TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Suitability of Metallic Materials in CC(U)S Applications N2 - Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited. (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv). Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content. (0.2 – 20 mm/a). Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents. A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content. Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications. Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior. � (predictable uniform corrosion) For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used. T2 - EUROCORR 2021 CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Carbon capture storage KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - CCS KW - CCU KW - CO2 PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53461 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane T1 - Applied Crystallography as a tool for a better understanding of Fundamental Questions of high temperature corrosion phenomena N2 - Corrosion Science Meets X-Rays, Neutrons and Electrons. The presentation gives an overview on current research activities applying in-situ X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy for a better understanding of fundamental mechanisms of high temperature corrosion. Additionally the knowledge gain by applying neutron powder diffraction and EBSD analysis is presented. T2 - Joint meeting of german and polish crystallographic association 2020 CY - Wroclaw, Poland DA - 24.02.2020 KW - Corrosion KW - Oxidation KW - In situ KW - Diffraction PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50483 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Knauer, S. A1 - Yevtushenko, O. T1 - CO2-stream impurities and their effects on corrosion susceptibility of materials to be used in CCUS systems N2 - Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology to reach the target for reduction of CO2 emissions. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS system are reliability and cost efficiency of the whole process chain, including separation of CO2 from the source, compression of CO2, its subsequent transportation to the injection site and injection into geological formations, e.g. aquifers. Recent studies have shown that even at a very low concentration of impurities, condensation of sulfuric and nitric acids in dense phase CO2 are possible and observable. Thus, impact of impure CO2 stream toward corrosion susceptibility of materials to be used in CCUS system need to be considered. In this talk, basing on results achieved from two German long-term projects (COORAL and CLUSTER), the dominating impurities of the CO2 stream and corrosion mechanisms are addressed. Investigations cover the whole CCUS process chain and provide a material recommendation for certain parts. T2 - Corrosion in Low-Carbon Energies - IFPEN-Lyon CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Corrosion KW - CCUS KW - Carbon dioxide PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane T1 - Unravelling high temperature oxidation phenomena by in situ x-ray techniques N2 - Unravelling high temperature oxidation phenomena by in situ x-ray techniques. A multi techqnique approach to study high temperature gas corrosion is presented. T2 - Gordon Research Conference on High Temperature Corrosion CY - New London, NH, USA DA - 20.07.2019 KW - Corrosion KW - High temperature KW - Diffraction KW - Spectroscopy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Schiller, B.N A1 - Beck, M. A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - On the corrosion behaviour of CO2 injection pipe steels: Role of cement N2 - Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is identified as an excellent technology to reach the target of CO2 reduction. However, the safety issue and cost-effectiveness hinder the future of CCS. For the reliability and safety issues of injection wells, the corrosion resistance of the materials used needs to be determined. In this study, representative low-cost materials including carbon steel 1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225 were investigated in simulated pore water at 333 K and under CO2 saturation condition to represent the worst-case scenario: CO2 diffusion and aquifer fluid penetration. These simulated pore waters were made from relevant cement powder to mimic the realistic casing-cement interface. Electrochemical studies were carried out using the pore water made of cement powder dissolved in water in comparison with those dissolved in synthetic aquifer fluid, to reveal the effect of cement as well as formation water on the steel performance. Two commercially available types of cement were investigated: Dyckerhoff Variodur® and Wollastonite. Variodur® is a cement containing high performance binder with ultra-fine blast furnace slag which can be used to produce high acid resistance concrete. On the other hand, Wollastonite is an emerging natural material mainly made of CaSiO3 which can be hardened by converting to CaCO3 during CO2 injection. The results showed the pH-reducing effect of CO2 on the simulated pore water/aquifer (from more than 10 to less than 5) leading to the active corrosion process that happened on both 1.8977 and 1.7225. Electrochemical characterization showed negative free corrosion potential and polarisation curves without passive behaviors. The tested coupons suffered from pitting corrosion, which was confirmed by surface analysis. Interestingly, basing on the pit depth measurements from the tested coupons and the hardness of cement powder, it is suggested that Variodur® performed better than Wollastonite in both aspects. The electrochemical data was compared to that resulted from exposure tests to give a recommendation on material selection for bore-hole construction. T2 - EUROCORR 2019 CY - Sevilla, Spain DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Carbon capture KW - Utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon steel KW - Mortel KW - Crevice corrosion PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49105 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falk, Florian A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Lehmusto, J. A1 - Pint, B. T1 - The impact of water vapour on high-temperature surface degradation by sulfurous gases of ferritic alloys N2 - Sulfur and water have a fundamental impact on the corrosion rate and potential failure of materials. It is therefore necessary to understand the mechanisms, rates, and potential means of transport, as well as the reactions of these elements with an alloy. This work investigates the effect of water vapor in the initial stages of SO2 corrosion of an ferritic model alloy containing 9 wt% Cr and 0.5 wt% Mn. The exposure experiments were studied at 650°C in situ under laboratory conditions using energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction analysis. Two separate experiments were run, one with a 99.5% Ar + 0.5% SO2 atmosphere and one with a 69.5% Ar + 0.5% SO2 + 30% H2O atmosphere. With a wet atmosphere, the alloy formed a scale with decreasing oxygen content towards the scale–alloy interface. Sulfides were identified above and below a (Fe, Cr)3O4 layer in the inner corrosion zone. In contrast to this, the overall scale growth was slower in a dry SO2 atmosphere. T2 - EUROCORR CY - Barceló Sevilla Renacimiento, Seville, Spain DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Diffraction KW - Sulfidation KW - Early oxidation KW - Corrosion KW - In situ PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49213 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Corrosion Aspects for Materials to be Used in CC(U)S Applications N2 - This contribution provides current findings regarding materials susceptibility for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) applications. Basing on results gathered in 2 German long-term projects (COORAL and CLUSTER) suitable materials are introduced as well as dominating impurities of the CO2-stream and corrosion mechanisms. Investigations cover the whole CCUS process chain and provide material recommendations for certain parts. T2 - 1st International Conference on Corrosion Protection and Application CY - Chongqing, China DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Carbon KW - Capture KW - Storage KW - Utilization KW - CCS KW - CCU KW - CO2 KW - Corrosion PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Kratzig, Andreas A1 - Peetz, Christoph A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Interaction of Oxidizing and Reductive Impurities in CO2 Streams with Transport Pipeline Steel N2 - A main goal of CLUSTER CCS project at BAM was to study the corrosion behaviour of pipeline steel with dense phase carbon dioxide containing impurities. Depending on the kind of impurities specific corrosion mechanisms and corrosion rates were determined. T2 - CO2 and H2 Technologies for the Energy Transition CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 28.11.2018 KW - Carbon capture KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Corrosion KW - CCS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Menneken, Martina A1 - Falk, Florian A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane T1 - Early stages of corrosion in hot, aggressive environments N2 - We investigated the effect of water vapor in the initial stages of SO2 corrosion of an Fe-9Cr-0.5Mn model alloy at 650 °C. Two separate experiments were run, one with 99.5%-Ar + 0.5%-SO2 and one with 69.5%-Ar + 0.5%-SO2 with 30%-H2O atmosphere. During the experiment the scale growth was observed in-situ, using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD). Our results confirm an increased speed of oxygen transport into the material, with the addition of water, while the transport of sulfur appears to be less affected. T2 - Sektionstreffen der DMG Sektionen "Angewandte Mineralogie in Umwelt & Technik" und "Chemie, Physik und Kristallographie der Minerale" CY - Bad Windsheim, Germany DA - 28.02.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - In-situ KW - EDXRD PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Menneken, Martina A1 - Nützmann, Kathrin A1 - Falk, Florian A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Witte, Steffen A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Early stages of high temperature oxidation/sulfidation studied by synchrotron x-ray diffraction and spectroscopy N2 - Ferritic high temperature alloys are widely used as boiler tube and heat exchanger materials in coal, biomass and co-fired power plants. All technologies have in common that the applied materials are exposed to different temperatures, process pressures and reactive atmospheres that lead to a change of the material properties and a further degradation of the material. Material changes caused by aging in highly corrosive and toxic gases such as SO2 are mainly studied ex situ after the reaction is finished. The solid material is deposited in the atmosphere for a certain period of time, and material changes are then examined by various microscopic techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nevertheless, extensive efforts were made to study material changes of high temperature alloys under oxidizing and reducing atmospheres by environmental scanning electron microscopy or in situ TEM techniques However, the possibilities of microscopic in situ techniques are very limited for the use of highly corrosive and toxic gases such as SO2. Since Sulfur induced corrosion at temperatures relevant for coal and biomass fired power plants, which is causing breakaway oxidation and sulfide precipitation at grain boundaries, is still of scientific interest, the current work focuses on the effect of SO2 in an initial stage of corrosion of ferritic alloys. For the analysis of early stages of combined oxidation and sulphidation processes of Fe-Cr model alloys the usage of a light furnace to conduct a rapid reactive annealing experiment is feasible. Previous studies presented distinct results of the influence of chromium on early high temperature corrosion by SO2 by this technique and subsequent classical metallographic analyses. However, it is still not possible to trace the corrosion mechanism in real time by conducting single aging experiments. The current work introduces two different approaches to study the initial stages of high temperature oxidation processes by applying above state of the art X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy methods. One part focuses on the real time observation of the formation of corrosion products such as oxides and sulfides by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD). The potential of this technique to study crystallization and growth processes of thin films in a reactive environment in real time was previously shown for different compound semiconductors. This approach was now applied to follow oxidation and sulphidation processes of ferritic model alloys in SO2 and SO2/H2O environments. The diffraction signals of the X-rays were detected during the corrosion process and the peak area and positions were analyzed as a function of time. This procedure enables monitoring external oxide growth and material loss in real time in an early stage of corrosion. The other part of the current work presents the possibilities of X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) to characterize oxide scales and their growth mechanisms. Precise phase identification and quantification of corrosion products in a multi-phase oxide/sulfide scale is a pre-requisite to understand diffusion paths of metal ions and gas components. It is a challenging task to distinguish structurally similar reaction products such as Fe3O4 and FeCr2O4 especially in thin films with texture effects by diffraction. To illustrate for example Cr-out diffusion of an alloy throughout an inner and external oxide scale the differentiation of Fe3O4 and FeCr2O4 is indispensable. XANES uses the photoionization effect at the metal absorption edge in an aging product and accesses by this structural and chemical information. The current work uses XANES at the Fe-K and Cr-K absorption edge to identify various aging products grown as thin layers on alloys after short time aging experiments. A reaction chamber for combining high temperature oxidation experiments with surface sensitive X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy will be introduced and first results of XANES on scales at high temperatures will be presented. T2 - ISHOC 2018 CY - Matsue, Japan DA - 22.10.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Sulfidation KW - In situ KW - Diffraction KW - XANES PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47278 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -