TY - CONF A1 - Camin, B. T1 - Grenzflächenanalyse diffusionsgeschweißter Werkstoffpaarungen Nickel/ Nickelbasis-Superlegierung CMSX-4 N2 - Der Kirkendall-Effekt tritt bei aneinandergrenzenden Metallpaarungen auf, die höheren Temperaturen ausgesetzt sind. Es findet als Funktion von der Temperatur, der Zeit und der Konzentration die Diffusion von Atomen und Leerstellen über die Phasengrenze hinweg statt. Für die Untersuchung des Kirkendall-Effekts wurde mittels Diffusionsschweißens eine Werkstoffpaarung bestehend aus reinem Nickel (Ni) und der Nickelbasis-Superlegierung CMSX-4 hergestellt. Das Gefüge des reinen Nickels ist polykristallin und von CMSX-4 einkristallin. Da der Kirkendall-Effekt neben den oben genannten Parametern zudem von der Kristallorientierung abhängig ist, wurden zwei verschiedene Kristallorientierungen, die [111]- und [001]-Richtungen, gewählt. Aus 3D µ-tomografischen Untersuchungen ist bekannt, dass heiß-isostatisches Pressen (HIP) eine Verringerung der Porosität in CMSX-4 bewirkt, die durch die Erstarrung des Einkristalls bei der Herstellung entsteht [1]. Daher wurden bei den Diffusionsschweißungen Werkstoffpaarungen von reinem Nickel mit drei CMSX-4-Varianten -mit einer γ/γ‘-Mikrostrukturkombiniert: Ni/ CMSX-4 [111], Ni/ CMSX-4 [001] und Ni/ CMSX-4 [001]-HIPed. Die bei der Diffusionsschweißung entstehenden Grenzschichten wurden mittels Stereo-, Licht- und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie sowie EDX-Analysen untersucht. Bei allen Diffusionsschweißungen entstand eine feste Verbindung zwischen den Werkstoffpaarungen. Wie bereits aus [2] bekannt, bildet sich bei allen Proben auf der Rein-Nickelseite der Grenzfläche ein Porensaum aus, während sich auf der CMSX-4-Seite ein γ‘-freie Zone bildet (Abbildung 1). Sowohl die jeweilige Porosität als auch Porengröße des Porensaums der drei Werkstoffpaarungen ist verschieden. Dieses gilt ebenso für die durchschnittliche Schichtdicke der γ‘-freie Zone. Die geringste durchschnittliche Schichtdicke mit 1,45 µm weist die Paarung Ni/ CMSX-4 [001]-HIPed (Abbildung 1b) auf, wobei die Dicke über den Probenquerschnitt konstant ist. Dagegen schwanken die Schichtdicken der γ‘-freie Zonen bei Ni/ CMSX� 4 [111] (Abbildung 1c) zwischen 1,82 – 4,1 µm und Ni/ CMSX-4 [001] (Abbildung 1a) zwischen 1,36 - 4,55 µm. EDX-Messungen (Linescans) von der CMSX-4-Seite über die γ‘-freie Zone bis in den Nickelwerkstoff zeigen den qualitativen Verlauf der Elementkonzentrationen von Nickel und Aluminium (Abbildung 2). Bei allen Werkstoffpaarungen nimmt die Konzentration des Elements Nickel kontinuierlich zu. Während in der Werkstoffpaarung Ni/CMSX-4 [111] der Konzentrationszunahme symmetrisch über die Grenzfläche verläuft, weist Nickel bei den Werkstoffpaarungen Ni/CMSX-4 mit [001]-Orientierung keinen symmetrischer Konzentrationsverlauf auf. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass hier die Diffusion von Nickel über die Grenzfläche in die γ‘-freie Zone in Abhängigkeit von der Kristallorientierung unterschiedlich stattfindet. Entgegengesetzt diffundiert das Element Aluminium von der CMSX-4-Seite zur Nickelseite, wie sich aus dem ebenfalls unsymmetrischen Elementverlauf schließen lässt. Bemerkenswert ist hier ein Knick, der sich nach einem Steilabfall einem Plateau anschließt, wie im vergrößerten Ausschnitt in Abbildung 2 mit einem roten Pfeil markiert ist. Dieser Verlauf ist von der Kristallorientierung unabhängig und ist auf die bessere Diffusivität von Al im Vergleich zu Ni zurückzuführen. T2 - Materialographie 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.09.2024 KW - Diffusionsschweißen KW - Grenzfläche KW - Nickelbasis-Superlegierung KW - Kirkendall-Effekt PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61095 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schilling, Markus T1 - Ansätze zur digitalen Wissensrepräsentation aus der Plattform MaterialDigital (PMD) N2 - Die Digitalisierung von Materialien und Prozessen stellt eine große Herausforderung dar, die nur durch eine Bündelung der Bemühungen aller Beteiligten in diesem Bereich erreicht werden kann. Bei einer derartigen digitalen Beschreibung spielen Datenanalysemethoden, eine Qualitätssicherung von Prozessen inklusive Input- und Output-Daten sowie die Interoperabilität zwischen Anwendungen nach den FAIR-Prinzipien eine wichtige Rolle. Dies umfasst das Speichern, Verarbeiten und Abfragen von Daten in einer vorzugsweise standardisierten Form (Beteiligung von Normungsgremien). Zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderung ist eine mit allen Stakeholdern konsistente Kontextualisierung der Materialdaten anzustreben, d.h. alle erforderlichen Informationen über den Zustand des Materials einschließlich produktions- und anwendungsbezogener Änderungen müssen über eine einheitliche, maschinenlesbare Beschreibung verfügbar gemacht werden. Dazu werden Wissensrepräsentationen und Konzeptualisierungen ermöglichende Ontologien verwendet. Eine zentrale Betrachtungsweise in diesem Zusammenhang ist die Realisierung von (automatisierten) Datenpipelines, die eine Beschreibung und Verfolgung von Daten ausgehend von ihrer Erzeugung, bspw. in einem Messgerät, bis zu ihrer globalen Verwendung in möglicherweise verschiedenen Kontexten beinhalten. Erste Bemühungen und Ansätze zu diesen Problemstellungen führten im Projekt Innovations-Plattform Material Digital (PMD, materialdigital.de) zur Erstellung von Anwendungsontologien, die Prozesse und Testmethoden explizit beschreiben. Dabei wurde u.a. der Zugversuch an Metallen bei Raumtemperatur nach ISO 6892-1 ontologisch beschrieben. Diese als Beispiel dienende Ontologieentwicklung wird in dieser Präsentation vorgestellt. Weiterhin wurde, ausgehend von der domänenspezifischen Entwicklung von Anwendungsontologien, eine Kernontologie erstellt, die eine übergeordnete Verbindung von ontologischen Konzepten aufgrund der Verwendung gleichen Vokabulars und semantischer Verknüpfungen erlaubt. Diese sowie die das PMD-Projekt selbst werden ebenfalls in dieser Präsentation vorgestellt. T2 - DVM Workshop: Grundlagen und Beispiele zur Digitalisierung für die Materialforschung und -prüfung CY - Online meeting DA - 19.10.2021 KW - Plattform Material Digital (PMD) KW - Ontologie KW - Zugversuch KW - Wissensrepräsentation KW - Semantic Web PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53565 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schilling, Markus T1 - Towards digitalization of materials in PMD: An application ontology of the tensile test N2 - Due to the diversity of materials and the processes associated with their production and use, the complexity of the lifecycles of materials and the multitude of academic and industrial researchers participating in generation of data for material design impose a huge challenge. The topical goal of digitalizing materials and processes can only be adequately addressed by consolidating the efforts of all stakeholders in this field. There are many scattered activities, but there is a demand for an elimination of redundancies as well as an advance in acceptance and a common basis in the digitalization of materials. Furthermore, data analysis methods play an important role in both, the experimental and simulation-based digital description of materials, but they have been poorly structured so far. Therefore, the two joint projects Platform Material Digital (PMD, materialdigital.de) and Materials open Laboratory (Mat-o-Lab, matolab.de) aim to contribute to a standardized description of data processing methods in materials research. Besides stimulating the formation of a collaborative community in this respect, their main technical goals are the quality assurance of the processes and the output data, the acquisition and definition of their accuracy as well as the interoperability between applications. In this regard, data management in accordance with the FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, reuseability) principles is addressed. There is a common agreement in the scientific community following current discussions that data is supposed to be conform to these principles. This includes storage, processing and querying of data in a preferably standardized form. To meet the challenge to contextualize material data in a way that is consistent with all stakeholders, all necessary information on the condition of the material including production and application-related changes have to be made available via a uniform, machine-readable description. For this purpose, ontologies are to be used since they allow for machine-understandable knowledge representations and conceptualizations that are needed for data management and the digitalization in the field of materials science. As first efforts in PMD and Mat-o-Lab, application ontologies are created to explicitly describe processes and test methods. Thereby, the well-known tensile test of metals at room temperature was described ontologically in accordance with the respective ISO standard 6892-1:2019-11. The efforts in creating this tensile test application ontology are shown in this presentation. Especially, the path of ontology development based on standards to be pursued is focused, which is in accordance with the generic recommendations for ontology development and which is supposed to be exemplary for the creation of other application ontologies. T2 - VirtMet: 1st International Workshop on Metrology for Virtual Measuring Instruments and Digital Twins CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2021 KW - Platform Material Digital (PMD) KW - Ontology KW - Tensile test KW - Standard KW - Ontology development PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53481 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Chen, Yue T1 - Ontopanel: a diagrams.net plugin for graphical semantic modelling N2 - Ontologies that represent a map of the concepts and relationships between them, are becoming an effective solution for data standardization and integration of different resources in the field of materials science, as efficient data storage and management is the building block of material digitization. However, building a domain ontology is not a simple task. It requires not only a collaborative effort between ontologists and domain experts, but also the modeling approaches and tools play a key role in the process. Among all approaches, graphical representation of domain ontologies based on standard conceptual modeling languages is widely used because of its intuitiveness and simplicity. Various tools have been developed to realize this approach in an intuitive way, such as Protégé plugins and web visualization tools. The Materials-open-Lab (MatOLab) project, which aims to develop ontologies and workflows in accordance with testing standards for the materials science and engineering domains, adopted a UML (Unified Modeling Language) approach based on the diagrams.net. It is a powerful, popular, open-source graphical editor. In practical case studies, however, many users’ needs could not be met, such as reusing ontology, conversion, and data mapping. Users must switch between different tools to achieve a certain step, and thereby invariably increase learning cost. The lack of validation also leads to incorrect diagrams and results for users who are not familiar with the ontology rules. To address these issues, we designed Ontopanel, a diagrams.net-based plugin that includes a set of pipeline tools for semantic modeling: importing and displaying protégé-like ontologies, converting diagrams to OWL, validating diagrams by OWL rules, and mapping data. It uses diagrams.net as the front-end for method modeling and Django as the back-end for data processing. As a web-based tool, it is very easy to expand its functionality to meet changing practical needs. T2 - MSE 2022 CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 27.09.2022 KW - Ontology KW - Tools KW - Material digital KW - Mat-o-lab KW - Graphic design KW - Ontology development KW - Data mapping KW - FAIR KW - Materials testing PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55884 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Han, Ying T1 - The influence of aging and mean stress on fatigue of Al-alloy EN AW-2618A N2 - In this study, the influence of aging and mean stress on fatigue of the aluminium-alloy EN AW-2618A is investigated. Therefore axial fatigue tests are carried out on smooth specimens. The experiments show that the fatigue life decreases with increasing mean stress. Furthermore, the tests with the overaged specimens demonstrate that the number of cycles to failure is decreasing with increasing aging time. T2 - LCF9 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.06.2022 KW - Fatigue KW - Aluminium alloy KW - EN AW-2618A KW - Damage Behavior PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eisenbart, M. T1 - Development of an ontology for the lifecycle of copper and copper alloys N2 - Efforts towards digitalization in the material science and technology community have enhanced in the last years. In 2019 the German digitalization initiative platform „MaterialDigital“1 (MD) has been started. Numerous projects concerning digitalization, including the copper related project „KupferDigital“ (copper digital) have been initiated under the umbrella of MD. The initiative strives to address numerous issues concerning data access, exchange, security, provenance and sovereignty. Heterogeneous data origin, storage and evaluation often result in problems concerning comparability and reproducibility of scientific and technological results. In many cases material data are recorded, but the methods of testing are insufficiently described, or such information is not communicated along with the raw data. The material data can also have numerous different formats such as paper printouts, pdfs, excel sheets or csv-files. Hence, gathering and integrating material data from different sources is challenging for potential users like materials scientists and engineers, especially if there are contradictory data where the reasons for contradictions is not clear due their vague description. In order to address these problems, data should comply to the so called „FAIR“ principle which calls for data to be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR)2 and hence be accessible via so-called decentralized but interconnected data spaces. By using knowledge representation withontologies, data can be enriched with meaning and the methods of the testing procedures can be accurately provided. In this presentation we want to introduce our approach to such knowledge representation based on a high-throughput alloy development process for Cu-based alloys³ along with characterization techniques such as hardness testing and microstructural characterization (e.g. EBSD – Electron Backscattered Diffraction). T2 - Copper Alloys Conference CY - Dusseldorf, Germany DA - 22.11.2022 KW - Copper KW - Life cycle KW - Ontology PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56406 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schilling, Markus T1 - Zugversuchsdaten FAIR integriert: Von der normenkonformen Ontologie bis zu interoperablen Daten im Triple Store N2 - Mit der Digitalisierung von Materialien und Prozessen ist ein Paradigmenwechsel in der Materialentwicklung, -gestaltung und -optimierung verbunden, welcher gleichermaßen vielseitige Möglichkeiten eröffnet und eine große Herausforderung darstellt. Insbesondere sind bei den Digitalisierungsbestrebungen die Qualitätssicherung von Prozessen und Ausgabedaten sowie die Interoperabilität zwischen Anwendungen nach FAIR-Prinzipien (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability) sicherzustellen. Dies umfasst die Speicherung, Verarbeitung und Abfrage von Daten in möglichst standardisierter Form, wobei entsprechend auch Normungs- und Standardisierungsgremien beteiligt werden müssen. Um der Herausforderung gerecht zu werden, Materialdaten für alle Beteiligten konsistent zu kontextualisieren, müssen alle notwendigen Informationen zum Zustand des Materials inklusive produktions- und anwendungsbedingter Veränderungen über eine einheitliche, maschinenlesbare Beschreibung verfügbar gemacht werden. Hierfür sollen Ontologien genutzt werden, da sie maschinenverständliche und -interpretierbare Wissensrepräsentationen durch semantische Konzeptualisierungen ermöglichen, die für das Datenmanagement und die Digitalisierung im Bereich der Materialwissenschaften benötigt werden. Dieses hochaktuelle Thema der Integration und Wiederverwendung von Wissen und Daten aus Herstellung, Bearbeitung und Charakterisierung von Materialien wird in den Projekten Innovationsplattform MaterialDigital (PMD, materialdigital.de) und Materials-open-Lab (Mat-o-Lab, matolab.org) adressiert. Diese beiden unter der Beteiligung der Bundeanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) durchgeführten Projekte wurden auf der 39. Vortrags- und Diskussionstagung „Werkstoffprüfung“ (2021) grundlegend vorgestellt. In dieser Präsentation sollen die Weiterentwicklungen hinsichtlich der Speicherung von Zugversuchsdaten gemäß einer normenkonformen ontologischen Repräsentation vorgestellt werden. Das umfasst den Weg von der Entwicklung einer Ontologie nach Norm, der Konvertierung von Daten aus Standardtests in das interoperable RDF-Format bis hin zur Verknüpfung von Ontologie und Daten. Letztendlich können die entsprechenden Daten in einem Triple Store abgelegt und abgefragt werden. Die übliche Standardisierung von mechanischen Prüfverfahren im Bereich der Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik dient als solide Grundlage für die Ontologieentwicklung. Daher wurde der Zugversuch von Metallen bei Raumtemperatur nach DIN EN ISO Norm 6892-1:2019-11 als einer der ersten Anwendungsfälle in den genannten Projekten ausgewählt. Die Betrachtung und Beschreibung des Zugversuchs beinhaltet sowohl dessen ontologische Darstellung als auch eine exemplarische Datengenerierung. Die semantische Verbindung von Ontologie und Daten führt zu Interoperabilität und einer verbesserten Abfragefähigkeit. T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2022 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 27.10.2022 KW - Ontologie KW - Semantisches Web KW - Wissensrepräsentation KW - Digitalisierung KW - Zugversuch PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56130 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd T1 - Towards interoperability: Digital representation of a material specific characterization method N2 - Certain metallic materials gain better mechanical properties through controlled heat treatments. In age-hardenable aluminum alloys, the strengthening mechanism is based on the controlled formation of nanometer sized precipitates, which hinder dislocation movement. Analysis of the microstructure and especially the precipitates by transmission electron microscopy allows identification of precipitate types and orientations. Dark-field imaging is often used to image the precipitates and quantify their relevant dimensions. The present work aims at the digital representation of this material-specific characterization method. Instead of a time-consuming, manual image analysis, a digital approach is demonstrated. The integration of an exemplary digital workflow for quantitative precipitation analysis into a data pipeline concept is presented. Here ontologies enable linking of contextual information to the resulting output data in a triplestore. Publishing digital workflow and ontologies ensures the reproducibility of the data. The semantic structure enables data sharing and reuse for other applications and purposes, demonstrating interoperability. T2 - TMS - 7th World Congress on Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) CY - Orlando, Florida, USA DA - 21.05.2023 KW - Ontology KW - Semantic Interoperability KW - Digtial Representation KW - Data Management KW - Reproducibility KW - FAIR PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radners, Jan T1 - Aluminum High Temperature Fatigue N2 - The high operating temperatures of radial compressor wheels in exhaust gas turbochargers lead to abchange in the original microstructure of the heat-resistant aluminum alloy EN AW-2618A (overaging). This is caused by thermal loads that are close to the age hardening temperature and can even exceed it for a short time. The aging mechanisms have been investigated together with low cycle fatigue (LCF), thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) and creep up to max. 190 °C in previous research projects. The behavior of the alloy under high cycle fatigue (HCF) and the influence of load spectra have hardly been investigated. Since the operating temperatures of centrifugal compressors are expected to increase in the future, this research project investigated the HCF behavior at 230 °C, a test temperature significantly higher than the age hardening temperature. The objectives of the project were to establish a suitable experimental database, to understand the relevant microstructural processes, and to further develop and adapt suitable models and evaluation methods. In addition to a basic characterization of the HCF behavior in the initial condition T61, the experimental investigation program included targeted mechanical tests to isolate the influencing factors of mean stress (𝑅 = −1, 𝑅 = 0.1), material overaging (T61, 10 h/230 °C, 1000 h/230 °C), test temperature (20 °C, 230 °C), test frequency (0.2 Hz, 20 Hz) as well as variable amplitudes. On this basis, the models and evaluation methods developed in the previous projects were adapted and further developed to reflect thermal and mechanical loads in the lifetime assessment. T2 - The FVV Transfer + Networking Event (Herbst 2023) CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 04.10.2023 KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Fatigue KW - EN AW-2618A PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58537 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schilling, Markus T1 - FAIR data in PMD: Development of MSE mid-level and standard-compliant application ontologies N2 - The efforts taken within the project ‘platform MaterialDigital’ (PMD, materialdigital.de) to store FAIR data in accordance with a standard-compliant ontological representation (‘application ontology’) of a tensile test of metals at room temperature (ISO 6892-1:2019-11) will be presented. This includes the path from developing an ontology in accordance with the respective standard, converting ordinary data obtained from standard tests into the interoperable RDF format, up to connecting the ontology and data. The semantic connection of the ontology and data leads to interoperability and an enhanced ability of querying. For further reusability of data and knowledge semantically stored, the PMD core ontology (PMDco) was developed, which is a mid-level ontology in the field of MSE. The semantic connection of the tensile test application ontology to the PMDco is also presented. Moreover, Ontopanel, a tool for domain experts facilitating visual ontology development and mapping for FAIR data sharing in MSE, is introduced briefly. T2 - World Congress on Integrated Computational Materials and Engineering (ICME) CY - Orlando, Florida, USA DA - 21.05.2023 KW - Digitalization KW - Semantic Web Technologies KW - FAIR KW - Data Interoperability KW - PMD Core Ontology KW - Tensile Test Ontology PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Suitability of Metallic Materials in CC(U)S Applications N2 - Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited. (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv). Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content. (0.2 – 20 mm/a). Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents. A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content. Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications. Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior. � (predictable uniform corrosion) For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used. T2 - EUROCORR 2021 CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Carbon capture storage KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - CCS KW - CCU KW - CO2 PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53461 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zocca, Andrea T1 - Combination of layerwise slurry deposition and binder jetting (lsd-print) for the additive manufacturing of advanced ceramic materials N2 - Powder bed technologies are amongst the most successful Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques. Powder bed fusion and binder jetting especially are leading AM technologies for metals and polymers, thanks to their high productivity and scalability. The application of these techniques to most ceramics has been difficult so far, because of the challenges related to the deposition of homogeneous powder layers when using fine powders. In this context, the “layerwise slurry deposition” (LSD) has been developed as a layer deposition method which enables the use of powder bed AM technologies also for advanced ceramic materials. The layerwise slurry deposition consists of the layer-by-layer deposition of a ceramic slurry by means of a doctor blade, in which the slurry is deposited and dried to achieve a highly packed powder layer. This offers high flexibility in the ceramic feedstock used, especially concerning material and particle size. The LSD technology can be combined with binder jetting to develop the so-called “LSDprint” process for the additive manufacturing of ceramics. The LSDprint technology combines the high-speed printing of binder jetting with the possibility of producing a variety of high-quality ceramics with properties comparable to those achieved by traditional processing. In this presentation, the LSD process will be introduced and several examples of application ranging from silicate to high-performance ceramics will be shown. Recent developments towards the scale-up and industrialization of this process will be discussed, alongside future perspectives for the multi-material additive manufacturing. T2 - Shaping 8 CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland DA - 14.09.2022 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - 3D printing KW - Ceramics PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56523 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Ceramic Processing with Light N2 - In order to be able to manipulate ceramic powder compacts and ceramic suspensions (slurries) in their volume with light, a minimum transparency of the materials is required. Compared to polymers and metals, ceramic materials are characterized by the fact that they have a wide electronic band gap and therefore a wide optical window of transparency. The optical window generally ranges from less than 0.3 µm to 5 µm wavelength. Therefore, to focus light into the volume of a ceramic powder compact, its light scattering properties need to be tailored. In this study, we present the physical background and material development strategies for the application of two-photon polymerization (2PP), Xolography and selective volumetric sintering for the additive manufacturing of structures in the volume of ceramic slips and green compacts. T2 - CMCEE 14 CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 18.08.2024 KW - Ceramic KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Light PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60892 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kolsch, Nico T1 - Enabling online quality control of powder deposition for 3d printing in microgravity N2 - 3D printing or additive manufacturing in space is of great value for long-term human spaceflight missions and space stations, conveniently offering access to a ‘virtual warehouse’ of tools and spare parts on the push of a button. The process only needs one type of feedstock such as powder or filament and only as much material as the final part requires, giving it a huge weight benefit over traditional subtractive methods. While 3D printers are already operational on the ISS since 2014, the utilized processes are only capable of manufacturing relatively low strength parts from polymers not suitable for many tools or critical components. To gain access to high quality metal prints, a modified Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process was developed to stabilize the critical powder bed in microgravity through a gas flow [2]. This setup was able to generate a (miniature) steel wrench during parabolic flights, but a reliable layer deposition has raised challenges due to the combination of gas flow parameters with microgravity conditions. Furthermore, the quality and density of the powder bed, which is critical for the process, cannot be examined afterward on the ground. This is due to hyper gravity phases during the flight that are influencing the properties of the powder bed. In this paper, the challenges of the layer deposition are revised, and the subsequent evolution of the recoating system explained. Later, the challenges of an in-situ quality control, evaluation, and quantification of the properties of the powder bed are examined. As a solution, a high-resolution line-scanner is proposed and its implementation int the compact LPBF system demonstrated. Its ability to measure common defects such as ridges in the deposited layer is shown in experiments at normal gravity. As an illustration, Figure 1 shows an extreme case of the formation of ridges. T2 - European Conference on Spacecraft Structures Materials and Environmental Testing CY - Toulouse, France DA - 28.03.2023 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - In-space manufacturing KW - Online quality control KW - Microgravity KW - Powder deposition PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57249 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Study of Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide based Coating on Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine N2 - By using the available resources in Indonesia, such as silicon dioxide and marine coating base, the PANI/SiO2 modified alkyd coating was able to protect carbon steel in a deaerated artificial geothermal water. The screening of coatings shows that the modification by adding individual pigment was not sufficient to protect carbon steel even during a short-term exposure, indicated by the discoloration after only seven days of exposure. Electrochemical tests indicated that there was no significant change in the Ecorr between the coated and uncoated carbon steel at room temperature. At 150 °C, the coated carbon steel has a lower potential than that of carbon steel, indicating that the coating is protecting carbon steel cathodically or slowing down the corrosion reaction. Finally, a long-term exposure test confirmed that the PANI/SiO2 modified coating successfully protects the carbon steel in the Sibayak artificial geothermal water up to 150 °C for 6 months. T2 - World Geothermal Congress CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2021 KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Polyaniline KW - Sibayak KW - SiO2 KW - Geothermal PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zocca, Andrea T1 - Continuous layer deposition for the Additive Manufacturing of ceramics by Layerwise Slurry Deposition (LSD-print) N2 - Powder bed technologies are amongst the most successful Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques. The application of these techniques to most ceramics has been difficult so far, because of the challenges related to the deposition of homogeneous powder layers when using fine powders. In this context, the "layerwise slurry deposition" (LSD) has been developed as a layer deposition method enabling the use of powder bed AM technologies also for advanced ceramic materials. The layerwise slurry deposition consists of the layer-by-layer deposition of a ceramic slurry by means of a doctor blade, in which the slurry is deposited and dried to achieve a highly packed powder. Not only very fine, submicron powders can be processed with low organics, but also the dense powder bed provides excellent support to the parts built. The LSD technology can be combined with binder jetting to develop the so-called “LSD-print” process. LSD-print combines the high-speed printing of binder jetting with the possibility of producing a variety of high-quality ceramics with properties comparable to traditional processing. The latest development of this technology shows that it is possible to print ceramic parts in a continuous process by depositing a layer onto a rotating platform, growing a powder bed following a spiral motion. The unique mechanical stability of the layers in LSD-print allows to grow a powder bed several centimeters thick without any lateral support. The continuous layer deposition allows to achieve a productivity more than 10X higher compared to the linear deposition, approaching a build volume of 1 liter/hour. T2 - 3rd Global Conference and Exhibition on Smart Additive Manufacturing, Design & Evaluation Smart MADE CY - Osaka, Japan DA - 10.04.2024 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Ceramic KW - Layerwise slurry deposition KW - LSD-print KW - Slurry KW - Binder jetting PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60055 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Lena T1 - 3-D Druck in Schwerelosigkeit – Patentanmeldung für den Bau für Werkzeug und Ersatzteilen im Weltall N2 - Präsentation der Aktivitäten an der BAM im Bereich 3-D Druck in Schwerelosigkeit. T2 - Besuch des Deutschen Patent- und Markenamtes DPMA München CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 19.07.2022 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Microgravity KW - Patent KW - Powder KW - Additive Fertigung KW - 3D Druck KW - Schwerelosigkeit PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56314 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Continuous layer deposition for the Additive Manufacturing of ceramics by Layerwise Slurry Deposition N2 - Powder bed technologies are among the most successful additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. The application of these techniques to most ceramics has been difficult due to the challenges associated with the deposition of homogeneous powder layers when using fine powders. In this context, layerwise slurry deposition (LSD) has been developed as a deposition method that enables the use of powder bed AM technologies for advanced ceramic materials. In layerwise slurry deposition, a ceramic slurry is deposited in layers using a doctor blade and dried to produce a highly compacted powder. Not only can very fine submicron powders with low organic content be processed, but the dense powder bed also provides excellent support for the manufactured parts. The latest development of this technology shows that it is possible to print ceramic parts in a continuous process by depositing a layer on a rotating platform on which a powder bed grows in a spiral motion. The unique mechanical stability of the layers in LSD printing makes it possible to build up a powder bed several centimeters thick without lateral support. Continuous layer deposition achieves more than 10 times the productivity of linear deposition, approaching a build volume of 1 liter per hour. T2 - International Conference on Additive Manufacturing Technology Frontiers CY - Xi’an, China DA - 11.04.2025 KW - Ceramic KW - advanced ceramics PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63963 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Waske, Anja T1 - A unique authenticator for additively manufactured parts derived from their microstructure N2 - In the field of additive manufacturing, the ability to uniquely identify and authenticate parts is crucial for certification, logistics, and anti-counterfeiting efforts. This study introduces a novel methodology that leverages the intrinsic microstructural features of additively manufactured components for their identification, authentication, and traceability. Unlike traditional tagging methods, such as embedding QR codes on the surface [1] or within the volume of parts, this approach requires no alteration to the printing process, as it utilizes naturally occurring microstructural characteristics. The proposed workflow [2] involves the analysis of 3D micro-computed tomography data to identify specific voids that meet predefined identification criteria. This method is demonstrated on a batch of 20 parts manufactured with identical process parameters, proving capable of achieving unambiguous identification and authentication. By establishing a tamper-proof link between the physical part and its digital counterpart, this methodology effectively bridges the physical and digital realms. This not only enhances the traceability of additively manufactured parts but also provides a robust tool for integrating digital materials, parts databases, and product passports with their physical counterparts. T2 - Artificial Intelligence in MSE CY - Bochum, Germany DA - 18.11.2025 KW - Authentication KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65204 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Lena T1 - Laser beam melting additive manufacturing at μ-gravity N2 - In-space manufacturing (ISM) provides the opportunity to manufacture and repair critical components on future human spaceflight missions. For explorations to Mars and beyond, ISM is a key strategy not only due to the long travel distances and high costs of supply from earth but also to be able to safely work in space for years. Human spaceflight is still dependent on shipments from earth that can fail for several reasons. ISM is a valuable alternative to ensure the timely and safe resupply of space missions. With additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, components are built directly from a 3D computer-aided-design (CAD) model which offers the advantages of freedom of design and the production of complex and ready-to-use parts. A virtual tool box with 3D models in space or the supply of information instead of components from earth to space can strongly benefit future missions. For industrial use, most research has focused on laser based additive manufacturing processes such as laser beam melting (LBM) where metallic powder particles are spread into a uniform powder bed and melted by a laser to the desired shape. In the absence of gravity, the handling of metal powders, which is essential for the process, is challenging. We present an evolution of an AM system, where a gas flow throughout the powder bed is applied to stabilize the powder bed. This is needed to compensate for the missing gravitational forces in microgravity experiments on parabolic flight campaigns. The system consists of a porous building platform acting as a filter for the fixation of metal particles in a gas flow. It is driven by reduced pressure established by a vacuum pump underneath the platform. The system creates a drag force that directs the particles towards the porous building platform, similar to the effect of the gravitational force. The AM system with its gas-flow-assisted powder deposition has been tested in several parabolic flight campaigns, and stainless-steel powder has successfully been processed during microgravity conditions. Different powder recoating mechanisms have been investigated to assess the homogeneous distribution of the powder as well as the attachment of the next layer to the powder bed. These mechanisms included different container designs with parallel double blades and with a V-shape at the bottom, and a roller recoating system. The samples presented are the first metal parts ever manufactured using LBM in μ-gravity. In addition to manufacturing in a μ-gravity environment, the experiments have shown the feasibility to manufacture components at different accelerations during the parabolic flight: hyper gravity (1.8 g), μ-gravity (< 0.01 g) and 1 g. Recent results will also be presented describing the application of this LBM setup in a parabolic flight campaign with mixed lunar, martian and µ-gravity acceleration, during which the processing of a lunar regolith simulant powder was tested. For ISM, the development and testing of the proposed AM system demonstrates that LBM can be considered a viable technology for the manufacturing of metal and ceramic parts in a μ-gravity or reduced-gravity environment. T2 - International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing CY - Online meeting DA - 07.03.2022 KW - μ-gravity KW - In-space manufacturing KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Laser beam melting KW - Microgravity KW - Stainless steel KW - Lunar regolith simulant PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54450 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Lena T1 - Powder based Additive Manufacturing in Space N2 - Abstract of the event: 'The area of New Space is a vastly growing and dynamic field with a high innovative potential and many exciting ideas. After decades where activities in space were dominated and funded mainly by governmental agencies, a new industry is forming and new business models are being developed around ideas like satellite-based internet, space travel, space mining, geo-monitoring etc. For space applications, lightweight design is crucial to keep the costs at a minimum. This Innovation Day will introduce the field of New Space and present the variety of exciting opportunities that arise for composites based on their excellent lightweight potential.' Another research area is now arising in the field of 3D printing or additive manufacturing of fiber composite materials in space. At the event, we presented on the opportunities and our experiences of using a powder based additive manufacturing process for in-space manufacturing applications. T2 - CU Innovation Day - New opportunities and applications in space with composites CY - Online meeting DA - 29.03.2022 KW - μ-gravity KW - In-space manufacturing KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Microgravity KW - Powder PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54559 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller-Elmau, Johanna T1 - 2PP of ceramic – What’s next? N2 - Photon-based additive manufacturing technologies such as SLA, DLP, LCM, moreover volumetric two-photon-polymerization (2PP), Xolography and holographic technologies promise the highest accuracy and dimensional freedom. To transfer the light through the feedstock it needs sufficient transparency. Ceramic particles used for powder processing routes act as scattering sites and therefore hinder the light transmission, unless… The particle size and particle size distribution are chosen small and narrow enough. Particles smaller than roughly 1/10th of the light wavelength, mostly nanoparticles around 5nm size, decrease scattering vastly. This turns resins even with homogeneously distributed ceramic weight fraction of up to 80% transparent again. Feedstocks were prepared for the highly accurate two-photon-polymerization gaining the smallest yttria stabilized zirconia structures with a resolution of 500nm and unique mechanical properties. The same feedstock was applied to DLP and LCM as layer-by-layer AM-technologies for bigger parts. Hybridizing both technologies enables ceramic parts with microscopic accuracy at macroscopic dimensions. The feedstock was even applied to the volumetric Xolography with the highest transparency requirement so far and to versatile and flexible holographic AM. What are the next steps? Can those proof-of -concept studies be transferred to industrial applications and what are the hurdles on the way? How to make the stretch between fundamental research and application-oriented development? T2 - ECERS CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 31.08.2025 KW - Tranparent KW - Ceramic KW - Two-photon-polymerization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64939 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Preliminary Study on Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coating for Corrosion Protection of Martensitic Stainless Steel in Artificial Geothermal Water N2 - Al2O3 coatings are often used as protective layers on steels against electrochemical and high-temperature corrosion because they are chemically inert and stable at elevated temperatures. This study presents preliminary work on the possibilities of using Al2O3 sol-gel coatings for corrosion protection of martensitic stainless steels in geothermal environments. Al2O3 sol-gel coatings were applied on UNS S42000, which is known to be susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion. The coated steel specimens were then tested in two types of artificial geothermal water, which simulate the geothermal fluids found in Sibayak (SBY), Indonesia, and North German Basin (NGB), Germany, respectively. SBY has pH 4 and 1.5 g/L of chloride ions, whereas NGB has a pH of 6 and 166 g/L of chloride ions. All experiments were carried out in autoclaves at 150 °C and 1 MPa under the deaerated condition. Evaluations were performed by investigating the surface profiles of both uncoated and coated steels before and after the corrosion test using a Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to compare the corrosion resistance of Al2O3 coated steels in SBY and NGB solutions. It was observed from the corrosion test that Al2O3 coatings are more suitable for use in the geothermal water with a higher pH. T2 - AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 19.04.2021 KW - Protective coating KW - Sol-gel coating KW - Geothermal KW - Martensitic steel KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brandić Lipińska, M. T1 - PAVER - Contextualizing laser sintering within a lunar technology roadmap N2 - The Global Exploration Strategy of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) describes a timeframe of 2020 and beyond with the ultimate aim to establish a human presence on Mars towards the 2040ies. The next steps lie on the Moon with a focus on the coming 10 years. Early lunar surface missions will establish a capability in support of lunar science and prepare and test mission operations for subsequent human exploration of Mars and long-duration human activities on the Moon. Given the extreme costs involved in the shipping of material from Earth, a prerequisite for future human exploration is the manufacturing of elements directly on the Moon’s surface. Unlike the equipment, which at the beginning will have to be brought from Earth, raw materials and energy could be available following the concept of In-Situ Resource Utilization. The ESA OSIP PAVING THE ROAD (PAVER) study investigates the use of a laser to sinter regolith into paving elements for use as roadways and launch pads thus mitigating dust issues for transport and exploration vehicles. The ESA-funded study examines the potential of using a laser (12 kW CO2 laser with spot beam up to 100 mm) for layer sintering of lunar and martian regolith powders to manufacture larger 3D elements and provide know-how for the automatic manufacture of paving elements in the lunar environment. The project contributes to the first step toward the establishment of a lunar base and will lead to the construction of equipment capable of paving areas and manufacturing 3D structures. PAVER project sets the starting point for an examination of the larger context of lunar exploration. Mission scenarios will look at different phases of lunar exploration: Robotic Lunar Exploration, Survivability, Sustainability, and Operational Phase. A proposed Technology Roadmap investigates the mission scenario and analyses how, and to which extent, laser melting/sintering will play a role in the various phases of exploration. The paper contextualizes laser sintering within selected mission scenarios and discusses the different kinds of infrastructure that can be produced at each phase of the mission. The outcome of the study includes the detailing of the TRL steps in the project and an outline of a timeline for the different elements. Covered aspects include terrain modelling such as operation pads, roadways, or towers, non-pressurized building structures to protect machinery, and habitat envelopes, to protect and shield humans against dust, micrometeoroids, and radiation. T2 - 73rd International Astronautical Congress (IAC) CY - Paris, France DA - 18.09.2022 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - ISRU KW - Infrastructure KW - Lunar habitat KW - Paving KW - Solar sintering PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56529 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zocca, Andrea T1 - Additive Manufacturing for dental restorations by layerwise slurry deposition (LSD-print) technology N2 - The growing market of custom-made dental restorations offers a major potential for an application of ceramic additive manufacturing (AM). The possibility to individualize patient specific design and to establish new efficient workflows, from model generation to manufacturing, can be fully exploited by AM technologies. However, for mass customization to be truly envisioned, ceramic AM needs to achieve a level of maturity, aesthetic quality, and productivity comparable to established manufacturing processes. In this presentation, the potential of the “layerwise slurry deposition” LSD-print technology for dental applications will be explored. It has been shown in the past years that the LSD-print can be applied to advanced ceramic materials such as alumina and silicon-infiltrated silicon carbide. For these materials, the LSD-print technology combines the high-speed printing of binder jetting with the possibility of producing a variety of high-quality ceramics. The current development deals with the challenges of applying this technology to a feldspar dental material, comparing the quality of AM restorations with the equivalent material for an established CAD/CAM workflow. Preliminary results not only indicate that the AM material produced by LSD-print can be competitive in terms of mechanical properties, but also that aesthetically satisfactory restorations can be manufactured for veneers, inlays and onlays as well as single unit fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). The presentation focuses on the material and technological challenges alongside the process chain, from the printing process, to debinding, firing and finishing the restorations. T2 - XVIIIth Conference of the European Ceramic Society CY - Lyon, France DA - 02.07.2023 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Layerwise slurry deposition KW - dental KW - ceramic PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58469 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Sänger, Johanna A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard T1 - Tailoring powder properties for the light based volumetric additive manufacture of Ceramics N2 - Manipulating ceramic powder compacts and ceramic suspensions (slurries) within their volume with light requires a minimum transparency of the materials. Compared to polymers and metals, ceramic materials are unique as they offer a wide electronic band gap and thus a wide optical window of transparency. The optical window typically ranges from below 0.3 µm up to 5µm wavelength. Hence, to penetrate with light into the volume of a ceramic powder compound, its light scattering properties need to be investigated and tailored. In the present study we introduce the physical background and material development strategies to apply two-photon-polymerization (2PP), and other volumetric methods for the additive manufacture of filigree structures within the volume of ceramic slurries. T2 - ICACC 2024 CY - Daytona Beach, Florida, USA DA - 28.01.2024 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Two Photon Polymerization KW - Advanced ceramics PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59889 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard T1 - On the cubic slip effect and creep anisotropy modeling of single crystal superalloys at intermediate temperatures (IT) N2 - Low-Temperature High Stress (LTHS) creep plays a crucial role in Ni-base Superalloys, particularly affecting components like blades near the root. Below 850°C, the precipitate microstructure remains stable, characterized by periodically arranged ’ cubic precipitates surrounded by the -matrix. In these conditions, macroscopic traces of cubic slip have been observed in <111> oriented tensile specimens, whereas their microscopic origin has been a topic of debate. Furthermore, in LTHS conditions, Superlattice Intrinsic, Extrinsic Stacking Faults (SISF/SESF), or micro-twins are also frequently reported in crept specimens. Usually, these mechanisms are investigated separately, so that a unified picture and a detailed understanding of these mechanisms and their activation conditions have only recently emerged in the literature, despite the intensive investigations of the last decades. The objective of this work is to develop a dislocation-based constitutive law that includes these recent developments. In particular, the pseudo-cubic slip mechanism is considered as resulting from the lack of hardening in <111> oriented tensile specimens and is represented by a novel estimate of the back-stresses based on the spectral decomposition of a tensorial representation of the back-stress. An additional novelty is that SISF- and SESF-related slip systems are accounted for as distinct slip systems with corresponding dislocation densities. The model has been implemented as a user-defined constitutive law for commercial Finite Element codes and identified as well as validated with data from the literature obtained with <001>, <011> and <111> oriented crystals tested in tension and compression creep. T2 - International Conference on Material Modelling (8) CY - London, GB DA - 15.07.2024 KW - Creep KW - Superalloy KW - Crystal plasticity KW - Single crystal PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60744 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard T1 - Untersuchung des Kriechverhaltens einer Nickelbasis-Superlegierung bei ultrahohen homologen Temperaturen und Anwendung auf das heiß-isostatische Pressen (HIP) N2 - Mit Hilfe des HIP-Verfahrens („Hot Isostatic Pressing“) werden Poren in der einkristallinen Nickel-Basis Superlegierung CMSX-4 kontinuierlich geschrumpft und dadurch die nach der Erstarrung und der Wärmebehandlung vorhandene Porosität stark reduziert. In diesem Beitrag werden experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zu den Mechanismen der Porenschrumpfung zusammengefasst. Es zeigt sich, dass das Verformungsverhalten während Kriechversuchen bei der HIP-Temperatur durch Versetzungsgleitung auf oktaedrischen Ebenen dominiert wird. Dagegen zeigen Messungen der Porositätsabnahme und Simulationen des Porenschließens, dass die Kinetik der Porenschrumpfung durch das Phänomen der Leerstellendiffusion zwischen Poren und Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen („Low Angle Boundary“, LAB) bestimmt wird. Im Gegensatz führt die klassische Kristallviskoplastizität zu einer systematischen Überschätzung dieser Kinetik. Der scheinbare Widerspruch lässt sich auflösen, wenn man bedenkt, dass auf der Skala der Poren Versetzungsquellen nicht gleichmäßig verteilt sind, wie in der konventionellen Kristallplastizität implizit angenommen wird. Stattdessen wird in einem weiterführenden Modell davon ausgegangen, das Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen (LABs) als Versetzungsquellen fungieren, während die Scherspannungen sehr stark in der Nähe der Poren lokalisiert sind, was die Emission von Versetzungen deutlich reduziert. T2 - Langzeitverhalten warmfester Stähle und Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe CY - Online meeting DA - 27.11.2020 KW - HIP KW - Superlegierung KW - Kriechen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51795 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis T1 - Mechanical behaviour of AM metals: Creep of LPBF 316L and low-cycle-fatigue of LMD Ti-6Al-4V N2 - Additively manufactured metallic materials have already started to find application in safety-relevant components. However, this has only happened for certain materials and specific applications and loading conditions, since there is still an extensive lack of knowledge as well as of historical data regarding their mechanical behaviour. This contribution aims to address this lack of understanding and historical data concerning the creep behaviour of the austenitic stainless steel 316L manufactured by Laser-Powder-Bed-Fusion (L-PBF) and the low-cycle-fatigue behaviour of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by Laser-Metal-Deposition (LMD). Furthermore, it aims to assess their mechanical behaviour against their conventional counterparts. With that in mind, specimens from conventional and additive materials are tested and their mechanical behaviour analysed based on characteristic curves. To understand the damage behaviours the materials are characterized by destructive and non-destructive techniques before and after failure. T2 - 1st Workshop on In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufacturing CY - Online Meeting DA - 10.12.2020 KW - Ti-6Al-4V KW - 316L KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Creep behaviour KW - Low-cycle-fatigue behaviour PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51879 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Marschall, Niklas T1 - Spinodal Decomposition in FeMnNiCoCu: Alloying effects N2 - Spinodal decomposition in multi-component alloys remains insufficiently understood, particularly when multiple driving forces govern phase evolution. Chemical thermodynamics provides reliable predictions of spinodal instabilities, but elastic energy contributions can significantly alter the boundaries of phase stability. In this work, we establish a framework to analyze phase stability in high-entropy alloys by combining Hessian-based spinodal analysis with convex hull constructions that capture miscibility gaps. This approach allows us to disentangle the roles of chemical, elastic, and kinetic factors in early-stage decomposition. Our results highlight how elastic contributions can extend the effective spinodal region beyond chemically predicted boundaries, thereby influencing microstructural pathways. This combined stability analysis offers new insights into the mechanisms governing decomposition and advancing the theoretical understanding of phase evolution in high-entropy alloys. T2 - FEMS EUROMAT 2025 CY - Granada, Spain DA - 14.09.2025 KW - High-entropy alloy KW - Elasticity KW - Phase stability KW - Hessian KW - Convex hull PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane T1 - Elucidation of competitive oxidation/sulfidation reactions on binary ferritic alloys N2 - Ferritic-austenitic chromia-forming alloys are frequently used as boiler tubes and heat exchanger materials for fossil-,biomass, and co-fired power plants. In all applied environments several strongly corrosive gaseous species such as CO2, SO2, SO3, H2O, O2 exist, causing materials degradation by high-temperature corrosion. The elucidation of degradation mechanisms introduced by multiple gases is challenging due to the presence of different oxidizing agents contributing to the competing reactions for oxidation, sulfurization or carburization. The degradation processes can be divided into initial stages, a transitional stage and the further proceeding steady-state oxidation reaction. Especially the long-term steady-state oxidation and further materials’ life-time are strongly dependent on the initial stages. The adsorption and absorption of the reactive species at the alloy surface and the growing oxide in the initial reaction is further influenced by dissociation and re-reactions of the gas phase molecules. To understand these mechanisms from a fundamental point of view in more detail, dedicated experiments and advanced characterization techniques on various length scale need to be applied. Real-time approaches using highly energetic synchrotron X-ray diffraction showed a high potential to enlighten competitively mechanisms by following the corrosion reactions in-situ in the environment they occur. Despite various other thin film characterization techniques, time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) is a powerful tool to visualize light atoms or labeled isotopes enabling the Differentiation between different oxidizing species. It was especially shown to be applicable in challenging atmospheres containing KCl deposits or in CO/CO2/O2 environments. The present study analyses the competing oxidation/sulfidation process in a humid atmosphere on two ferritic alloys with 2 and 9 % in weight chromium by in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) and comparative tube furnace exposure using S16O2 and H2 18O atmosphere. T2 - Conference on High Temperature Corrosion and Protection of Materials HTCPM 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 29.03.2021 KW - Oxidation KW - High Temperature Corrosion KW - Ferritic Alloys KW - SIMS KW - EDXRD PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52363 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard T1 - Experimental and analytical investigation of Low Cycle Fatigue Damage at notches in a polycrystalline Nickel base superalloy N2 - Turbine blades often contain cylindric holes used to generate an air film that protects the blade alloy from the hot gases. These cooling holes of diameter around one mm are drilled by laser through the thickness of the blades. Unfortunately, the resulting stress concentration and the drilling-induced damage are known to favor crack initiation from the holes. It is thus necessary to assess the impact of these cooling holes on the structural integrity of the blades. Since cracks initiate very readily, the fatigue life of the components is mainly controlled by the propagation of the cracks in the stress gradient induced by the holes. For this purpose, displacement controlled high-temperature LCF (Low-Cycle-Fatigue) tests were performed with center hole specimens of a coarse-grained Nickel base Superalloy. The tests were stopped after a defined load drop. In addition, crack propagation tests with Double Edge Notch specimens were performed. Moreover, specimens with different hole surface finishes were investigated, which showed a detrimental effect of the hole surface roughness. In parallel, an evaluation of the LCF tests based on a fracture mechanics-based model (Madia et al., Eng. Fract. Mech., 2018) has been applied. Thereby, the specimen life is controlled by the crack propagation time until failure. Crack growth is controlled by a modified NASGRO equation accounting for large-scale yielding and a progressive build-up of crack closure. The initial crack size has been derived from the measurements of defects around the borehole. A reasonable agreement between predicted and measured lifetimes is observed if one keeps in mind the large uncertainty regarding the effective shape of the cracks. T2 - 23rd European Conference on Fracture CY - Funchal, Madeira, Portugal DA - 27.06.2022 KW - Nickel-base superalloys KW - Notches KW - LCF PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55338 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Murugan, Jegatheesan T1 - Extending Grain Boundary Phase Diagrams to Multi-Phase Boundary Diagrams N2 - Phase diagrams serve as fundamental blueprints for comprehending material behaviour and guiding material design. However, the phase diagrams are largely available only for the bulk phases. The thermodynamic properties and phase behaviour of defects, such as grain boundaries (GBs) and phase boundaries (PBs), are equally important for the safe design of materials. Recently, we developed CALPHAD-integrated density-based phase field model (DPF) to calculate the thermodynamic data of GBs. In the model, the GB was represented by a continuous relative atomic density field with reference to a single bulk density and a Gibbs free energy functional was derived. In this work, we extend the DPF model by re-deriving the Gibbs free energy functional for PBs lying between heterogeneous bulk phases of different atomic densities. Here, we use phase-specific atomic densities to normalize the phase properties on either side of the PB such that the relative density fields are continuous across the interface. Using the model, the multi-phase interfacial thermodynamic data are obtained and related phase boundary diagrams are constructed. We study binary and ternary Fe-Mn-X alloy systems. In the Fe-Mn multi-phase boundary diagram, a shrinkage in the α-ferrite region is observed. Integrated with CALPHAD databases, the developed model may be used to calculate the segregation of solute to the PBs, paving way to manipulate segregation behaviour for microstructure design. T2 - FEMS 2025 EUROMAT CY - Granada, Spain DA - 14.09.2025 KW - Phase boundary diagrams KW - Interface thermodynamics KW - CALPHAD PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64425 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Tiago T1 - Ermüdung von additiv gefertigtem Stahl AISI 316L: Zyklische plastische Verformung N2 - Das zyklische plastische Verformungsverhalten von additiv gefertigtem Edelstahl AISI 316L wurde in dehnungsgeregelten Kurzzeitfestigkeitsversuchen (LCF-Versuchen) untersucht. Dabei wurden zwei Wärmebehandlungszustände betrachtet: Beim ersten Zustand war die fertigungsbedingte zelluläre Struktur vorhanden, während sie durch die zweite Wärmebehandlung aufgelöst wurde. Untersuchungen im Transmissions-Elektronen-Mikroskop (TEM) zeigten, dass die zyklische Verformung die Zellstruktur lokal zerstörte und Gleitbänder entstanden, was die Entfestigung in diesem Fall erklärt. Für Material ohne Zellstrukturen resultierten nach zyklischer Verformung ähnliche Versetzungsstrukturen wie in konventionell gefertigtem (warmgewalzten) Material. T2 - OVGU-Kolloquium (BMDK des IWF) CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 23.06.2022 KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Kurzzeitfestigkeit KW - Mikrostrukturentwicklung KW - Versetzungsstrukturen KW - TEM PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56789 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard T1 - On the modeling of creep anisotropy of single Crystal Superalloys at low temperatures and high stresses N2 - Low-Temperature High Stress (LTHS) creep plays a crucial role in Ni-base Superalloys, particularly affecting components like blades near the root. Below 850°C, the precipitate microstructure remains stable, characterized by periodically arranged ’ cubic precipitates surrounded by the -matrix. In these conditions, macroscopic traces of cubic slip have been observed in <111> oriented tensile specimens, whereas their microscopic origin has been a topic of debate [1]. Later, it was shown by Discrete Dislocations simulations [2] that the apparent cubic slip is rather due to a lack of hardening in <111> specimens, which is related to the special dislocation structures that develop in this case. Furthermore, in LTHS conditions, Superlattice Intrinsic, Extrinsic Stacking Faults (SISF/SESF), or micro-twins are also frequently reported in crept specimens. Usually, these mechanisms are investigated separately, so that a unified picture and a detailed understanding of these mechanisms and their activation conditions have only recently emerged in the literature, despite the intensive investigations of the last decades [3-5]. The objective of this work is to develop a dislocation-based constitutive law that includes these recent developments. In particular, the pseudo-cubic slip mechanism is considered as resulting from the lack of hardening in <111> oriented tensile specimens and is represented by a novel estimate of the back-stresses based on the spectral decomposition of a tensorial representation of the back-stress. An additional novelty is that SISF- and SESF-related slip systems are accounted for as distinct slip systems with corresponding dislocation densities. The model has been implemented as a user-defined constitutive law for commercial Finite Element codes and identified as well as validated with data from the literature obtained with <001>, <011> and <111> oriented crystals [3,6]. It can be used in combination with a Representative Volume Element of the grain structure for simulation of creep in polycrystalline superalloys, including additively manufactured materials [7]. T2 - Materials Structure and Micromechanics of Fracture CY - Brno, Czech Republic DA - 23.06.2025 KW - Creep KW - Superalloy KW - Crystal plasticity KW - Single crystal KW - Model PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ganesh, Rahul T1 - Numerical calculation of ΔCTOD for thermomechanical fatigue crack growth N2 - The cyclic crack tip opening displacement ΔCTOD is a promising loading Parameter to quantify the crack propagation under thermomechanical fatigue (TMF). In this work, suitable techniques are investigated and compared for an accurate calculation of ΔCTOD under TMF loading using a viscoplastic temperature dependent material model. It turned out that collapsed special crack tip elements give the best results. An efficient FEM-technique is developed to simulate the incremental crack growth by successive remeshing, whereby the deformations and internal state variables are mapped from the old mesh onto the new one. The developed techniques are demonstrated and discussed for two-dimensional examples like TMF-specimens. Recommendations are made regarding important numerical control parameters like optimal size of crack tip elements, length of crack growth increment in relation to plastic zone size and ΔCTOD value. T2 - 53. Tagung des Arbeitskreises "Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit" CY - Online meeting DA - 18.02.2021 KW - Crack tip opening displacement KW - Thermomechanical fatigue KW - Crack growth PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52520 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Elfetni, Seif A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza T1 - Application of deep learning to multi-phase-field modelling and simulation N2 - Recent advances in Deep Learning (DL) have significantly impacted the field of materials modelling. DL tools have been recently considered as promising tools to address the complex relationships among processing, microstructure and property of materials. The thermal stability of polycrystalline materials is a highly interesting and complex problem that could be addressed using DL techniques. The Multi-Phase-Field (MPF) method has emerged as a powerful tool for addressing grain growth phenomena from multiple perspectives. Unlike sharp-interface based methods, the MPF approach bypasses the need for detailed information on individual grains. In this work, we use DL to address issues related to MPF simulations of grain growth including numerical efficiency, computing speed, and resource consumption. This presents specific challenges for high-performance computing (HPC) due to the large datasets and complex computations required by both MPF and DL methods. We study various 3D microstructure settings with the goal of accelerating the simulation process while exploring different physical effects. In particular, the impact of grain boundary and triple junction energies on grain growth are to be investigated. The results will be presented in terms of the evolving size and shape distribution of the grains. T2 - Euromat 2023 CY - Frankfurt a. M., Germany DA - 03.09.2023 KW - Phase-Field Simulation KW - Microstructure Evolution KW - Physics-informed Neural Network KW - Machine Learning PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58225 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard T1 - Experimental and analytical investigation of high temperature fatigue crack growth at notches in a polycrystalline Nickel base superalloy N2 - The scatter of fatigue crack growth data can become significant for coarse grained materials. By using a probabilistic description of crack propagation as the foundation of a lifetime prediction model, lifetime scatter of laboratory specimens can be reproduced. However, the lifetime of real components is subjected to additional scattering factors such as surface condition or uncertainty regarding direction and shape of emerging cracks. These factors need to be addressed in order to exploit the advantages of probabilistic description, i.e. the reduction of unnecessary conservatisms. High temperature LCF (Low-Cycle-Fatigue) tests were performed with center hole specimens of a coarse-grained Nickel base Superalloy. In addition, crack propagation tests with Double Edge Notch specimens were performed. A procedure to detect the shape of the starting crack that combines the potential drop method and induction thermography was developed. The geometry and the number of notches were varied. Moreover, specimen with different hole surface finishes were investigated, which showed a detrimental effect of the roughness of the hole surface. The results have been compared to predictions of a probabilistic tool for the estimation of lcf lifetime that has been calibrated beforehand on laboratory specimens with and without notches. In parallel, a fracture mechanics-based lifetime model was developed, which includes the initial crack size as a critical parameter. Thereby, the influence of the large grain size (>1mm), and the shape of the starting crack at the notch were considered. Acknowledgements The investigations are conducted as part of the joint research program COOREFLEX-Turbo in the frame of AG Turbo. The work is supported by Siemens AG and the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) as per resolution of the German Federal Parliament under grant number 03ET7071E. T2 - Low Cycle Fatigue 9 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.06.2022 KW - Nickel-base superalloys KW - Notches KW - LCF PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55335 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Marschall, Niklas T1 - Phase Decomposition in Magnetic FeMnNiCoCu Alloy System N2 - Phase decomposition in multi-component high-entropy alloys (HEAs) can take complex routes, on the one hand, leading to various safety concerns during their service and, on the other hand, opening vast opportunities for intelligent alloy design. Insights into a controlled decomposition of initially homogeneous HEAs are therefore essential. In this study, we combine the recently developed multi-component elastic energy theory with CALPHAD databases to study potentially magnetic FeMnNiCoCu alloy system. In a first approximation, the elastic energy is added to the Gibbs free energy to reconstruct the thermodynamic phase diagrams and consequent phase decompositions. Our results show that depending on the alloy composition and the temperature, Cu-rich and FeCo-rich phases emerge, which lead to the formation of distinct magnetic phases of different extents. The spatial redistribution of elements is studied through Fourier analysis, auto-, and cross-correlation, revealing the contribution of the thermodynamic, kinetic and elastic driving forces throughout this process. These dissembled analysis methods contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of multi-component alloys and the role of elastic energy in their phase decomposition. T2 - MSE2024 CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 23.09.2024 KW - High-Entropy Alloy KW - Elasticity KW - Spinodal Decomposition KW - FeMnNiCoCu PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wang, Lei A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza T1 - Density-based Thermodynamics of Microstructure Defects N2 - Systematic microstructure design requires reliable thermodynamic descriptions and phase diagrams of each and all microstructure elements. While such descriptions are well established for most bulk phases, thermodynamic assessment of crystal defects is greatly challenged by their individualistic aspects. In this talk, we present a density-based thermodynamic concept to describe defects based on available bulk thermodynamic data. Here dealing with grain boundaries (GBs), we apply this concept to compute GB (phase) diagram. Applications to segregation engineering of GBs in bulk and nanocrystalline alloys will be presented. We further develop this model to include the effect of elastic interactions due to atom size mismatch and obtain the corresponding GB (phase) diagram for the ternary Al-Cu-Li system. T2 - TMS 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.03.2021 KW - Microstrucrue Design KW - Density-based Thermodynamics PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52337 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Murugan, Jegatheesan T1 - Thermodynamics of Grain Boundary Segregation in Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy Systems N2 - Phase stability in multi-components alloy systems is still largely unknown, especially at the internal interfaces. Grain boundary (co-)segregation is one of the main causes of instability and therefore safety issues in microstructures. In this work, the segregation in FCC Fe-Ni-Cr alloy system, which is the base for several steels, super-alloys and high entropy alloys, is studied. The density-based phase-field model is advanced to compute the segregation of Fe, Ni and Cr at the grain boundary corresponding to the bulk composition. Here the relative density of the grain boundary to the bulk is the mean-field parameter of the model. The necessary thermodynamic parameters of the bulk are obtained from the CALPHAD database. We performed high-throughput screening of the elemental segregation at the grain boundary across the stable bulk compositions at different temperatures (723 K, 1023 K and 1323 K). The results reveal complex enrichment/depletion of each element depending on the alloy composition and temperature. Opposite segregation of Ni and Cr and co-segregation of Ni and Fe is observed for almost all compositions at 723 K, but a changing trend is observed with increasing temperature. We discuss the origin and consequences of these segregation behaviours in the light of magnetic ordering effects. T2 - Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) 2024 CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 24.09.2024 KW - Segregation KW - Grain boundaries KW - CALPHAD PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62343 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kostenko, Yevgen T1 - Harmonizing Viscoplastic Material Model Application within the BMBF-Project “DigitalModelling” of the Platform Material Digital- Basic Idea, General Strategy and Current Status N2 - For decades, Germany stands for excellent cutting-edge research in the field of so-called higher-value constitutive visco-plastic material models and can draw on a large and globally unique pool of material data. However, both the data and the model structure are extremely heterogeneous and sometimes fundamentally different from research center to research center and from industrial partner to industrial partner. To address the heterogeneity in the material model landscape appropriately, an adaptable material model for the specific application and the specific material is required. The relevant parameters for the adapted material model must be identified as objectively and automatically as possible. To achieve a potentially real-time capable implementation, the material model equation system should be abstracted. The “DigitalModeling” project, organized within the German Platform initiative Material Digital, aims to create a standard and an interface that harmonize the scientific and technical development of constitutive, visco-plastic material models, increase their visibility and maximize the productivity of future research funding. This presentation summarizes the basic idea, the strategy behind it as well as the current status of the project, which was started beginning of 2024. T2 - vgbe Workshop with Technical Exhibition Materials & Quality Assurance CY - Bergen, Norway DA - 07.05.2025 KW - Visco-plastic Material Model KW - Simulation Workflows KW - Ontologies KW - Digitalization PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64043 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza T1 - Interfacial Spinodals N2 - Despite their finite spatial extent, interfaces can have profound impacts on microstructure properties. This is because of their distinct phase-like properties distinguishing them from the adjacent homogeneous bulk structure. When noticed by solute atoms, interfaces can experience their own chemical phase changes. In this talk, we investigate the constrained states of chemically decomposed phases at interfaces. A density-based theory of interfaces is proposed to describe the confined chemical decomposition at general grain boundaries. Here the grain boundary is viewed as a lesser dense, defected structure with reference to the corresponding bulk structure. Using this picture, the thermodynamic origins of interfacial spinodal phenomena are revealed. We also show that transient interfacial spinodals can be activated over a large alloy composition range, enabling kinetic engineering of interfacial chemistry. T2 - TMS 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.03.2021 KW - Microstrucrue Design KW - Spinodal Decomposition KW - Interfacial Spinodal PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52338 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Butz, Adam T1 - Detection and prediction of high temperature fatigue crack growth around notches in polycrystalline nickel base alloy N2 - Im Rahmen eines Vorhabens wurden Methoden zur Reduktion des Versuchsaufwandes bei der Modellerstellung für LCF-Lebensdauervorhersage untersucht. Einige dieser Methoden sind hier kurz vorgestellt. N2 - Methods for reducing the experimental effort necessary for the development of LCF life time prediction models were investigated. Some of these methods are briefly presented here. T2 - 4th International Symposium for Fatigue Design and Material Defects CY - Online meeting DA - 26.05.2020 KW - LCF KW - Mechanistic Modelling KW - Fatigue KW - Data Fusion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis T1 - Creep behavior and microstructural evolution of LPBF 316L N2 - This presentation shows some experimental results of the characterization of the creep behavior of LPBF 316L, which has been poorly studied and understood to date. The presentation includes results regarding the mechanical properties, the initial microstructural state and its evolution under loading, and the damage mechanism. This work was done within the BAM focus area materials project AGIL. As a benchmark to assess the material properties of the LPBF 316L, a conventionally manufactured variant was also tested. T2 - 2nd Workshop on In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufactured alloys at BAM CY - Online Meeting DA - 19.04.2021 KW - 316L KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Creep behavior PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52682 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Saber, Yassin T1 - Fully Automated 3D Printing of Ceramics for Remote and Decentralized Manufacturing N2 - Manufacturing high-performance ceramic components in remote or decentralized environments – such as in the field, on maritime missions or on isolated offshore platforms – requires solutions that are reliable, low-maintenance, and easy to operate. We present a novel end-to-end manufacturing system designed to produce dense, functional, and geometrically complex ceramic parts using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) with minimal human intervention. Our system enables the automated production of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) components by integrating printing, debinding, and sintering into one streamlined process and thus eliminating the need for multiple specialized machines. Our system combines a dual extrusion filament printer with a porous and heat-resistant ceramic print bed. The porous print bed allows for mechanical interlocking of the first printed layers, ensuring adhesion and structural integrity during FFF. YSZ components are printed onto sacrificial polylactide (PLA) rafts, which serve as a temporary foundation. Once printing is finished, a furnace unit is seamlessly lowered, enclosing the green parts for debinding, and sintering. During firing the PLA raft is disintegrated, enabling unconstrained sintering and easy final part removal. In conclusion, our integrated solution enables localized, on demand fabrication of geometrically complex ceramic components in remote environments with increased efficiency and minimal human handling. T2 - Ceramic AM Summit 2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Fused Filament Fabrication KW - Ceramics KW - Metalls KW - Process automation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63623 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Pulverbasierte additive Fertigung unter reduzierten Schwerkraftbedingungen N2 - 2014 wurden die ersten additiv gefertigten Bauteile in der Internationalen Raumstation (ISS) hergestellt. Die Ära des 3D Drucks im Weltraum startete bereits 2010 mit einem NASA Projekt. Made in Space Inc. entwickelte im Auftrag der NASA einen 3D Drucker auf Basis der Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Technologie. Seit 2016 gibt es in der ISS eine Additive Manufacturing Facility und seitdem wurden mittels FDM mehr als hundert Teile aus Kunststoff 3D gedruckt. Die ESA arbeitet gleichfalls an der Entwicklung eines FDM-3D Druckers für die Schwerelosigkeit, z.B. im ESA Projekt „IMPERIAL“, „MELT 3D printer“. Metallische Bauteile mit guten mechanischen Eigenschaften und guter Genauigkeit können kommerziell mittels des Laserstrahlschmelzens (Laser Powder Bed Fusion LPBF) dargestellt werden. Diese Technologie kann allerdings im Weltraum nur unter der Voraussetzung angewendet werden, dass das Pulvermaterial in der Schwerelosigkeit manipuliert und in Form einer dünnen Schicht stabilisiert werden kann. Standard LBM-Anlagen sind deshalb für einen Betrieb in Schwerelosigkeit nicht geeignet, was z.B. auch von Made in Space Inc. in der Vergangenheit beleuchtet wurde. Die pulverbasierte additive Fertigung unter Schwerelosigkeit erfordert die Entwicklung völlig neuartiger Technologien zum Schichtauftrag. Methoden: Mit Hilfe der „Gasflussunterstützten Pulverdeposition“ wurden im Rahmen des Projekts unter reduzierter Schwerkraft systematische Parameterstudien zum LPBF-Prozess durchgeführt. Das Projekt knüpfte an erfolgreiche Vorarbeiten zur Gasflussunterstützten Pulverdeposition unter µg Bedingungen aus vier DLR Parabelflugkampagnen (30., 31., 33. und 34.) an. Ergebnisse: In den Parabelflugkampagnen 76 der ESA und 38 des DLR wurde eine neue Einheit in Wabenform für den Schichtauftrag von Pulver getestet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Einheit, die auch als Pulverreservoir funktionierte und mittels eines Aktuators in Schwingungen versetzt wurde, einen reproduzierbaren Schichtauftrag mit geringem Pulververlust unter Schwerelosigkeit ermöglicht. Um die Qualität der aufgetragenen Schicht überwachen zu können, wurde ein Linienscanner beschafft und in die Anlage integriert. Mit diesem kann ein 3D Profil der Schichten im laufenden Prozess erstellt werden, was eine Qualitätskontrolle jeder einzelnen Schicht im Prozess erlaubt. Neben Edelstahl (316L) wurde das Schmelzverhalten von Regolith direkt im Pulverbett unter Bedingungen reduzierter Schwerkraft ebenfalls untersucht. Ein Modell zum Verständnis der Einflussgrößen Gravitation, Schmelzbadgröße, Partikelgröße und Zusammensetzung des Regolith wurde entwickelt. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Entwicklung einer leistungsfähigen Rakeleinheit für den Schichtauftrag unter Schwerelosigkeit ist Voraussetzung für die Generierung defektfreier Bauteile in der pulverbasierten additiven Fertigung in Schwerelosigkeit. Der Übergang zum Werkstoff Regolith hat die Thematik der Verwendung von lokalen Rohstoffen (ISRU), z.B. Mondstaub auf dem Mond, in Kombination mit dem Ziel einer hohen Produktivität beim Aufbau großer Strukturen hervorgebracht. Hierbei ist das Thema einer handhabbaren Schmelzpoolgröße im Laserschmelzprozess unter variierender Schwerkraft in den Fokus gerückt und wird derzeit noch beforscht. T2 - DLR Statussymposium CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 12.03.2025 KW - Regolith KW - Mond KW - ISRU KW - micro-g PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63964 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Components in CO2-stream, corrosive to Materials to be Used in CC(U)S Applications N2 - CO2 quality specifications are not only a matter of CO2 purity (i.e. CO2 content). The “rest” also matters, in particular contents of reactive impurities affecting material corrosion (and rock alteration). Also chemical reactions in CO2 stream needs to be considered, in particular when combining CO2 streams of different compositions. T2 - WCO Forum at AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 26.04.2021 KW - Carbon capture storage KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Sänger, Johanna A1 - Zocca, Andrea T1 - Continuous layer deposition for the Additive Manufacturing of ceramics by Layerwise Slurry Deposition N2 - Powder bed technologies are amongst the most successful Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques. The application of these techniques to most ceramics has been difficult so far, because of the challenges related to the deposition of homogeneous powder layers when using fine powders. In this context, the "layerwise slurry deposition" (LSD) has been developed as a layer deposition method enabling the use of powder bed AM technologies also for advanced ceramic materials. The layerwise slurry deposition consists of the layer-by-layer deposition of a ceramic slurry by means of a doctor blade, in which the slurry is deposited and dried to achieve a highly packed powder. Not only very fine, submicron powders can be processed with low organics, but also the dense powder bed provides excellent support to the parts built. The latest development of this technology shows that it is possible to print ceramic parts in a continuous process by depositing a layer onto a rotating platform, growing a powder bed following a spiral motion. The unique mechanical stability of the layers in LSD-print allows to grow a powder bed several centimeters thick without any lateral support. The continuous layer deposition allows to achieve a productivity more than 10X higher compared to the linear deposition, approaching a build volume of 1 liter/hour. T2 - DKG Jahrestagung 2024 CY - Höhr-Grenzhausen, Germany DA - 09.09.2024 KW - Ceramic KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61051 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Lena T1 - How will we explore, work, and live on the moon? N2 - 3D-printed landing pads on the moon: Paving the road for large area sintering of lunar regolith. A prerequisite for lunar exploration and beyond is the manufacturing of objects directly on the moon, given the extreme costs involved in the shipping of material from Earth. Looking at processes, raw materials, and energy sources, equipment will certainly have to be brought from Earth at the beginning. Available on the moon are lunar regolith as raw material and the sun as an energy source. One of the first steps towards the establishment of a lunar base is the creation of infrastructure elements, such as roads and landing pads. We’ll introduce you to the ESA-project PAVER that demonstrates the sintering and melting of lunar regolith simulant material to produce large scale 3D printed elements that could be used during human and robotic lunar explorations. T2 - Berlin Science Week CY - Online meeting DA - 09.11.2022 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Lunar regolith simulant KW - EAC-1A KW - Space exploration PY - 2022 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StfLuVhKkUE AN - OPUS4-56377 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -