TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Understanding the Anomalous Corrosion Behaviour of 17% Chromium Martensitic Stainless Steel in Laboratory CCS-Environment—A Descriptive Approach N2 - To mitigate carbon dioxide emissions CO2 is compressed and sequestrated into deep geological layers (Carbon Capture and Storage CCS). The corrosion of injection pipe steels is induced when the metal is in contact with CO2 and at the same time the geological saline formation water. Stainless steels X35CrMo17 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 with approximately 17% Cr show potential as injection pipes to engineer the Northern German Basin geological onshore CCS-site. Static laboratory experiments (T = 60 ◦C, p = 100 bar, 700–8000 h exposure time, aquifer water, CO2-flow rate of 9 L/h) were conducted to evaluate corrosion kinetics. The anomalous surface corrosion phenomena were found to be independent of heat treatment prior to exposure. The corrosion process is described as a function of the atmosphere and diffusion process of ionic species to explain the precipitation mechanism and better estimate the reliability of these particular steels in a downhole CCS environment. KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - High alloyed steel KW - Corrosion mechanism KW - CCS PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545700 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020014 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 239 EP - 257 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-54570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria A1 - Schulz, Wencke A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Thin Sol-Gel Alumina Coating as Protection of a 9% Cr Steel Against Flue Gas Corrosion at 650 °C N2 - Samples of sol-gel alumina coated and uncoated P92 steel were exposed to flue gas at 650 °C for 300 h. As result of this treatment a 50 µm thick bi-layered oxide scale had formed on the surface of the uncoated sample. Below the scale a 40 µm thick inner oxidation zone was detected. In contrast, the porous, micron thick alumina coating enabled the formation of a chromium oxide scale with a thickness of some nanometers at the interface between steel substrate and coating. In this case high temperature corrosion of the steel was prevented so far. KW - Steel KW - Oxide coatings KW - High-temperature corrosion KW - TEM KW - SEM PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-017-9799-0 SN - 0030-770X SN - 1573-4889 VL - 89 IS - 3-4 SP - 453 EP - 470 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-44472 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Wolf, M. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - The role of surface texture on the corrosion fatigue behavior of high alloyed stainless steel exposed to saline aquifer water environment N2 - Corrosion fatigue specimen with different surfaces (technical surfaces after machining and polished surfaces) of high alloyed martensitic stainless steel X46Cr13 (1.4043) and duplex stai nless steel X2CrNiMoN22 3 2 (1.4462) were compared at load amplitudes from 175 MPa to 325 MPa in the geothermal brine of the N orthern German Basin at 98 °C. Surface corrosion layers and pits reveal carbonate corrosion products on the surface such as FeCO 3 and FeOOH as the main precipitation phases with no dependence on the original surface roughness . At high stress amplitudes above 275 MPa technical surfaces (P50% at σa 300 MPa=5 × 10 5 ) resulted in more cycles to failure than polished (P50% at σa 300 MPa=1.5 × 10 5 ). The greater slope coefficient for technical surfaces k = 19.006 compared to polished surfaces k =8.78 demonstrate s earlier failure at given stress amplitude σa . KW - Corrosion KW - CCS KW - Carbon storage KW - Aquifer KW - Heat treatment PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.17706/ijmse SN - 2315-4527 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 26 EP - 33 PB - IAP - International Academy Publishing CY - San Bernardino, CA AN - OPUS4-50365 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Gröber, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - The Role of Surface Texture on the Corrosion Behavior of High Alloyed Steel Exposed to Saline Aquifer Water Environments N2 - Coupons of X5CrNiCuNb16-4 that may be used as injection pipe with 16% Chromium and 0.05% Carbon (1.4542, AISI 630) were exposed for 3000 h to CO2-saturated saline aquifer water similar to the conditions in the Northern German Basin at ambient pressure and 60 °C. Surface corrosion layers and pits reveal carbonate corrosion products on the surface such as FeCO3 and FeOOH as the main precipitation phases with no dependence on the original surface roughness. Corrosion rates for polished and technical surfaces were below 0.005 mm/year compared to corrosion rates of 0.035 mm/year after shot peening. T2 - 14th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 21.10.2018 KW - High alloyed steel KW - Pitting KW - Surface KW - Roughness KW - CO2 PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50375 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koclega, Damian A1 - Radziszewska, Agnieszka A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Dymek, Stanislaw T1 - The microstructure characterization of the oxide scale created on Inconel 686 clad N2 - The Ni-Cr-Mo-W alloy is characterized by the excellent high-temperature corrosion resistance, good strength and ability to work in aggressive environments. To protect the surface of the substrate 13CrMo4-5 steel against aggressive environments the Inconel 686 as clad layer was used. The corrosion process was performed in oxidizing mixture of gases like O2, COx, SOx. The second part of corrosion Experiment concerned the corrosion test of the coating in reducing atmosphere of the specified gases with ashes, which contained e.g. Na, Cl, Ca, Si, C, Fe, Al. T2 - EUROCORR 2018 CY - Crocow, Poland DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Laser cladding KW - Inconel 686 coating KW - High-temperature corrosion KW - Aggressive gases PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47393 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koclega, Damian A1 - Radziszewska, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - The influence of the aggressive environments on the Inconel 686 coating in high-temperature corrosion experiments N2 - This work presents the microstructure and chemical composition of oxide scales created on Ni – base coating after corrosion experiments in aggressive gases and ashes. The Inconel 686 coating applied on the low carbon steel 13CrMo4-5 was performed by a CO2 laser cladding process. The experiments were carried out in oxidizing gas atmospheres containing O2, COx, SOx. The second Variation of corrosion experiments were performed in a reducing atmosphere with ashes containing elements such as: Na, Cl, Ca, Si, C, Fe, Al etc. After 240 h and 1.000 h corrosion experiments the oxide scales on the substrate and overlay were created in both cases. The sulfur compounds were found on the top of the coating surface (EPMA) and also higher contents of silica compounds were revealed on specimens covered by ashes during the experiments. The microstructure and chemical composition of the clad and scales were investigated by means of a light microscope and an electron microscope (SEM)equipped with an EDS detector. T2 - 50. Kraftwerkstechnisches Kolloquium CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 23.10.2018 KW - Nickel based coatings KW - Inconel 686 KW - High temperature corrosion PY - 2018 SP - 599 AN - OPUS4-46590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nützmann, Kathrin A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane T1 - The influence of chromium on early high temperature corrosion of ferritic alloys under SO₂ atmosphere N2 - Comprehensive insights into the early stages of corrosion mechanisms provide fundamental knowledge to further understand and model long time material behaviour. The present work studies the early stages of combined oxidation and sulphidation of ferritic model alloys for time scales up to 250 h at 650 °C to observe the influence of chromium during the corrosion under SO2. Model alloys were used to focus on the reaction of the intended elements: Fe, Cr, S, and O. Pure iron simultaneously forms magnetite and iron sulphide in an early stage of corrosion, covered by a pure oxide layer after 100 h. Iron with 13 wt% Cr shows hematite and mixed Fe-Cr-oxides first, before sulphides nucleate in the inner corrosion zone. With increasing ageing time a magnetite layer is observed below the hematite layer. Quantitative phase fractions of all corrosion products observed were determined from cross section images. Characterization of the Fe13Cr corrosion scale by FIB revealed a highly porous structure in the inner corrosion zone where Cr-rich (Fe, Cr)-sulphides are present, and caused the scale to spall easily. KW - Early stages KW - Sulphidation KW - High temperature corrosion PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/09603409.2018.1446705 SN - 0960-3409 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 558 EP - 568 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-44707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Nützmann, Kathrin A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Klaus, M. A1 - Genzel, C. T1 - Real time observation of high temperature oxidation and sulfidation of Fe-Cr model alloys N2 - Insights into early damage mechanisms during high-temperature gas corrosion provide important aspects for the prediction of the long-term stability of hightemperature materials exposed to a hot and corrosive environment. The current work presents a real time study concerning the combined oxidation and sulfidation of ferritic model alloys in a hot SO2 containing atmosphere using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction. The applied high temperature reactor allows the transmittance of high energetic X-rays in order to collect X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample surface in situ during the reaction with the reactive environment. The results revealed that the first phases crystallizing on iron with 2 wt% chromium and with 9 wt% chromium are oxides. The aging experiments at T = 650° C with 0.5% SO2 and 99.5% Ar were followed in situ and caused an external mixed oxide-sulfide layer on top of iron with 2 wt% chromium. On the higher alloyed material the external scale consists of iron oxides and the inner scale of mixed (Fe,Cr)-oxides and chromium-sulfides. The oxide content continuously increases parallel to an increase of the sulfide amount. Thus, the initially formed (Fe,Cr)-oxides do not have a protective character and support the transport of sulfur through the growing oxide scale. KW - High temperature corrosion KW - In situ diffraction KW - Sulfidation PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709892 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 69 IS - 6 SP - 678 EP - 689 PB - Wiley VCH Verlag AN - OPUS4-44776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eh Hovsepian, P. A1 - Ehiasarian, A. P. A1 - Purandare, Y. P. A1 - Mayr, P. A1 - Abstoss, K. G. A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria A1 - Schulz, Wencke A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Lasanta, M. I. A1 - Trujillo, J. P. T1 - Novel HIPIMS deposited nanostructured CrN/NbN coatings for environmental protection of steam turbine components N2 - To increase efficiency, modern steam plants are pushing their operational regime from super-critical (600 °C/300 bar) to ultra-super-critical (740/760 °C/350 bar) stretching existing turbine materials to their limits. The focus is on new generation functional materials and technologies which complement the inherent properties of existing materials. Current work proposes a novel High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HIPIMS) Deposition technology, for the first time, for deposition of a ceramic based CrN/NbN coating with a nanoscale multilayer structure (bi-layer thickness Δ = 1.9 nm) with superior adhesion (LC2 = 80 N) to protect low Chromium P92 steel widely used in steam power plants. Thermodynamic calculations predict the equilibrium phases and aggressive gaseous compounds generated by the interaction of steam with the coating. CrN/NbN coated P92 steel samples oxidised at 600 °C in a high pressure (50 bar) 100% steam atmosphere for up to 1000 h reveal the coating's superior oxidation resistance and protective mechanisms, especially against the detrimental effect of Hydrogen. High temperature (650 °C) Tensile Strength, Low Cycle Fatigue and Creep tests confirm that, unlike other state-of-the-art PVD technologies, HIPIMS is not detrimental to the mechanical properties of the substrate material. Water droplet erosion tests confirm no measurable weight loss after 2.4 X 10⁶ impacts. KW - Hipims KW - CrN/NbN KW - Nanoscale multilayers KW - Steam oxidation resistance KW - Water droplet erosion resistance PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.312 SN - 0925-8388 SN - 1873-4669 VL - 746 SP - 583 EP - 593 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-44800 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koclega, Damian A1 - Radziszewska, A. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Marynowski, P. A1 - Wozny, K. T1 - Morphology and chemical composition of inconel 686 after high-temperature corrosion N2 - The work presents the microstructure, chemical composition and mechanical properties of Inconel 686 coatings after high - temperature corrosion in environment of aggressive gases and ashes. To produce the Ni - based coatings the QS Nd:YAG laser cladding process was carried out. As the substrate used 13CrMo4-5 boilers plate steel. Ni - base alloys characterize the excellent high-temperature corrosion resistance, good strength and ability to work in aggressive environments. Formed clad were characterized by high quality of metallurgical bonding with the substrate material and sufficiently low amount of the iron close to the clad layer surface. After corrosion experiment the oxide scale on the substrate and clad created. The scale on 13CrMo4-5 steel had 70 μm thickness while the scale of the clad had less than 10 μm. The microstructure, chemical composition of the obtained clad and scales were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) equipped with the EDS detectors. T2 - 27th International conference on metallurgy and materials CY - Brno, Czech Republic DA - 23.05.2018 KW - laser cladding KW - Inconel 686 KW - High - temperature corrosion KW - Aggressive environment KW - Oxide scale PY - 2018 SP - 1010 EP - 1016 AN - OPUS4-49660 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -