without making major compromises on the ductility nor its outstanding corrosion and oxidation properties. Furthermore, improved designs that either reduce the weight or optimise the function of a part can be obtained using LPBF. These benefits are however counterbalanced by the proneness of LPBF to inducing high Residual Stresses (RS) during manufacturing. The characterisation and monitoring of these RS are of paramount importance for the wider acceptance of the LPBF process. This study focuses on the relaxation of the initial macroscopic RS present in an LPBF 316L as-built prism that undergoes various routes of manufacturing steps to achieve different specimen geometries and stress relieving treatments. The RS are determined using Angle-Dispersive (AD) and Time-of-Flight (TOF) neutron diffraction. The results reveal high tensile RS close to the surfaces and compressive RS near the centre of the as-built parts. The reduction in size and change of geometry heavily impact the stress ranges of the remaining RS, with lower stress ranges in cylindrical shaped compared to rectangular shaped specimens. Also, the application of different stress relieving heat treatments showed that heat-treating temperatures above 800 °C are necessary to obtain a strong relaxation in LPBF 316L. T2 - The second European Conference on the Structural Integrity of Additively Manufactured Materials CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2021 KW - Residual Stress KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Neutron Diffraction PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - The Role of Electron Microscopy in the Development of Monodisperse Cubic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Certified Reference Material for Size and Shape N2 - BAM is currently building up a platform of novel nanoRMs relying on iron oxide nanoparticles of different shape, size and surface chemistry. Iron oxide was chosen as a core material because of its relevance to the material and life sciences. As a first candidate of this series, we present cubic iron oxide nanoparticles with a nominal edge length of 8 nm. These particles were synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron oleate in high boiling organic solvents adapting well-known literature procedures. After dilution to a concentration suitable for electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) as well as for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements, the candidate nanoRM was bottled and assessed for homogeneity and stability by both methods following the guidelines of ISO 17034 and ISO Guide 35. The particle sizes obtained by both STEM-in-SEM and TEM are in excellent agreement with a minimum Feret of 8.3 nm ± 0.7 nm. The aspect ratio (AR) of the iron oxide cubes were extracted from the images as the ratio of minimum Feret to Feret resulting in an AR of 1.18 for TEM to 1.25 for SEM. Alternatively, a rectangular bounding box was fitted originating from the minimum Feret and the longest distance through the particle in perpendicular direction. This led to AR values of 1.05 for TEM and 1.12 for SEM, respectively. The results confirm the almost ideal cubic shape. KW - Reference nanoparticles KW - Iron oxide KW - Cubical shape KW - Electron microscopy KW - SAXS KW - Nano CRM KW - Size PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927622003610 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 28 IS - Suppl. 1 SP - 802 EP - 805 PB - Cambridge University Press AN - OPUS4-55599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - The Role of Electron Microscopy in the Development of Monodisperse Cubic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as CRM for Size and Shape N2 - Due to their unique physico-chemical properties, nanoparticles are well established in research and industrial applications. A reliable characterization of their size, shape, and size distribution is not only mandatory to fully understand and exploit their potential and develop reproducible syntheses, but also to manage environmental and health risks related to their exposure and for regulatory requirements. To validate and standardize methods for the accurate and reliable particle size determination nanoscale reference materials (nanoRMs) are necessary. However, there is only a very small number of nanoRMs for particle size offered by key distributors such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and, moreover, few provide certified values. In addition, these materials are currently restricted to polymers, silica, titanium dioxide, gold and silver, which have a spherical shape except for titania nanorods. To expand this list with other relevant nanomaterials of different shapes and elemental composition, that can be used for more than one sizing technique, we are currently building up a platform of novel nanoRMs relying on iron oxide nanoparticles of different shape, size and surface chemistry. Iron oxide was chosen as a core material because of its relevance for the material and life sciences. T2 - Microscopy and Microanalysis 2022 CY - Online meeting DA - 31.07.2022 KW - Certified Referencematerial KW - Cubical Iron Oxide KW - Nanoparticles KW - Electron Microscopy KW - Small-Angle X-ray Scattering PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-57035 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Gröber, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - The Role of Surface Texture on the Corrosion Behavior of High Alloyed Steel Exposed to Saline Aquifer Water Environments N2 - Coupons of X5CrNiCuNb16-4 that may be used as injection pipe with 16% Chromium and 0.05% Carbon (1.4542, AISI 630) were exposed for 3000 h to CO2-saturated saline aquifer water similar to the conditions in the Northern German Basin at ambient pressure and 60 °C. Surface corrosion layers and pits reveal carbonate corrosion products on the surface such as FeCO3 and FeOOH as the main precipitation phases with no dependence on the original surface roughness. Corrosion rates for polished and technical surfaces were below 0.005 mm/year compared to corrosion rates of 0.035 mm/year after shot peening. T2 - 14th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 21.10.2018 KW - High alloyed steel KW - Pitting KW - Surface KW - Roughness KW - CO2 PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50375 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Wolf, M. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - The role of surface texture on the corrosion fatigue behavior of high alloyed stainless steel exposed to saline aquifer water environment N2 - Corrosion fatigue specimen with different surfaces (technical surfaces after machining and polished surfaces) of high alloyed martensitic stainless steel X46Cr13 (1.4043) and duplex stai nless steel X2CrNiMoN22 3 2 (1.4462) were compared at load amplitudes from 175 MPa to 325 MPa in the geothermal brine of the N orthern German Basin at 98 °C. Surface corrosion layers and pits reveal carbonate corrosion products on the surface such as FeCO 3 and FeOOH as the main precipitation phases with no dependence on the original surface roughness . At high stress amplitudes above 275 MPa technical surfaces (P50% at σa 300 MPa=5 × 10 5 ) resulted in more cycles to failure than polished (P50% at σa 300 MPa=1.5 × 10 5 ). The greater slope coefficient for technical surfaces k = 19.006 compared to polished surfaces k =8.78 demonstrate s earlier failure at given stress amplitude σa . KW - Corrosion KW - CCS KW - Carbon storage KW - Aquifer KW - Heat treatment PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.17706/ijmse SN - 2315-4527 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 26 EP - 33 PB - IAP - International Academy Publishing CY - San Bernardino, CA AN - OPUS4-50365 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Gaber, M. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan T1 - Thermal Analysis and Relaxation Phenomena in Oxide Glasses N2 - Wasser beeinflusst empfindlich eine Vielzahl von thermisch aktivierten Relaxationsphänomenen in Gläsern wie die Spannungsrelaxation, das unterkritische Risswachstum, innere Reibung, Viskosität, Sinterverhalten und Kristallisation. Thermische Methoden können dabei wesentliche Beiträge zum Verständnis dieser Phänomene liefern. Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die Möglichkeiten der VakuumHeißExtraktion (VHE) zur Untersuchung des Wassergehalts, des Wasserabgabeverhaltens und der Wassermobilität sowie über den Einfluss des Wassers auf die innere Reibung (DMA). N2 - Dissolved water decisively influences numerous thermally activated relaxation phenomena in glasses like stress relaxation, sub-critical crack growth, internal friction, viscosity, sintering, and crystallization. Thermoanalytical methods can essentially help for better understanding of these phenomena. The lecture introduces the Vacuum Hot Extraction method (VHE) and illustrates its possibilities for measuring water content, degassing and mobility. As another thermoanalytical method, the Dynamic Mechanical Themoanalysis (DMA), allowing to study the effect of dissolved water on the internal friction in glasses, is introduced. T2 - Spring school DFG SPP 1594 CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 06.03.2018 KW - Wasser KW - Silicatglas KW - Relaxationsphänomene KW - Relaxation KW - Thermoanalytical Methods KW - Glass KW - Dissolved water PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Junge, P. A1 - Stargardt, Patrick A1 - Kober, D. A1 - Greinacher, M. A1 - Rupprecht, C. T1 - Thermally Sprayed Al2O3 Ceramic Coatings for Electrical Insulation Applications N2 - Thermal spraying enables a fast and propelling way to additively deposit various ceramics as electric insulators, which are used in conditions where polymers are not suitable. Alumina (Al2O3) is among the most employed materials in the coating industry since it exhibits good dielectric properties, high hardness, high melting point while still being cost-effective. Various parameters (e.g. feedstock type, plasma gas mixture, plasma power) significantly influence the resulting coating in terms of microstructure, porosity, crystallinity, and degree of un-or molten particles. As a consequence, these parameters need to be investigated to estimate the impact on the electrical insulating properties of thermally sprayed alumina. This study focuses on the development of a novel electric insulation coating from Al2O3 feedstock powders deposited via atmospheric plasma spray (APS). The microstructure, porosity, and corresponding crystallographic phases have been analyzed with optical microscopy, XRD, and SEM images. To achieve an understanding of the parameters influencing the electrical insulation performance of the manufactured coatings, an in-depth analysis of the fundamental dielectric parameters e.g., DC resistance, breakdown strength, dielectric loss tangent, permittivity is presented. T2 - International Thermal Spray Conference and Exposition 2022 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 04.05.2022 KW - Thermal Spray KW - Alumina KW - Dielectric properties PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-55821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Kraus, David T1 - Thermo-mechanical fatigue of glass fiber reinforced polymer N2 - Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials in practical applications have to endure cyclic mechanical loading in a wide temperature range (e.g. aircraft applications, automotive, wind turbine blades). In this study the static strength and fatigue behavior of GFRP was investigated in a temperature range from 213 K to 343 K. Therefor the coefficients of thermal expansion of the composite as well as the matrix are measured in this temperature interval. The inverse laminate theory was extended and used to calculate the inter fiber-failure effort for a virtual UD-layer according to the layer wise strength approach. The experimentally determined results are compared with the micro-mechanical model according to Krimmer, which has been enhanced to include the effect of temperature and fiber-perpendicular failure modes. A correlation between matrix effort, the dilatational strain energy of the matrix and the damage state of the specimen is demonstrated. It is shown that a fatigue life assessment can be performed with the aid of a temperature-independent master fatigue curve, as it was similar done for the fatigue behavior of CFRP and GFRP to very high load cycles at room temperature. T2 - ICFC8 - The 8th International Conference on the Fatigue of Composites CY - Online meeting DA - 23.06.2021 KW - Glass fibre reinforced plastics KW - Fatigue KW - Thermo-mechanical-loading PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52910 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Suarez Ocano, Patricia T1 - Thermodynamic and microstructural stabilities at high temperatures and their effects on mechanical properties in an AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr refractory high entropy superalloy N2 - Today’s industrial demands challenge the research and development sector to make advances in the design and properties of materials that can withstand harsh environments. The AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr refractory high-entropy superalloy (RSA), with a remarkable morphological similarity to the γ/γ' microstructure of Ni-based superalloys and promising high-temperature compressive properties, has been considered as a candidate for structural applications. However, additional properties need to be investigated in order to assess the suitability of this alloy for high temperature applications. Therefore, this work investigates the thermodynamic and microstructural stabilities of the RSA at room temperature and between 900 and 1100 °C, and their influence on the mechanical properties. Although it is possible to improve the mechanical properties at 20 °C by tuning the cooling rate, long-term high temperature exposures lead to phase instabilities that negatively influence the creep behavior. N2 - Die heutigen industriellen Anforderungen erfordern Fortschritte bei Werkstoffdesign und -entwicklung, insbesondere für raue Umgebungen. Die hochentropische Refraktärsuperlegierung (RSA) AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr, die eine bemerkenswerte morphologische Ähnlichkeit mit der γ/γ'-Mikrostruktur von Ni-Basis-Superlegierungen und vielversprechende Hochtemperatur-Druckeigenschaften aufweist, wurde als Kandidat für strukturelle Anwendungen erwägt. Weitere Eigenschaften müssen untersucht werden, um die Eignung dieser Legierung für Hochtemperaturanwendungen zu beurteilen. In dieser Arbeit werden die thermodynamischen und mikrostrukturellen Stabilitäten von RSA bei Raumtemperatur und zwischen 900 und 1100°C sowie deren Einfluss auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Obwohl es möglich ist, die mechanischen Eigenschaften bei 20 °C durch Abstimmung der Abkühlrate zu verbessern, führen langfristige Hochtemperaturexpositionen zu Phaseninstabilitäten, die das Kriechverhalten negativ beeinflussen. KW - Hochentropielegierung KW - Gefüge (Werkstoffkunde) KW - Mikrostruktur KW - Kriechen KW - Thermodynamische Stabilität KW - High entropy alloys KW - Microstructure KW - Creep KW - Thermodynamic stability PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:294-108415 DO - https://doi.org/10.13154/294-10841 SP - 1 EP - 170 CY - Bochum AN - OPUS4-59929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Suárez Ocano, Patricia A1 - Fries, S. G. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo T1 - Thermodynamic study of a refractory complex concentrated alloy (rCCA) using the CALPHAD method N2 - Multi-principal-element alloys (MPEAs), have recently come to the attention of the scientific community due to their potential for improving properties such as, e.g. mechanical strength and oxidation resistance in high temperature structural applications. The AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr refractory (r)CCA is one such candidate, showing a two-phase microstructure after a two-stage heat treatment under argon atmosphere at a controlled cooling rate. Since the application conditions intended for this alloy require a long-term high temperature (> 700 °C) mechanical and oxidation resistance, it becomes necessary to assess the possible phase development in this regime. The diagrams reveal that two BCC-based phases could form during alloy solidification, where one phase would be enriched with Mo, Nb and Ta while the other phase, with Al, Ti and Zr. Activity oxides diagrams show that a stable form of aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3, Pearson symbol: hR10, corundum) can be formed. T2 - EUROMAT 2019 CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 01.09.2019 KW - Chemically Complex Alloy KW - CALPHAD KW - Electromicroscopy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50730 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Suárez Ocano, Patricia A1 - Fries, S. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo T1 - Thermodynamic study of a refractory complex concentrated alloy using the CALPHAD method N2 - Introduction/purpose: Multi-principal-element alloys (MPEAs), also known as complex concentrated alloys (CCAs), have recently come to the attention of the scientific community due to some interesting and unexpected microstructures, and their potential for improving properties such as, e.g. mechanical strength and oxidation resistance in high temperature structural applications. The AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr refractory (r)CCA is one such candidate, showing a two-phase microstructure after a two-stage heat treatment under argon atmosphere at a controlled cooling rate. Since the application conditions intended for this alloy require a long-term high temperature (> 700 °C) mechanical and oxidation resistance, it becomes necessary to assess the possible phase development in this regime. Methods: In this contribution, the CALPHAD method is used to calculate phase equilibria for the AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr CCA in the presence and absence of oxygen. Equilibrium phase amount evolution with temperature and Scheil Model for solidification (e.g. Fig.1a and Fig.1b, respectively) are analyzed, which are obtained using the databases TCNI9 and TTNI7 and the Gibbs energy minimizer in the Thermo-Calc software. Results: The diagrams reveal that two BCC-based phases could form during alloy solidification, where one phase would be enriched with Mo, Nb and Ta while the other phase, with Al, Ti and Zr. Activity oxides diagrams show that a stable form of aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3, Pearson symbol: hR10, corundum) can be formed. Results obtained by both databases, as well as discrepancies between property phase and Scheil approaches are discussed on the base of experimental results. Conclusions: A modeling tool is used to support alloy characterization and development, providing also the possibility to feedback information to improve existing thermodynamic databases. T2 - EUROMAT 2019 CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 01.09.2019 KW - CALPHAD databases analysis KW - Thermodynamic analysis KW - Complex concentrated alloy (CCA) PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49345 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Sophie A1 - Stargardt, Patrick A1 - Töpfer, Jörg A1 - Moos, Ralf A1 - Mieller, Björn T1 - Thermoelectric multilayer generators: development from oxide powder to demonstrator N2 - Thermoelectric generators can be used for energy harvesting by directly transforming a temperature gradient into a voltage. Multilayer generators based on ceramic multilayer technology are an interesting alternative to conventional π-type generators. They exhibit several advantages like high filling factor, possibility of texturing, co-firing of all materials in one single-step, and reduction of production costs due to the high possible degree of automation. But, co-firing of promising oxide thermoelectric materials, Ca3Co4O9 (p-type) and CaMnO3 (n-type), is very challenging due to the large difference in sintering temperature (300 K). In this work we show the material development of Ca3Co4O9, CaMnO3, and insulation for multilayer generators co-fired under uniaxial pressure at 900 °C. The materials are tailored regarding their sintering behavior, electrical performance and coefficients of thermal expansion. Tape-casting and pressure assisted sintering are applied to fabricate textured Ca3Co4O9. Compared to conventional sintering, pressure assisted sintering increases the strength by the factor 10 and the power factor by the factor of 20. The combination of sintering additives and uniaxial pressure is used to decrease the sintering temperature of CaMnO3 to 900 °C while maintaining acceptable thermoelectric properties. Different generator designs (unileg and pn-type) were fabricated and analyzed regarding microstructure and thermoelectric performance. A lower level of complexity is beneficial for co-firing and performance. The unileg demonstrators reach 80% of the simulated output power and the power output is highly reproducible between the different demonstrators (99%). T2 - Ceramics in Europe 2022 CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 10.07.2022 KW - Thermoelectrics KW - Multilayer technology KW - Co-firing KW - Texture PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Sophie A1 - Höhne, Patrick A1 - Koppert, R. A1 - Mieller, Björn T1 - Thin-film capability of commercial LTCC N2 - Low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) are used to fabricate multilayer circuits which are robust in harsh environments. Thick-film technology is well established for the metallization of circuit boards and microsystems. For specific sensor applications, the combination of LTCC and thin-film technology is advantageous to reach higher structure resolutions. Due to the high roughness of as-fired LTCC surfaces compared with silicon-wafers, the deposition of low-defect- films with narrowly specified properties is challenging. The deposited thin-films are structured either by lift-off or by etching. The latter is less error-prone and thus preferred in industry provided the selected materials allow it. There is spare literature about thin films on commercial LTCC comparing different material systems or sintering techniques. For developing thin-film sensors on multilayer circuits it is crucial to identify thin-film-compatible commercial LTCC material as well as the crucial surface properties. In this work we evaluate the thin-film capability of different LTCC compositions and surface qualities. To evaluate the influence of the material composition on the thin film capability, 200 nm Ni-thin films were deposited on three different constrained-sintered LTCC (CT708, CT800 and DP951) by electron beam physical vapour deposition. The effect of surface quality was assessed by thin-film deposition on free-sintered, pressure-assisted sintered, and polished DP951. The thin-films were structured by covering corresponding sections with a UV-curable photo resin and subsequent etching of the uncovered surface, leaving behind the desired structure. The etched Ni-thin films showed high difference in failure rate and sheet resistance regarding the used LTCC-material. DP951 had the lowest sheet resistance and no failure, whereas CT800 had a high sheet resistance and a failure rate of 40 %. These results are correlated with surface roughness of the LTCC, scanning electron micrographs of the deposited thin-films, and the chemical resistance of the LTCC against commonly used etching media. Contrary to the expectations, no correlation between roughness and thin-film capability was found. The LTCC with high failure rate showed a strong chemical attack by the used etching medium. Additionally, the adhesion of thin-films on DP951 is better than on CT708 and CT800. T2 - XVIII EcerS Conference & Exhibition CY - Lyon, France DA - 02.07.2023 KW - Glass-ceramics KW - Etching KW - Resistance PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58019 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Eddah, Mustapha A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Böttcher, Nils A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Tomographic Imaging Capabilities with hard X-Rays at BAMline (Bessy II) N2 - The BAMline at the synchrotron X-ray source BESSY II (Berlin, Germany) is supporting researchers especially in materials science. As a non-destructive characterization method, synchrotron X-ray imaging, especially tomography with hard X-Rays, plays an important role in structural 3D characterization. The imaging capabilities allow for in-situ and operando experiments. In this presentation the equipment, data handling pipeline as well as various examples from material science are presented. T2 - Correlative Materials Characterization Workshop 2023 CY - Brno, Czech Republic DA - 09.11.2023 KW - Tomography KW - X-ray imaging KW - Li-ion battery PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rütters, R. A1 - Fisher, S. A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Maßmann, J. A1 - Ostertag-Henning, C. A1 - Lennard Wolf, J. A1 - Pumpa, M. A1 - Lubenau, U. A1 - Knauer, S. A1 - Jaeger, P. A1 - Neumann, A. A1 - Svensson, K. A1 - Pöllmann, H. A1 - Lempp, C. A1 - Menezes, F. A1 - Hagemann, B. T1 - Towards defining reasonable minimum composition thresholds – impacts of variable CO2 stream compositions on transport, injection and storage N2 - The collaborative project “Impacts of impurities in CO2 streams captured from different emitters in a regional cluster on transport, injection and storage (CLUSTER)” aimed to set up recommendations on how to define “reasonable minimum composition thresholds” that CO2 streams should meet when accessing CO2 transport pipeline networks. Within CLUSTER, we investigated potential impacts of CO2 streams with different and temporally variable compositions and mass flow rates along the whole CCS chain. Investigations included, amongst others, impacts on: Corrosion of pipeline steel, pipeline network design and related transport costs, alteration of well bore cements, pressure evelopment and rock integrity, geochemical reactions, and petrophysical and geomechanical rock properties. All investigations are based on a generic CCS chain scenario. In this scenario, CO2 streams are captured from a spatial cluster of eleven emitters and collected in a regional pipeline network. Emitters comprise seven fossil fuel-fired power plants equipped with different capture technologies, two cement plants, one refinery and one integrated iron and steel plant. In total, 19.78 Mio t CO2 (including impurities) are captured in the emitter cluster annually. The combined CO2 stream is transported in a trunk line with a length of 400 km (100 km of these offshore) and is injected into five generic storage structures. The storage reservoirs are saline aquifers of the Buntsandstein. The investigations revealed beneficial and deteriorating impacts of different impurities and combinations thereof. Overall, no fundamental technical obstacles for transporting, injecting and storing CO2 streams of the modelled variable compositions and mass flow rates were observed. Based on the results, the CLUSTER project team recommends not to define “minimum composition thresholds” for CO2 streams as strict threshold values for eachindividual impurity in the stream. Instead, CO2 stream compositions and variabilities for specific CCS projects should be constrained with regard to a set of parameters including i) the overall CO2 content, ii) maximum contents of relevant impurities or elements, iii) acceptable variability of CO2 stream composition, and iv)impurity combinations to be avoided. T2 - 15th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-15 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.03.2021 KW - Corrosion KW - Impurities KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - Whole-chain CCS scenario KW - Recommendations PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rütters, H. A1 - Fischer, S. A1 - Le, Quynh A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Maßmann, J. A1 - Ostertag-Henning, C. A1 - Wolf, J. Lennard A1 - Pumpa, M. A1 - Lubenau, U. A1 - Knauer, S. A1 - Jaeger, P. A1 - Neumann, A. A1 - Svensson, K. A1 - Lempp, C. A1 - Menezes, F. A1 - Hagemann, B. T1 - Towards defining reasonable minimum composition thresholds – impacts of variable CO2 stream compositions on transport, injection and storage N2 - The collaborative project “Impacts of impurities in CO2 streams captured from different emitters in a regional cluster on transport, injection and storage (CLUSTER)” aimed to set up recommendations on how to define “reasonable minimum composition thresholds” that CO2 streams should meet when accessing CO2 transport pipeline networks. Within CLUSTER, we investigated potential impacts of CO2 streams with different and temporally variable compositions and mass flow rates along the whole CCS chain. Investigations included, amongst others, impacts on: Corrosion of pipeline steel, pipeline network design and related transport costs, alteration of well bore cements, pressure development and rock integrity, geochemical reactions, and petrophysical and geomechanical rock properties. All investigations are based on a generic CCS chain scenario. In this scenario, CO2 streams are captured from a spatial cluster of eleven emitters and collected in a regional pipeline network. Emitters comprise seven fossil fuel-fired power plants equipped with different capture technologies, two cement plants, one refinery and one integrated iron and steel plant. In total, 19.78 Mio t CO2 (including impurities) are captured in the emitter cluster annually. The combined CO2 stream is transported in a trunk line with a length of 400 km (100 km of these offshore) and is injected into five generic storage structures. The storage reservoirs are saline aquifers of the Buntsandstein. The investigations revealed beneficial and deteriorating impacts of different impurities and combinations thereof. Overall, no fundamental technical obstacles for transporting, injecting and storing CO2 streams of the modelled variable compositions and mass flow rates were observed. Based on the results, the CLUSTER project team recommends not to define “minimum composition thresholds” for CO2 streams as strict threshold values for each individual impurity in the stream. Instead, CO2 stream compositions and variabilities for specific CCS projects should be constrained with regard to a set of parameters including i) the overall CO2 content, ii) maximum contents of relevant impurities or elements, iii) acceptable variability of CO2 stream composition, and iv) impurity combinations to be avoided. T2 - 15th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-15 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.03.2021 KW - Corrosion KW - Impurities KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - Whole-chain CCS scenario KW - Recommendations PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3816427 SP - 1 EP - 18 AN - OPUS4-52418 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rütters, H A1 - Fischer, S A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Maßmann, J A1 - Ostertag-Henning, C A1 - Lennard Wolf, J A1 - Pumpa, M A1 - Lubenau, U A1 - Knauer, S A1 - Jaeger, P A1 - Neumann, A A1 - Svensson, K A1 - Pöllmann, H A1 - Lempp, C A1 - Menezes, F A1 - Hagemann, B T1 - Towards Defining Reasonable Minimum Composition Thresholds – Impacts of Variable CO2 Stream Compositions on Transport, Injection and Storage N2 - The collaborative project “Impacts of impurities in CO2 streams captured from different emitters in a regional cluster on transport, injection and storage (CLUSTER)” aimed to set up recommendations on how to define “reasonable minimum composition thresholds” that CO2 streams should meet when accessing CO2 transport pipeline networks. Within CLUSTER, we investigated potential impacts of CO2 streams with different and temporally variable compositions and mass flow rates along the whole CCS chain. Investigations included, amongst others, impacts on: • corrosion of pipeline steel, • pipeline network design and related transport costs, • alteration of well bore cements, • pressure development and rock integrity, • geochemical reactions, and • petrophysical and geomechanical rock properties. All investigations are based on a generic CCS chain scenario. In this scenario, CO2 streams are captured from a spatial cluster of eleven emitters and collected in a regional pipeline network. Emitters comprise seven fossil fuel-fired power plants equipped with different capture technologies, two cement plants, one refinery and one integrated iron and steel plant. In total, 19.78 Mio t CO2 (including impurities) are captured in the emitter cluster annually. The combined CO2 stream is transported in a trunk line with a length of 400 km (100 km of these offshore) and is injected into five generic storage structures. The storage reservoirs are saline aquifers of the Buntsandstein. The investigations revealed beneficial and deteriorating impacts of different impurities and combinations thereof. Overall, no fundamental technical obstacles for transporting, injecting and storing CO2 streams of the modelled variable compositions and mass flow rates were observed. Based on the results, the CLUSTER project team recommends not to define “minimum composition thresholds” for CO2 streams as strict threshold values for each individual impurity in the stream. Instead, CO2 stream compositions and variabilities for specific CCS projects should be constrained with regard to a set of parameters including i) the overall CO2 content, ii) maximum contents of relevant impurities or elements, iii) acceptable variability of CO2 stream composition, and iv) impurity combinations to be avoided. T2 - The 15th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.03.2021 KW - Corrosion KW - Impurities KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - Whole-chain CCS scenario KW - Recommendations PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3816427 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Elservier AN - OPUS4-52940 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Towards digitalization of materials in PMD: An application ontology of the tensile test N2 - Due to the diversity of materials and the processes associated with their production and use, the complexity of the lifecycles of materials and the multitude of academic and industrial researchers participating in generation of data for material design impose a huge challenge. The topical goal of digitalizing materials and processes can only be adequately addressed by consolidating the efforts of all stakeholders in this field. There are many scattered activities, but there is a demand for an elimination of redundancies as well as an advance in acceptance and a common basis in the digitalization of materials. Furthermore, data analysis methods play an important role in both, the experimental and simulation-based digital description of materials, but they have been poorly structured so far. Therefore, the two joint projects Platform Material Digital (PMD, materialdigital.de) and Materials open Laboratory (Mat-o-Lab, matolab.de) aim to contribute to a standardized description of data processing methods in materials research. Besides stimulating the formation of a collaborative community in this respect, their main technical goals are the quality assurance of the processes and the output data, the acquisition and definition of their accuracy as well as the interoperability between applications. In this regard, data management in accordance with the FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, reuseability) principles is addressed. There is a common agreement in the scientific community following current discussions that data is supposed to be conform to these principles. This includes storage, processing and querying of data in a preferably standardized form. To meet the challenge to contextualize material data in a way that is consistent with all stakeholders, all necessary information on the condition of the material including production and application-related changes have to be made available via a uniform, machine-readable description. For this purpose, ontologies are to be used since they allow for machine-understandable knowledge representations and conceptualizations that are needed for data management and the digitalization in the field of materials science. As first efforts in PMD and Mat-o-Lab, application ontologies are created to explicitly describe processes and test methods. Thereby, the well-known tensile test of metals at room temperature was described ontologically in accordance with the respective ISO standard 6892-1:2019-11. The efforts in creating this tensile test application ontology are shown in this presentation. Especially, the path of ontology development based on standards to be pursued is focused, which is in accordance with the generic recommendations for ontology development and which is supposed to be exemplary for the creation of other application ontologies. T2 - VirtMet: 1st International Workshop on Metrology for Virtual Measuring Instruments and Digital Twins CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2021 KW - Platform Material Digital (PMD) KW - Ontology KW - Tensile test KW - Standard KW - Ontology development PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53481 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd A1 - Zia, Ghezal-Ahmed A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Hanke, T. A1 - Waitelonis, J. T1 - Towards Interoperability: Digital Representation of a Material Specific Characterization Method N2 - Certain metallic materials gain better mechanical properties through controlled heat treatments. For example, in age-hardenable aluminum alloys, the strengthening mechanism is based on the controlled formation of nanometer sized precipitates, which represent obstacles to dislocation movement. Precise tuning of the material structure is critical for optimal mechanical behavior in the application. Therefore, analysis of the microstructure and especially the precipitates is essential to determine the ideal parameters for the interplay of material and heat treatment. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is utilized to identify precipitate types and orientations in a first step. Dark-field imaging (DF-TEM) is often used to image the precipitates and to quantify their relevant dimensions. The present work aims at the digital representation of this material-specific characterization method. Instead of a time-consuming, manual image analysis, an automatable, digital approach is demonstrated. Based on DF-TEM images of different precipitation states of a wrought aluminum alloy, a modularizable digital workflow for quantitative precipitation analysis is presented. The integration of this workflow into a data pipeline concept will also be discussed. Thus, by using ontologies, the raw image data, their respective contextual information, and the resulting output data from the quantitative precipitation analysis can be linked in a triplestore. Publishing the digital workflow and the ontologies will ensure the reproducibility of the data. In addition, the semantic structure enables data sharing and reuse for other applications and purposes, demonstrating interoperability. The presented work is part of two digitization initiatives, the Platform MaterialDigital (PMD, materialdigital.de) and Materials-open-Laboratory (Mat-o-Lab). T2 - MSE 2022 CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 27.09.2022 KW - Interoperability KW - Ontology KW - Precipitation Analysis PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55892 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd A1 - Zia, Ghezal Ahmad A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Waitelonis, J. A1 - v. Hartrott, P. A1 - Hanke, T. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Towards interoperability: Digital representation of a material specific characterization method N2 - Certain metallic materials gain better mechanical properties through controlled heat treatments. In age-hardenable aluminum alloys, the strengthening mechanism is based on the controlled formation of nanometer sized precipitates, which hinder dislocation movement. Analysis of the microstructure and especially the precipitates by transmission electron microscopy allows identification of precipitate types and orientations. Dark-field imaging is often used to image the precipitates and quantify their relevant dimensions. The present work aims at the digital representation of this material-specific characterization method. Instead of a time-consuming, manual image analysis, a digital approach is demonstrated. The integration of an exemplary digital workflow for quantitative precipitation analysis into a data pipeline concept is presented. Here ontologies enable linking of contextual information to the resulting output data in a triplestore. Publishing digital workflow and ontologies ensures the reproducibility of the data. The semantic structure enables data sharing and reuse for other applications and purposes, demonstrating interoperability. T2 - TMS - 7th World Congress on Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) CY - Orlando, Florida, USA DA - 21.05.2023 KW - Ontology KW - Semantic Interoperability KW - Digtial Representation KW - Data Management KW - Reproducibility KW - FAIR PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maaß, Robert T1 - Tracing structural dynamics in metallic glasses during cryogenic cycling N2 - Highly unrelaxed structural states of metallic glasses have often advantageous mechanical properties. Since metallic glasses continuously relax with time (age) or inherently are well relaxed after processing, methods to uniformly rejuvenate the material are needed. One approach that has received attention is the so-called cryogenic-cycling method, during which a metallic glass is repeatedly immersed into liquid nitrogen. In some cases, cryogenic cycling is truly efficient in increasing the stored excess enthalpy of metallic glasses, but it does not seem to be universally applicable to all alloys and structural states. The origins for these differences remain unclear due to our limited understanding of the underlying structural evolution. In order to shed more light onto the fundamental structural processes of cryogenic cycling, we pursue in-situ x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to trace the atomic-scale structural dynamics of a Zr-based metallic glass in two different structural states (ribbon and bulk metallic glass). This method allows calculating the relaxation times as a function of time throughout the thermal cycling. It is found that the investigated glasses exhibit heterogeneous structural dynamics at 300 K, which changes to monotonic aging at 78 K. Cryogenic cycling homogenizes the relaxation time distribution for both structural states. This effect is much more pronounced in the ribbon, which is the only structural state that rejuvenates upon cycling. We furthermore reveal how fast atomic-scale dynamics is correlated with long-time average structural relaxation times irrespective of the state, and that the ribbon exhibits unexpected additional fast atomic-scale relaxation in comparison to the plate material. Overall, a picture emerges that points towards heterogeneities in fictive temperature as a requirement for cryogenic energy storage. T2 - MRS Fall 2020 - Invited Talk CY - Boston, MA, USA DA - 27.11.2020 KW - Relaxation metallic glasses PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-59542 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Sojref, Regine T1 - Transformation of the antidiabetic drug metformin N2 - For years there have been more and more reports on the presence of drugs in the aquatic environment. Due to the demographic change, the consumption of pharmaceuticals has risen sharply. After taking the drugs, they are partly metabolized in the human body. However, the metabolism is not complete so that both the metabolites and non-metabolized amounts of the parent compounds are excreted. These compounds reach the waste water and afterwards the sewage treatment plants. In sewage treatment plants transformation products can be formed by the oxidative conditions during wastewater treatment processes. The transformation products may have a higher toxicity than the actual environmental pollutants and are often only partly removed during the waste water treatment. Since a lot of these compounds are still unknown, the transformation products are not detected by target analysis used in sewage treatment plants and are often released undetected in the aquatic ecosystems. The released substances may be subject to additional transformation processes in the environment. Pharmaceuticals produced in high amounts can be already detected in the μg/L range in water bodies worldwide. Metformin and its major transformation product guanylurea are one of the main representatives. Metformin is the drug of choice for treating type 2 diabetes. The drug therapy for diabetes mellitus has increased significantly in recent years. In the year 2015 1500 tons of metformin were prescribed in Germany (for statutory insured persons). Metformin is not metabolized in the human body and is excreted unchanged therefore concentrations between 57 μg/L and 129 μg/L are found in German waste water treatment plants influents. In this work the transformation of the antidiabetic drug metformin is investigated. The degradation of metformin is initialize by commercial water treatment techniques like UV-radiation or noncommercial techniques like heterogenous photocatalysis based on titanium dioxide. The degradation of metformin and resulting transformation products are analyzed by LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS. T2 - SPEA 10 CY - Almeria, Spain DA - 04.06.2018 KW - Metformin KW - Photocatalysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd A1 - Bruns, S. A1 - Birkholz, H. A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Waitelonis, J. A1 - Lau, J. W. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Transforming Materials Science with ontologies, ELN, and LIMS: Semantic Web Solutions for Digitalization and Data Excellence N2 - Following the new paradigm of materials development, design and optimization, digitalization is the main goal in materials sciences (MS) which imposes a huge challenge. In this respect, the quality assurance of processes and output data as well as the interoperability between applications following FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, reusability) principles are to be ensured. For storage, processing, and querying of data in contextualized form, Semantic Web Technologies (SWT) are used since they allow for machine-understandable and human-readable knowledge representations needed for data management, retrieval, and (re)use. The project ‘platform MaterialDigital’ (PMD) is part of an initiative that aims to bring together and support interested parties from both industrial and academic sectors in a sustainable manner in solving digitalization tasks and implementing digital solutions. Therefore, the establishment of a virtual material data space and the systematization of the handling of hierarchical, process-dependent material data are focused. Core points to be dealt with are the development of agreements on data structures and interfaces implemented in distinct software tools and to offer users specific added values in their projects. Furthermore, the platform contributes to a standardized description of data processing methods in materials research. In this respect, selected MSE methods are ontologically represented which are supposed to serve as best practice examples with respect to knowledge representation and the creation of knowledge graphs used for material data. Accordingly, this presentation shows the efforts taken within the PMD project to store data in accordance with a testing standard compliant ontological representation of a tensile test of metals at room temperature (ISO 6892-1:2019-11). This includes the path from developing an ontology in accordance with the respective standard up to connecting the ontology and data. The semantic connection of the ontology and data leads to interoperability and an enhanced ability of querying. For further enhanced reusability of data and knowledge from synthesis, production, and characterization of materials, the PMD core ontology (PMDco) was developed as mid-level ontology in the field of MSE. The semantic connection of the tensile test ontology (TTO) to the PMDco leads to enhanced expressivity and interoperability. Moreover, as a best practice example, generation and acquisition of test data semantically connected to the ontology (data mapping) was realized by applying an electronic laboratory notebook (ELN). Corresponding tensile tests were performed by materials science students at university. This enabled a fully digitally integrated experimental procedure that can be transferred to other test series and experiments. In addition to facilitating the acquisition, analysis, processing, and (re)usability of data, this also raises the awareness of students with respect to data structuring and semantic technologies in the sense of education and training. The entire data pipeline is further seamlessly integrable in a laboratory information management system (LIMS). More specifically, the integration of semantic conceptualization and knowledge graphs may become essential parts in LIMS as this would be very beneficial. Therefore, some first approaches of SWT integration in LIMS will also be presented briefly. T2 - TMS Specialty Congress 2024 CY - Cleveland, OH, USA DA - 16.06.2024 KW - Semantic Data KW - Plattform Material Digital KW - Tensile Test Ontology KW - Electronic Lab Notebook KW - Material Life Cycle PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60394 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kraus, David A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Transverse damage in glass fiber reinforced polymer under thermo-mechanical loading N2 - In this study, the thermomechanical damage behavior of a glass fiber reinforced polymer material is investigated. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the composite as well as the matrix are measured in a wide temperature range. Quasi-static experiments with neat resin, unidirectional and multidirectional laminates are performed as well as fatigue experiments in a temperature range from 213 K to 343 K. This study focusses on the matrix damage due to fiber-parallel loading. A correlation between matrix effort, the dilatational strain energy of the matrix and the damage state of the specimen is demonstrated. It is shown that a fatigue life assessment can be performed with the aid of a temperature-independent master fatigue curve. KW - Composite KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymer KW - Thermo-mechanics KW - Fatigue KW - Damage KW - Temperature PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527462 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100147 SN - 2666-6820 VL - 5 SP - 100147 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-52746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Haas, S. A1 - Glatzel, U. T1 - Tuning high entropy alloys towards superalloy applications N2 - The discovery of the high entropy concept at the beginning of the 3rd millennium lead to a worldwide increase in metallurgical research, as the possible element combinations seemed nearly endless and the range of applications wide. In the early years of research, one of the main goals was the discovery of a single-phase high entropy alloy. As research evolved, it was found that properties could be enhanced by opening the HE-concept towards multiphase alloys, and from the wide area of possibilities our group chose a tuning of the properties towards high temperature application. Compositionally complex Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 alloy, which is single-phase at high temperature, around 1200°C, shows a three phase morphology at intermediate temperatures, around 800°C. A high temperature homogenization procedure has to be applied in order to decrease the segregation induced by the dendritic growth. Subsequent annealing promotes the formation of the strengthening γ' precipitates. The alloy shows a positive lattice misfit between the γ and the γ' phase, which can be an indicator for good creep properties. The microstructure can be optimized by adding trace elements such as Mo and Hf, known as γ and γ' strengtheners in Ni-based superalloys, respectively. Atom probe measurements show that Mo segregates into the γ matrix, and Hf prefers the γ' precipitates, where it increases the lattice parameter and thus also the lattice misfit, by about 50%. The alloy family shows interesting mechanical properties, especially the Al9.5Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6Hf0,5 alloy – its tensile properties are better than those of commercial Alloy 800H and IN617 at temperatures up to 700°C. T2 - BAM Abteilungsseminar CY - Online meeting DA - 21.01.2021 KW - High entropy alloys KW - Compositionally complex alloys KW - Superalloys KW - Hochentropie-Legierung KW - Legierung mit komplexer Zusammensetzung KW - Superlegierung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Sänger, Johanna A1 - Pauw, Brian T1 - Two-Photon-Polymerization for Ceramics Powder Processing N2 - Manipulating ceramic powder compacts and ceramic suspensions (slurries) within their volume with light requires a minimum transparency of the materials. Compared to polymers and metals, ceramic materials are unique as they offer a wide electronic band gap and thus a wide optical window of transparency. The optical window typically ranges from below 0.3 µm up to 5µm wavelength. Hence, to penetrate with laser light into the volume of a ceramic powder compound its light scattering properties need to be investigated and tailored. In the present study we introduce the physical background and material development strategies to apply two-photon-polymerization (2PP) for the additive manufacture of filigree structures within the volume of ceramic slurries. T2 - DKG Jahrestagung 2023 CY - Jena, Germany DA - 27.03.2023 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Transparent ceramics PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59880 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Sänger, Johanna A1 - Pauw, Brian T1 - Two-Photon-Polymerization for Ceramics Powder Processing N2 - Manipulating ceramic powder compacts and ceramic suspensions (slurries) within their volume with light requires a minimum transparency of the materials. Compared to polymers and metals, ceramic materials are unique as they offer a wide electronic band gap and thus a wide optical window of transparency. The optical window typically ranges from below 0.3 µm up to 5µm wavelength. Hence, to penetrate with laser light into the volume of a ceramic powder compound its light scattering properties need to be investigated and tailored. In the present study we introduce the physical background and material development strategies to apply two-photon-polymerization (2PP) for the additive manufacture of filigree structures within the volume of ceramic slurries. T2 - ECerSXVIII Conference Exhebition of the European Ceramic Society CY - Lyon, France DA - 02.07.2023 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Transparent ceramics PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59883 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Understanding the Anomalous Corrosion Behaviour of 17% Chromium Martensitic Stainless Steel in Laboratory CCS-Environment—A Descriptive Approach N2 - To mitigate carbon dioxide emissions CO2 is compressed and sequestrated into deep geological layers (Carbon Capture and Storage CCS). The corrosion of injection pipe steels is induced when the metal is in contact with CO2 and at the same time the geological saline formation water. Stainless steels X35CrMo17 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 with approximately 17% Cr show potential as injection pipes to engineer the Northern German Basin geological onshore CCS-site. Static laboratory experiments (T = 60 ◦C, p = 100 bar, 700–8000 h exposure time, aquifer water, CO2-flow rate of 9 L/h) were conducted to evaluate corrosion kinetics. The anomalous surface corrosion phenomena were found to be independent of heat treatment prior to exposure. The corrosion process is described as a function of the atmosphere and diffusion process of ionic species to explain the precipitation mechanism and better estimate the reliability of these particular steels in a downhole CCS environment. KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - High alloyed steel KW - Corrosion mechanism KW - CCS PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545700 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020014 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 239 EP - 257 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-54570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Blaeß, Carsten A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Undesired Foaming of Silicate Glass Powders N2 - The manufacture of sintered glasses and glass-ceramics, glass matrix composites, and glass-bounded ceramics or pastes is often affected by un-expected gas bubble formation also named foaming. Against this background, in this presentation the main aspects and possible reasons of foaming are shown for completely different glass powders: a barium silicate glass powders used as SOFC sealants, and bioactive glass powders using different powder milling procedures. Sintering and foaming were measured by means of heating microscopy backed up by XRD, differential thermal analysis (DTA), vacuum hot extraction (VHE), optical and electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Different densification was reached followed by significant foaming starting partly immediately, partly at higher temperature. Foaming increased significantly as milling progressed. For moderately milled glass powders, subsequent storage in air could also promote foaming. Although the milling atmosphere significantly affects the foaming of uniaxially pressed powder compacts sintered in air. VHE studies show that foaming is driven by carbon gases and carbonates were detected by Infrared spectroscopy to provide the major foaming source. Carbonates could be detected even after heating to 750 °C, which hints on a thermally very stable species or mechanical trapping or encapsulating of CO2. Otherwise, dark gray compact colors for milling in isopropanol indicate the presence of residual carbon as well. Its significant contribution to foaming, however, could not be proved and might be limited by the diffusivity of oxygen needed for carbon oxidation to carbon gas. T2 - Seminário de Laboratório de Materiais Vítreos (LaMaV) de Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais (DEMa), Universidade Federal São Carlos UFSCar) CY - Saint Charles, Brazil DA - 06.06.2024 KW - Bioactive KW - Foaming KW - Glass KW - Crystallization KW - Viscose sintering PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60245 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane T1 - Unravelling high temperature oxidation phenomena by in situ x-ray techniques N2 - Unravelling high temperature oxidation phenomena by in situ x-ray techniques. A multi techqnique approach to study high temperature gas corrosion is presented. T2 - Gordon Research Conference on High Temperature Corrosion CY - New London, NH, USA DA - 20.07.2019 KW - Corrosion KW - High temperature KW - Diffraction KW - Spectroscopy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmies, Lennart A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Yarysh, Anna A1 - Sonntag, U. A1 - Botsch, B. A1 - Hemmleb, M. T1 - Using Machine Learning and Topographic SEM Imaging for Software Assisted Fractography N2 - The aim of a fractographic investigation is the evaluation of macroscopic and microscopic fracture surface characteristics and, as a result, the determination of the fracture mechanism of a component from a failure case. The basis for such evaluations of fracture characteristics comes from actual comparative mechanical testing and from the literature. A fractographic analysis can be very complex and, in any case, requires considerable experience. In the IGF project "iFrakto", software is being developed that quantitatively determines fracture characteristics and fracture mechanisms utilizing digitized expert knowledge, machine learning, and standard 2D and topographical data from SEM imaging. Topographical data are obtained from 4QBSE detector using shape-from-shading technology. In the medium term, a software tool should provide knowledge-based suggestions for the evaluation of fracture surfaces in real time during SEM work or at subsequent evaluation. As a basis for this, round robins were carried out among fractographers in order to create a knowledge base, to query the practice-relevant requirements for such tools and to carry out first practical tests. Actual results are presented and the relevance of the evaluation strategy is evaluated. T2 - Material Science and Engineering 2022 CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 27.9.2022 KW - Fractography KW - Machine Learning KW - Topography PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Rouxel, T. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Vacuum crack growth in silicate glasses N2 - Although the slow crack growth in glass is dominated by stress-corrosion phenomena, it also should reflect the underlaying intrinsic fracture behavior controlled by glass chemistry and structure. To investigate such underlaying phenomena, crack growth velocity in alkali silicate glasses was measured in vacuum across 10 orders of magnitude with double cantilever beam technique. Measured and literature crack growth data were compared with calculated intrinsic fracture toughness data obtained from Young’s moduli and theoretical fracture surface energy. Data analysis reveals slight correlation with the packing density and significant deviations from the intrinsic brittle fracture behavior. These deviations do not follow simple compositional trends. Two opposing processes may explain this finding: a decrease in the apparent fracture surface energy due to stress-induced chemical changes at the crack tip and its increase due to energy dissipation during fracture. T2 - 26th International Congress on Glass CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 03.07.2022 KW - Oxide glass KW - Fracture toughness KW - Fracture surface PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Gaber, M. T1 - VACUUM HOT EXTRACTION (VHE-MS): Concentration, diffusion and degassing of volatiles N2 - Der Vortrag gibt eine Einführung in die Methode der Vakuumheißextraktion und beschreibt die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der an der BAMN betriebenen Anlage. T2 - Seminar Instrumentelle Analytik, Fakultät III Prozesswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl Keramik TU Berlin CY - TU Berlin, Germany DA - 26.1.2018 KW - Gasabgabe KW - Diffusion KW - Gasgehalt PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45665 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Vacuum hot extraction: Detection of volatiles N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die Möglichkete und Grenzen der Methode der Vakuum-Heiß-Extraktion an der BAM T2 - Seminar Instrumentelle Analytik, Fakultät III Prozesswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl Keramik TU Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.01.2019 KW - Heißgasextraktion KW - Glas PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50434 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Beygi Nasrabadi, Hossein A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Vickers test ontology (VTO) N2 - Vickers Test Ontology (VTO) has developed for representing the Vickers testing process, testing equipment requirements, test pieces charactristics, and related testing parameters and their measurement procedure according to DIN EN ISO 6507-1 standard. Versions info: V2 developed using BFO+CCO top-level ontologies. Repositories: GitLab: https://gitlab.com/kupferdigital/process-graphs/vickers-hardness-test GitHub: https://github.com/HosseinBeygiNasrabadi/Vickers-Test-Ontology-VTO- MatPortal: https://matportal.org/ontologies/VTO IndustryPortal: https://industryportal.enit.fr/ontologies/VTO KW - Ontology KW - Knowledge graph KW - Data mapping KW - Vickers hardness KW - FAIR data. PY - 2024 UR - https://gitlab.com/kupferdigital/process-graphs/vickers-hardness-test UR - https://github.com/HosseinBeygiNasrabadi/Vickers-Test-Ontology-VTO- UR - https://matportal.org/ontologies/VTO UR - https://industryportal.enit.fr/ontologies/VTO PB - GitLab CY - San Francisco, CA, USA AN - OPUS4-60544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Charmi, Amir A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Virtual-lab-based determination of a macroscopic yield function for additively manufactured parts N2 - This work aims for a yield function description of additively manufactured parts of S316L steel at the continuum-mechanical macro-scale by means of so-called virtual experiments using a crystal plasticity (CP) model at meso-scale. Additively manufactured parts require the consideration of the specific process-related microstructure, which prevents this material to be macroscopically treated as isotropic, because of crystallographic as well as topological textures. From virtual experiments, yield loci under various loading conditions are simulated. The scale bridging from meso- to macro-scale is realised by the identification of the simulated yield loci as a modified anisotropic Barlat-type yield model representation. T2 - Workshop on Additive Manufacturing, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.05.2019 KW - Virtual experiments KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Anisotropy KW - Crystal plasticity KW - Scale-bridging PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48064 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Charmi, Amir A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Ávila, Luis A1 - Sommer, Konstantin T1 - Virtual-lab-based determination of a macroscopic yield function for additively manufactured parts N2 - This work aims for an yield function description of additively manufactured (AM) parts of S316L steel at the continuum-mechanical macro-scale by means of so-called virtual experiments using a crystal plasticity (CP) model at meso-scale. Additively manufactured parts require the consideration of the specific process-related microstructure, which prevents this material to be macroscopically treated as isotropic, because of crystallographic as well as topological textures. EBSD/CT-Scans from in-house additively manufactured specimen extract the unique microstructural topology which is converted to a representative volume element (RVE) with grain structure and crystal orientations. Crystal plasticity model parameters on this RVE are calibrated and validated by means of mechanical testing under different texture angles. From virtual experiments on this RVE, yield loci under various loading conditions are simulated. The scale bridging from meso- to macro-scale is realised by the identification of the simulated yield loci as a modified anisotropic Barlat-type yield model representation. T2 - The First European Conference on Structural Integrity of Additively Manufactured Materials (ESIAM19) CY - Trondheim, Norway DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Virtual experiments KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Anisotropy KW - Crystal plasticity KW - Scale-bridging PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49376 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Charmi, Amir T1 - Virtual-lab-based determination of a macroscopic yield function for additively manufactured parts N2 - Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine Methode für die Ermittlung einer Fließfunktion für additiv gefertigte Bauteile des Werkstoffs S316L. Ein Kristallplastizitätsmodell wird zunächst mit experimentellen Daten kalibriert. Anschließend werden mit diesem Modell sogenannte virtuelle Experimente durchgeführt, die die prozeßspezifische Mikrostruktur in Form von kristallographischen und morphologischen Texturen miteinbeziehen. Diese Simulationen werden mit einem representativen Volumenelement (RVE) durchgeführt, das aus EBSD/CT-Scans an additiv gefertigten Proben generiert wurde und daher die Kornstruktur und Kristallorientierungen enthält. Die virtuellen Experimente werden durchgeführt, um anhand der damit erhaltenen Fließpunkte eine anisotrope Barlat-Fließfunktion zu bestimmen. Dieser skalenübergreifende Ansatz ermöglicht die Simulation großer Strukturen, für die die Anwendung eines Kristallplastizitätsmodells numerisch zu teuer wäre. N2 - This work presents a method for the yield function determination of additively manufactured parts of S316L steel. A crystal plasticity model is calibrated with test results and used afterwards to perform so-called virtual experiments, that account for the specific process-related microstructure including crystallographic and morphological textures. These simulations are undertaken on a representative volume element (RVE), that is generated from EBSD/CT-Scans on in-house additively manufactured specimen, considering grain structure and crystal orientations. The results of the virtual experiments are used to determine an anisotropic Barlat yield function, that can be used in a macroscopical continuum-sense afterwards. This scale-bridging approach enables the calculation of large-scale parts, that would be numerically too expensive to be simulated by a crystal plasticity model. T2 - 3. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Additiv gefertigte Bauteile und Strukturen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.11.2018 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Scale-bridging KW - Crystal plasticity KW - Virtual experiments KW - Anisotropy PY - 2018 SN - 2509-8772 SP - 153 EP - 158 PB - DVM CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-46570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Charmi, Amir T1 - Virtual-lab-based determination of a macroscopic yield function for additively manufactured parts N2 - This work presents a method for the yield function determination of additively manufactured parts of S316L steel. A crystal plasticity model is calibrated with test results and used afterwards to perform so-called virtual experiments, that account for the specific process-related microstructure including crystallographic and morphological textures. These simulations are undertaken on a representative volume element (RVE), that is generated from EBSD/CT-Scans on in-house additively manufactured specimen, considering grain structure and crystal orientations. The results of the virtual experiments are used to determine an anisotropic Barlat yield function, that can be used in a macroscopical continuum-sense afterwards. This scale-bridging approach enables the calculation of large-scale parts, that would be numerically too expensive to be simulated by a crystal plasticity model. T2 - 3. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Additiv gefertigte Bauteile und Strukturen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.11.2018 KW - Virtual experiments KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Anisotropy KW - Crystal plasticity KW - Scale-bridging PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gomes Fernandes, Roger A1 - Al-Mukadam, Raschid A1 - Bornhöft, Hansjörg A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Selle, Susanne A1 - Deubener, Joachim T1 - Viscous Sintering of Acid Leached Glass Powders N2 - The process of viscous flow sintering is a phenomenon that is closely linked to the surface properties of the glass particles. In this work, we studied the extreme case of acid-leaching of soda-lime-silicate glass beads of two different particle size distributions and its effects on non-isothermal viscous sintering of powder compacts. Depth profiling of the chemical composition after leaching revealed a near-surface layer depleted in alkali and alkaline earth ions, associated with concurrent hydration as mass loss was detected by thermogravimetry. Heating microscopy showed that acid treatment of glasses shifted the sinter curves to higher temperatures with increasing leaching time. Modelling of the shrinkage with the cluster model predicted a higher viscosity of the altered surface layer, while analysis of the time scales of mass transport of mobile species (Na+, Ca2+ and H2O) during isochronous sintering revealed that diffusion of Na+ can compensate for concentration gradients before sintering begins. Also, exchanged water species can diffuse out of the altered layer, but the depletion of Ca2+ in the altered surface layer persists during the sinter interval, resulting in a glass with higher viscosity, which causes sintering to slow down. KW - Glass powder KW - Viscous sintering KW - Acid-leaching KW - Sinter retardation PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-589008 DO - https://doi.org/10.52825/glass-europe.v1i.681 VL - 1 SP - 37 EP - 53 AN - OPUS4-58900 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Dietrich, U. A1 - Fechtelkord, M. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Water in oxide glasses: from borosilicates to silicoborates N2 - In this poster, results are presented on the influence of water incorporation on the structure of B2O3 and SiO2 containing oxide glasses, which were found during the joint project at the locations Hanover, Clausthal and Berlin within the priority program SPP1594. T2 - 9th Otto Schott Colloquium CY - Jena, Germany DA - 09.09.2019 KW - IR KW - Glass KW - Water content KW - NMR PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50465 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zocca, Andrea A1 - Mühler, T. A1 - Schubert, Hendrik A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Water-based additive manufacturing of ceramics by Laser-Induced Slip Casting (LIS) N2 - The Laser-Induced Slip Casting is an additive manufacturing technology specifically developed for ceramic materials using water-based ceramic slurries. The process takes place layer-by-layer in a similar fashion as top-down vat photopolymerization, selectively consolidating each layer by means of a laser energy source positioned on the top. Contrary to vat photopolymerization, in which the consolidation is achieved by selectively cross-linking a ceramic-filled resin, LIS uses water-based slurries with a low amount of organic additives (typically < 5 wt%) as feedstocks. In LIS, a green body is formed by local evaporation of water which causes the suspension to collapse forming a cast, following a mechanism similar to slip casting. Only a small content of organic additives is needed to effectively disperse the ceramic particles and to increase the green strength. The technology is very versatile and can be applied to all ceramic systems that can be dispersed in water. One of the main advantages is that even dark materials such as silicon carbide can be processed without issues related to light scattering and absorption. The presentation will discuss strengths and limitations of LIS compared to other AM technologies and will highlight the latest results for alumina and for silicon carbide ceramics. T2 - 48th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC2024) CY - Daytona, FL, USA DA - 28.01.2024 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Ceramic KW - Water-based KW - Slurry KW - Laser PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Richter, Tim A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria T1 - Welding of high-entropy alloys - New material concept vs. old challenges N2 - HEAs represent a relatively new class of materials. The the alloy concept is fundamentally different from the most conventional materials and alloys that are used today. Recently, the focus of HEA designs is more application-based. For that purpose, the elements of interest are carefully selected and multiple phases as well as micro-structures are deliberately adjusted. Currently, only limited attention has been paid to weldability of HEA. This encompasses possible effects on metallurgy and its influence on the desired properties. It remains open if welding causes e.g. considerable number of intermetallic phases or segregations and their effect on weld joint properties. For that reason, the scope of this study is to summarize already available studies on welding of HEAs with respect to the HEA-type, the applied welding process and its influence on the weld joint properties. T2 - IIW Annual Assembly, Meeting of Commission II-A CY - Online meeting DA - 20.07.2020 KW - High-entropy alloy KW - Welding KW - Review PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51116 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Ou, D. A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Wind turbine rotor blade testing by dual-energy laminography N2 - Modern wind turbine rotor blades consist of sandwich shell segments made from glass fiber reinforced polymers. During manufacturing, defects can arise which could lead to failure of the whole component under dynamic mechanical and thermal loads. Hence during operation defects can arise which, if detected, can be repaired locally and in-situ by applying repair patches instead of taking the whole rotor blade down and repair it remotely. This method is much more time and cost effective, since the shut-down time of the energy converter is limited to a minimum. These repair patches can, however, also lead to new defects if not applied optimally. Therefore, it is necessary to control the quality of the repair patches to ensure the best possible restoration of structural integrity of the component. As a rotor blade is an object with a large aspect ratio, X-ray laminography is predestined to provide 3D information of the objective volume. To enhance the amount of information gained from laminographic reconstruction, we use in this study a photon counting and energy discriminating X-ray detector and apply a material decomposition algorithm to the data. By inherently separating the incident spectra within the detection process into two distinct energy bins, the basis material decomposition can provide material resolved images. Choosing glass and epoxy resin as basis materials and numerically solving the inverse dual-energy equation system, the reconstructed laminographic datasets contain highly valuable information about the distribution of the basis materials within the structure. Furthermore, cross- artifacts arising from the limited angle of the projection data can be reduced by this method which allows to investigate structures that were hidden underneath the artefacts. T2 - International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography – DIR2019 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 02.07.2019 KW - Laminography KW - Wind energy KW - Fiber reinforced polymer KW - Photon counting detector KW - Repair patch PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-484380 UR - https://www.dir2019.com/portals/dir2019/bb/Tu.3.A.1.pdf SN - 978-947971-06-0 SP - 1 EP - 13 AN - OPUS4-48438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Ou, D. A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Wind turbine rotor blade testing by dual-energy laminography N2 - Modern wind turbine rotor blades consist of sandwich shell segments made from glass fiber reinforced polymers. During manufacturing, defects can arise which could lead to failure of the whole component under dynamic mechanical and thermal loads. Hence during operation defects can arise which, if detected, can be repaired locally and in-situ by applying repair patches instead of taking the whole rotor blade down and repair it remotely. This method is much more time and cost effective, since the shut-down time of the energy converter is limited to a minimum. These repair patches can, however, also lead to new defects if not applied optimally. Therefore, it is necessary to control the quality of the repair patches to ensure the best possible restoration of structural integrity of the component. As a rotor blade is an object with a large aspect ratio, X-ray laminography is predestined to provide 3D information of the objective volume. To enhance the amount of information gained from laminographic reconstruction, we use in this study a photon counting and energy discriminating X-ray detector and apply a material decomposition algorithm to the data. By inherently separating the incident spectra within the detection process into two distinct energy bins, the basis material decomposition can provide material resolved images. Choosing glass and epoxy resin as basis materials and numerically solving the inverse dual-energy equation system, the reconstructed laminographic datasets contain highly valuable information about the distribution of the basis materials within the structure. Furthermore, cross- artifacts arising from the limited angle of the projection data can be reduced by this method which allows to investigate structures that were hidden underneath the artefacts. T2 - 1st International Symposium on Photon Counting Technologies & Applications CY - München, Germany DA - 05.07.2019 KW - Laminography KW - Wind energy KW - Fiber reinforced polymer KW - Photon counting detector KW - Dual-energy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48440 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Usmani, Shirin T1 - Wood treated with nano metal fluorides - relations between composition, size, and durability N2 - In this study, nanoscopic particles of magnesium Fluoride (MgF2) and calcium fluoride (CaF2) also known as nano metal fluorides (NMFs), were evaluated for their potential to improve wood durability. Even though these fluorides are sparingly soluble, their synthesis in the form of nano-sized particles turns them into promising candidates for wood preservation. Their distinct property of low-water solubility is proposed to maintain long-lasting protection of treated wood by reducing the leaching of fluoride. Analytical methods were used to characterize the synthesized NMFs and their distribution in treated wood specimens. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that these fluoride particles are smaller than 10 nm. In nano metal fluoride (NMF) treated specimens, aggregates of these particles are uniformly distributed in the wood matrix as confirmed with scanning electron microscopy images and their corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy maps. The fluoride aggregates form a protective layer around the tracheid walls and block the bordered pits, thus reducing the possible flow path for water absorption into wood. This is reflected in the reduced swelling and increased hydrophobicity of wood treated with NMFs. The biocidal efficacy of NMFs was tested against brown-rot fungi (Coniophora puteanaand Rhodonia placenta), white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), and termites (Coptotermes formosanus). The fungal and termite tests were performed in accordance with the EN 113 (1996) and EN 117 (2012) standards, respectively. Prior to fungal tests, the NMF treated wood specimens were leached according to the EN 84 (1997)standard. Compared to untreated specimens, the NMF treated wood specimens have a higher resistance to decay caused by brown-rot fungi, white-rot fungus, and termites. Although all NMF treatments in wood reduce the mass loss caused by fungal decay, only the combined treatment of MgF2 and CaF2 has efficacy against both brown-rot fungi and white-rot fungus. Similarly, wood treated with the combined NMF formulation is the least susceptible to attack by C. formosanus.It is proposed that combining MgF2 and CaF2changes their overall solubility to promote the release of fluoride ions at the optimal concentration needed for biocidal efficacy against fungi and termites. In this thesis, it was proven that even after leaching, sufficient fluoride was present to protect NMF treated wood from fungal decay. This shows that NMFs are robust enough for above ground contact outdoor applications of wood, where permanent wetness cannot be avoided according to Use Class 3.2, as per the EN 335 (2013) standard. Also, they pose a low risk to human health and the environment because they are sparingly soluble. Since NMFs significantly reduce the decay of wood, the CO2 fixed in it will be retained for longer than in unpreserved wood. Overall, the novel results of this study show the potential of NMFs to increase the service life of building materials made from non-durable wood. KW - Termites KW - Nano metal fluorides KW - Solubility KW - Wood protection KW - Fungi PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525108 DO - https://doi.org/10.18452/22553 SP - i EP - 118 PB - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gesell, Stephan T1 - WP8 - RCS standardisation work N2 - The presentation presents a first work premise for the acceptable failrate of a hydrogen pressure vessel. Based on this premise, the basic algorithm for the analysis of given acceptance criteria is presented. T2 - TAHYA PSB Meeting#1 CY - TU Chemnitz, Germany DA - 20.11.2018 KW - FCH JU KW - TAHYA KW - Horizon 2020 KW - Safety assessment PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47178 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Nielow, D. A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Lange, A. A1 - Hentschel, M.P. A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Ewert, U. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - X-ray laminographic inspection of sandwich shell segments for wind turbine rotor blades N2 - 3D structural investigations are described by X-ray laminography studies of sandwich shell segments, made of a PVC foam core, covered by non-crimp fabric glass fibre composite lay-ups processed by vacuum assisted resin infusion of epoxy. The specific scope of this study is to image transversal flaws within the foam core (joints) and of single ply overlaps. Test flaws were purposely implemented in order to simulate typical failure under cyclic load. In a dedicated test rig for shell structures, the flaw evolution/propagation is monitored by thermography and optical 3D inspection of deformation. Due to the unfavourable preconditions for classical computed tomography as of large aspect ratio, the samples were investigated by coplanar translational laminography. Its limited range of observation angles of ± 45°, results in anisotropic artefacts about the normal to the sample surface, but the typical flaws are well visualized in the as-prepared state, in a state of early damage, and in the repaired state. T2 - 12th European conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 11.06.2018 KW - X-ray laminography KW - Wind turbine KW - Rotor blade PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-453931 SN - 978-91-639-6217-2 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-45393 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Nielow, D. A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Lange, A. A1 - Hentschel, M.P. A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Ewert, U. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - X-ray laminographic inspection of sandwich shell segments for wind turbine rotor blades N2 - 3D structural investigations are described by X-ray laminography studies of sandwich shell segments, made of a PVC foam core, covered by non-crimp fabric glass fibre composite lay-ups processed by vacuum assisted resin infusion of epoxy. The specific scope of this study is to image transversal flaws within the foam core (joints) and of single ply overlaps. Test flaws were purposely implemented in order to simulate typical failure under cyclic load. In a dedicated test rig for shell structures, the flaw evolution/propagation is monitored by thermography and optical 3D inspection of deformation. Due to the unfavourable preconditions for classical computed tomography as of large aspect ratio, the samples were investigated by coplanar translational laminography. Its limited range of observation angles of ± 45°, results in anisotropic artefacts about the normal to the sample surface, but the typical flaws are well visualized in the as-prepared state, in a state of early damage, and in the repaired state. T2 - 12th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 11.06.2018 KW - X-ray laminography KW - Wind turbine KW - Rotor blade PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miliūtė, Aistė A1 - George, Janine A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Stawski, Tomasz T1 - ZrV2O7 negative thermal expansion (NTE) material N2 - Zirconium vanadate (ZrV2O7) is a well-known negative thermal expansion (NTE) material that exhibits significant isotropic contraction over a broad temperature range (~150°C < T < 800°C). Therefore, it can be used to create composites with controllable expansion coefficients and prevent thermal stress, fatigue, cracking, and deformation at interfaces. We implement interdisciplinary research to analyze such material. We study the influence of the synthesis methods and their parameters on the sample's purity, crystallinity, and homogeneity. Moreover, we implement ab initio-based vibrational computations with partially treated anharmonicity in combination with experimental methods to follow temperature-induced structural changes and rationalize the negative thermal expansion in this material, including the influence of the local structure disorder. T2 - SALSA Make and Measure Conference CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.09.2023 KW - NTE KW - Composites KW - TEM PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58367 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -